【春考特训课】第05讲：语法知识之情态动词和虚拟语气---【决胜春考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（江苏专用）

第05讲 语法知识之情态动词和虚拟语气 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 综观近几年高考英语试题，情态动词和虚拟语气的用法是历年高考英语必考的知识点之一。情态动词在高考命题中的考点集中在：情态动词表示推测的基本用法及区别;情态动词否定式的用法辨析：“情态动词+have done”的用法区别等。 　　虚拟语气在高考命题中的考点常集中在含蓄条件句以及主语、宾语从句等特定句型中虚拟语气的使用上，因此考生应熟练掌握含蓄条件句中主从句的时态要求以及一些典型句型中虚拟语气的具体形式。 【要点梳理】 考点一：常考的情态动词 分类 情态动词 含义 用法 例句 推测 must 一定、肯定 只用于肯定句 You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best. can/could 可能、也许 用于否定句和问句，can’t/couldn’t表“不可能” It can’t be Mr Li, for he has gone to America. may/might 可能、也许 用于肯定句和否定句，may not/might not表“可能不” Your mother may /might not know the truth. 能力 can/could 能够 can只有现在和过去时 Mary can speak three languages. be able to 能够 当成功地完成某一具体动作时，不用could而用was/were able to。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。 He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain 许可 can/could 可以 ①问句中用could/might更显客气和委婉。 ②肯定回答一般用can,显得语气肯定干脆。 --Could I come to see you tomorrow? -- Yes, you can. (No, I’m afraid not. ) may/might May I come in? 必要 must 必须 表主观要求，注意must提起的一般疑问句的肯定回答和否定回答的不同，见例句。 --Must we hand in our exercise books today? -- Yes, you must./ No, you don’t have to / you needn’t. have to 不得不 表客观需求 It is raining heavily,so we have to stay at home. ought to 应该 与should用法同 Yong people should show respect for the old. should 应该 shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不应该 You are his father and ought to take care of him. 其他 need 需要 1）用作实义动词后接to do 2）用作情态动词后接  do，只用于否定句和问句 You don’t need to do it yourself. dare 敢 She dare not go out alone at night. 情态动词+完成时态 情态动词 含义 例句 must have done 肯定做过/发生过 It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet. can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能做过某事 Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing,for I  saw him in the library just  now. may/might have done 可能已经..... You might have read about it in the papers could have done 本来可以.....，本来能够 I could have arrived on time,but I was held up by the traffic jam. Should have done 本应该做..... You should have finished the task yesterday. ought to have done 本应该做..... needn’t have done 本没有必要做某事但又做了 I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.  句型 can not/never.....too 无论怎么.....也不过分越.....越好 While crossing the street, you can never be too careful. Can not.....enough 备注 1 ： 辨析表示“推测”的情态动词 （1）must表示推测时语气最强，意为“必定；准；一定”。它是以事实为依据而进行的逻辑上的推理，所指的动作发生的可能性最大。must只用于肯定句，其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t，意为“一定不；不可能”，而mustn’t表示“禁止；不准”，如：The car doesn’t work. There must be something wrong with it. 这辆小车开不动，准是出问题了。I met Tom at the hospital yesterday, so he couldn’t have attended your lecture.我昨天在医院遇到Tom了，所以他不可能参加了你的讲座。 （2）can/should表示以事实、理由为依据进行推测，它们所指的动作有发生的可能性，但没有must那么肯定。can表示推测时不用于肯定句，should的主观性较强，意为“应该”。如：He should be there now.现在他应该到那儿了。 （3）may/might语气较弱，意为“可能；或许”，表示说话人根据自己的主观意愿而进行的推测。此外，学生要牢记情态动词表示对过去的推测与表示责备时的语义区别： may/might have done表推测时意为“过去可能做过”，表责备时意为“过去本可能做而实际上未做”；should/ought to have done表推测时意为“按理该做过”，表责备时意为“按理过去该做而实际上未做”； must have done表推测，意为“过去一定做过”； can’t /couldn’t have done表推测，意为“过去一定没有做过”； can/could have done表责备，意为“过去本能够做而实际上没做”； needn’t have done表责备，意为“过去不必做，而实际上做了”。 备注 2 ： 表示“推测”的情态动词与“时间”的关系 1.“情态动词+动词原形”表示对现在或者将来情况的推测，如：You have had no sleep for 48 hours.You must be exhausted.你已经48小时没有睡觉了，你现在一定筋疲力尽了吧。 2.“情态动词+进行时”表示对现在或者将来情况的推测，如：They must be having a very good time with their kids.他们肯定正跟孩子们玩得很开心。 3.“情态动词+完成时”表示对过去情况的推测，如：The ground is wet so it must have rained last night.地面是湿的，昨天晚上一定下过雨。 备注 3 ： 情态动词的特殊用法 （1）can not/never...too... = can not...enough，意为“无论怎样……都不过分；越……越好”， 如：You cannot be too careful when you cross the street.过马路时怎么小心都不过分。 You cannot be careful enough in your study.你学习越认真越好。 （2）may/might as well = had better，意为“最好干什么；不妨干什么”， 如：You may/might as well save your mouth.你最好不要白费口舌了。 （3）must既可以作情态动词，又可以作名词；need与dare既可以作情态动词，又可作实义动词，need/dare作情态动词时，无时态、人称及语态的变化，一般用于否定句和疑问句，need/dare作实义动词时，有人称、数和语态的变化，不受句式的限制。 如：He need/dare not say what he thinks.他不必/敢说出他的想法。 He doesn’t need/dare to say what he thinks.他不必/敢说出他的想法。 考点二：if条件句中的虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 If引导的条件从句 与现在事实相反 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If he were here, he would help us. 与过去事实相反 从句动词：had+done 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+done If I had been free,I would have visited you. 与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式/should+do/were to +do 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 省略if的虚拟条件句 将虚拟条件从句中的were，had, should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装 ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. 错综虚拟语气 条件从句与主句表达的时间不一致 If I had followed your advice, I would be in college now. 