高中专题系列讲义--状语从句讲解及训练 -2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

教学内容 内容回顾 原因，地点，目的，结果，方式，比较状语从句的特征引导词及各自特殊用法 知识精讲 知识点一 条件状语从句 【知识梳理】 一、概念：用表示条件的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的主从复合句就是条件状语从句。 二、关系词: 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if, unless, as /so long as等。 例句：Don't come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。 If you watch carefully you will see how to do it. 如果你仔细看，你会看出该怎样做。 As long as you do your best, we'll be happy. 只要你尽力，我们就满意了。 1. 条件状语从句常见的引导词： 1）In case表示 “如果”、“万一” In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了，请提醒我。 Take a coat in case the weather turns cold. 带上一件外衣吧，以防天气转凉了。 Take a taxi in case you are late for the meeting. 作车租车去，免得开会迟到。 注意：in case 的意思是“万一，以防”，常用来引导条件状语从句。 扩展： in case 的用法注意事项： 2. in case与if有时意思不同： I’ll come tomorrow in case Ann wants me. 明天我要来，以备安找我。 I’ll come tomorrow if Ann wants me. 如果安找我，我明天就来。 1. in case 与in case of性质不同： in case 可用作连词和副词； in case of 用作介词。 In case of fire, ring the bell. 如发生火灾，请按铃。 The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 沿江筑了堤坝以防有洪水。 2）if和unless 表示“如果，除非……；如果不……”的意思，相当于if…not…,有时二者可以换用。 　　If you have any questions or comments, you can voice them now. 你们如果有任何疑问或意见，可以现在提出。 If you don’t visit him tomorrow, he will be angry. 如果你明天不去看他，他会生气的。 =Unless you visit him tomorrow, he’ll be angry. 除非你明天去看他，否则他就会生气的。 3）as long as和so long as表示“只要”的意思 Naturally, so long as they can understand. 当然可以，只要他们能理解。 So long as I live, I must study. 只要还活着，我就要学习。 Very well, so long as everybody joins in.很好，只要大家都参加。 So long as studies attentively, anything will learn well. 只要用心学，什么都可以学好的。 4）Provided/supposing/on condition that表示“在……的条件下” We can finish the job in time provided/on condition that there is a stable supply of material. 在材料供应稳定的前提下，我们能够按时完成任务。 注意：provided that表示“在……的前提/条件下”，就是on condition that，其格式固定，不用providing that。 Supposing that now you are at the airport, then you can directly take the blue bus to get to the hotel. 如果你现在到了机场，你可以直接乘坐巴士到酒店。 注意：supposing that也表示“在……的前提/条件下”. 假设你已经到达了机场的条件下，你就可以选择巴士公共交通去酒店了。 5）once表示“一旦……就……” Once I killed you, you are not able to live on. 一旦我杀了你，你就不能存活了。 注意：once引导条件状语从句，表示“一旦”。Once可以用作时间状语从句，也可以翻译成为一……就……，只是哪个更贴切的不同。 知识点2：条件状语从句的时态 一、遵循原则：主语与从句时态上保持一致的原则。 1） He’ll be a doctor when he finishes studying here. 他结束在这儿的学习之后，将会成为一名医生。 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll start. 明天如果不下雨，我们就出发。 注意：条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时，有时也可以用现在进行时和现在完成时。两个例句中的主句都是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。 2） If you get the book, let me know. 如果你弄到了那本书，告诉我一声。 If he feels like seeing the sights of the city, he can take a bus tour. 如果他想看城市风光，他可以做城市观光车。 注意：有时主句中用祈使句和情态动词来替代将来时态。 3） What do you want to do if you have much money? 如果你有很多钱，你想要做什么？ I hope to see her if I’m free. 如果我有空，我希望去看看她。 注意：如果主句谓语动词是want, hope等词，则条件状语从句用一般现在时。 4） 在有些句子中，主、从句都可用一般现在时，如： If you ring this number, no one answers. 如果你打这个电话号码，不会有人接。 If you press the switch, the computer comes on. 如果你按这个开关，计算机就会启动。 【例题精讲】 例1. Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water _________they are not managed carefully. A. though B. before C. until D. if 【答案】D 【考点】本题考查连词的用法。 【解析】句意为：如果小帆船没有被仔细掌控好的话, 那么在水中就很容易被打翻。if如果, 引导条件状语从句。 例2. In time of serious accidents, we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives. A. whether B. until C. if D. unless 【答案】C 【考点】本题考查条件状语从句 【解析】本题考查连词的用法, 根据句意, 此处为条件状语从句, 故C项正确。 例3. My parents don’t mind what job I do I am happy. A. even though B. as soon as C. as long as D. as though 【答案】C 【考点】本题考查状语从句的引导词。 【解析】根据题干意思可知此处是条件状语从句, 引导词意思是：只要, 选C。even though引导让步状语从句, 意思是：即使；as soon as引导时间状语从句, 意思是：一……就……；as though引导方式状语从句, 意思是：仿佛, 好像。 例4. environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem（生态系统）to recover. A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once 【答案】D 【考点】本题考查状语从句引导词的用法。 【解析】even if即使, 即便, 用于引导让步状语从句；if only要是……就好了, 多用于感叹句, 要用虚拟语气；while可引导时间状语从句；once一旦……引导条件状语从句。此题意为：一旦环境遭到破坏, 生态系统就要花费很多年的时间才能得到恢复。 例5. —What would you do if it tomorrow? —We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready. A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining 【答案】B 【考点】本题是对一般现在时在条件状语从句中表将来的考查。 【解析】第二句的语境已经暗示：我们得继续执行（计划）, 因为一切已经准备就绪。第一句中的would为情态动词, 表示意愿, 并非过去时态。 【课堂练习】 1. I think our boat can pass the treacherous water cautiously handled. A. until B. if C. lest D. with 2. I'll give you a lift I get home you get off. A. before... if B. after... as C. if... before D. until ... before 3. You'll succeed in time you study hard. A. unless B. as long as C. even if D. even though 4. The robber told him that he had better keep silent he wanted to get into trouble. A. if B. unless C. otherwise D. whether 5. I have made a promise anyone can tell me the secret, I'll give him a little present. A. that if B. that C. when D. so long as 6. Don't let her leave the department she is not ready to. A. if B. though C. unless D. till 7. I wrote these words down I should forget. A. for B. so C. lest D. since 8. We are sure to do the work well we don't lose heart. A. for B. so long as C. as if D. since 9. He would be punished he should make the same mistake again. A. unless B. if C. provided D. lest 10. Anyone can borrow books from this library he keeps them clean and returns them in time. A. even if B. unless C. so that D. as long as 11. you return those books to the library immediately, you will have to pay a fine. A. Until B. Unless C. If D. Provided 12. The parents did not allow their son to swim in the sea he might have an accident some day. A. for fear that B. in case of C. besides D. and that 13. It is a gripping story and one can't put it down one has finished reading it. A. after B. when C. unless D. until 14. They agreed to rent the house the roof should be repaired. A. on condition that B. as soon as C. when D. unless 15. The more civilized man has become, he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment. A. and the more B. the less C. test D. and the less Keys: 1-5 BCBBA 6-10 AC BBD 11-15 BADAB 翻译 1. 如果你有任何疑问或意见，可以现在提出。 2. 除非你吃肉，否则这种旅行就不适合你，因为这个地方的人以动物、鸟和鱼为主食。 3. 带上些钱，万一你想要买一些东西呢。 4. 只要你不放弃，我们就能找到克服困难的办法。 答案： 1. If you have any questions or comments, you can voice them now. 2. Unless you eat meat, this tour is not for you as people there live on animals, birds and fish. 3. Take some money with you in case you want to buy something. 