内容正文:
Module1-Module12重点语法串讲
目录
Module1-Module12重点语法串讲 1
一.易混时态辨析 2
(1) 一般现在时与现在进行时 2
(2)一般过去时与过去进行时 3
(3)一般过去时与现在完成时 3
动词的时态专练 4
二.被动语态 5
(1)一般现在时的被动语态 5
(2)一般过去时的被动语态 7
(3)含情态动词的被动语态 7
被动语态专练 8
三.状语从句 9
(1)时间状语从句 9
(2)because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 11
(3)if和unless引导的条件状语从句 11
一. if引导的条件状语从句 11
(1)if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置 11
(2)unless引导的条件状语从句 12
(3)although和though引导的让步状语从句 13
(4) so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 13
(5)so that引导的目的状语从句 13
状语从句专项练习 14
四.限制性定语从句和关系代词 16
一.关系代词的用法 16
二.关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况 17
三.关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况 17
定语从句专项练习 18
一.易混时态辨析
(1) 一般现在时与现在进行时
一般现在时
现在进行时
用法
不同
一般现在时可以表示现在的状态。
John lives in Nanjing. 约翰住在南京。
现在进行时表示正在发生的动作或状态。
We are waiting for our mother now. 我们现在正在等我们的妈妈。
一般现在时表示一个动作接着一个动作,用来描述连续性的事件。
The bell rings and our teacher comes into the classroom. 铃响了,我们的老师走进教室。
现在进行时表示几个动作同时进行。
Jim is sweeping the floor and Li Lei is cleaning the table.吉姆在扫地,李磊在擦桌子。
一般现在时可以用来描述日常生活或习惯。
I always go to bed at 10 p.m.我通常晚上10点睡觉。
现在进行时可以表示在特定时间段里所发生的动作。
I am working on an English project this week.这周我一直在做一个英语项目。
一般现在时表示按照时间表或计划表所做的事情。
The class begins at 2 p.m.这节课下午2点开始。
现在进行时表示即将发生的动作或安排。
The bus is coming.公交车就要来了。
时间
状语
不同
与一般现在时连用的表示频度的状语有:always、 usually、 often、 sometimes、 seldom、 never、 every day、 every year、 once a month、 three times a year等。
与现在进行时连用的时间状语有:at the moment、 now、 right now等。另外,动词如look、 listen用于句首,以唤起对方注意时,也常与现在进行时连用。
(2)一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时
过去进行时
用法
不同
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
He went home by car yesterday.昨天他开车回家了。
过去进行时强调过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
He was shopping at 7 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7点他正在购物。
一般过去时可以表示过去发生的一系列连续的动作。
She went home and did her homework.她回到家,然后就做作业了。
过去进行时表示过去同一时间里同时发生的动作。
She was singing while her mother was cooking.当她妈妈在做饭时,她在唱歌。
过去进行时还可以表示过去的某个时间段内持续发生的动作或存在的状态。
We were having a test from 9:00 a.m.to 11:00 a.m.yesterday.我们昨天上午9点到11点在考试。
时间
状语
不同
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday、 the day before yesterday、 last year、 two months ago、 in 2022等。
与过去进行时连用的时间状语有:at this time yesterday、 from...to... last night等。
(3)一般过去时与现在完成时
一般过去时
现在完成时
用法
不同
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
He went home with his father last night.他昨天晚上和他的爸爸一起回家了。
现在完成时强调过去的动作或事情对现在所产生的结果或影响。
He has already bought two cars.他已经买了两辆车。
一般过去时表示过去某个时间点发生的动作。
He came here two years ago.他两年前来过这里。
现在完成时表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在,可能还要延续下去。
He has lived in China since ten years ago.他从十年前就住在中国了。
时间
状语
不同
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday、 the day before yesterday、 last year、 two months ago、in 2018 等。
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:for+时间段、since+时间点、so far、 in the past few years等。
动词的时态专练
一.单项选择
1.—What’s that noise, Sam?
—My little brother with his toy car now.
A.will play B.is playing C.plays D.played
答案 B 根据语境和句中的“now”可知,本句时态是现在进行时。故选B。
2.—Did you watch the football match last night?
—No. I my homework at that time.
A.have done B.am doing C.was doing
答案 C 根据时间状语“at that time”可推知,设空处应用过去进行时。故选C。
3.Mr.Smith came to Mentougou in 2012.He here for more than 10 years now.
A.lives B.lived C.has lived D.will live
答案 C 根据语境和时间状语“for more than 10 years now”可知,史密斯先生到现在已经在门头沟生活了十多年了,句子用现在完成时,故选C。
4.In the future, vocational(职业的)students it easier to get jobs.
A.found B.have found C.will find
答案 C 句意:未来,职业学生会发现更容易找到工作了。根据“In the future”可知句子使用一般将来时。故选C。
5.—Paul, where’s your mom?
—She for us in the kitchen now.
A.will cook B.cooks C.is cooking
答案 C 根据“where’s your mom”和“She...for us in the kitchen now.”可知,此处强调动作正在发生,用现在进行时,故选C。
Ⅱ.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
6.There (be) a lot of rain outside last night.
答案 was
7.Lynn usually (ride) a bike to work on weekdays. She thinks it can help protect the environment.
答案 rides
8.Simon, keep moving and you (realize) the dream of being a great scientist some day.
答案 will realize
9.John (drive) to the supermarket to buy some vegetables yesterday.
答案 drove
10.—Where is Tony?
—He is in the computer room. He (fix) the computer for me now.
答案 is fixing
11.Many changes (take) place in our daily life since the computer was invented.
答案 have taken
12.Listen! Tom (sing) in the classroom. How beautiful his voice is!
答案 is singing
13.Because of the rainstorm, the price of vegetables (rise) by 15% so far.
答案 has risen
14.He has learned Chinese by himself since he (graduate) from college.
答案 graduated
15.John (work) so hard on his project that he didn’t notice his mom enter the room.
答案 was working
二.被动语态
(1)一般现在时的被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式,用于说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。被动语态中的执行者可由介词by引出。
Lots of students love this English song. 很多学生都喜欢这首英文歌。(主动语态,句子的主语Lots of students是动作love的执行者)
This English song is loved by lots of students. 这首英文歌受到很多学生的喜爱。(被动语态,句子的主语This English song是动作love的承受者)
1.一般现在时的被动语态的构成
被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成,其中的be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。一般现在时的被动语态的各种句式如下:
句式
结构
例句
肯定句
主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词(+其他).