考点三：其他情况的虚拟语气 · 错综时间条件句 if引导的虚拟条件句的主从句的动作所表示的时间一般是一致的，但是有时候条件状语从句表示的动作或行为与主句表示的动作或行为存在不一致的情况，我们称这种句子为错综时间条件句。在错综时间条件句中，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用不同的形式。 如：If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.如果你之前听了我的建议，你现在就好一些了。 · 虚拟语气中的倒装与省略 如：Had the governments and scientists not worked together (=If the governments and scientists had not worked together), AIDS-related deaths would not fallen since their highest in 2005. 如果政府和科学家们不共同努力，那么与艾滋病相关的死亡率就不会从2005年的最高点下降。 · 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 在虚拟条件句中表示假设的条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表达的，而是隐含在某些词、短语或下文中，能这样用的词或短语有with/without/but/or/but for/otherwise等。 Without your help，we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time. 没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。 I would write to her，but I don't know her address. 我要给她写信来着，可是不知道她的地址。 · (should＋) do...结构的虚拟语气 1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中，常见的这类动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 一主张：insist；二命令：order，command；三建议：suggest，advise，recommend；四要求：request，require，ask，demand；外加一个敦促：urge。 在“It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/ necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句”中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 · 其他句型中的虚拟语气 1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反的情况；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。 I would rather they didn't hear of the news. 我宁愿他们没听说那个消息。(对现在或将来的虚拟) I would rather I had not told him the bad news. 我宁愿没告诉他那个坏消息。(对过去的虚拟) 2．wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为： 一般过去时 宾语从句动作与wish动作同时进行 had+过去分词 宾语从句动作先于wish动作发生 would/could十动词原形 宾语从句动作后于wish动作发生 I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. 希望我是只小鸟，能在天空中自由飞翔。 I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday. 我希望昨天见到那个影星了。 It is (high) time that you went to school. 你去上学了。 It is (high) time that we should set out. 我们该出发了。 备注 4 ： as if/though 当as if/though引导方式状语从句或者表语从句时，如果从句所表达的内容与事实相反或者发生的可能性很小，则从句应该用虚拟语气，其形式为：与现在的情况相反时从句用一般过去时（be动词用were）；与过去的情况相反时从句用过去完成时；与将来的情况相反时从句用过去将来时。 如：The two-month baby opened his mouth as if/though he would say something. 这个两个月大的婴儿张开嘴巴好像要说什么（事实上两个月的婴儿不会说话）。 When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if/though it were broken. 当铅笔的一部分放在水杯中时，它看起来就像断了（事实上铅笔在水中没有断）。 如果as if/though引导的复合句所表达的内容与事实相符或者发生的可能性很大时，则不用虚拟语气，如：It is cloudy and it looks as if/though it is going to rain. 天阴沉沉的，看起来好像要下雨（有明显的迹象表明可能下雨）。 备注 5 ： if only 含有 if only 的虚拟语气的形式为： if only+一般过去时（表示与现在事实相反）； if only+could/would+动词原形（表示与将来事实相反）； if only+had+动词的过去分词（表示与过去事实相反）。 如：If only someone could come to my help.要是有人来帮助我就好了。 学生要注意if only与only if用于条件句的区别： if only“要是……就好了；但愿……”引导条件句时要用虚拟语气； 而only if“只有；只要”引导条件句时常用陈述语气，且当only if放在句首时，从句要部分倒装。 如：Only if you study hard will you make great progress.只有努力学习你才会取得巨大的进步。 · 【介词思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1．Time is very limited, so you ________ get to that mountain village within 15 minutes. 2．—What does the sign over there say? —No person ________ bring drinks into the student computer room. 3．I ________ have passed my examination easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes. 4．I'm really concerned about you. If something ________ happen to you, call me at once. 5．Some scientific evidence suggests musical training before the age of seven ________ have a significant impact on the brain's development. 6．—Is Mr. Hawking coming here by bus? —He should, but he ________ not. He likes riding his old bike. 7．I'm very hungry. Get me something to eat; anything ________ do. 8．—What does the sign over there read? —No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area. 9．It is important to know about the cultural differences that ________ cause problems. 10．—Who ________ it be that left the door unlocked? —It might be Mike. He is always forgetting things. 11．—Tell me your secret. —I ________ not. It wouldn't be a secret if I told you. 12．The haze or smog was so serious that the winter running ________ have been cancelled. Some students complained as they ran. 13．I would persuade her to make room for you ________ it be necessary. 14．—Have you heard of the news that Britain's former prime minister, Baroness Thatcher, died on April 18th? —Yes. ________ she rest in peace. 15．George, I guess, as a teacher, you ________ know that smoking is not allowed in the classroom. · 单项选择 1．We students should ______advantage of the time in school. A．make B．take  C．use  D．create 2．In a scenario where time was of the essence, a tele-surgery __________ the treatment process. Unfortunately, the medical staff just dismissed the option, citing concerns about connectivity issues. A．could have facilitated  B．could facilitate C．