4. As/so long as you don’t give up, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty. 知识点二 时间状语从句 【知识梳理】 一、概念及引导词：用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的主从复合句就是条件状语从句。引导时间状语从句的连词有很多，常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as等。 1. 时间状语从句常见的引导词： 1）表示“当……时候”：when Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (在)莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。 注意：例句中的两个动作started和was, 都发生在过去，客观描述过去事实，动词既可以用短暂性的，也可以是持续性的。具体辨析见节讲解。 2）在...期间：while 　　He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。 注意：例句中的两个动作visit和was traveling, 都发生在过去，主句用过去式描述过去发生的动作，从句用过去进行式表示一短时间持续的动作，用延续性动词travel。 3）在...的同时；一边...一边...：as 　　We always sing as we walk. 我们总是一边走一边唱。 注意：例句中的两个动作sing和walk几乎是同时发生的，用连词as连接表示一边…一边…的意思。 4）在...之后：after 　　He left the classroom after he had finished his homework . 他做完作业之后就离开教室。 5）在...之前：before 　　Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。 常用句型： It is/was(not)+时间+before+从句 It will(not)be+时间+before+从句 no sooner... than, hardly... when等引导的从句常用一般过去时，主句往往和过去完成时连用；为了加强语气，主句还可以用倒装语序。如： No sooner had he got home when it started to rain. 他一回到家天就开始下雨。 6）until/till until在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词，表示相应动作结束的时间；在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词，表示相应动作开始的时间，意为“直到……才”。 He waited until she was about to leave. 他一直等到她准备离开。 I did not begin to work till he had gone. 他走了后我才开始工作。 注意：这两个例句中，第一个动词wait是延续性动词表示在某动作结束之前，一致保持的动作。 第二个例句中，第一个动词begin是一个短暂性动词，表示知道他走了之后我才开始工作。 7）表示“一……就”: 表示“一……就”除用as soon as外，还可用the minute, the second, the instant, the moment, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner... than, scarcely/hardly... when等。 I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。 Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow. 她刚到就下起雪来了。 注意：这三个例句中，第一个例句从句用过去式came，主句用过去时called, 表示一…就…的意思。 第二个例句中，从句用过去式，主句用过去完成时。 8）表示“截止…(时间)”： by the time的意思是“截止…(时间)”，可以引导时间状语从句。By the time引导的从句若是一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时；若是一般过去时，主句则要用过去完成时。 By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed. 我到家时她已睡觉了。 By the time you receive this letter, I will have left this city for my hometown. 注意：这两个例句中，第一个例句从句用过去式got home，主句用过去完成时had already gone to bed。 第二个例句中，从句用一般现在是，主句用将来完成时。 【例题精讲】 例1. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ______we’ve actually had that lesson. A. until B. after C. since D. when 【答案】A 【考点】本题考查状语从句的引导词。 【解析】句意为：对我们来说在生活中得到启示是很难的, 直到我们真正得到了那一启示。A项为 “直到”；B项为 “在……以后”；C项为 “自从……以来”；D项为 “当……的时候”。 例2. You can’t borrow books from the school library ______ you get your student card. A. before B. if C. while D. as 【答案】A 【考点】本题考查状语从句的引导词。 【解析】该句的意思是：在你得到你的学生卡之前你不能从学校图书馆借书。所以选before。 例3. I’m sorry you’ve been waiting so long, but it’ll still be some time ___ Brian gets back. A. before B. since C. till D. after 【答案】A 【考点】本题考查状语从句的引导词。 【解析】句意为:对不起让你久等了, 但是还得再过一段时间Brian才回来。故空格处须用before表示 “在……之前, 直到……才……”。 例4. It was April 29, 2001 ____ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. A .that B. when C .since D. before 【答案】B 【考点】考查时间状语从句。 【解析】句意为：2001年4月29日，威廉王子和凯特步入了婚姻的殿堂。 例5. John thinks it won’t be long he is ready for his new job. A. when B. after C. before D. since 【答案】C 【考点】考查状语从句。 【解析】所填词引导状语从句, 构成It（will）be+时间段+状语从句, 意思是：过多久才将......, 选C。 【课堂练习】 1. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity he reached the end of the story. A. when B. unless C. after D. until 2. He transplanted the little tree to the garden it was the best time for it. A. where B. when C. that D. until 3. He was about to tell me the secret someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. while D. when 4. you understand this rule, you'll have no further difficulty. A. While B. Once C. Though D. Unless 5. Substances will expand or contract heated or cooled, but this is not the case with water. A. when they will be B. if they will be C. as they being D. when 6. It will not be long man can harness the solar energy and make it serve mankind. A. since B. before C. when D. after 7. It was found that although the girl could perceive things with her fingers, this ability ceased her hands were wet. A. the moment when B. the moment C. in that moment D. before 8. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time the guards discovered what had happened. A. before B. until C. since D. when 9. We hadn't met for 20 years, but I recognized her I saw her. A. the moment B. the moment when C. for the moment D. at the moment when 10. he entered the university, his English has been much improved. A. Before B. After C. When D. Since 11. He has been to Beijing for several times he came to China. A. before B. when C. since D. as 12. I watched him he disappeared from sight in the distance. A. unless B. until C. as D. when 13. It was going to be some time he would see his parent again. A. since B. until C. when D. before 14. Many young people rose and shouted the pop singer appeared on the stage. A. at the moment B. on seeing C. the moment D. when they saw 15. he made up his mind to do something, nothing can change his mind. A. Once B. Unless C. Although D. As soon as 16. They had only been married for no more than three months they began to quarrel with each other. A. since B. until C. after D. before 17. Scarcely had I finished the work I went home. A. before B. than C. as D. when 18. We were walking down the street he saw one of his old friends. A. then B. when C. so D. but 19. It he returns to his native land. A. is long before that B. is long before C. won't be long before D. will be long since 20. the Europeans knew what a compass was, the Chinese had put it into practical use. A. Before long B. Long since C. Long ago D. Long before 21. on a clear day far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace. A. Walking B. When one is walking C. If walking D. When walking 22. I thought him a pleasant person to work with I met him. A. the first time B. for the first time C. first time D. by the first time 23. He has been in hospital he had his right leg broken last month. A. because B. when C. after D. since 24. he decided to go there alone, none of us can stop him. A. Once B. Unless C. Before D. Since 25. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true it comes to the classroom tests. A. before B. as C. since D. when Keys: 1-5 DBDBD 6-10 BBAAD 11-15 CBDCA 16-20 DDBCD 21-25 BADAD 知识点三 让步状语从句 【知识梳理】 一、概念：让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种，其本身也是状语从句。