【春考特训课】第02讲：语法知识之冠词代词 - 【决胜春考】2025 春季高考英语冲刺总复习（江苏专用）

第02讲 语法知识之冠词代词 ◆【冠词】◆ 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 语法填空对冠词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中考查冠词的基本用法，根据习惯用法或固定句型确定冠词。注意冠词的一些特殊用法。熟练掌握定冠词和不定冠词的基本规则；熟记学习过的含有冠词的短语及句型；注意零冠词的用法。 主要考查： 1．定冠词the表示特指； 2．不定冠词a表示泛指； 3.  短语中的冠词； 4．句型中的冠词。 【要点梳理】 考点一：不定冠词的基本用法 1.不定冠词有a和an 两种形式。a用在以辅音音素开头的名词前，an用在以元音音素开头的词前。 In a university，a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing. 在一所大学里，一个欧洲人和一个一只眼的人拿着一件有用的工具沿着一条单行道走着。这是一件平常之事。 An hour ago，an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task. 一小时前，一个诚实的人接受了一件非同寻常的礼物，去完成一项光荣的任务。 2.不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。 The ＂Chinese Dream＂ is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony，peace and development.＂中国梦＂是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。 3.表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。 When the Ashleys tried to make her return，Mumbet consulted a lawyer，Theodore Sedgewick. 当 Ashleys一家试图让她回来时，Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多·塞奇威克的律师。 4.用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。 —Excuse me，is there a Mr Tailor living in the neighborhood？There is a parcel for him. —Sorry，but there is no such person here. ——劳驾，这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。 ——对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。 5.表示单位时间内的频度，含有＂每＂的概念。 The medicine is to be taken three times a day.这药每天吃三次。 考点二：不定冠词的特殊用法 1.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示＂再一，又一＂。 She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。 This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 This is the most interesting story. 这是最有趣的一个故事。 He had decided to give it up, but on a second thought he decided to try a third time. 他已经决定放弃，但是转念一想，决定再试一次。 2.用在抽象名词之前表示具体介绍:是什么样的人，是什么样的事物，使本来的抽象名词具体化，使之具有了“一”的概念。 The house is full of joy. The little girl is a joy to her parents. (令人高兴的人或物) Failure is the mother of success. He is a success. （一个成功的人或物） He gave me a lot of pleasure. It is a pleasure to work with you. （一件令人愉快的事情） She looked up in surprise. What a great surprise you gave me. （一件令人惊讶的事情） Knowledge is power. He has a wide knowledge of animals. （一门…的知识） He received little education/ a good education. （一种…的教育） 3.某些物质名词也可以和不定冠词连用，而变成具体化的名词。例如 I like coffee. Would you like a coffee? (一杯咖啡) I has just had lunch. I has just had a big lunch. (一顿丰盛的午餐) 4.用在被修饰语限定的季节，月份，日期，三餐前，如： On a cold rainy night , the poor man was dragging himself on a street alone. What a wonderful lunch! I enjoy it very much. 5.用在被修饰语限定的独一无二的东西前，如： We all hope to have a peaceful and friendly world. 6.具有动作意义的名词在与have，take，make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。如：take a look看一看；have a try试一试。 You had better go to the factory and have a look. 你最好到厂里去看一看。 7.不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。 如：a waste of浪费……； a touch of “一点儿;少许”； all of a sudden突然地； as a rule通常；     It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起，我把她的生日给忘了。 考点三：定冠词的基本用法 1.用在名词前表示特指。 —Did you enjoy yourself yesterday? —Yes，as you know，the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere. ——你昨天玩得开心吗？ ——是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。 2.用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。 Do you know who invented the telephone? 你知道是谁发明了电话吗？ 3.用在序数词、比较级(两者相比较，表示特指的时候)和最高级前。 Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two？你认为这两个故事中哪个更有趣？ 4.用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。 Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.(2013·陕西) 据说在十三世纪马可·波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。 考点四：定冠词的特殊用法 1.定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。 Many of the injured are still in danger. 许多受伤者仍处于危险中。 2.用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour，by the dozen等，但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight，by height等。 —It’s said John will be in a job paying over $ 60，000 a year. —Right，he will also get paid by the week. ——据说约翰将拥有一份年收入超过60 000美元的工作。 ——是的，而且会按周获得报酬。 3.定冠词the用在表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示全家人或夫妻俩。 The Whites settled down in Canada last year. 去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。 4.用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。 the east 东部　 play the piano 弹钢琴 5.在固定句型中的运用 Our building is twice the height of yours. 我们的大楼是你们的大楼的两倍高。 He is the taller of the two. 他是两人之中较高的那个。 Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河之一。 He is one of the tallest boys in the class. 他是班里最高的孩子之一。 考点五：零冠词的用法 1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。 Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts. 偏远地区非常需要教师。 2.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。 Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.＂ 这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。 3.月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。 A year can be divided into four seasons — spring，summer，autumn and winter. 一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。 4.no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。 There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. 天下没有免费的午餐。 5.在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。 He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher. 他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。 考点六：在语法填空中判断冠词考点的运用 方法1  不定冠词a/an 分析句子结构，发现空后有单数可数名词，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑用不定冠词a/an。 用不定冠词a/an的常考点： (1)泛指一类人或物，表示概念“一”； (2)在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 方法2 定冠词the 分析句子结构，发现空后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑用定冠词the。 