must have facilitated D．may have facilitated 3．I have tried to turn on the newly-bought robot dog this morning, but it __________ start. It is so astonishing that goods purchased on JD．com __________ be so poorly-made. A．won’t ... must B．won’t ... should C．cannot ... must D．cannot ... should 4．In education, educators __________ place too much emphasis on fostering critical thinking skills; empowering students to think independently is vital for their future success in a rapidly changing world. A．should not B．cannot C．may not D．shall not 5．—________ I use your glue? I’m making a kite. —No problem. Here you are. A．Should B．Need C．Must D．May 6．Unusual animal behaviour ______ indicate whether it’s cold, wet weather that’s on the way or a hot, dry period. A．should B．need C．must D．can 7．_________ I have a word with you? It won’t take long. A．Must B．May C．Shall D．Need 8．The look on his face suggested that he _____  angry and we ______ him alone. A．was, left  B．was, should leave C．should be, should leave  D．should be, left 9．—It’s twelve o’clock already in the night. ________ you play the guitar at such a late hour? —Oh, I’m so sorry. A．Must B．Can C．May D．Shall 10．When faced with challenges, sometimes you ________ feel you are lost in thick mist and can’t see the light. A．need B．may C．shall D．should 11．Reflecting on what Walter Scott wrote in his novel Rob Roy, we may find even white lies have results we __________ know in advance. A．shan’t B．can’t C．mustn’t D．needn’t 12．Jason is telling kids something interesting in the living room. He ______ have had a brilliant journey in Beijing. A．must B．should C．could D．would 13．You _______ smoke in the newsroom without asking for others’ opinions. It is impolite. A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．won’t D．couldn’t 14．I can’t get through to the manager’s office anyhow, so someone ________ the telephone. A．can use B．can have used C．must be using D．must have used 15．He promised that he ________ open the letter until 2 o’clock. A．will not B．would not C．need not D．must not 16．When weather permitted, he __________ go to the tea house after dinner to talk with other old partners every day. A．might B．should C．could D．would 17．Could you please ________ the waste into the river? A．don’t throw B．not throw C．not to throw D．not throwing 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．It is required by law that a driving test ________ (take) before a man gets a license. 2．I couldn't________ (go) through the hard times but for my teacher's generous and timely help. 3．I was ill that day, otherwise I would ________ (take) part in the sports meet. 4．The nationwide smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that it's high time we ________ (reflect) on ourselves. 5．It has been accepted that all the students ________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus. 6．There was a little mouse staying at home all day. I ________ go out, even at night. 7．I have her telephone number. You________ call her if you like. 8．I think something ________ have happened to Jill. 9．—It's a shame that you missed the lecture on the British culture given by Thompson. —I ________ (attend) it, but I was busy preparing for the coming exam. 10．Anyone ________ be in a rough life time, whether he is “Bai Fumei” or “Gao Fushuai”． 单句语法填空 1．John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ________ (come) tomorrow than today. 2．—Don't you think it necessary that he ________ (send) to the Bulls but to the Keats? —I agree, but the problem is that he refused to. 3．—We need a person full of wisdom to take charge of the project. —________ the young man graduating from Economy & Finance University have a try? 4．—I promise Shirley ________ get a new iPod on her birthday. —Will it be a big surprise to her? 5．I don't think you ________ give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about. 6．________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to cancel the football match. 7．—How do you think Beethoven's deafness affected him? —Well, I strongly believe that his ability to write music might ________ (remain) hidden but for his deafness. 8．Although learning to drive ________ be difficult at times, it is well worth the efforts. 9．But for your error, it might ________ (be) easier for you to pass the driving test. After all, you had highquality training. 10．We ________ estimate the spirit of the Shanghai Expo too much, which is sure to play an important role in our daily life. 【2024浙江1月卷】 However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes ____41____ (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day.【41题详解】 【2021年天津卷】 It used to be that you ___drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere. A．need B．should C．