The task is finished by us together.这项任务由我们共同完成。
否定句
主语+am/is/are+not+及物动词的过去分词(+其他).
The school uniforms are not worn by students every day.学生们不是每天都穿校服。
一般疑问句
Am/Is/Are+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+其他)?
Is his homework finished?他的家庭作业做完了吗?
二.主动语态变被动语态的方法
把主动语态的句子转换为被动语态的句子,需遵循以下几个步骤:①先找出谓语动词;②再找出谓语动词后的宾语;③把宾语用作被动语态句子的主语(宾语若是人称代词,须将宾格变为主格);④再将主动句中的主语置于介词by之后(若是人称代词,须将主格变为宾格);⑤注意人称、时态和数等的变化。
We plant trees every year.Trees are planted by us every year.我们每年都种树。
三.一些关于被动语态的特殊情况
(1)不及物动词(短语)如happen, rise, appear, come out, take place等没有被动语态。
(2)含有动词短语(如talk about, pay attention to, deal with, take care of等)的主动语态的句子在变为被动语态时,其中的介词不可漏掉。
How will people deal with this problem?How will this problem be dealt with by people?人们将怎么解决这个问题?
(3)在主动语态的句子中,感官动词和使役动词后面接省略to的动词不定式,但在变为被动语态时,to要还原。
They often make me repeat the whole story. I am often made to repeat the whole story by them. 他们经常让我重复整个故事。
(4)某些表示主语的内在"品质"或"性能"的不及物动词,如sell, wash, read, write等,在主语为物时,可用主动形式表示被动含义。
These books sell well. 这些书卖得很好。
(5)系动词如seem, look, smell, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语时,用主动形式表示被动含义。
The soup tastes terrible.这个汤尝起来很难喝。
Tom proves very patient and kind.事实证明汤姆很有耐心、很善良。
(2)一般过去时的被动语态
一般过去时的被动语态表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作。
1.一般过去时的被动语态的句型结构
(1)肯定句:主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
The book was written by Mr. Smith last year. 这本书是史密斯先生去年写的。
(2)否定句:主语+was/were +not +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
The machine wasn't repaired last week. 这台机器上周没有修理。
(3)一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)?
Was the desk made by your father? 这张桌子是你爸爸做的吗?
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)?
When was the tree planted? 那棵树是什么时候种的?
2.一般过去时的主动语态与被动语态的转换
(3)含情态动词的被动语态
1.含情态动词的被动语态句式
(1)肯定句:主语+情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends. 应该允许青少年和朋友们一起外出。
(2)否定句:主语+情态动词+not+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
These books must not be taken out of the library. 禁止把这些书带出图书馆。
(3)一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+be +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)?
Can these children be allowed to play outside now? 可以允许这些孩子们现在在外面玩耍吗?
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句?
When can the bridge be completed?这座桥什么时候能够完工?
2. 含情态动词的主动句变被动句
含有情态动词的主动句变为被动句时,要把主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语;主动句中的谓语动词变为"情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词",主动句中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾。
如果不强调动作的执行者,by短语可以省略
We should plant lots of trees. 我们应该种很多树。Lots of trees should be planted by us. 很多树应该被我们种植。
被动语态专练
一.单项选择
1.The library which a year ago is a nice place for people to read and relax.
A.is built B.will be built C.was built
答案 C 分析句子结构可知,The library和build之间为被动关系;再根据a year ago可知应用一般过去时的被动语态。故选C。
2.More and more tall buildings in our city in the future.
A.build B.are built C.will build D.will be built
答案 D 根据时间状语in the future可知,句子的时态为一般将来时;又因主语tall buildings和谓语动词build之间是被动关系,故句子为一般将来时的被动语态,其构成是will be done。build的过去分词为built。故选D。
3.Many homeless dogs after well by Miss Wang every day.
A.look B.looked C.are looked D.were looked
答案 C 分析句子结构可知,dogs和look after之间为被动关系;又由every day可知,此处应该用一般现在时的被动语态。故选C。
4.Chinese astronauts as heroes. We all look up to them.
A.are regarded B.regard C.regarded
答案 A 主语Chinese astronauts是动作regard的承受者,时态是一般现在时,所以用一般现在时的被动语态,结构为am/is/are done。故选A。
5.The 24th Winter Olympic Games in February, 2022 in Beijing.
A.hold B.held C.is held D.was held
答案 D 根据February,2022可知,此句为一般过去时;Olympic Games与动词hold之间为被动关系,要用被动语态。故选D。
二.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
6.My favorite star will hold a concert in our city. Unluckily, the tickets (sell) out last week.
答案 were sold
7.There can be no life on the earth without water. It (need) everywhere.
答案 is needed
8.We (tell)the sports meeting might be put off.
答案 were told/have been told
9.A speech on robots (give) in the school hall next Friday afternoon.
答案 will be given
10.These old buildings are going to (put) down because they are too dangerous.
答案 be put
三.将下列句子改为被动语态,每空一词
11.They will build a new building here soon.
A new building will here by them soon.
答案 be built
12. Thousands of tourists visit this park every year.
This park by thousands of tourists every year.
答案 is visited
13.(2019甘肃天水中考)Lucy’s mother often makes her read English aloud at home.
Lucy is often made English aloud at home.
答案 to read
14.All the students have to pay attention to the pronunciation of each word.
Attention to be to the pronunciation of each word by all the students.
答案 has;paid
15.(2022四川达州中考)My mom makes me do the dishes every day.
I am do the dishes every day.