用定冠词the的常考点： (1)特指某人或某事； (2)用在序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前以及有only、 very、 same等修饰的名词前； (3)用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专有名词前； (4)用在西洋乐器名词前； (5)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在几世纪几十年代”。 方法3 固定搭配中的冠词 固定搭配或抽象名词具体化的名词前用冠词。 (1)定冠词用在固定搭配中： at the same time, on the contrary, to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, on the spot等； (2)不定冠词用在固定搭配中： catch a cold, have a fever, all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, have a gift for, make a living, give sb a lift, have a good knowledge of等； (3)动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb＋介词＋the＋身体部位。 · 【冠词思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1. You can also get up and read, but be sure to choose ___ book that is not too difficult. 2. I often listen to Mozart or Bach in the evening after ____ hard day at work. 3. He took ____ deep breath as he opened the exam paper handed to him. 4. The students returned to school with ___ sense of achievement, a feeling that they helped people in need. 5. There once lived a boy named Woo Sing, whose father brought home a mirror. Woo Sing had never seen one before so when he saw it for _____ first time, he didn’t understand what it was… 6.“Could you give me ___ hand, Mr. Grasshopper?” asked the ant. 7. Experts hope ______ whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents. 8. Others think differently. First, the cellphone is not ___ must in school, as there are some IC phones there… 9. The policy was later relaxed. Parents who were both only children in their family could have ____ second child. 10. When ____ International Olympic Committee chose Rio de Janeiro, cheering people flooded the city’s streets. 11. So bright was _____ moon that the flowers were bright as by day. 12. This is _____ third time that I’ve read the book. 13.Alexander Graham Bell invented _____ telephone in 1876. 14. Alice likes playing ______violin while Henry is interested in listening to music. 15. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by _____ hour. 16. The higher we go above the earth, ______rarer the air is. 17. I’m sure that zero-emission vehicles may take ____ place of today’s cars in the near future. 18. It’s no trouble at all; on ______contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you. 19. She planned to go to France to study French, but that is out of _____ question now. 20. When I was walking down the street _____ other day, I happened to find a small wallet lying there. · 单项选择 1.____ recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S. would be higher than the number of English speakers by ____ year 2090. A. A; the B. A; 不填 C. The; 不填 D. The; a 2. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off ______. A. a price                                    B. price C. the price                                D. prices 3. -- John, there is________ Mr. Wilson on the phone for you. --I'm in bath. A. a; the            B. the; a             C. a; 不填          D. the; 不填 4. Tom owns _______larger collection of _______ books than any other student in our class. A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填     C. a; the           D. 不填; the 5. The Wilsons live in _____ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _____ 17th century cottage. A. the , /        B. an, the      C. /, the             D. an, a 6. For a long time they walked without saying ______ word. Jim was the first to break _____silence. A. the; a B. a; the             C. a; 不填           D. the; 不填 7. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discovery which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of colour. A. a…不填 B. a…the         C. 不填…the    D. the…a 8．It is ________world of wonders,        world where anything can happen. A．a ;the B．a; a C．the ; a D．不填；不填 9．When you finish reading the book，________ you will have________ better understanding of ________life. A．a; the B．the; a C．不填; the D．a; 不填 10. When he left ________college, he got a job as________reporter in a newspaper office. A. 不填；a B. 不填；the       C. a; the      D. the; the 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1. All my life I have tried to be ____ honest man. 2. The mobile phone is becoming ____ useful tool for us to communicate with others. 3. The ticket agent asked me whether I wanted ___ one-way or round-trip ticket. 4. ____ triangle has three sides. 5. The Internet is playing ____ more and more important part in our daily life. 6. A little knowledge can make ___ difference at a time of life or death. 7. Wealth is important, but as _____ matter of fact, I think, it is health that counts. 8. He has gone through many ____ severe test during his lifetime. 9. All of _____ sudden we heard a loud explosion that shook the building. 10. The sun rises in _____ east and sets in the west. 单句语法填空 1．The Jiahu settlement is located in the central plain of ancient China,            area known today as the Henan Province. The people created the country’s oldest recognized civilization. 2．Most students are required to take part in the labor class once per week. Since September, labor class has been listed as            official course in the school lives of primary and middle school students. 3．Last year, a powerful computer calculated pi to record-breaking 62.8 trillion (万亿) figures. And in 2005, one 23-year-old used clever mental tricks to recite nearly 68,000 of those figures from memory. No one, though, will ever get to            end of pi. 4．Earlier this year, 11-year-old Kashmea Wahi of London, England scored 162 on            intelligence quotient (IQ) test. 5．In addition to saving lives and nourishing the body,            magic of traditional Chinese medicine has existed in various aspects of Chinese life.   6．