一般翻译为“尽管……”或“即使……”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说……”。 二、引导词：引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although, though, however (=no matter how), even if（即使），whether... or（不论……还是）等连词。 The speech is good, though it could be better. 这次演讲不错，虽然还可以再好一点。 He went out even though it was raining. 尽管下着雨，他还是出去了。 1. 让步状语从句常见的引导词： 1）Though和although: 都表示“尽管…”的意思 （×）: Although he is rich but he is not happy. （√） : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐. （×）: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. （√）: Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. 注意：两者都当虽然讲，但从以上两个例句来看，两者且都可以与yet/still连用，但是不能与but连用。although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多；though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。 2）as意为“虽然，尽管……” Heavily as it was raining outside, they started out very early. Young as he is, he knows a lot=Though he is young 或Young though he is, he…. 注意：他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。though 也有这种用法，可以替换as,但although没有这种用法. 引导让步状语从句时，as引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管，虽然”，从句多位于主句之前，而且必须使用倒装语序。通常如果从句中有形容词或名词作表语，则把表语置于句首，而且名词前要省略冠词；如果从句中有修饰动词的副词，则将该副词置于句首；如果从句中有情态动词，则将情态动词后的动词原形置于句首。 拓展： 1. 名词提句首时，不加冠词： Teacher as he is, he likes Chinese very much. (teacher 前不加a或the） 　　2. though还可以用作副词，放在句末。如： It was hard work;; I enjoyed it, though=It was hard work, but I enjoyed it. 那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。 3）even if, even though.　即使 We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 注意：even if/even though意为“即使，尽管”，引导的让步状语从句的内容既可以是事实，也可以是一种假设。 4）whatever， whoever， wherever， whenever， however等引导意为“无论……，都……” No matter what happened, he would not mind. 　Whatever happened, he would not mind. 注意：要注意连词在让步状语从句中所作的句子成分，例句中，whatever在句中作主语，另外，还要注意从句的语序。no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 扩展： no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （×）No matter what you say is of no use now. （√）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （×）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given, （√）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.　 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 5）while意为“尽管，虽然” While I admit his good points I can see his bad. 尽管我承认他的长处,但我也看到了他的不足。 While he loves his students, he is very strict with them. 虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对他们很严格。 注意：以上两个例句中，while引导让步状语从句, 多用于句首。意为“尽管,虽然”。while还常常作并列连词用,意思为“而,然而”,表前后意义上的对比或转折，如下句所示： There’s plenty of rain in the southeast, while there's little in the northeast. 东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨。（表示对比） 【例题精讲】 例1. Frank insisted that he was not asleep _____ I had great difficulty in waking him up. A. whether B. although C. for D. so 【答案】B 【考点】考查状语从句。 【解析】句意为：尽管我很费力才将他叫醒，但Frank坚持说他没有睡着。Although引导让步状语从句。 例2. ______ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him. A. Although   B. As long as  C. If only   D. As soon as 【答案】A 【考点】考查从属连词的用法。 【解析】根据句意, 引导让步状语从句。故选A。 例3. ______he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. A. Since B. Unless C.As D. Although 【答案】D 【考点】本题考查连词的用法。 【解析】句意为：虽然他的技术知识有限, 但这位老工人有很多的（工作）经验。上下句子为转折关系。since表示 “既然……”；unless除非……；as当……时；因为……；although虽然……, 尽管……, 可引导让步状语从句。 例4. ____, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student 【答案】B 【考点】考查一种特殊的让步状语从句。 【解析】As作引导让步状语从句的连词时, 从句中的表语要提到as之前。如果表语是单数可数名词, 名词前的不定冠词要省去。 例5. To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off ______ we are to shake hands with. A. whichever B. whenever C. whoever D. wherever 【答案】C 【考点】考查让步状语从句。 【解析】句意为“我们不论是跟谁握手的时候，我们常常将手套取下，以示尊敬。”shake hands with sb.表示“与某人握手”，本句中的with后缺少宾语，结合句意选C项，whoever在句中引导让步状语从句。 【课堂练习】 1. , Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is 2. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, great it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever 3. , I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much 4. —Dad, I've finished my assignment. —Good, and you play or watch TV, you mustn't disturb me. A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter 5. If that idea is wrong, the project is bound to fail, good all the other ideas might be. A. whatever B. though C. whatsoever D. however 6. , I have never read any article as good as this one. A. As i have read much B. Now that I have read so much C. Much as I have read D. As I have read so much 7. we want to help each other, we should point out each other's shortcomings. A. Now that B. Although C. Unless D. When 8. —Did you enjoy yourself at the party? —Yes, I didn't know anybody. A. even B. even though C. as if D. as though 9. difficulties we meet, we will always keep on trying to do our best. A. How B. However C. What D. Whatever 10. Naughty Tom is, he is never late his homework. A. as; for B. though; with C. that; by D. while; with 11. The landowners in India would not vote to lose their land and wealth, it resulted a fairer society. A. whether; of B. even though; of C. as if; in D. even if; in 12. No matter how , he couldn't do any better. A. he worked hard B. hard he worked C. hardly he worked D. he worked hardly 13. My father doesn't want to buy a car now, he needs one in fact. A. but B. so C. because D. though 14. Shanghai many times, but he still doesn't know the city very well. A. He has been to B. He has gone to C. Though he has been to D. Having been to 15. life in a poor country can be difficult, it can broaden a person's view of the world. A. If B. Although C. Because D. When 16. it is that you've found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to. A. That B. Because C. Whatever D. However 17. He gave up the hope of passing the examination he had already failed it twice. A. unless B. if C. since D. until 18. as he is, he has rich experience in teaching. A. The young B. The young man C. A young man D. Young man 19. Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert it means standing in a queue all night. A. as if B. provided C. even if D. whatever 20. The engineers are going on with their highway project, the expenses have risen. A. even though B. just because C. now that D. as though Keys: 1-5 DCCBD 6-10 CABDB 11-15 DBDAB 16-20 CCDCA 翻译 1. 他虽然已经筋疲力尽了，但仍然继续工作。 2. 及时天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。 3. 无论你做什么，我都支持你。 答案： 1. Although he was worn out, he still kept on working 2. We’ll make a trip even if/even though the weather is bad. 3. No matter what you do, I will support=whatever you do, I will support you. 