答案 made to
三.状语从句
(1)时间状语从句
时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。
1. before、 after、 when和while引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
before
意为"在……之前",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。
Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。
after
意为"在……之后",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。
when
意为"当……时",既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。两个动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。
He was cleaning the room when I went to see him. 当我去看他时,他正在打扫房间。
I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。
I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。
while
while意为"在……期间",表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中;while意为"当……时",强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。
While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。
My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。
易错点(1) while还可意为"(对比两件事物)而,然而",表示对比。
I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。
(2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。
2. since、 till和until引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
since
意为"自……以来",从句谓语动词常用一般过去时,对应的主句的谓语动词多用现在完成时。
He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。
till/until
意为"到……为止",一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如until正式。until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以放在句首。
Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。
Until now I have always lived alone.直到现在,我一直独自生活。
易错点当主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,该动词用否定形式。 "not ...till/until"结构,意为"直到……才(开始)"。
He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。
3.as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
as soon as
意为"一……就",可以放在句首或句中,可以用于各种时态。
I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。
whenever
意为"每当,每次;任何时候"。
Whenever I have a cold,I get a nosebleed.每次我感冒都会流鼻血。
You can ask for help whenever you need it.你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。
(2)because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句
原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because, since和 as等。
连词
用法
例句
because
意为"因为",语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。
I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。
since
意为"既然;由于;因为",表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。
Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。
as
意为"由于;因为",与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的"双方已知的原因",语气比
since弱。
As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。
She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。
易错点汉语里我们习惯说"因为……所以……",但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。
for作连词,意为"因为,由于",不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。
They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。
(3)if和unless引导的条件状语从句
条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。
一. if引导的条件状语从句
1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置
if意为"如果",表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。
We won't go out if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。
If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。
2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态
在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时:
(1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如:
If everyone protects the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。
(2)当主句使用must, may, can等情态动词时,如:
If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。
(3)当主句是祈使句时,如:
Don't touch the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。
3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同
if引导宾语从句时,意为"是否",相当于whether,位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。
I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。
The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。
二. unless引导的条件状语从句
unless意为"除非,如果不",相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时
。
He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。
He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。
易错点(1)如果表示的是客观事实、真理或经常发生的动作,那么含条件状语从句的复合句中的主从句都用一般现在时。
Water turns into ice if it is cold enough. 如果天气足够冷,水会结冰。
Unless it is rainy, he runs every day. 除非下雨,否则他每天跑步。
(2)当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。
I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√)
I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. (
(3)although和though引导的让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有"退一步说……"的意思。although和though意为"尽管;虽然",都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。
Although/Though the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。
She doesn't put on weight although/though she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。
易错点(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。
Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然还是好朋友。
(2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为"即使;纵然;虽然",而although不可以这样用。
Even though it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。
(4) so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句
so/such...that意为 "如此……以至于",引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。
(1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so + adj./adv.+ that从句。
He was so tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。
Everything happened so quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。
(2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况:
①such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句
Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。
② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句
He told such funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。
③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句
It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。
易错点(1)当名词前有many, much, few, little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。
There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。
(2)当单数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。
The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。
(5)so that引导的目的状语从句
目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为"为了,以便",引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could,may/might,should,would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。
We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。
状语从句专项练习
一.单项选择
1. English has a history of over 2,500 years, the first English dictionary didn’t appear until the 17th century.
A.Because B.Although C.Unless
答案 B 考查连词辨析。句意:尽管英语已有2,500多年的历史,但第一部英语词典直到17世纪才出现。because因为,引导原因状语从句;although尽管,引导让步状语从句;unless除非,如果不,引导条件状语从句。由句意可知,前后内容之间为让步关系。故选B。
2.If it tomorrow,we will make a snowman.
A.snows B.will snow C.snowed D.is snowing
答案 A 句意:如果明天下雪,我们就堆个雪人。句子中If的意思为“如果”,引导条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,if从句用一般现在时表示将来。故选A。
3.—Lucy, you can’t use the phone we are far from the gas (天然气) station.
—OK, I won’t do that again.
A.after B.when C.though D.until
答案 D 考查连词辨析。句意:——露西,直到我们离加油站很远时你才能使用手机。——好的,我再也不那样做了。after在……之后;when当……时;though虽然;until直到。not...until...意为“直到……才……”,符合句意,故选D。
4.—I am worrying about our final exam these days.
—There is nothing to worry about you work hard.
A.until B.so that C.as far as D.as long as
答案 D 句意:——这些天我在担心我们的期末考试。——只要你努力学习,没什么可担心的。until直到;so that以便;as far as就……而言;as long as只要。后半句you work hard是前半句There is nothing to worry about的条件。故选D。
5.I was careless that I forgot something important.
A.such B.such a C.so D.so a
答案 C 句意:我太粗心了以至于忘了一些重要的事。such如此,形容词,修饰名词;such a后加单数名词;so如此,副词,修饰形容词或副词;so a为错误搭配。设空处的词修饰形容词careless,故应用so。故选C。
6.Our Chinese teacher is nice and patient she is very strict with us.
A.if B.as C.unless D.though
答案 D 考查连词辨析。句意:尽管我们的语文老师对我们很严厉,但她很好,很有耐心。由句意可知选D。
7.Please put the waste into the special box it can be recycled!
A.so that B.in order to C.because of D.though
答案 A 句意:请把废料放进这个特殊的箱子,以便它能被回收!由句意可知,设空处用so that引导目的状语从句。故选A。
8.It was the middle of the night the sound of the piano woke me up.
A.because B.if C.when D.although
答案 C 考查连词的用法。句意:我是在半夜被钢琴声吵醒的。because 因为;if 假如;when 当……时候;although虽然。由“在半夜”可知是指时间,要用when。故选C。
9.—Daddy, when will we go out to fly a kite?
—As soon as the rain .
A.is stopping B.stopped C.will stop D.stops
答案 D 考查动词时态。句意:——爸爸,我们什么时候出去放风筝?——雨一停(我们就出去放风筝)。 as soon as一……就……,引导时间状语从句,主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时表将来。故选D。
10.—What happened to Mrs. Smart?
—She cut herself while she lunch.
A.prepares B.is preparing
C.was preparing
答案 C 考查动词时态。句意:——斯马特太太怎么了?——她在准备午餐时割伤了自己。根据问句及答语可知,此处描述过去发生的事情;while引导时间状语从句时表示主句的行为在从句行为进行的过程中发生。故选C。
二.将下列句子改为同义句,每空一词
11.I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.
I finished my homework I to bed.
答案 before; went
12.All living things will die without air and water.
there is no air water, all living things will die.
答案 If; or
13.If you come early, you will see her husband.
early, you will see her husband.
答案 Come; and
14.Use your head, and you will find the way.
you your head, you will find the way.