In            Song Dynasty, an instrument was also invented to indicate direction, called the compass fish, which floated on water. 7．Hua Weiguang,            retired teacher from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is a photography enthusiast. 8．Saxaul trees are            excellent tree species for sand fixation. It’s commonly seen, though easily ignored. 9．The art used to be welcomed by people of all ages in rural areas. However, in            1980s, with the popularity of films and TV shows, it started to lose its shine and many performers moved on to other jobs. 10．Zhu Dejun’s first job after graduating from college was as            road design engineer in his hometown. 【2024·新高考I卷】 Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ________ first time. 【2024年浙江卷1月】 Then, when you use one section, ________ other stays fresh. 【2023年新高考II卷】 Not the pandas, even though ________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 【2023年全国乙卷】 Mom was sure same color would look great on her. 【2023年新高考II卷】 Not the pandas, even though ________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 【2023年浙江卷1月】 In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect culture of grassroots Beijingers. ◆【代词】◆ 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 代词考点，是英语高考常考点之一。在高考中主要考查点有：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、代词宾格、形式主语或宾语的it、强调句中的it等。 应特别注意以下几点： ①对代词的指代或替代功能的考查； ②对不定代词意义用法的考查； ③对反身代词的考查； ④对代词格的考查； ⑤对it作形式主语或宾语的考查、强调句中的it的考查； ⑥对含有代词的短语考查。 【要点梳理】 考点一：人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 人称代词主格 I we you you he　she　it they 人称代词宾格 me us you you him　her　it them 形容词性物主代词 my our your your his　her　its their 名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his　hers　its theirs 反身代词 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself　herself　itself themselves 知识1： 人称代词 人称代词的句法功能。在句中,人称代词作不同的成分对应其不同的格: 作主语→用主格 作宾语→用宾格    作表语→ 指代主语用主格，指代宾语用宾格 单独使用或放not后→多用宾格 We all grew up hearing people tell us to "go out and get some fresh air."人们告诉我们"出去呼吸点新鲜空气",我们都是听着这些长大的。(主格We作主语,宾格us作tell的宾语) 1.在It is/was...that/who...强调句型中,若被强调部分是人称代词,作主语用主格,作宾语用宾格。 ►It was we that met him at the school gate. (主格we作主语) ►It was him that we met at the school gate.(宾格him作宾语) 2.句中没有谓语动词时,人称代词常用宾格。 ►—I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. —Me,too. 3.当说话者不清楚或没必要知道谈论对象的性别时,常用it来表示。 ►What a lovely baby! Is it a boy or a girl? 知识2： 物主代词 物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 1.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词:置于名词之前,作定语,不可单独使用。 ►Those people are my schoolmates. 拓展延伸　　含形容词性物主代词的常用结构: 1.形容词性物主代词+own(+名词) 某人自己的(……) ►I have my own room. ►I need a room of my own. 2.形容词性物主代词+v-ing,可作主语或宾语 ►His being ill made his mother worried. 2.名词性物主代词相当于"形容词性物主代词+名词":可单独使用(作主语、表语和宾语),也可用"of+名词性物主代词"结构作后置定语。 ► Your bike is black. Mine is red. (=My bike is red.) ►There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours?(= May I use your bike?) ►Kate went on holiday with a cousin of hers. 知识3： 反身代词 1.反身代词可作宾语:常在 enjoy, teach, hurt, behave, introduce(介绍)等动词后作动宾和by, for, to, in, of等介词后作介宾。 ►He is teaching himself English. ►She was talking to herself. 2.反身代词可作同位语:用于加强语气,强调"亲自,本人,亲身"。 ►He himself went to the bank. 3.反身代词可作表语:常用于be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态。 ►I'm not myself today. ►I am feeling myself again. 归纳总结： 含有反身代词的常用短语 1.介词+反身代词： by oneself 单独,独自　　 for oneself 亲自,为自己 in oneself 本身,本来          to oneself 独自拥有的,独享的 2.动词+反身代词： enjoy oneself过得愉快   amuse oneself自娱       seat oneself就座   boast oneself自夸      teach oneself自学   express oneself表达自己 behave oneself举止得  hide oneself自己藏   dress oneself自己穿衣  apply/devote oneself to致力于  feel oneself觉得身体好 help oneself to随便吃/用 lose oneself in沉迷于 make yourself at home不拘束  adapt/adjust oneself to使自己适应于 考点二：不定代词 · either, both, neither, all, none, any either 肯定意义 表示“两者中的一个”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。 both 肯定意义 表示“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。 neither 否定意义 表示“两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。 all 肯定意义 作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致。 none 否定意义 作主语后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。 any 肯定意义 作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其代指的名词确定，常与of连用。 ►There are two ways leading to the woods. Either seems (=Both seem) to be passable. 有两条路通往森林,任何一条/两条似乎都走得通。 ►Neither of the two cars is mine.这两辆汽车都不是我的。 ►All of the food has gone.所有食物都没了。 ►None of the money is mine.钱都不是我的。 ►Mr. Smith refused to accept any of the three suggestions.史密斯先生拒绝接受三条建议中的任何一条。 · the other, another, the others, others the other 指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one...the other ...结构，意为“一个……另一个……”；作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”。 other 不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义。 another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……”。 others 单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。 1.the other还可作定语修饰可数名词,修饰可数名词复数时,表示"其余全部的"。如: the other book另一本书　 the other books其余的书 2.another也可作定语,后可跟"基数词/few(+可数名词复数)",表示"另外的……"。"another+基数词+可数名词复数"相当于"基数词+more+可数名词复数"。 ►I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks (=three more weeks). · none, nobody/no one, nothing none 既可指人也可指物，多与表示范围的介词of连用；与数量有关，可回答how many或how much类的问句，表示“一个也没有”。 nobody/ no one 不能与of连用，只能指人，表示“什么人也没有”，可回答who引导的疑问句。 nothing 表示“什么也没有”，用来否定一切，可回答what引导的疑问句。 ►—How much money do you have?你有多少钱? —None.一点也没有。 ►—Who is in the room?谁在屋里? —No one/Nobody.没有人。 ►—What are you doing now?你现在在做什么? —Nothing.什么也没有做。 对"some/any/every+名词"进行全部否定的词是none; someone/somebody/everyone/everybody/anyone/anybody进行全部否定的词是nobody/no one; 对something/anything/everything 进行全部否定的词是nothing。 ►If I had some money, I would lend him, but unfortunately, I have none.如果我有些钱的话,我会借给他,但不幸的是,我一点钱也没有。 指代不可数名词→单数 指代可数名词复数时→单、复数均可 ►We had three cats once — none is/are alive now. none of +不可数名词→单数形式 none of +可数名词复数→单、复数均可 ►None of the telephones is/are working. · many,much,(a)few,(a)little many,much,(a)few,(a)little既可作代词,又可作限定词,总结如下: 含义    替代或修饰名词复数      替代或修饰不可数名词  表示"多" many much  表示"少" few little 表示"肯定" a few a little  表示"否定" few little (注意:not a little,quite a little相当于much;not a few,quite a few相当于many) ►Many wanted to change their life in the town. ►You have a lot of free time, but I don't have much ►A lot of guests were invited, but few came. ►If you have any spare milk, could you give me a little? · some和any some常用于肯定句,any则常用于否定句和疑问句。 ►Some of the milk has gone bad. ►I need some stamps. Are there any in your bag? 特别提醒： any还可用于肯定句,表示"任一" ►I'll take any you don't want. some和any均可作限定词,修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词。 1.some常用于肯定句,any常用于否定句和疑问句。 ►There's still some wine in the bottle. ►Are there any meat? I didn't eat any meat. 2.some也可用于疑问句。若疑问句表示请求、建议或邀请,或期望得到对方肯定的答复,用some,不用any。 ►May I ask you some questions? (请求) ►Would you like some coffee? (邀请) 【注意】　some和any均可修饰可数名词单数。 (1)"some+可数名词单数"表示"某一……"。 ►John, some student is waiting for you downstairs. (2)"any+可数名词单数"表示"任一……"。 ►Take any book you like. · each ►Each (of the students) has a dictionary. ►They each have a dictionary. 拓展延伸　each还可作限定词,修饰可数名词单数,常与every进行区别辨析: each指 “两者或两者以上中的每一个”， 强调个体 every指 “三者或三者以上中的每一个”， 强调全体，相当于all ►There are lots of flowers on each side of the road. 路两边有许多花。 ►She knows every student in the school. 她认识学校里的每一个学生。 · 不定代词构成的固定搭配 ►He is anything but a clerk.他根本不是一名职员。 ►He is a scientist or something.他是科学家之类的人物。 ►I have something like 20 dollars in cash.我大概有20美元现金。 ►His life is something of a mystery. 他的生活有几分神秘。 考点三：替代词和指示代词 · 替代词one, the one, that, it it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或物 that/those that指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词时，相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones。 one/ones one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。 In Canada,the tipping situation is very similar to _______ of the US.  分析语境及句子结构,尤其是空后的介词短语of the US,可知此处用that替代前面提到的the tipping situation,表示同类事物。故填that。 The Chinese have known about the benefits of green tea since ancient times, and they use _______ to treat various diseases such as headaches and depression. 句意:自古以来中国人就知道绿茶的好处,并用绿茶来治疗各种疾病,如头痛和抑郁症。此处指代的是前面提到的green tea,故用it。 · 指示代词this, that, these, those ►He was ill.That's why he didn't come. ►What do you think of this? Jack broke my camera,but he refused to pay for the repairs.(此句中this指代下文将要提到的事物,不能换成that) ►Hello. This is Tom. Who is that speaking? this and that 这样那样，各种事情 that is (to say) 也就是说 Is that so？真的是这样吗？ That’s all. 就这些。 That’s it. 好了。 That’s enough. 够了。 · 指示代词such和the same ►Such is Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements.这就是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,一个简朴而又成就卓越的人。 ►The same happened once.同样的事情曾经发生过。 考点四：it的用法 · it作形式主语 it可以作形式主语,而把真正的主语后置。常用it作形式主语的句型有: ►It is necessary to change your job. ►It took us half an hour to get to the town. ►It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home. ►It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old. ►It's no use crying over spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。(覆水难收,悔恨无益。) ►It's necessary and important that one should master the skills of operating computers. ►It is reported that another satellite has been in orbit. 特别提醒　 在"It's suggested/advised/ ordered/ requested/ insisted(坚决要求)/required/demanded+that从句"中,从句要用虚拟语气,即从句谓语要用"should+动词原形",should可省略。　　　 ►It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.你去或不去对我来说无所谓。 ►It seemed that she had made some mistakes in the design of the machine.她好像在机器的设计上出了一些错误。 · it作形式宾语 ►I feel it hard to climb the mountain. ►We find it useless waiting here all the time. ►I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. ►You may depend on it that all the goods will be shipped abroad in time. ►It was I that/who told him about it.是我告诉他这件事的。 (it构成强调句型的具体用法详见"强调句型") (1)it指天气、时间、环境、距离等 ►It is a lovely day today, isn't it? ►It was nearly midnight when she came back. ►It was very quiet in the cafe. ►It is half an hour's walk to the city centre. (2)含有it的固定结构 as it is事实上　　　　　　as sb. puts it 正如某人所说 It depends.视情况而定。  Don't mention it.不客气。 Take it easy.别紧张。      believe it or not 信不信由你     see to it that…确保……     make it 成功,做到 mean it说话算数                  can't help it无能为力 call it a day到此为止         go for it 大胆试一试 take it for granted that…认为……是理所当然的 (3)it可以用来替代整个句子或句中谓语部分所表示的意思。 ►Mrs. Anderson is already past fifty, but she doesn't look it.安德逊夫人已经年过五十,可是看上去不像。 · it构成的几个易混淆的句型 表示现在的情况时,主句多用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句多用一般过去时;表示过去的情况时,主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时。 ►It is three years since his father passed away. ►It was 10 years since they had married. 该句型中的"时间段"一般为some time,…years,…months,…weeks, …days, …hours, …minutes等。 主句可用一般过去时或一般将来时(will be):若主句用一般过去时,before从句用一般过去时;若主句用一般将来时,before从句常用一般现在时。 ►It was some time before I knew the truth.过了一段时间我才了解到真相。 ►It will be many years before the situation improves.这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。 该句型中, it 指时间,而且表示时间点的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句的谓语动词和从句的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的,但若主句用将来时,从句常用一般现在时代替将来时。 ►It was already 8 o'clock when we got home. ►It will be next morning when we finish our work. 从句要用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were)或"should+动词原形", should不可省略。     ►It is high time (that) she called her mother. "这/那是某人第几次做某事"。 ►It was the fifth time (that) he had paid a friendly visit to Africa. 备注1： 部分否定与全部否定 1.no one, none, nobody, nothing以及"no+名词"等都表示全部否定。 ►None of us was going to the party.我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。 2.当not与不定代词all, both, everyone, everybody, everything等或"every+名词"连用时,不管not在它们之前还是之后,都表示部分否定。此外,not与总括性副词(如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等)连用时也表示部分否定。 ►Not all of them smoke.=All of them don't smoke. ►Such a thing can't be found everywhere. · 【代词思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1．To my disappointment,         of the details she told us was exact.  2．       is acknowledged to us all that the old scientist, for whom life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.  3．I am sorry to have you waiting for so long, but I really have         urgent to deal with.  4．If you try your best to do something，you should believe that you can make        . 5．We will appreciate         very much if you can reply to our letters as early as possible.  6．Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of         (they) contents.  7．In order to make her 45th birthday impressive, I intend to buy her a wonderful present,        that is not expensive but very meaningful.  8．There are some tall trees on         side of the street. So you will feel cool.  9．We find       difficult to talk to him about anything serious.  10．In many ways, the education system in China is different from      in the UK.  11．Within industries, companies are always trying to develop products that are one step better than         of other companies.  12．—Brenda bought a Huawei P60 cellphone last week. —Oh, really? How I wish I could get       as well!  13．For these reasons, I can draw a safe conclusion that there is        better than singing that will make my life wonderful.  14．Building a new school is one thing, while keeping it running smoothly is quite       . 15．Ecotourism has         (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s.  16．Since people can’t always eat out or cook for        (they), they get takeout or order delivery.  17．You can rely on it         he will take good care of your pet dog while you’re away.  18．When you give a speech, you should try to make         (you) understood by the audiences.  19．         is out of question that China’s economy will keep growing for 40 years.  20．Sometimes,we take        for granted that everything has to be perfect for us and we expect high quality products and service.  · 单项选择 1.People felt ________impossible for man to fly into outer space some years ago. A. that          B. what          C. it          D. this 2.The information on the Internet gets around more rapidly than _____in the newspaper. A.it           B.one           C.that           D.those 3.Tina recommended me a few foreign songs, but _____ was to my taste. A.all           B.neither           C.either           D.none 4.I've just read your blood test report and all seems OK, so there's _____ to worry about. A.something           B.anything           C.nothing           D.everything 5.The old computer is theirs but the new computer belongs to _____. A.we           B.our           C.us           D.ours 6.Could you tell me where you bought your beautiful handbag？I want to buy _____too. A.one           B.that           C.this           D.it 7.—Is this iPhone _____. —No, it isn't. I am just thinking of buying _____. A.your；it           B.your；one           C.yours；it           D.yours；one 8.—Which of the two computer games did you prefer? —Actually I didn't like _____. A.both of them                     B.either of them C.none of them                     D.neither of them 9.—What's this in English？ —_____a coat. A.This is           B.That is           C.It is           D.One is 10.—The pet dog in your hand is very nice. Is it _______? —Yes, but I'll give it to my friend Lucy as _______ birthday present. A. yours; hers          B. your; her          C. yours; her          D. you; her 11.The quality of education in this small school is better than _____ in some larger schools. A. that          B. one          C. it          D. this 12.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.     A. ones          B. those          C. these          D. them 13.Mr.  Green taught ________ English in our school and taught________ French at home. A. us, his          B. him, us          C. us, himself          D. our, himself 14.In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ______ in the UK. A. that           B. this          C. one          D. it 15.The gravity on Mars is only about three eighths of ______ on the Earth. A. that          B. those          C. one          D. ones 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．On my recent visit，I held a lively three－month－old twin that had been rejected by________(it)mother. 2．By that time，the panda no longer needed________(it)mother for food. 3．Do you，for instance，feel that too much is being expected of________，and yet find it impossible to say no? 4．...I’d been at home in Hong Kong，with________(it)choking smog. 5．Niki is always full of ideas，but________is useful to my knowledge. 6．The meeting will be held in September，but________knows the date for sure. 7．To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against________． 8．The quality of education in this small school is better than________in some larger schools. 9．How would you like________if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 10．A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! It’s________(I)．”