知识点四 （社科文精读） 【知识梳理】 Why are people interested in eating raw foods or whole foods? One reason is that eating these types of food reduces the risk of acid accumulation in your body。 Raw and whole foods are usually digested more efficiently than cooked and refined foods. When we cook foods, we destroy the natural enzymes (酶) that are part of the food in its raw form. These enzymes were intended by nature to help us digest the food. When we consume food without these natural enzymes, our bodies either digest the food improperly or allow too many nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream. In both instances, the result is obesity. When too many nutrients are absorbed at once, the body grows fat. Improperly digested food moves slowly through the digestive tract, where it becomes increasingly acidic. To protect its vital organs from this acidic waste, the body changes the acid into fat and stores it safely away from the organs。 Processed foods contain chemical elements, which might confuse the appetite mechanism that tells us when we’ve had enough to eat; as a result, people often overeat. Processed foods also upset the digestive cycle. The body will either identify these foods as allergens and then store them safely away from the organs as fat, or the remains of undigested food will become acidic and enter the bloodstream as acid waste, which will stick to the blood vessel walls and block the passage of vital oxygen and nutrients heading for the body’s cells. The body’s metabolism (新陈代谢) becomes inactive, and the result is weight gain and obesity。 The accumulation of acid in the digestive tract makes digestion increasingly inefficient. When that happens, even healthy foods can become acidic and the food allergies will become more common。 To stop this vicious circle in its tracks, people need to consume food and supplements that will neutralize the acid already accumulated in body. Eating the right types of raw and whole foods can help. It’s also important to restore your enzyme balance. You need to identify and avoid the foods that cause acid accumulation and consume the foods that increase enzyme production. If you truly want to change and help your body heal itself, you need to take an active approach。 67. It can be inferred from Para. 2 that __________。 A. foods with natural enzymes help people keep fit B. we’d better be cautious about raw and whole foods C. it is essential for people to protect their vital organs D. giving up cooked and refined foods is a new life style 68. Processed foods are unhealthy because they __________。 A. destroy body’s cells B. may lead to obesity C. are difficult to digest D. stop body’s metabolism 69. What is the main purpose of this passage? 　 A. To warn people of the problem of obesity 　 B. To advocate eating more raw and whole foods C. To inform people of the harm of processed foods D. To tell the differences between raw and processed foods 70. What is likely to be talked about following the last paragraph? A. Different causes of acid accumulation B. Correct ways to cook raw foods C. Suitable types of raw and whole foods D. Active approaches to avoid acid Keys:ABBC 67. 答案：A推断题。说明文的题目一定和文章的说明对象有直接关系，所以做题之前了解本文的说明对象有重要意义，即raw and whole foods好、cooked and refined foods不好。而第二段中指出，natural enzymes是raw food中重要的成分，好处是什么，破坏了以后坏处是什么。所以根据这样的思路，答案为A选项。注意中文注释再次发挥极为重要的作用。 68. 答案：B细节题。第三段一开始提到问题中的processed food，所以答案可以轻易的定位至第三段。此段一直提到各种负态度描述，所以关注最后一句的the result is weight gain and obesity，可以很容易的选出答案B选项。此段文章内容非常不好理解，但是把握阅读理解的要求，关注文章中的重点信息，题目其实并不难。如何在短时间内发掘文章中的重点信息，不受大量冗余信息干扰再次很重要，这是阅读理解考察的主要方向。 69.答案：B主旨题。只要知道文章的说明对象是raw and whole foods，此题就不难确定答案B选项。processed foods是用来和raw and whole foods对比以突出后者的，所以排除C选项和D选项。至于A选项的信息在68题已经考过了，再次出题的可能性就不大。 70.答案：C推断题。再次强调，说明文的题目一定和文章的说明对象有直接关系，所以对应答案C选项。文章中只提到了raw foods好，没有说具体的烹饪方式，所以排除貌似与说明对象有关的B选项。而且raw foods经过cook以后，不就变成作者反对的cooked foods了么. 【重点单词词组】 例1. accumulate 动词 [动词 + 名词短语] to gradually get more and more of sth over a period of time 积累；积聚 I seem to have accumulated a lot of books. 我好像已经收集了很多书。 By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune. 她投资精明，积累了一笔财富。 [单独使用的动词] to gradually increase in number or quantity over a period of time （数量）逐渐增加；（数额）逐渐增长 Debts began to accumulate. 债务开始增加。 例2. digest 动词 when you digest food, or it digests , it is changed into substances that your body can use 消化 [动词 + 名词短语] Humans cannot digest plants such as grass. 人不能消化草类植物。 [单独使用的动词] You should allow a little time after a meal for the food to digest. 饭后你应该留点时间让食物消化。 [动词 + 名词短语] to think about sth so that you fully understand it 领会；领悟；理解 He paused, waiting for her to digest the information. 他停了一会儿，等她慢慢领会这一信息。 名词 a short report containing the most important facts of a longer report or piece of writing; a collection of short reports 摘要；概要；文摘；汇编 a monthly news digest 每月新闻摘要 例3. refine 动词 [动词 + 名词短语] to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of it 精炼；提纯；去除杂质 the process of refining oil/sugar 炼油的 / 炼糖的工序 to improve sth by making small changes to it 改进；改善；使精练 例4. process 名词 a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result （为达到某一目标的）过程；进程 a consultation process 磋商过程 to begin the difficult process of reforming the education system 开始进行教育制度改革的艰难历程 I'm afraid getting things changed will be a slow process. 做任何改革恐怕都会是个缓慢的过程。 mental processes 思维过程 Coming off the drug was a long and painful (= difficult) process for him. 戒毒对他是个漫长、痛苦的过程。 Find which food you are allergic to by a process of elimination . 用排除法找出你对哪种食物过敏。 We're in the process of selling our house. 我们正在出售自家的住宅。 I was moving some furniture and I twisted my ankle in the process (= while I was doing it) . 我在挪动家具时崴了脚。 a series of things that happen, especially ones that result in natural changes （事物发展，尤指自然变化的）过程，步骤，流程 the ageing process 老化过程 It's a normal part of the learning process . 那是学习过程中的正常现象。 a method of doing or making sth, especially one that is used in industry 做事方法；工艺流程；工序 manufacturing processes制造方法 动词 [动词 + 名词短语] to treat raw material, food, etc. in order to change it, preserve it, etc. 加工；处理 Most of the food we buy is processed in some way. 我们买的大部分食品都用某种方法加工过。 processed cheese 加工好的干酪 I sent three rolls of film away to be processed. 我送了三个胶卷去冲印。 a sewage processing plant 污水处理厂 to deal officially with a document, request, etc. 审阅，审核，处理（文件、请求等） It will take a week for your application to be processed. 