could D．must【答案】C ---I honestly don't think I'm going to be admitted. ---Wel1, you never know! You________ a better impression than you think. A. may have made B. should have made C. Couldn’t have made D. needn't have made 【2020年新课标Ⅰ卷】 I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook. 【2020·天津卷】 Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy . A．must B．can C．need D．should You ____________ have scolded him for his poor performance. After all, he had done his best. A．must B．should C．mustn’t D．shouldn't 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！共 23 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第05讲 语法知识之情态动词和虚拟语气 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 综观近几年高考英语试题，情态动词和虚拟语气的用法是历年高考英语必考的知识点之一。情态动词在高考命题中的考点集中在：情态动词表示推测的基本用法及区别;情态动词否定式的用法辨析：“情态动词+have done”的用法区别等。 　　虚拟语气在高考命题中的考点常集中在含蓄条件句以及主语、宾语从句等特定句型中虚拟语气的使用上，因此考生应熟练掌握含蓄条件句中主从句的时态要求以及一些典型句型中虚拟语气的具体形式。 【要点梳理】 考点一：常考的情态动词 分类 情态动词 含义 用法 例句 推测 must 一定、肯定 只用于肯定句 You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best. can/could 可能、也许 用于否定句和问句，can’t/couldn’t表“不可能” It can’t be Mr Li, for he has gone to America. may/might 可能、也许 用于肯定句和否定句，may not/might not表“可能不” Your mother may /might not know the truth. 能力 can/could 能够 can只有现在和过去时 Mary can speak three languages. be able to 能够 当成功地完成某一具体动作时，不用could而用was/were able to。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。 He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain 许可 can/could 可以 ①问句中用could/might更显客气和委婉。 ②肯定回答一般用can,显得语气肯定干脆。 --Could I come to see you tomorrow? -- Yes, you can. (No, I’m afraid not. ) may/might May I come in? 必要 must 必须 表主观要求，注意must提起的一般疑问句的肯定回答和否定回答的不同，见例句。 --Must we hand in our exercise books today? -- Yes, you must./ No, you don’t have to / you needn’t. have to 不得不 表客观需求 It is raining heavily,so we have to stay at home. ought to 应该 与should用法同 Yong people should show respect for the old. should 应该 shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不应该 You are his father and ought to take care of him. 其他 need 需要 1）用作实义动词后接to do 2）用作情态动词后接  do，只用于否定句和问句 You don’t need to do it yourself. dare 敢 She dare not go out alone at night. 情态动词+完成时态 情态动词 含义 例句 must have done 肯定做过/发生过 It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet. can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能做过某事 Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing,for I  saw him in the library just  now. may/might have done 可能已经..... You might have read about it in the papers could have done 本来可以.....，本来能够 I could have arrived on time,but I was held up by the traffic jam. Should have done 本应该做..... You should have finished the task yesterday. ought to have done 本应该做..... needn’t have done 本没有必要做某事但又做了 I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.  句型 can not/never.....too 无论怎么.....也不过分越.....越好 While crossing the street, you can never be too careful. Can not.....enough 备注 1 ： 辨析表示“推测”的情态动词 （1）must表示推测时语气最强，意为“必定；准；一定”。它是以事实为依据而进行的逻辑上的推理，所指的动作发生的可能性最大。must只用于肯定句，其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t，意为“一定不；不可能”，而mustn’t表示“禁止；不准”，如：The car doesn’t work. There must be something wrong with it. 这辆小车开不动，准是出问题了。I met Tom at the hospital yesterday, so he couldn’t have attended your lecture.我昨天在医院遇到Tom了，所以他不可能参加了你的讲座。 （2）can/should表示以事实、理由为依据进行推测，它们所指的动作有发生的可能性，但没有must那么肯定。can表示推测时不用于肯定句，should的主观性较强，意为“应该”。如：He should be there now.现在他应该到那儿了。 （3）may/might语气较弱，意为“可能；或许”，表示说话人根据自己的主观意愿而进行的推测。此外，学生要牢记情态动词表示对过去的推测与表示责备时的语义区别： may/might have done表推测时意为“过去可能做过”，表责备时意为“过去本可能做而实际上未做”；should/ought to have done表推测时意为“按理该做过”，表责备时意为“按理过去该做而实际上未做”； must have done表推测，意为“过去一定做过”； can’t /couldn’t have done表推测，意为“过去一定没有做过”； can/could have done表责备，意为“过去本能够做而实际上没做”； needn’t have done表责备，意为“过去不必做，而实际上做了”。 备注 2 ： 表示“推测”的情态动词与“时间”的关系 1.“情态动词+动词原形”表示对现在或者将来情况的推测，如：You have had no sleep for 48 hours.You must be exhausted.你已经48小时没有睡觉了，你现在一定筋疲力尽了吧。 2.“情态动词+进行时”表示对现在或者将来情况的推测，如：They must be having a very good time with their kids.他们肯定正跟孩子们玩得很开心。 3.“情态动词+完成时”表示对过去情况的推测，如：The ground is wet so it must have rained last night.地面是湿的，昨天晚上一定下过雨。 备注 3 ： 情态动词的特殊用法 （1）can not/never...too... = can not...enough，意为“无论怎样……都不过分；越……越好”， 如：You cannot be too careful when you cross the street.过马路时怎么小心都不过分。 You cannot be careful enough in your study.你学习越认真越好。 （2）may/might as well = had better，意为“最好干什么；不妨干什么”， 如：You may/might as well save your mouth.你最好不要白费口舌了。 （3）must既可以作情态动词，又可以作名词；need与dare既可以作情态动词，又可作实义动词，need/dare作情态动词时，无时态、人称及语态的变化，一般用于否定句和疑问句，need/dare作实义动词时，有人称、数和语态的变化，不受句式的限制。 如：He need/dare not say what he thinks.他不必/敢说出他的想法。 He doesn’t need/dare to say what he thinks.他不必/敢说出他的想法。 考点二：if条件句中的虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 If引导的条件从句 与现在事实相反 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If he were here, he would help us. 