She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. 单句语法填空 1．It is reported        Zhong Nanshan was awarded the Medal of the Republic because of his contributions to fighting against COVID-19.  2．        seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.  3．It is estimated         total investment in the country will continue to increase this year.  4．They live in a small house, and in front of        stands an orange tree.  5．The old man has three sons, but none of         is a doctor.  6．—How about the price of these refrigerators? —They’re equal in price to, if not cheaper than, the       at the other stores.  7．             suddenly occurred to him that he should study for the test.  8．She spends the day rushing from one meeting to        . 9．               turned out to be a great mistake.  10．Most of the parents think their approaches to raising children different from         of their parents． 【2024年浙江卷1月】 Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking ________ (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 【2024年全国甲卷】 This area, with _______ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy-as a national park. 【2023年全国甲卷】 In that class, Miss Zhao, our biology teacher, showed we insects on stamps. 【2023年全国乙卷】 Last Friday my mom decided to color his hair. She studied with all the hair products at the drugstore. 【2022年北京卷】 Since people can’t always eat out or cook for ________ (they), they get takeout or order delivery. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！共 23 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第02讲 语法知识之冠词代词 ◆【冠词】◆ 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 语法填空对冠词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中考查冠词的基本用法，根据习惯用法或固定句型确定冠词。注意冠词的一些特殊用法。熟练掌握定冠词和不定冠词的基本规则；熟记学习过的含有冠词的短语及句型；注意零冠词的用法。 主要考查： 1．定冠词the表示特指； 2．不定冠词a表示泛指； 3.  短语中的冠词； 4．句型中的冠词。 【要点梳理】 考点一：不定冠词的基本用法 1.不定冠词有a和an 两种形式。a用在以辅音音素开头的名词前，an用在以元音音素开头的词前。 In a university，a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing. 在一所大学里，一个欧洲人和一个一只眼的人拿着一件有用的工具沿着一条单行道走着。这是一件平常之事。 An hour ago，an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task. 一小时前，一个诚实的人接受了一件非同寻常的礼物，去完成一项光荣的任务。 2.不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。 The ＂Chinese Dream＂ is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony，peace and development.＂中国梦＂是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。 3.表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。 When the Ashleys tried to make her return，Mumbet consulted a lawyer，Theodore Sedgewick. 当 Ashleys一家试图让她回来时，Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多·塞奇威克的律师。 4.用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。 —Excuse me，is there a Mr Tailor living in the neighborhood？There is a parcel for him. —Sorry，but there is no such person here. ——劳驾，这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。 ——对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。 5.表示单位时间内的频度，含有＂每＂的概念。 The medicine is to be taken three times a day.这药每天吃三次。 考点二：不定冠词的特殊用法 1.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示＂再一，又一＂。 She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。 ①a + most 表示“非常，很”；the + most 表示“最......”  ②a + 序数词，表示“又一，再一”；the + 序数词，表示“第......” This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 This is the most interesting story. 这是最有趣的一个故事。 He had decided to give it up, but on a second thought he decided to try a third time. 他已经决定放弃，但是转念一想，决定再试一次。 2.用在抽象名词之前表示具体介绍:是什么样的人，是什么样的事物，使本来的抽象名词具体化，使之具有了“一”的概念。 The house is full of joy. The little girl is a joy to her parents. (令人高兴的人或物) Failure is the mother of success. He is a success. （一个成功的人或物） He gave me a lot of pleasure. It is a pleasure to work with you. （一件令人愉快的事情） She looked up in surprise. What a great surprise you gave me. （一件令人惊讶的事情） Knowledge is power. He has a wide knowledge of animals. （一门…的知识） He received little education/ a good education. （一种…的教育） 3.某些物质名词也可以和不定冠词连用，而变成具体化的名词。例如 I like coffee. Would you like a coffee? (一杯咖啡) I has just had lunch. I has just had a big lunch. (一顿丰盛的午餐) 4.用在被修饰语限定的季节，月份，日期，三餐前，如： On a cold rainy night , the poor man was dragging himself on a street alone. What a wonderful lunch! I enjoy it very much. 5.用在被修饰语限定的独一无二的东西前，如： We all hope to have a peaceful and friendly world. 6.具有动作意义的名词在与have，take，make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。如：take a look看一看；have a try试一试。 You had better go to the factory and have a look. 你最好到厂里去看一看。 7.不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。 如：a waste of浪费……； a touch of “一点儿;少许”； all of a sudden突然地； as a rule通常；     once in a while偶尔,不时     in a minute一会儿     in a word简言之         get in a word插话               as a result (of)由于，因为   in a hurry匆忙地         be at a loss不知所措 as a matter of fact 实际上  eat at a mouthful 一口吃下 one(two, three....) at a time一次一个（两个，三个......）  It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起，我把她的生日给忘了。 考点三：定冠词的基本用法 1.用在名词前表示特指。 —Did you enjoy yourself yesterday? —Yes，as you know，the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere. ——你昨天玩得开心吗？ ——是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。 2.用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。 Do you know who invented the telephone? 你知道是谁发明了电话吗？ 3.用在序数词、比较级(两者相比较，表示特指的时候)和最高级前。 Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two？你认为这两个故事中哪个更有趣？ 4.用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。 Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.(2013·陕西) 据说在十三世纪马可·波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。 考点四：定冠词的特殊用法 1.定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。 Many of the injured are still in danger. 许多受伤者仍处于危险中。 2.