审核你的申请需要一周时间。 (computing 计) to perform a series of operations on data in a computer 数据处理 例5. appetite 名词 [不可数名词, 可数名词, 常用单数形式] physical desire for food 食欲；胃口 He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite . 他患有头痛和食欲不振。 The walk gave me a good appetite. 散步使我胃口大开。 Don't spoil your appetite by eating between meals. 不要在两餐之间吃东西，以免影响胃口。 [可数名词] ~ (for sth) a strong desire for sth 强烈欲望 The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal. 公众对丑事总是喜闻乐道。 The preview was intended to whet your appetite (= make you want more) . 预告是为了吊胃口。 例6. identify 动词 (identifies, identifying, identified, identified) ( also informal ID) [动词 + 名词短语] ~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) to recognize sb/sth and be able to say who or what they are 确认；认出；鉴定 The bodies were identified as those of two suspected drug dealers. 那两具尸体被辨认出原是两名贩毒嫌疑犯。 She was able to identify her attacker. 她认出了袭击她的人。 Passengers were asked to identify their own suitcases before they were put on the plane. 乘客被要求先确认自己的旅行箱再送上飞机。 Many of those arrested refused to identify themselves (= would not say who they were) . 很多被逮捕的人拒不透露身份。 First of all we must identify the problem areas. 首先我们必须找出问题所在。 to find or discover sb/sth 找到；发现 [动词 + 名词短语] Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer. 科学家发现了饮食与癌症之间的关联。 As yet they have not identified a buyer for the company. 迄今为止他们还没有为公司找到买主。 [动词 + wh-从句] They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system. 他们正试图弄清现行制度的弊端所在。 [动词 + 名词短语] ~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) to make it possible to recognize who or what sb/sth is 显示；说明身份 In many cases, the clothes people wear identify them as belonging to a particular social class. 很多情况下，人们的穿着显示出他们的社会阶级。 例7. vessel 名词 (formal) a large ship or boat 大船；轮船 ocean-going vessels 远洋轮船 (old use,or technical 术语) a container used for holding liquids, such as a bowl, cup, etc. （盛液体的）容器，器皿 a Bronze Age drinking vessel 青铜器时代的饮具 a tube that carries blood through the body of a person or an animal, or liquid through the parts of a plant （人或动物的）血管，脉管；（植物的）导管 例8. consume 动词 [动词 + 名词短语](formal) to use sth, especially fuel, energy or time 消耗，耗费（燃料、能量、时间等） The electricity industry consumes large amounts of fossil fuels. 电力工业消耗大量的矿物燃料。 to eat or drink sth 吃；喝；饮 Before he died he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol. 他死亡前喝了大量的酒。 ~ sb (with sth) [常用被动态] to fill sb with a strong feeling 使充满（强烈的感情） Carolyn was consumed with guilt. 卡罗琳深感内疚。 Rage consumed him. 他无比愤怒。 (of fire 火) to completely destroy sth 烧毁；毁灭 The hotel was quickly consumed by fire. 那座旅馆很快被大火吞噬。 例9. avoid 动词 to prevent sth bad from happening 避免；防止 [动词 + 名词短语] The accident could have been avoided. 这个事故本来是可以避免的。 They narrowly avoided defeat. 他们险些儿被打败。 The name was changed to avoid confusion with another firm. 改名是为了避免和另一家公司混淆。 [动词 + 名词短语 + -ing短语] They built a wall to avoid soil being washed away. 他们建了一堵墙防止土壤流失。 to keep away from sb/sth; to try not to do sth 回避；避开；躲避 [动词 + 名词短语] He's been avoiding me all week. 整整一个星期他一直在回避我。 She kept avoiding my eyes (= avoided looking at me) . 她总是躲避我的目光。 I left early to avoid the rush hour. 我早早动身以避开交通高峰时刻。 [动词 + -ing短语] I've been avoiding getting down to work all day. 我一整天都刻意不投入工作。 You should avoid mentioning his divorce. 你应该避免提及他离婚的事。 [动词 + 名词短语] to prevent yourself from hitting sth 避免撞到（某物） I had to swerve to avoid a cat. 为了避免轧到一只猫，我只好猛然将车转向。 例10. obese 形容词 (formal,or medical 医) (of people 人) very fat, in a way that is not healthy 臃肿的；虚胖的；病态肥胖的 【长难句分析及翻译】 1. When we cook foods, we destroy the natural enzymes (酶) that are part of the food in its raw form. 分析： 主语：we 谓语动词：destroy 宾语：the natural enzymes 定语从句： that are part of the food in its raw form 时间状语从句： When we cook foods 翻译：当我们烹调食物时，我们破坏了以其原始形式存在的作为食物一部分的天然酶。 2. Improperly digested food moves slowly through the digestive tract, where it becomes increasingly acidic. 分析： 主语：food 谓语动词：moves 分词做定语：Improperly digested 地点状语从句：where it becomes increasingly acidic. 翻译：未合适消化的食物缓慢地移动通过消化道，在那里它变得越来越酸。 3. Processed foods contain chemical elements, which might confuse the appetite mechanism that tells us when we’ve had enough to eat. 分析： 主语：Processed foods 谓语动词：contain 宾语：chemical elements 定语从句1： which might confuse the appetite mechanism 定语从句2：that tells us when we’ve had enough to eat 翻译：加工过的食品中含有化学元素，这可能会混淆告诉我们已经吃了足够多的食物的食欲机制。 4. The body will either identify these foods as allergens and then store them safely away from the organs as fat, or the remains of undigested food will become acidic and enter the bloodstream as acid waste, which will stick to the blood vessel walls and block the passage of vital oxygen and nutrients heading for the body’s cells. 分析： 主语：The body 谓语动词：will identify 宾语：these foods 并列句1：and then store them safely away from the organs as fat 并列句2：or the remains of undigested food will become acidic and enter the bloodstream as acid waste 定语从句：which will stick to the blood vessel walls and block the passage of vital oxygen and nutrients heading for the body’s cells. 翻译：要不就是身体将这些食物识别为过敏原，然后将它们安全地从器官中储存为脂肪，不然就是未消化的食物的剩余部分将变得酸性，并进入血液作为酸性废物，该酸性废物将粘在血管壁上，并阻止重要的氧气和营养物进入身体的细胞的通道。 5. To stop this vicious circle in its tracks, people need to consume food and supplements that will neutralize the acid already accumulated in body. 分析： 主语：people 谓语动词：need 宾语：to consume food and supplements 定语从句：that will neutralize the acid already accumulated in body. 目的状语：To stop this vicious circle in its tracks 翻译：为了阻止这种恶性循环，人们需要食用食物和补充剂来中和体内已经积累的酸。 