与过去事实相反 从句动词：had+done 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+done If I had been free,I would have visited you. 与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式/should+do/were to +do 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 省略if的虚拟条件句 将虚拟条件从句中的were，had, should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装 ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. 错综虚拟语气 条件从句与主句表达的时间不一致 If I had followed your advice, I would be in college now. 考点三：其他情况的虚拟语气 · 错综时间条件句 if引导的虚拟条件句的主从句的动作所表示的时间一般是一致的，但是有时候条件状语从句表示的动作或行为与主句表示的动作或行为存在不一致的情况，我们称这种句子为错综时间条件句。在错综时间条件句中，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用不同的形式。 如：If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.如果你之前听了我的建议，你现在就好一些了。 · 虚拟语气中的倒装与省略 在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如果主句的谓语动词部分含有were，should，had时，则可以将were，should，had提到主语之前并省略if， 如：Had the governments and scientists not worked together (=If the governments and scientists had not worked together), AIDS-related deaths would not fallen since their highest in 2005. 如果政府和科学家们不共同努力，那么与艾滋病相关的死亡率就不会从2005年的最高点下降。 · 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 在虚拟条件句中表示假设的条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表达的，而是隐含在某些词、短语或下文中，能这样用的词或短语有with/without/but/or/but for/otherwise等。 Without your help，we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time. ＝But for your help，...＝If it had not been for your help，...＝Had it not been for your help，... 没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。 I would write to her，but I don't know her address. 我要给她写信来着，可是不知道她的地址。 · (should＋) do...结构的虚拟语气 1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中，常见的这类动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 一主张：insist；二命令：order，command；三建议：suggest，advise，recommend；四要求：request，require，ask，demand；外加一个敦促：urge。 2．用于主语从句中： 在“It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/ necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句”中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中： 在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 · 其他句型中的虚拟语气 1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反的情况；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。 I would rather they didn't hear of the news. 我宁愿他们没听说那个消息。(对现在或将来的虚拟) I would rather I had not told him the bad news. 我宁愿没告诉他那个坏消息。(对过去的虚拟) 2．wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为： 一般过去时 宾语从句动作与wish动作同时进行 had+过去分词 宾语从句动作先于wish动作发生 would/could十动词原形 宾语从句动作后于wish动作发生 I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. 希望我是只小鸟，能在天空中自由飞翔。 I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday. 我希望昨天见到那个影星了。 3．在“It is(about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。 It is (high) time that you went to school. 你去上学了。 It is (high) time that we should set out. 我们该出发了。 备注 4 ： as if/though 当as if/though引导方式状语从句或者表语从句时，如果从句所表达的内容与事实相反或者发生的可能性很小，则从句应该用虚拟语气，其形式为：与现在的情况相反时从句用一般过去时（be动词用were）；与过去的情况相反时从句用过去完成时；与将来的情况相反时从句用过去将来时。 如：The two-month baby opened his mouth as if/though he would say something. 这个两个月大的婴儿张开嘴巴好像要说什么（事实上两个月的婴儿不会说话）。 When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if/though it were broken. 当铅笔的一部分放在水杯中时，它看起来就像断了（事实上铅笔在水中没有断）。 如果as if/though引导的复合句所表达的内容与事实相符或者发生的可能性很大时，则不用虚拟语气，如：It is cloudy and it looks as if/though it is going to rain. 天阴沉沉的，看起来好像要下雨（有明显的迹象表明可能下雨）。 备注 5 ： if only 含有 if only 的虚拟语气的形式为： if only+一般过去时（表示与现在事实相反）； if only+could/would+动词原形（表示与将来事实相反）； if only+had+动词的过去分词（表示与过去事实相反）。 如：If only someone could come to my help.要是有人来帮助我就好了。 学生要注意if only与only if用于条件句的区别： if only“要是……就好了；但愿……”引导条件句时要用虚拟语气； 而only if“只有；只要”引导条件句时常用陈述语气，且当only if放在句首时，从句要部分倒装。 如：Only if you study hard will you make great progress.只有努力学习你才会取得巨大的进步。 · 【介词思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1．Time is very limited, so you ________ get to that mountain village within 15 minutes. 答案：shall　句意为：时间很有限，你必须在十五分钟以内到达那个山村。shall与第二、三人称连用，表示命令，意为“一定，必须”。 2．—What does the sign over there say? —No person ________ bring drinks into the student computer room. 答案：shall　句意为：——那边的标志是什么意思？——不允许任何人带饮料进入学生计算机室。shall表示规定、法令等中的义务，意为“应该，必须”。 3．I ________ have passed my examination easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes. 答案：could/would/might　句意为：我本能很轻松地通过考试，但我犯了很多愚蠢的错误。与过去事实相反，主句用would/could/might/have done。 4．I'm really concerned about you. If something ________ happen to you, call me at once. 答案：should　句意为：我真的很关心你。你如果发生了什么事，马上打电话给我。should do表示对将来的虚拟。 5．Some scientific evidence suggests musical training before the age of seven ________ have a significant impact on the brain's development. 答案：can　句意为：一些科学证据表明人在七岁以前的音乐训练对大脑的发育可能有重要影响。can表示可能性。 6．—Is Mr. Hawking coming here by bus? —He should, but he ________ not. He likes riding his old bike. 