答案 If; use
15.If you don’t study hard, you will fall behind the others.
hard, you will fall behind the others.
答案 Study; or
16.Eat your breakfast, or you will get hungry at school.
you your breakfast, you will get hungry at school.
答案 If;don’t eat
17.Don’t read in the sun, or your eyes will hurt.
in the sun, your eyes will hurt.
答案 If you read
18.Run fast, or you’ll be late for school.
you fast, you’ll be late for school.
答案 If; don’t run
19.You can buy the dictionary if you take enough money with you.
Take enough money with you, buy the dictionary.
答案 and you can
20.You should offer to help your father so that he won’t be angry with you.
答案 If you offer to help your father, he won’t be angry with you.
四.限制性定语从句和关系代词
一.定语从句的基本概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词作定语的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般用关系词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又在从句中作一定成分。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等;常见的关系副词有when、where、why等。
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?你认识刚才在会议上发言的人吗?
That is the house where he lived ten years ago.那是他十年前住的房子。
二.关系代词的用法
关系
代词
在从句中
的作用
指代
例句
that
作主语或宾语(作直接宾语时可省略)
指物
The train that has just left is for Shenzhen.刚离开的那辆火车开往深圳。(作主语)
The fish soup (that) you cooked was delicious.你做的鱼汤很美味。(作宾语)
指人
He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(作主语)
Who is the man (that) I saw this morning?我今天早上看见的那个人是谁?(作宾语)
which
作主语或宾语
指物(常可与that互换)
Basketball is a game which is liked by people around the world.篮球是一项受到全世界人们青睐的运动。(作主语)
This is the bag (which) he lost yesterday.这是他昨天丢的那个包。(作宾语)
who
作主语(在口语中也可作宾语)
指人(常可与that互换)
The girls who are playing volleyball are from Class Three.正在打排球的女孩们来自3班。(作主语)
The man (who) you just talked about is my father.你刚谈到的那个人是我爸爸。(作宾语)
whom
who的宾格形式, 作宾语
指人
The teacher whom you want to see has gone home.你想见的老师已经回家了。(作宾语)
whose
作定语
指人
He is the man whose car was stolen last week.他就是上周车被偷的那个人。(作定语)
指物
I live in a house whose door faces south.我住在一个门朝南的房子里。(作定语)
易错点当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
The boys who are playing basketball are my friends.正在打篮球的那些男孩是我的朋友。
The man who is talking with my father is my teacher.正在和我爸爸说话的那个人是我的老师。
三. 关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况
(1)当先行词是something、 anything、 everything、 nothing等不定代词时。
I did nothing that might hurt you.伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。
(2)当先行词被all、 any、 few、 little、 no等限定词修饰时。
That's all that I could do at that time. 我当时只能做那么多了。
Do you have any food that I can eat? 你有我能吃的东西吗?
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时。
They are talking about the pianist and the piano that appeared in yesterday's concert. 他们正在谈论昨天音乐会上亮相的钢琴家和钢琴。
(4)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们应该做的第一件事是弄点食物。
四.关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况
(1)当先行词为that时。
The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟表是可以告诉我们时间的装置。
(2)当先行词指物,且关系代词前面有介词时。
This is the room in which James once lived.=This is the room which/that James once lived in.这就是詹姆斯曾经住过的房间。
定语从句专项练习
一.根据句意选择方框中所给的关系代词或关系副词填空
who which that whose where whom
1.I still remember the time we spent together last year.
2.Success will belong to those never say “impossible”.
3.—There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister?
—The one hat is yellow.
4.One of the most delicious drinks I like is orange juice.
5.This is the primary school I studied three years ago.
6.The young lady we met yesterday is our new maths teacher.
答案 1.which/that 2.who 3.whose 4.that 5.where 6.whom/who/that
二.单项选择
7.The story tells some exciting stories about a boy has many adventures.
A.what B.which C.whose D.who
答案 D 本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词是a boy,关系词在定语从句中作主语。故选D。
8. This is the CD I bought last year.
A.who B.that C.whom
答案 B 句意:这是我去年买的光盘。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词the CD指物,关系词在定语从句中作宾语,应用that或which。故选B。
9.The book cover has a beautiful picture is Lily’s.
A.which B.whose C.that
答案 B 句意:封面上有一幅漂亮图画的那本书是莉莉的。分析句子可知,The book和cover之间为所属关系,应用whose引导定语从句。故选B。
10.On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech President Xi Jinping made encouraged us Chinese to work harder for our motherland.
A.who B.whose C.which D.what
答案 C 句意:2020年12月31日,习近平主席的新年讲话鼓舞了我们中国人民更加努力地为祖国奋斗。先行词the New Year speech指物,关系代词应用that或which。故选C。
11.—Please tell me something about Yang Liwei.
—He is a great astronaut of all the Chinese are proud.
A.that B.whose C.who D.whom
答案 D 考查定语从句。句意:——请告诉我关于杨利伟的一些情况。——他是一位伟大的航天员,所有中国人都以他为傲。先行词astronaut是人,且关系代词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,只能用whom引导定语从句。故选D。
12.All of the classmates prefer the song Shao Nian .
A.that they can sing along with
B.which can they sing along with
C.who they can sing along with
答案 A 考查定语从句。句意:所有的同学都更喜欢他们能跟着唱的歌曲《少年》。分析句子结构可知,设空处所在句是含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词是表示物的the song Shao Nian,所以要用that/which引导,从句应该使用陈述句语序,故选A。
13.I like the city the people are really kind and friendly.
A.that B.which C.where D.who
答案 C 考查定语从句。句意:我喜欢这座城市,这儿的人们很善良、友好。此定语从句的先行词the city表示地点,且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,故选C。
14.It is the most important day I’ll never forget.
A.whom B.who C.that D.what
答案 C 考查定语从句。句意:这是我永远不会忘记的最重要的一天。本句为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词被最高级修饰,关系代词要用that。故选C。
15.—What kind of movies do you prefer?
—I prefer the movies me think about something.
A.which make B.that makes C.which makes D.who make
答案 A 考查定语从句。句意:——你更喜欢哪种电影?——我更喜欢让我思考一些事情的电影。答语为含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词the movies为物,且为复数,关系代词用that/which且谓语动词用复数形式。故选A。
16.My cousin is a boy lots of trouble to his parents.