【课堂练习】 (A) Many people think the search for cleaner energy leads only to renewable resources like sun, wind and water. But it also leads to a fossil fuel. Natural gas is considered the cleanest of the fossil fuels, the fuels created by plant and animal remains over millions of years. Burning it releases fewer pollutants than oil or coal. The gas is mainly methane (甲烷). It produces half the carbon dioxide of other fossil fuels. So it may help cut the production of carbon gases linked to climate change. Russia is first in what are called "proved reserves" of natural gas. The United States is sixth. Over the years, big oil and gas companies recovered much of the easily reached supplies of gas in America. They drilled straight down into formations where gas collects. As these supplies were used up, big drillers looked for similar formations in other countries. But now the industry is taking a new look. Companies are developing gas supplies trapped in shale rock two to three thousand meters underground. They drill down to the shale (页岩), then go sideways and inject high-pressure water, sand or other material into the rock. This causes the rock to break, or fracture, releasing the gas. Huge fields of gas shale are believed to lie under the Appalachian Mountains, Michigan and the south-central states. Gas shale exploration is being done mainly by small to medium sized companies. Eric Potter is a program director in the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University of Texas at Austin. ERIC POTTER: "The types of opportunities that are left for natural gas exploration in the U.S. have changed. So it's a different class of resource -- not as easy to develop, and not even recognized as something worth pursuing, say, twenty years ago." He says more than half the gas in the United States is now coming from these new reserves. But hydraulic fracturing can also produce debate and anger over the risk of groundwater pollution. This method of drilling is not federally supervised under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Some in Congress want to end that exemption (免除) from the law. Natural gas provides Americans with about one-fourth of their energy. And, unlike oil, most of it is produced in America. Gas producers invested heavily in reaching new supplies when prices were high. But prices are down sharply now because the recession (经济衰退) cut demand for energy. So energy expert Eric Potter says it is too early to know how the new gas shale reserves will affect the market. 72. Which of the following statements is TRUE about fossil fuels? A. Fossil fuels are a kind of renewable resource just like sun, wind and water. B. Burning natural gas releases more pollutants than oil or coal. C. Fossil fuels were created millions of years ago by plant and animal remains. D. Using fossil fuels may help change the climate. 73. What does the writer mean by saying “now the industry is taking a new look”? A. The U.S. will be ranked first in natural gas because it has huge fields of gas shale. B. People gain natural gas from shale rock using a method different from the traditional ones. C. Gas shale exploration will bring human beings abundant supply of natural gas. D. There should be no concern over the energy shortage because the industry is developing. 74. When did gas producers invest heavily in finding new supplies of natural gas? A. When people’s demand for energy increased. B. When natural gas provided Americans with about one-fourth their energy. C. When Americans began to look for cleaner energy D. When the economy was in recession. 75. Which one is TRUE about gas shale exploration? A. It is against the Safe Drinking Water Act. B. It was considered not worth doing twenty years ago. C. It will release pollutants to the water. D. It will bring down the price of natural gas. Keys:72~75CBAB (B) It is evident that there is a close connection between the capacity to use language and the capacities covered by the verb “to think”. Indeed, some writers have identified thinking with using words: Plato coined the saying, “In thinking the soul is talking to itself”; J. B. Watson reduced thinking to inhibited(拘谨的) speech located in the minute(微小的) movements or tensions of the physiological mechanisms involved in speaking; and although Ryle is careful to point out that there are many senses in which a person is said to think and in which words are not in evidence, he has also said that saying something in a specific frame of mind is thinking a thought. Is thinking reducible to, or dependent upon, language habits? It would seem that many thinking situations are hardly distinguishable from the skillful use of language, although there are some others in which language is not involved. Thought cannot be simply identified with using language. It may be the case, of course, that the non-linguistic skills involved in thought can only be acquired and developed if the learner is able to use and understand language. However, this question is one which we cannot hope to answer in this book. Obviously being able to use language makes for a considerable development in all one’s capacities but how precisely this comes about we cannot say. At the common-sense level it appears that there is often a distinction between thought and the words we employ to communicate with other people. We often have to struggle hard to find words to capture what our thinking has already grasped, and when we do find words we sometimes feel that they fail to do their job properly. Again when we report or describe our thinking to other people we do not merely report unspoken words and sentences. Such sentences do not always occur in thinking, and when they do they are merged with vague imagery and the hint of unconscious or subliminal（潜意识） activities going on just out of rage. Thinking, as it happens, is more like struggling, striving, or searching for something than it is like talking or reading. Again the study of speech disorders due to brain injury disease suggests that patients can think without having adequate control over their language. Some patients, for example, fail to find the names of objects presented to them and are unable to describe simple events which they witness; they even find it difficult to interpret long written notices. But they succeed in playing games of chess or draughts. They can use the concepts needed for chess playing or draught playing but are unable to use many of the concepts in ordinary language. How they manage to do this we do not know. Presumably human beings have various capacities for thinking situations which are likewise independent of language. 74. According to the theory of "thought" devised by J. B. Watson, thinking is_______. A. talking to the soul B. concealed speech C. speaking nonverbally D. a non-linguistic behavior 75. What does the author think about the relationship between language and thinking? A. The ability to use language enhances one’s capacity of thinking. B. Words and thinking match more often than not. C. Thinking never goes without language. D. Language and thinking are generally distinguishable. 