答案：may　句意为：——霍金先生是坐公交车来的吗？——应该是这样，但有可能不是，他很喜欢骑他的旧自行车。may not意为“很可能不”。 7．I'm very hungry. Get me something to eat; anything ________ do. 答案：will　句意为：我很饿。给我拿些东西吃。任何东西都可以。根据句意可知，此处应用将来时。 8．—What does the sign over there read? —No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area. 答案：shall　句意为：——那边的标志什么意思？——不允许任何人在这里吸烟，或是携带点燃的烟、雪茄和烟管。shall表示规定、法令等中的义务，意为“应该”，“必须”。 9．It is important to know about the cultural differences that ________ cause problems. 答案：may　句意为：了解有可能会引发问题的文化差异是很重要的。may意为“可能”。 10．—Who ________ it be that left the door unlocked? —It might be Mike. He is always forgetting things. 答案：could/can　句意为：——有可能是谁没锁门？——有可能是迈克。他总是忘东忘西的。could/can表示猜测时则可用于疑问句或否定句中。 11．—Tell me your secret. —I ________ not. It wouldn't be a secret if I told you. 答案：will　句意为：——告诉我你的秘密。——我不会这么做。如果我告诉你这就不是秘密了。won't意为“不愿意”。 12．The haze or smog was so serious that the winter running ________ have been cancelled. Some students complained as they ran. 答案：should　句意为：很多学生抱怨在他们跑步时雾太浓了，冬跑应该被取消。 13．I would persuade her to make room for you ________ it be necessary. 答案：should　句意为：如果有必要的话，我会劝她给你腾位置的。这是对将来事实的虚拟。条件句中省略了if，且将should提到了主语之前。 14．—Have you heard of the news that Britain's former prime minister, Baroness Thatcher, died on April 18th? —Yes. ________ she rest in peace. 答案：May　句意为：——你听说了英国前首相撒切尔夫人4月18号过世的消息了吗？——是的。祝愿她得到安息。may表示“祝愿”。 15．George, I guess, as a teacher, you ________ know that smoking is not allowed in the classroom. 答案：must　句意为：乔治，我猜，作为一名教师，你一定知道在教室里吸烟是不被允许的。must意为“一定，必须”。 · 单项选择 1．We students should ______advantage of the time in school. A．make B．take  C．use  D．create 2．In a scenario where time was of the essence, a tele-surgery __________ the treatment process. Unfortunately, the medical staff just dismissed the option, citing concerns about connectivity issues. A．could have facilitated  B．could facilitate C．must have facilitated D．may have facilitated 3．I have tried to turn on the newly-bought robot dog this morning, but it __________ start. It is so astonishing that goods purchased on JD．com __________ be so poorly-made. A．won’t ... must B．won’t ... should C．cannot ... must D．cannot ... should 4．In education, educators __________ place too much emphasis on fostering critical thinking skills; empowering students to think independently is vital for their future success in a rapidly changing world. A．should not B．cannot C．may not D．shall not 5．—________ I use your glue? I’m making a kite. —No problem. Here you are. A．Should B．Need C．Must D．May 6．Unusual animal behaviour ______ indicate whether it’s cold, wet weather that’s on the way or a hot, dry period. A．should B．need C．must D．can 7．_________ I have a word with you? It won’t take long. A．Must B．May C．Shall D．Need 8．The look on his face suggested that he _____  angry and we ______ him alone. A．was, left  B．was, should leave C．should be, should leave  D．should be, left 9．—It’s twelve o’clock already in the night. ________ you play the guitar at such a late hour? —Oh, I’m so sorry. A．Must B．Can C．May D．Shall 10．When faced with challenges, sometimes you ________ feel you are lost in thick mist and can’t see the light. A．need B．may C．shall D．should 11．Reflecting on what Walter Scott wrote in his novel Rob Roy, we may find even white lies have results we __________ know in advance. A．shan’t B．can’t C．mustn’t D．needn’t 12．Jason is telling kids something interesting in the living room. He ______ have had a brilliant journey in Beijing. A．must B．should C．could D．would 13．You _______ smoke in the newsroom without asking for others’ opinions. It is impolite. A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．won’t D．couldn’t 14．I can’t get through to the manager’s office anyhow, so someone ________ the telephone. A．can use B．can have used C．must be using D．must have used 15．He promised that he ________ open the letter until 2 o’clock. A．will not B．would not C．need not D．must not 16．When weather permitted, he __________ go to the tea house after dinner to talk with other old partners every day. A．might B．should C．could D．would 17．Could you please ________ the waste into the river? A．don’t throw B．not throw C．not to throw D．not throwing 【答案】 1．B 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：我们学生应该利用在校时间。A. make制作；B. take接受；C. use使用；D. create创造。take advantage of“利用”，为固定短语。故选B。 2．A 【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：在时间紧迫的情况下，远程手术可以促进治疗过程。不幸的是，医务人员只是驳回了这个选择，理由是担心连接问题。动词facilitate意为“促进，促使”。could have done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做，强调过去有能力或有条件做某事，而实际没有做。must have done是对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”。may have done是对过去事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，不用于虚拟语气。“could+动词原形”表示做某事的能力，或对现在或将来事情的虚拟，不用于对过去事情的虚拟。