A.who bring B.which brings C.who brings D.that bring
答案 C 考查定语从句及主谓一致。句意:我表弟是一个给他父母带来很多麻烦的男孩。本句是含有定语从句的主从复合句,先行词a boy是人,先排除B项;boy为单数,从句中的谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故选C。
三.把下列句子改为含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句
17.This is the school. Mary works in the school.
答案 This is the school that Mary works in.
18.Do you like the watch? I bought it last Sunday.
答案 Do you like the watch that I bought last Sunday?
19.The young man is our new English teacher. We met him this morning.
答案 The young man that we met this morning is our new English teacher.
20.The painting is nice. Jane drew the painting last term.
答案 The painting that Jane drew last term is nice.
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Module1-Module12重点语法串讲
目录
Module1-Module12重点语法串讲 1
一.易混时态辨析 2
(1) 一般现在时与现在进行时 2
(2)一般过去时与过去进行时 3
(3)一般过去时与现在完成时 3
动词的时态专练 4
二.被动语态 5
(1)一般现在时的被动语态 5
(2)一般过去时的被动语态 7
(3)含情态动词的被动语态 7
被动语态专练 8
三.状语从句 9
(1)时间状语从句 9
(2)because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句 11
(3)if和unless引导的条件状语从句 11
一. if引导的条件状语从句 11
(1)if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置 11
(2)unless引导的条件状语从句 12
(3)although和though引导的让步状语从句 13
(4) so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句 13
(5)so that引导的目的状语从句 13
状语从句专项练习 14
四.限制性定语从句和关系代词 16
一.关系代词的用法 16
二.关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况 17
三.关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况 17
定语从句专项练习 18
一.易混时态辨析
(1) 一般现在时与现在进行时
一般现在时
现在进行时
用法
不同
一般现在时可以表示现在的状态。
John lives in Nanjing. 约翰住在南京。
现在进行时表示正在发生的动作或状态。
We are waiting for our mother now. 我们现在正在等我们的妈妈。
一般现在时表示一个动作接着一个动作,用来描述连续性的事件。
The bell rings and our teacher comes into the classroom. 铃响了,我们的老师走进教室。
现在进行时表示几个动作同时进行。
Jim is sweeping the floor and Li Lei is cleaning the table.吉姆在扫地,李磊在擦桌子。
一般现在时可以用来描述日常生活或习惯。
I always go to bed at 10 p.m.我通常晚上10点睡觉。
现在进行时可以表示在特定时间段里所发生的动作。
I am working on an English project this week.这周我一直在做一个英语项目。
一般现在时表示按照时间表或计划表所做的事情。
The class begins at 2 p.m.这节课下午2点开始。
现在进行时表示即将发生的动作或安排。
The bus is coming.公交车就要来了。
时间
状语
不同
与一般现在时连用的表示频度的状语有:always、 usually、 often、 sometimes、 seldom、 never、 every day、 every year、 once a month、 three times a year等。
与现在进行时连用的时间状语有:at the moment、 now、 right now等。另外,动词如look、 listen用于句首,以唤起对方注意时,也常与现在进行时连用。
(2)一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时
过去进行时
用法
不同
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
He went home by car yesterday.昨天他开车回家了。
过去进行时强调过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
He was shopping at 7 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7点他正在购物。
一般过去时可以表示过去发生的一系列连续的动作。
She went home and did her homework.她回到家,然后就做作业了。
过去进行时表示过去同一时间里同时发生的动作。
She was singing while her mother was cooking.当她妈妈在做饭时,她在唱歌。
过去进行时还可以表示过去的某个时间段内持续发生的动作或存在的状态。
We were having a test from 9:00 a.m.to 11:00 a.m.yesterday.我们昨天上午9点到11点在考试。
时间
状语
不同
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday、 the day before yesterday、 last year、 two months ago、 in 2022等。
与过去进行时连用的时间状语有:at this time yesterday、 from...to... last night等。
(3)一般过去时与现在完成时
一般过去时
现在完成时
用法
不同
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
He went home with his father last night.他昨天晚上和他的爸爸一起回家了。
现在完成时强调过去的动作或事情对现在所产生的结果或影响。
He has already bought two cars.他已经买了两辆车。
一般过去时表示过去某个时间点发生的动作。
He came here two years ago.他两年前来过这里。
现在完成时表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在,可能还要延续下去。
He has lived in China since ten years ago.他从十年前就住在中国了。
时间
状语
不同
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday、 the day before yesterday、 last year、 two months ago、in 2018 等。
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:for+时间段、since+时间点、so far、 in the past few years等。
动词的时态专练
一.单项选择
1.—What’s that noise, Sam?
—My little brother with his toy car now.
A.will play B.is playing C.plays D.played
2.—Did you watch the football match last night?
—No. I my homework at that time.
A.have done B.am doing C.was doing
3.Mr.Smith came to Mentougou in 2012.He here for more than 10 years now.
A.lives B.lived C.has lived D.will live
4.In the future, vocational(职业的)students it easier to get jobs.
A.found B.have found C.will find
5.—Paul, where’s your mom?
—She for us in the kitchen now.
A.will cook B.cooks C.is cooking
Ⅱ.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
6.There (be) a lot of rain outside last night.
7.Lynn usually (ride) a bike to work on weekdays. She thinks it can help protect the environment.
8.Simon, keep moving and you (realize) the dream of being a great scientist some day.
9.John (drive) to the supermarket to buy some vegetables yesterday.
10.—Where is Tony?
—He is in the computer room. He (fix) the computer for me now.
11.Many changes (take) place in our daily life since the computer was invented.
12.Listen! Tom (sing) in the classroom. How beautiful his voice is!
13.Because of the rainstorm, the price of vegetables (rise) by 15% so far.
14.He has learned Chinese by himself since he (graduate) from college.
15.John (work) so hard on his project that he didn’t notice his mom enter the room.
二.被动语态
(1)一般现在时的被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式,用于说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。被动语态中的执行者可由介词by引出。
Lots of students love this English song. 很多学生都喜欢这首英文歌。(主动语态,句子的主语Lots of students是动作love的执行者)
This English song is loved by lots of students. 这首英文歌受到很多学生的喜爱。(被动语态,句子的主语This English song是动作love的承受者)
1.一般现在时的被动语态的构成
被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成,其中的be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。一般现在时的被动语态的各种句式如下:
句式
结构
例句
肯定句
主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词(+其他).