76. According to the author, when we intend to describe our thoughts, we______. A. merely report internal speech B. have to search for proper words in the way we read C. are overwhelmed with vague imagery D. sometimes are not able to find appropriate words 77. Why are patients with speech disorders able to think without having adequate control of language? A. They use different concepts. B. They do not think linguistically. C. It still remains an unsolved mystery. D. Thinking is independent of language. Keys:72~75 BADC 课后作业 Part 1 21. It was it rained heavily that they didn't come. A. as B. because C. for D. since 22. Why not buy a cheaper one, you don't have enough money? A. since B. because C. for D. though 23. It is ten years I left home. A. when B. after C. since D. as 24. He speaks English he speaks his mother tongue. A. so good as B. as good as C. so well as D. as well as 25. Try he might, he couldn't get out of difficulty. A. when B. where C. till D. as 26. I saw the computer, I showed great interest in it. A. At first B. For the first time C. Until D. The first time 27. I don't think you'll be able to understand this formula(公式) you finish school. A. as if B. only when C. even D. even when 28. I often visited Tian An Men Square I was staying in Beijing. A. until B. during C. while D. throughout 29. He always thinks I'm wrong, I say. A. no matter whatever B. whatever C. what D. that 30. the rain has stopped, let's continue to work. A. For B. Now that C. That D. Because 31. , I am sure that the boy is honest. A. Whatever people say B. No matter people say C. What people say D. It doesn't matter people say 32. I knew Mr. Green I knew Mrs. Green. A. long before B. before long C. long ago D. after long 33. They waited it was dark before leaving, they didn't want anyone to see them leave. A. since; because B. until; as C. unless; for D. so; because 34. often you ring, no one will answer. A. How B. However C. Whom D. Whenever 35. I will never give up they do to stop me. A. no matter what B. how C. what D. though 36. Father was busy in working he often forgot rest or meals. A. very; that B. so; that C. such; as D. enough; as 37. We made a decision there would be rain, we should stay at home. A. that B. if C. that if D. whether 38. I usually watch TV in the evening I have to study for an examination. A. because B. unless C. while D. the moment 39. I had lived there for over thirty years I wanted to return to my motherland again. A. until B. after C. while D. when 40. It was a long time I went to sleep again. A. when B. while C. before D. until 41. He must be ill, he looks so pale. A. since B. because C. as D. for 42. I'll take no steps you arrive. A. and B. since C. until D. while 43. You will catch cold put on more clothes. A. if you B. if you will not C. unless you D. until you 44. he woke slept, this subject was always in his mind. A. If; and B. Both; and C. Either; or D. Whether; or 45. We had hardly got to the station it began no rain. A. until B. since C. while D. when 46. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem they themselves couldn't. A. once B. then C. while D. if 47. My name is Robert, most of my friends call me Bob for short. A. then B. instead C. however D. but 48. difficulties are ahead, we are sure to make greater achievements. A. Although; yet B. Although; still C. /; yet D. all of the above 49. People don't know the value of health they lose it. A. till B. before C. after D. Either A or B 50. I didn't help him, not I was unwilling. A. because B. since C. as D. for Keys: 21-25 BACDD 26-30 DDCBB 31-35 AABBA 36-40 BCBDC 41-45 DCCDD 46-50 CDDDA Part 2. 51. I really wonder he has posted me many parcels we worked together. A. how; after B. why; when C. when; before D. why; since 52. the desert can be called a sea, the camels are the ships in the sea. A. When; so B. If; then C. Because; so D. If; so 53. One never expects his success to come he decides to take up hard work. A. while B. when C. until D. since 54. you talk to someone or write a message, you show your skills to others. A. At times B. Every time C. By the time D. Some times 55. Although he is so considered a great writer, . A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works is not widely read 56. he came to town, he would visit our school. A. After B. When C. As D. While 57. I hurried I wouldn't be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless 58. he comes, we won't be able to go. A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even 59. It wasn't the city was liberated. A. long until B. long before C. long after D. long when 60. The conductor often tells the passengers not to get off the bus it has stopped. A. except B. unless C. until D. as 61. Did you pay a visit during the holidays? A. any place B. anywhere C. where D. wherever 62. It was for two weeks mother had been in hospital. A. since B. that C. in which D. which 63. It was I was in college I began to write letters in English. A. since; that B. that; when C. when; that D. where; did 64. I shall ring you up you should forget it. A. because B. for C. in case D. in order not that 65. it is so fine a day today, we'd better go outing and have a picnic. A. Unless B. Since C. While D. Although 66. As as I know, there isn't anything left to eat. A. soon B. far C. long D. well 67. The doctor in charge told the young man he didn't allow him to operate on his wounded arm, he would lose it. A. that B. if C. whether D. unless 68. , we should try our best to protect the environment. A. Whatever people say B. What people say C. No matter people say D. It doesn't matter people say 69. You will succeed you keep on working at it. A. as far as B. as long as C. as good as D. as hard as 70. The machine is so old it can't be used any more some of its parts are changed. A. as; unless B. that; unless C. that; if D. whether; or 71. —My watch started up again. —You should have it repaired it's working now. A. since B. until C. however D. even though 72. I'm going away; she will go is up to her to decide. A. if or not B. whether or not C. however D. even though 73. We couldn't feel air it were moving. A. as long as B. now that C. if not D. unless 74. We can't afford to buy that flat. It's expensive for us. A. too much B. far more C. much too D. very too 75. The moon is much closer to us . A. than any other star B. than any star C. as any other star D. like other stars 76. to my surprise, he forgot my birthday at all. A. Very B. Much C. Most D. Too much 77. His memory is so good his brain were an advanced