这句话描述的是过去本可能发生的情形，但实际上并没有发生，属于对过去事情的假设，所以本句话应该使用could have done的结构。故选A。 3．B 【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：今天早上我试着打开新买的机器狗，但是它发动不了。令人惊讶的是，在京东上购买的商品竟然是这么差的。第一空强调的不是实施者的意愿，而是“因为物的原因，实施者要做的事做不成”应用won’t；第二空根据上文astonishing可知表示惊讶，意为“竟然”应用should。故选B。 4．A 【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：在教育中，教育者不应该过分强调培养批判性思维能力；在这个瞬息万变的世界里，赋予学生独立思考的能力对他们未来的成功至关重要。should not表示“不应该”。cannot表示“不能”。may not表示“禁止”，shall not表示“禁止、规定或命令”。根据“place too much emphasis on fostering critical thinking skills; empowering students to think independently is vital for their future success in a rapidly changing world”可知，此处是指教育者不应该过分强调培养批判性思维能力。故选A。 5．D 【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：——我可以用你的胶水吗？我在做风筝。——没问题。给你。A. Should应该；B. Need需要；C. Must必须；D. May可能。此处表征求他人的同意，应用情态动词may引导一般疑问句。故选D。 6．D 【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：异常的动物行为可能表明即将到来的是寒冷潮湿的天气还是炎热干燥时期。A. should应该，本当；B. need需要；C. must必须，一定；D. can能，可以，（表示可能性）可能，会。根据句意可知，此处表示“可能”，can表示客观的逻辑上的可能性,意为“可能会”,多用于肯定句，故选D。 7．B 【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：我能和你说句话吗？这不会花很长时间。A. Must必须；B. May可以；C. Shall将要；D. Need需要。根据语境可知，这里考查may I用于请求，是比较委婉的询问别人允许的句型，其语气比 Can I 更加正式和礼貌。故选B项。 8．B 【详解】考查时态、情态动词。句意：他脸上的表情表明他生气了，我们应该让他一个人呆着。本句suggest“表明”后的“that he _____   angry”为宾语从句，应用真实语气，根据suggested可知，从句描述过去的状态，故时态用一般过去时，用was。leave sb. alone“不打扰某人”。情态动词should意为“应该”。第二空为and后的句子的谓语，句子表达“我们应该让他一个人呆着”，谓语用should leave。故选B。 9．A 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：—已经夜里十二点了。你非得在这么晚的时候弹吉他吗？  —哦，非常抱歉。A. Must偏偏；B. Can能够；C. May可以；D. Shall将要。根据句意，说话人表示的是一种不满意的情绪，表示“非要这时候弹吉他吗”的意思，符合题意的是must，有“非得，偏偏”的意思，故选A项。 10．B 【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：当你面临挑战时，你可能会感觉你迷失在浓雾里，看不见光，但是我百分百确定，你会感激你没有放弃。A. need需要；B. may可能，也许；C. shall将要；D. should应该。根据句意以及sometimes可知，此处表示一种可能性，意为“可能，也许”，应用情态动词may。故选B项。 11．B 【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：回想沃尔特·斯科特在他的小说《罗布·罗伊》中所写的，我们可能会发现，即使是善意的谎言也会有我们无法提前知道的结果。A. shan’t不应该，shall not的缩略形式；B. can’t无法，不能，can not的缩略形式；C. mustn’t不得，must not的缩略形式；D. needn’t不必，need not的缩略形式。此处用了关系代词引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词results，先行词在从句中作know的宾语，结合“in advance”可知，这里指“我们无法提前知道的结果”，应用can’t。故选B。 12．A 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：杰森正在客厅给孩子们讲一些有趣的事情。他在北京的旅行一定很愉快。根据上下句句意可知，此处为情态动词must+ have done表示“对过去事情的肯定推测”，此处表示“他在北京的旅行一定很愉快”，满足句意要求。故选A项。 13．A 【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：在没有征求别人意见的情况下，你不能在新闻编辑室抽烟。这是不礼貌的。A. mustn’t禁止，不能；B. needn’t不需要；C. won’t将不会；D. couldn’t不能。根据“It is impolite.”可知，此处表示禁止吸烟，故选A项。 14．C 【详解】考查情态动词和时态。句意：反正我打不通经理办公室的电话，一定是有人在用电话。根据“I can’t get through to the manager’s office anyhow”可知，此处指“一定是有人在用电话”，是对正在发生的事情的肯定推测，用must be using，故选C。 15．B 【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：他承诺直到两点钟才打开那封信。A. will not不愿；B. would not不愿(would是will的过去式)；C. need not不必；D. must not禁止。that引导的宾语从句中含有not...until...结构，表示“直到……才……”，will用作情态动词表示说话人的意愿，允诺，根据promised“承诺”可知主句时态是一般过去时，that从句中应用过去的时态，故用will的过去式would。故选B。 16．D 【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：只要天气允许，他每天晚饭后都会去茶馆和其他老搭档聊天。A. might可能；B. should应该；C. could可以；D. would过去常常。由When weather permitted和every day可知，空格处用would表示过去常常做的事情，故选D。 17．B 【详解】考查情态动词后接动词原形。句意：你能不能不要往河里扔垃圾？could是情态动词，后面必须接动词原形，could you please (not) do sth“请（不）要做某事好吗”，故选B项。 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．It is required by law that a driving test ________ (take) before a man gets a license. 答案　(should) be taken　[句意：法律规定，一个人在获得驾照之前要先参加驾照考试。It is required that...中，that从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略；又因为test与take之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，即(should) be taken。] 2．I couldn't________ (go) through the hard times but for my teacher's generous and timely help. 答案　have gone　[句意：要不是老师慷慨而及时的帮助，我不可能熬过那段艰难的岁月。根据句意可知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为have gone。本句中的but for相当于if it hadn't been for...。] 3．I was ill that day, otherwise I would ________ (take) part in the sports meet. 答案　have taken　[句意：那天我病了，否则我就参加运动会了。根据语境可推知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为have taken。] 4．The nationwide smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that it's high time we ________ (reflect) on ourselves. 答案　reflected/should reflect　[句意：全国范围内的雾霾在不断提醒我们是时候反思自己了。由“it is high time sb. did/should do sth.”可知填reflected/should reflect。] 5．It has been accepted that all the students ________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus. 答案　shall　[句意：为防学生感染病毒，学生们在进校前要戴上口罩。在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示规定、规则，用shall。] 6．There was a little mouse staying at home all day. I ________ go out, even at night. 答案　daren't　[句意：一整天都有一只老鼠在家里，我一天没敢出去，即使是在晚上。根据even at night表示的递进意义判断，此处表示“不敢”意义，故填情态动词daren't。] 7．I have her telephone number. You________ call her if you like. 