The task is finished by us together.这项任务由我们共同完成。
否定句
主语+am/is/are+not+及物动词的过去分词(+其他).
The school uniforms are not worn by students every day.学生们不是每天都穿校服。
一般疑问句
Am/Is/Are+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+其他)?
Is his homework finished?他的家庭作业做完了吗?
二.主动语态变被动语态的方法
把主动语态的句子转换为被动语态的句子,需遵循以下几个步骤:①先找出谓语动词;②再找出谓语动词后的宾语;③把宾语用作被动语态句子的主语(宾语若是人称代词,须将宾格变为主格);④再将主动句中的主语置于介词by之后(若是人称代词,须将主格变为宾格);⑤注意人称、时态和数等的变化。
We plant trees every year.Trees are planted by us every year.我们每年都种树。
三.一些关于被动语态的特殊情况
(1)不及物动词(短语)如happen, rise, appear, come out, take place等没有被动语态。
(2)含有动词短语(如talk about, pay attention to, deal with, take care of等)的主动语态的句子在变为被动语态时,其中的介词不可漏掉。
How will people deal with this problem?How will this problem be dealt with by people?人们将怎么解决这个问题?
(3)在主动语态的句子中,感官动词和使役动词后面接省略to的动词不定式,但在变为被动语态时,to要还原。
They often make me repeat the whole story. I am often made to repeat the whole story by them. 他们经常让我重复整个故事。
(4)某些表示主语的内在"品质"或"性能"的不及物动词,如sell, wash, read, write等,在主语为物时,可用主动形式表示被动含义。
These books sell well. 这些书卖得很好。
(5)系动词如seem, look, smell, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语时,用主动形式表示被动含义。
The soup tastes terrible.这个汤尝起来很难喝。
Tom proves very patient and kind.事实证明汤姆很有耐心、很善良。
(2)一般过去时的被动语态
一般过去时的被动语态表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作。
1.一般过去时的被动语态的句型结构
(1)肯定句:主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
The book was written by Mr. Smith last year. 这本书是史密斯先生去年写的。
(2)否定句:主语+was/were +not +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
The machine wasn't repaired last week. 这台机器上周没有修理。
(3)一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)?
Was the desk made by your father? 这张桌子是你爸爸做的吗?
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)?
When was the tree planted? 那棵树是什么时候种的?
2.一般过去时的主动语态与被动语态的转换
(3)含情态动词的被动语态
1.含情态动词的被动语态句式
(1)肯定句:主语+情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends. 应该允许青少年和朋友们一起外出。
(2)否定句:主语+情态动词+not+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者).
These books must not be taken out of the library. 禁止把这些书带出图书馆。
(3)一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+be +及物动词的过去分词(+by+动作执行者)?
Can these children be allowed to play outside now? 可以允许这些孩子们现在在外面玩耍吗?
(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句?
When can the bridge be completed?这座桥什么时候能够完工?
2. 含情态动词的主动句变被动句
含有情态动词的主动句变为被动句时,要把主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语;主动句中的谓语动词变为"情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词",主动句中的主语变为介词by的宾语,放在句尾。
如果不强调动作的执行者,by短语可以省略
We should plant lots of trees. 我们应该种很多树。Lots of trees should be planted by us. 很多树应该被我们种植。
被动语态专练
一.单项选择
1.The library which a year ago is a nice place for people to read and relax.
A.is built B.will be built C.was built
2.More and more tall buildings in our city in the future.
A.build B.are built C.will build D.will be built
3.Many homeless dogs after well by Miss Wang every day.
A.look B.looked C.are looked D.were looked
4.Chinese astronauts as heroes. We all look up to them.
A.are regarded B.regard C.regarded
5.The 24th Winter Olympic Games in February, 2022 in Beijing.
A.hold B.held C.is held D.was held
二.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
6.My favorite star will hold a concert in our city. Unluckily, the tickets (sell) out last week.
7.There can be no life on the earth without water. It (need) everywhere.
8.We (tell)the sports meeting might be put off.
9.A speech on robots (give) in the school hall next Friday afternoon.
10.These old buildings are going to (put) down because they are too dangerous.
三.将下列句子改为被动语态,每空一词
11.They will build a new building here soon.
A new building will here by them soon.
12. Thousands of tourists visit this park every year.
This park by thousands of tourists every year.
13.(2019甘肃天水中考)Lucy’s mother often makes her read English aloud at home.
Lucy is often made English aloud at home.
14.All the students have to pay attention to the pronunciation of each word.
Attention to be to the pronunciation of each word by all the students.
15.(2022四川达州中考)My mom makes me do the dishes every day.
I am do the dishes every day.