computer. A. as if B. that C. even if D. as 78. you have hidden my umbrella? A. It is where that B. Where it is C. Is it where that D. Where is it that 79. Even if , I won't go to his wedding party. A. being invited B. inviting C. invited D. I invited 80. little time left, you'd better walk as fast as possible. A. Being B. There being C. It having D. Since there has Keys: 51-55 DBCBA 56-60 ABBBC 61-65 BBCCB 66-70 BBABB 71-75 DBDCB 76-80 BADCB I. Grammar（注： 第1题两个空格） Imagine you’re standing in line to buy an after-school snack at a store. You step up to the counter and the cashier scans your food. Next, you have to pay. But ___1__ ________scanning a QR code with your smartphone, you just hold out your hand so the cashier can scan your fingerprint. Or, a camera scans your face, your eyes or even your ear. This type of technology __2__ not be far away. Biometric security, which includes fingerprint, face and voice ID, __3___(become) increasingly popular. In 2013, Apple introduced the iPhone 5s __4___ a fingerprint scanner. Since then, using one’s fingerprint to unlock a phone and make mobile payments has become commonplace, __5___（bring ）convenience to our lives. And since last year, Samsung ___6____ (feature) eye-scanning technology in its top smartphones, __7___ Apple’s new iPhone X can even scan a user’s face. When introducing the new iPhone’s Face ID feature in September, Phil Schiller, Apple’s senior vice president, said, “The chance __8__ a random person in the population could look at your iPhone X and unlock it with their face is about one in a million.” Earlier this year, Jain found a way to trick biometric security. Using a __9__(print) copy of a thumbprint, she was able to unlock a dead person’s smartphone for police. It’s good to see biometrics being used more, but using multiple security measures is __10____ (good) defense.” II. Vocabulary A. constantly B. sponsored C. discovered D. recognition E. browse F. nature G. admire H. seriously I. seek J. committed K. stand The second Thursday of each November is Guinness World Records Day（吉尼斯世界纪录）. People around the world who’ve succeeded in making it into the famous book are given publicity and ____11____. But are these Guinness World Record holders on par with Nobel Prize winners? Well, of course they’re not really the equal of Marie Curie, who ___12___ uranium. In fact, most Guinness World Records are rather pointless, if not silly. It’s true that many world record holders have achieved things that we should all ___13___, but most haven’t. However, despite the fact that they’re often silly, people still spend a lot of time and energy becoming a record holder. The question is, why? According to a study, people ___14___ to become world record holders because of our competitive ___15____. And the people who want to break records just want to __16__ out at something. When we open a newspaper, turn on the TV or __17___ the internet, we ___18___ see people who are famous and recognized for something. The Guinness Record holders just want a piece of that recognition. The need for recognition can push people to look for success in something. So, try not to take the Guinness World Records too ___19____. Setting these records, and watching people set these records, after all, are quite entertaining. Also, quite often, the people who try for records are __20___. If they achieve the record, a charity (慈善机构) gets paid. For everything it stands for, Guinness World Records Day, most importantly, is about fun. III. Translation 1. 他精通几种外语。（have sth. at one’s fingertips） _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. 这两个国家之间仍然有待解决的问题和磨擦。(conflict) _______________________________________________________________________________ Keys: 1. instead of 2.might/may 3.is becoming 4.with 5.bringing 6. Has featured 7.while 8.that 9.printed 10.the best 11.D 12. C 13.G 14. I 15.F 16.K 17.E 18.A 19.H 20.B 1. He had several foreign languages at his fingertips. 2. There are still conflicts and frictions to be resolved between the two countries. （C） The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned with describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior, which has as its principal, function that of communication. The trouble with the term ―behavior‖ is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior-that of understanding spoken or written language, for example-has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person‘s behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior. Once we admit that the study of language behavior involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform linguistically.This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech; much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual. 36.What is the best title for this passage? 1 What is the best title for this passage? A) Language as Means of Communication. B) Language and Psychology. C) Language and the Individual. D) Language as a Social Phenomenon. 2 According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A) Language is often regarded as part of human psychology. B) People develop language skills of different degrees as a result of different personal experiences. C) Language is a special kind of psychological behavior that is born with an individual. D) People learn to speak and write through imitation and training. 3.What does the term “behavior” in the second paragraph especially refer to in this passage? A) It refers to observable and physical movements and acts. B) It refers to the part of language behavior that involves understanding or interpretation. C) It refers to both the overt and the unobservable language behaviors in communicating. D) It refers to acts of speaking and writing. 4 What does “internal mechanism”(Line 3, Para. 3) mean? A) Secret machine. B) Mental processes. C) Overt system. D) Mechanic operation. 5.What can you infer from the passage? A) Its individualistic approach to language is meant to study the psychological processes of language acquisition. B) The individualistic approach to language is mainly concerned with how language functions in society. C) The study of language is sure to involve more than a single individual. D) Psychological approach to language is concerned with the comprehension and production of speech. 答案：CCCBA 预习内容 名词性从句 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$