答案　can　[句意：我有她的电话号码，如果你愿意你可以给她打电话。所填词表示允许，意为“你可以给她打电话”，故用can。] 8．I think something ________ have happened to Jill. 答案　must　[句意：我想在吉尔身上一定发生了什么事。根据I think...判断，所填词表示一种非常有把握的肯定推测，故用情态动词must。] 9．—It's a shame that you missed the lecture on the British culture given by Thompson. —I ________ (attend) it, but I was busy preparing for the coming exam. 答案　would/should have attended　[句意：——真遗憾你错过了汤普森所作的有关英国文化的讲座。——我本想/应该参加的，但是我正忙于准备即将到来的考试。根据题干中的was busy可知设空处表示与过去事实相反，故答案为would/should have attended。] 10．Anyone ________ be in a rough life time, whether he is “Bai Fumei” or “Gao Fushuai”． 答案　can　[句意：任何人都会有困难的时候，无论他是“白富美”还是“高富帅”。此处是情态动词用于陈述句中，表示“一时的情况”，故用情态动词can。] 单句语法填空 1．John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ________ (come) tomorrow than today. 答案　came　[would rather后面接从句时，从句中谓语常用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的假设。] 2．—Don't you think it necessary that he ________ (send) to the Bulls but to the Keats? —I agree, but the problem is that he refused to. 答案　(should) not be sent　[句意：——他应该被送到基特家而不是布尔家，你不觉得这很有必要吗？——我同意，不过问题是他拒绝那样做。It is necessary that...句型中，从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”，故填(should) not be sent。] 3．—We need a person full of wisdom to take charge of the project. —________ the young man graduating from Economy & Finance University have a try? 答案　Shall　[句意：——我们需要一位充满智慧的人来负责这个项目。——毕业于经济与金融学院的那位年轻人怎么样？shall用于第三人称疑问句中，表示征求对方意见。] 4．—I promise Shirley ________ get a new iPod on her birthday. —Will it be a big surprise to her? 答案　shall　[句意：——我许诺在雪莉生日时，她将会得到一个新的iPod。——对她来说是一个惊喜吗？shall用于第三人称陈述句中，表示“许诺”。] 5．I don't think you ________ give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about. 答案　should　[句意：我认为你不应该放弃去上那所你一直梦寐以求的大学的机会。should表示“应该”，此处为否定转移，故填should。] 6．________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to cancel the football match. 答案　Should　[句意：如果明天下雨，我们会取消足球赛。这是一个对将来事实的假设的条件句，If it should rain tomorrow, If省略后要用倒装结构Should it rain tomorrow。 7．—How do you think Beethoven's deafness affected him? —Well, I strongly believe that his ability to write music might ________ (remain) hidden but for his deafness. 答案　have remained　[句意：——你认为贝多芬的失聪对他有怎样的影响？——我强烈认为如果不是他的失聪，他的作曲能力可能会被埋没。might have done表示“过去可能会……”。] 8．Although learning to drive ________ be difficult at times, it is well worth the efforts. 答案　can　[句意：尽管学习驾驶有时很难，但是努力是值得的。can表示“(客观上的)可能性”。] 9．But for your error, it might ________ (be) easier for you to pass the driving test. After all, you had highquality training. 答案　have been　[句意：如果不是你的错误，对你来说可能会更容易地通过驾照考试。毕竟，你接受了高质量的训练。此处与过去事实相反，表示“很有可能……”。] 10．We ________ estimate the spirit of the Shanghai Expo too much, which is sure to play an important role in our daily life. 答案　cannot　[句意：我们再多评估上海世博会的精神也不为过，该精神确实在我们的日常生活中起了重要的作用。cannot... too表示“再……也不为过”。] 【2024浙江1月卷】 However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes ____41____ (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day.【41题详解】 考查含有情态动词的被动语态。句意：然而，虽然一包香肠能便宜几美分是件好事，但如果有时能以小包装出售，那就更好了。动词offer意为“提供”，和主语构成被动关系，主语they代指前文中的sausages。在情态动词could后动词应用原形。故填be offered。 【2021年天津卷】 It used to be that you ___drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere. A．need B．should C．could D．must【答案】C 【详解】考查情态动词。句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。A. need 需要；B. should 应该，理应如此； C. could 可能，表示对客观可能性的推测；D. must 一定，必须。根据前半句意思可知，表示的是对客观可能性的推测。故选C。 ---I honestly don't think I'm going to be admitted. ---Wel1, you never know! You________ a better impression than you think. A. may have made B. should have made C. Couldn’t have made D. needn't have made 【答案】A 【解析】考查情态动词用法。句意：—老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。—唉，谁知道呢!你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。A.may have made 可能；B.should have made本应该做；C.couldn’t have made不可能做；D.needn't have made本不必做。根据句意可知，此处表示的是有可能，故选A。 【2020年新课标Ⅰ卷】 I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我喜欢吃西红柿炒鸡蛋。动词fry与tomatoes之间是动宾关系，所以此处应用过去分词作定语，故将frying改为fried。 考查情态动词用法。句意：并且我认为它一定很简单。must是情态动词，后接动词原形，to多余，故将to去掉。 【2020·天津卷】 Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy . A．must B．can C．need D．should 【答案】B 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。A. must必须；B. can能，可以；C. need需要；D. should应该。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即:我们”能，可以”待在他的房子里。故选B。 You ____________ have scolded him for his poor performance. After all, he had done his best. A．must B．should C．mustn’t D．shouldn't 【答案】D 【详解】考查情态动词+ have done。句意：你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。根据前后句关系可知此处表示“本不该”是 shouldn't have done指做了本不该做的事，must have done表示对过去发生的事情的肯定性推测；should have done表示应当做某事而实际上未做；mustn’t不和have done连用。故选D。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！共 23 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$