三.状语从句
(1)时间状语从句
时间状语从句是指在复合句中充当时间状语的句子。
1. before、 after、 when和while引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
before
意为"在……之前",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。
Don't say anything before you look at the picture.在看图之前,不要说任何话。
after
意为"在……之后",表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
I went boating after I finished my homework. 我完成家庭作业后去划船了。
when
意为"当……时",既可指较短的时间(即某一具体时间),也可指一段时间。两个动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生;从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的,也可以是瞬时性的。
He was cleaning the room when I went to see him. 当我去看他时,他正在打扫房间。
I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。
I'll phone you again when I get home.我到家后再给你打电话。
while
while意为"在……期间",表示主句动作发生在从句动作进行的过程中;while意为"当……时",强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的。
While I was cooking, the telephone rang. 我正在做饭时,电话响了。
My sister is watching TV while I'm having lunch. 我吃午饭时,我姐姐在看电视。
易错点(1) while还可意为"(对比两件事物)而,然而",表示对比。
I like playing football while my brother likes playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而我的哥哥喜欢打篮球。
(2)在含有when/while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
When (she is) in trouble, she always asks me for help.她遇到困难时总是向我求助。
2. since、 till和until引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
since
意为"自……以来",从句谓语动词常用一般过去时,对应的主句的谓语动词多用现在完成时。
He has worked in the company since it opened in 2002. 从2002年这家公司建立以来他就在这家公司工作。
till/until
意为"到……为止",一般情况下两者可以互换,但till不如until正式。until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以放在句首。
Let's wait till/until the rain stops. 咱们等到雨停吧。
Until now I have always lived alone.直到现在,我一直独自生活。
易错点当主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,该动词用否定形式。 "not ...till/until"结构,意为"直到……才(开始)"。
He didn't go to bed till/until he finished his homework. 他直到做完家庭作业才上床睡觉。
3.as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句
连词
用法
例句
as soon as
意为"一……就",可以放在句首或句中,可以用于各种时态。
I'll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他这个消息。
whenever
意为"每当,每次;任何时候"。
Whenever I have a cold,I get a nosebleed.每次我感冒都会流鼻血。
You can ask for help whenever you need it.你如果需要帮助随时可以提出来。
(2)because、since和 as引导的原因状语从句
原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的原因的句子,其引导词有because, since和 as等。
连词
用法
例句
because
意为"因为",语气最强,常用于回答why引导的疑问句,表示动作发生的直接原因。
I like playing football just because it can make me strong. 我喜欢踢足球只是因为它能使我身体强壮。
since
意为"既然;由于;因为",表示已知的、显然的理由,较正式,引导的原因状语从句常位于主句之前,语气比because弱。
Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting. 既然人到齐了,咱们开会吧。
as
意为"由于;因为",与since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明的"双方已知的原因",语气比
since弱。
As you were not there, I left a message. 由于你不在那里,我就留了个信息。
She may need some help as she's new.因为她是新来的,可能需要一些帮助。
易错点汉语里我们习惯说"因为……所以……",但使用英语时不能将because与so连用。
for作连词,意为"因为,由于",不用于句首,连接并列分句,表示原因。其前常用逗号与前一分句隔开,对前一分句的内容起补充说明的作用。
They were certainly there, for I saw them.他们肯定在那里,因为我看见他们了。
(3)if和unless引导的条件状语从句
条件状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件的句子,一般用连词if或unless引导。
一. if引导的条件状语从句
1.if引导的条件状语从句在句中的位置
if意为"如果",表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。if引导的条件状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。当放在主句前面时,通常要用逗号同主句隔开。
We won't go out if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。
If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关注地球,我们就会拥有一个更好的世界。
2.if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态
在含有由if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,从句在下面几种情况下应使用一般现在时:
(1) 当主句是一般将来时时,如:
If everyone protects the environment, it will become better.如果人人都保护环境,它就会变得更好。
(2)当主句使用must, may, can等情态动词时,如:
If it is fine tomorrow, we can go and fly the kite.如果明天天气好,我们可以去放风筝。
(3)当主句是祈使句时,如:
Don't touch the computer if you aren't allowed.没被允许的话,别碰这台电脑。
3.if 引导的条件状语从句与if引导的宾语从句的不同
if引导宾语从句时,意为"是否",相当于whether,位于及物动词之后,且宾语从句的时态要根据语境确定。如果主句用一般现在时,从句可以根据具体情况选用时态;如果主句用一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态。
I don't know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来。
The boy asked me if I knew the way to the library.那个男孩问我是否知道去图书馆的路。
二. unless引导的条件状语从句
unless意为"除非,如果不",相当于if...not。在含有由unless引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,若主句时态为一般将来时、主句为祈使句或主句中含有情态动词,从句则常用一般现在时
。
He is sure to come unless he has something urgent.=He is sure to come if he has nothing urgent.除非有紧急事务,否则他一定会来的。
He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.=He cannot see clearly if he does not wear glasses.他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。
易错点(1)如果表示的是客观事实、真理或经常发生的动作,那么含条件状语从句的复合句中的主从句都用一般现在时。
Water turns into ice if it is cold enough. 如果天气足够冷,水会结冰。
Unless it is rainy, he runs every day. 除非下雨,否则他每天跑步。
(2)当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。
I will be angry if I am not invited to the party. (√)
I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. (
(3)although和though引导的让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示即便出现从句中的情况, 主句动作仍然会发生,有"退一步说……"的意思。although和though意为"尽管;虽然",都可以引导让步状语从句,从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。
Although/Though the sun was shining, it wasn't very warm.尽管太阳高照,却不是很暖和。
She doesn't put on weight although/though she eats a lot every day. 虽然她每天吃很多,但体重并没有增加。
易错点(1)although和though不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。
Although/Though we are very different, yet we are good friends. 虽然我们很不一样,但我们仍然还是好朋友。
(2)though还可以与even连用构成even though,意为"即使;纵然;虽然",而although不可以这样用。
Even though it was snowing, the little girl still went to school.虽然下着雪,这个小女孩还是上学去了。
(4) so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句
so/such...that意为 "如此……以至于",引导结果状语从句,用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。
(1)so用来修饰形容词或副词,句型结构为:so + adj./adv.+ that从句。
He was so tired that he could not walk farther. 他太累了,不能再走了。
Everything happened so quickly that I had no time to think. 一切都发生得太快了,我没有时间思考。
(2)such修饰名词(短语),其句型结构有以下几种情况:
①such+a(n)+adj.+可数名词单数+that从句
Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him. 迈克是个很诚实的人,大家都相信他。
② such+adj.+可数名词复数+that从句
He told such funny stories that I laughed. 他讲了那么有趣的故事,我笑了。
③ such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句
It was such terrible food that I didn't want to eat it at all. 这食物太难吃了,我根本不想吃。
易错点(1)当名词前有many, much, few, little(少的)等限定词时,只能用so,不能用such。
There are so many people on the bus that we can't even move. 公共汽车上的人太多了,我们都动不了。
(2)当单数名词前有形容词修饰时,既可用so,也可用such,但不定冠词和形容词的位置不同。
The Rescue is so good a film that many people think highly of it.=The Rescue is such a good film that many people think highly of it. 《紧急救援》这部电影如此精彩以至于许多人对它评价很高。
(5)so that引导的目的状语从句
目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。so that意为"为了,以便",引导目的状语从句,从句中的谓语常含有can/could,may/might,should,would等情态动词。so that可与in order that互换。
We should learn English well so that/in order that we can tell Chinese stories to the world. 我们应该学好英语,这样我们才能向世界讲述中国故事。
状语从句专项练习
一.单项选择
1. English has a history of over 2,500 years, the first English dictionary didn’t appear until the 17th century.
A.Because B.Although C.Unless
2.If it tomorrow,we will make a snowman.
A.snows B.will snow C.snowed D.is snowing
3.—Lucy, you can’t use the phone we are far from the gas (天然气) station.
—OK, I won’t do that again.
A.after B.when C.though D.until
4.—I am worrying about our final exam these days.
—There is nothing to worry about you work hard.
A.until B.so that C.as far as D.as long as
5.I was careless that I forgot something important.
A.such B.such a C.so D.so a
6.Our Chinese teacher is nice and patient she is very strict with us.
A.if B.as C.unless D.though
7.Please put the waste into the special box it can be recycled!
A.so that B.in order to C.because of D.though
8.It was the middle of the night the sound of the piano woke me up.
A.because B.if C.when D.although
9.—Daddy, when will we go out to fly a kite?
—As soon as the rain .
A.is stopping B.stopped C.will stop D.stops
10.—What happened to Mrs. Smart?
—She cut herself while she lunch.
A.prepares B.is preparing
C.was preparing
二.将下列句子改为同义句,每空一词
11.I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.
I finished my homework I to bed.
12.All living things will die without air and water.
there is no air water, all living things will die.
13.If you come early, you will see her husband.
early, you will see her husband.
14.Use your head, and you will find the way.
you your head, you will find the way.
15.If you don’t study hard, you will fall behind the others.
hard, you will fall behind the others.
16.Eat your breakfast, or you will get hungry at school.
you your breakfast, you will get hungry at school.
17.Don’t read in the sun, or your eyes will hurt.
in the sun, your eyes will hurt.
18.Run fast, or you’ll be late for school.
you fast, you’ll be late for school.
19.You can buy the dictionary if you take enough money with you.
Take enough money with you, buy the dictionary.
20.You should offer to help your father so that he won’t be angry with you.
四.限制性定语从句和关系代词
一.定语从句的基本概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词作定语的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般用关系词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又在从句中作一定成分。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose等;常见的关系副词有when、where、why等。
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?你认识刚才在会议上发言的人吗?
That is the house where he lived ten years ago.那是他十年前住的房子。
二.关系代词的用法
关系
代词
在从句中
的作用
指代
例句
that
作主语或宾语(作直接宾语时可省略)
指物
The train that has just left is for Shenzhen.刚离开的那辆火车开往深圳。(作主语)
The fish soup (that) you cooked was delicious.你做的鱼汤很美味。(作宾语)
指人
He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(作主语)
Who is the man (that) I saw this morning?我今天早上看见的那个人是谁?(作宾语)
which
作主语或宾语
指物(常可与that互换)
Basketball is a game which is liked by people around the world.篮球是一项受到全世界人们青睐的运动。(作主语)
This is the bag (which) he lost yesterday.这是他昨天丢的那个包。(作宾语)
who
作主语(在口语中也可作宾语)
指人(常可与that互换)
The girls who are playing volleyball are from Class Three.正在打排球的女孩们来自3班。(作主语)
The man (who) you just talked about is my father.你刚谈到的那个人是我爸爸。(作宾语)
whom
who的宾格形式, 作宾语
指人
The teacher whom you want to see has gone home.你想见的老师已经回家了。(作宾语)
whose
作定语
指人
He is the man whose car was stolen last week.他就是上周车被偷的那个人。(作定语)
指物
I live in a house whose door faces south.我住在一个门朝南的房子里。(作定语)
易错点当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
The boys who are playing basketball are my friends.正在打篮球的那些男孩是我的朋友。
The man who is talking with my father is my teacher.正在和我爸爸说话的那个人是我的老师。
三. 关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况
(1)当先行词是something、 anything、 everything、 nothing等不定代词时。
I did nothing that might hurt you.伤害你的事我一点儿也没做。
(2)当先行词被all、 any、 few、 little、 no等限定词修饰时。
That's all that I could do at that time. 我当时只能做那么多了。
Do you have any food that I can eat? 你有我能吃的东西吗?
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时。
They are talking about the pianist and the piano that appeared in yesterday's concert. 他们正在谈论昨天音乐会上亮相的钢琴家和钢琴。
(4)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们应该做的第一件事是弄点食物。
四.关系代词只能用which而不能用that的情况
(1)当先行词为that时。
The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟表是可以告诉我们时间的装置。
(2)当先行词指物,且关系代词前面有介词时。
This is the room in which James once lived.=This is the room which/that James once lived in.这就是詹姆斯曾经住过的房间。
定语从句专项练习
一.根据句意选择方框中所给的关系代词或关系副词填空
who which that whose where whom
1.I still remember the time we spent together last year.
2.Success will belong to those never say “impossible”.
3.—There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister?
—The one hat is yellow.
4.One of the most delicious drinks I like is orange juice.
5.This is the primary school I studied three years ago.
6.The young lady we met yesterday is our new maths teacher.
二.单项选择
7.The story tells some exciting stories about a boy has many adventures.
A.what B.which C.whose D.who
8. This is the CD I bought last year.
A.who B.that C.whom
9.The book cover has a beautiful picture is Lily’s.
A.which B.whose C.that
10.On December 31, 2020, the New Year speech President Xi Jinping made encouraged us Chinese to work harder for our motherland.
A.who B.whose C.which D.what
11.—Please tell me something about Yang Liwei.
—He is a great astronaut of all the Chinese are proud.
A.that B.whose C.who D.whom
12.All of the classmates prefer the song Shao Nian .
A.that they can sing along with
B.which can they sing along with
C.who they can sing along with
13.I like the city the people are really kind and friendly.
A.that B.which C.where D.who
14.It is the most important day I’ll never forget.
A.whom B.who C.that D.what
15.—What kind of movies do you prefer?
—I prefer the movies me think about something.
A.which make B.that makes C.which makes D.who make
16.My cousin is a boy lots of trouble to his parents.
A.who bring B.which brings C.who brings D.that bring
三.把下列句子改为含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句
17.This is the school. Mary works in the school.
18.Do you like the watch? I bought it last Sunday.
19.The young man is our new English teacher. We met him this morning.
20.The painting is nice. Jane drew the painting last term.
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