用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour，by the dozen等，但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight，by height等。 —It’s said John will be in a job paying over $ 60，000 a year. —Right，he will also get paid by the week. ——据说约翰将拥有一份年收入超过60 000美元的工作。 ——是的，而且会按周获得报酬。 3.定冠词the用在表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示全家人或夫妻俩。 The Whites settled down in Canada last year. 去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。 4.用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。 the east 东部　 play the piano 弹钢琴 5.在固定句型中的运用 ①主语+be+the size/length/width/height+of+被比较的对象 Our building is twice the height of yours. 我们的大楼是你们的大楼的两倍高。 ②主语+be+the+形容词比较级+of/between... He is the taller of the two. 他是两人之中较高的那个。 ③ 主语+be+the+形容词或副词最高级 Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。 ④ one of+the+形容词或副词最高级 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河之一。 He is one of the tallest boys in the class. 他是班里最高的孩子之一。 考点五：零冠词的用法 1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。 Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts. 偏远地区非常需要教师。 2.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。 Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，＂A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.＂ 这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。 3.月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。 A year can be divided into four seasons — spring，summer，autumn and winter. 一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。 4.no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。 There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. 天下没有免费的午餐。 5.在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但become后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。 He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher. 他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。 考点六：在语法填空中判断冠词考点的运用 方法1  不定冠词a/an 分析句子结构，发现空后有单数可数名词，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑用不定冠词a/an。 用不定冠词a/an的常考点： (1)泛指一类人或物，表示概念“一”； (2)在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 方法2 定冠词the 分析句子结构，发现空后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑用定冠词the。 用定冠词the的常考点： (1)特指某人或某事； (2)用在序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前以及有only、 very、 same等修饰的名词前； (3)用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专有名词前； (4)用在西洋乐器名词前； (5)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在几世纪几十年代”。 方法3 固定搭配中的冠词 固定搭配或抽象名词具体化的名词前用冠词。 (1)定冠词用在固定搭配中： at the same time, on the contrary, to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, on the spot等； (2)不定冠词用在固定搭配中： catch a cold, have a fever, all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, have a gift for, make a living, give sb a lift, have a good knowledge of等； (3)动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb＋介词＋the＋身体部位。 · 【冠词思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1. You can also get up and read, but be sure to choose ___ book that is not too difficult. 【解析】泛指 “一本” 不太难的书, 故填不定冠词a。 2. I often listen to Mozart or Bach in the evening after ____ hard day at work. 【解析】泛指 “一天” 的辛苦工作之后, 填不定冠词a。 3. He took ____ deep breath as he opened the exam paper handed to him. 【解析】泛指“一口”气，用不定冠词；另外，take a deep breath (深吸一口气)是固定词组。 4. The students returned to school with ___ sense of achievement, a feeling that they helped people in need. 【解析】因a sense of achievement(成就感)是固定词组。 5. There once lived a boy named Woo Sing, whose father brought home a mirror. Woo Sing had never seen one before so when he saw it for _____ first time, he didn’t understand what it was… 【解析】因for the first time(第一次)是固定词组。 6.“Could you give me ___ hand, Mr. Grasshopper?” asked the ant. 【解析】因give sb a hand(帮助某人)是固定搭配。 7. Experts hope ______ whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents. 【解析】因the whole society/country/school/village (=all the people in it)为固定用法。 8. Others think differently. First, the cellphone is not ___ must in school, as there are some IC phones there… 【解析】这里的a must意为“一种必需品”。must作名词，指“必须做/看/听/学/用/带的事物”。 9. The policy was later relaxed. Parents who were both only children in their family could have ____ second child. 【解析】在序数词前用不定冠词，表示“再，又”。句意是：双独的父母可以再生一个孩子。 10. When ____ International Olympic Committee chose Rio de Janeiro, cheering people flooded the city’s streets. 【解析】因the International Olympic Committee(国际奥委会)就像the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)，the United Nations(联合国)，the Forbidden City(紫禁城，故宫)，the Children’s Palace(少年宫)等一样，均为由普通名词构成的专有名词，其前通常加定冠词the。 11. So bright was _____ moon that the flowers were bright as by day. 【解析】因moon是世界上独一无二的事物，其前用the。 12. This is _____ third time that I’ve read the book. 【解析】序数词前用定冠词the。 13.Alexander Graham Bell invented _____ telephone in 1876. 【解析】表示整个类属，要用定冠词the。又如，The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. (老虎面临绝种的危险。) 14. Alice likes playing ______violin while Henry is interested in listening to music. 【解析】表示演奏西洋乐器，乐器名称前习惯上用the。 15. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by _____ hour. 【解析】在计量单位名词前用the，表示“按……付/租/卖”，get paid by the hour表示“按小时付款”。 16. The higher we go above the earth, ______rarer the air is. 【解析】表示“越……就越……”用“the+比较级…the+比较级”。 17. I’m sure that zero-emission vehicles may take ____ place of today’s cars in the near future. 【解析】因take the place of (代替)是固定词组。 18. It’s no trouble at all; on ______contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you. 【解析】因on the contrary (恰恰相反，与此相反)是固定词组。 19. She planned to go to France to study French, but that is out of _____ question now. 【解析】因out of the question(不可能的)是固定词组。比较：out of question (毫无疑问，没问题)。记忆方法：没有the，就没有问题。 20. When I was walking down the street _____ other day, I happened to find a small wallet lying there. 【解析】因the other day (不久前的某一天)是固定词组。 · 单项选择 1.____ recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S. would be higher than the number of English speakers by ____ year 2090. A. A; the B. A; 不填 C. The; 不填 D. The; a 2. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off ______. A. a price                                    B. price C. the price                                D. prices 3. -- John, there is________ Mr. Wilson on the phone for you. --I'm in bath. A. a; the            B. the; a             C. a; 不填          D. the; 不填 4. Tom owns _______larger collection of _______ books than any other student in our class. A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填     C. a; the           D. 不填; the 5. The Wilsons live in _____ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _____ 17th century cottage. A. the , /        B. an, the      C. /, the             D. an, a 6. For a long time they walked without saying ______ word. Jim was the first to break _____silence. A. the; a B. a; the             C. a; 不填           D. the; 不填 7. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discovery which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of colour. A. a…不填 B. a…the         C. 不填…the    D. the…a 8．It is ________world of wonders,        world where anything can happen. A．a ;the B．a; a C．the ; a D．不填；不填 9．When you finish reading the book，________ you will have________ better understanding of ________life. A．a; the B．the; a C．不填; the D．a; 不填 10. When he left ________college, he got a job as________reporter in a newspaper office. A. 不填；a B. 不填；the       C. a; the      D. the; the 【答案与解析】 1. A 该题考查冠词的用法。第一空是指最近的一份报告泛指；第二空the year是指2090特指故选A。句意：一份最近的报告陈述在2090年前美国说西班牙语的人数要比说英语的人数要多。 2. C该题考查冠词的用法。此处的price价格是不可数名词特指，故加定冠词the。句意：如果你买十个以上，他们降价20%。 3. A 该题考查冠词的用法。不定冠词a或an用在姓名前或Mr./ Mrs. / Ms. +姓氏，表示“某一个、某位”有不肯定的意味。in the bath意为：在洗澡。句意：约翰，有一个叫威尔逊的先生在电话上找你。”“我在洗澡。” 4. B 该题考查冠词的用法。第一个空用不定冠词加比较级加than any other表示最高级的用法；第二个空是可数名词复数表示类指的用法，不加冠词。句意：汤姆收藏的书在我班最多。 5. D 该题考查冠词的用法。第一空关键是A-shaped的读音， A读字母的名称音，此处是泛指故选an； 第二个空此处还是泛指，选a。句意：威尔逊夫妇住在一处A字形的房子里。该房是一间十七世纪的乡村小别墅。 6. B 该题考查冠词的使用。word当作“简短的话”解时，前面一般用不定冠词，silence在此是特指当时他们之间的沉默。是习惯用语。句意：他们走了很长时间，一句话也没说。吉姆这时首先打破了沉默。 7. A 该题考查冠词的用法。make a discovery为习惯用语，意为：做出发现。man's understanding of colour，名词前面有物主代词故不用冠词。句意：在牛顿研究改良望远镜时，他做出了一个彻底改变人类对颜色理解的发现。 8．B该题是考查冠词的用法。句意：这是一个神奇的世界，一个任何事都可能发生的世界。据题意，得知在这里world是泛指，故选择B. 9．D该题考查冠词的用法。a understanding of意为：对……的理解。Life为不可数名词，泛指不加冠词。句意：你读完这本书时，你对生活将会有更好的理解。 10. A该题考查冠词的用法。leave college为习惯用语不加冠词，意为:大学毕业；reporter为可数名词，泛指职业，故加不定冠词。句意：当他大学毕业时，他在一家报社当了记者。 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1. All my life I have tried to be ____ honest man. 【解析】泛指“一个”诚实的人，用不定冠词；又因honest读音以元音音素开头，故填an。 2. The mobile phone is becoming ____ useful tool for us to communicate with others. 【解析】因tool是单数可数名词，故前面应填冠词，表示“一种”有用的工具，填不定冠词；又因useful读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。 3. The ticket agent asked me whether I wanted ___ one-way or round-trip ticket. 【解析】因ticket是单数可数名词，表示“一张”单程票或往返票，前面应填不定冠词；又因one读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。 4. ____ triangle has three sides. 【解析】表示“任一”要用不定冠词，故填A。 5. The Internet is playing ____ more and more important part in our daily life. 【解析】因play a part in (在……中起作用/扮演一个角色)是固定词组。 6. A little knowledge can make ___ difference at a time of life or death. 【解析】因make a difference (有影响；起重要作用)是固定词组。 7. Wealth is important, but as _____ matter of fact, I think, it is health that counts. 【解析】因as a matter of fact(=in fact, 事实上)是固定词组。 8. He has gone through many ____ severe test during his lifetime. 【解析】因test (考验)是可数名词单数，其前应填冠词；其中“many a(+单数可数名词)”是习语，意为“许多”。 9. All of _____ sudden we heard a loud explosion that shook the building. 【解析】因all of a sudden (=suddenly，突然)是固定词组。 10. The sun rises in _____ east and sets in the west. 【解析】表示方位的名词前用the，包括on the left/ right (在左边/右边)。 单句语法填空 1．The Jiahu settlement is located in the central plain of ancient China,            area known today as the Henan Province. The people created the country’s oldest recognized civilization. 2．Most students are required to take part in the labor class once per week. Since September, labor class has been listed as            official course in the school lives of primary and middle school students. 3．Last year, a powerful computer calculated pi to record-breaking 62.8 trillion (万亿) figures. And in 2005, one 23-year-old used clever mental tricks to recite nearly 68,000 of those figures from memory. No one, though, will ever get to            end of pi. 4．Earlier this year, 11-year-old Kashmea Wahi of London, England scored 162 on            intelligence quotient (IQ) test. 5．In addition to saving lives and nourishing the body,            magic of traditional Chinese medicine has existed in various aspects of Chinese life.   6．In            Song Dynasty, an instrument was also invented to indicate direction, called the compass fish, which floated on water. 7．Hua Weiguang,            retired teacher from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is a photography enthusiast. 8．Saxaul trees are            excellent tree species for sand fixation. It’s commonly seen, though easily ignored. 9．The art used to be welcomed by people of all ages in rural areas. However, in            1980s, with the popularity of films and TV shows, it started to lose its shine and many performers moved on to other jobs. 10．Zhu Dejun’s first job after graduating from college was as            road design engineer in his hometown. 参考答案 1．an 【详解】考查不定冠词。句意：贾湖聚落位于古代中国的中部平原，即今天的河南省的一块区域。人民创造了这个国家公认的最古老的文明。此空所在的短语为同位语，area为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，所以此处使用冠词，结合句意，此处泛指“一块地区”，所以使用不定冠词，area以元音音素开头，用不定冠词an。故填an。 2．an 【详解】考查不定冠词。句意：大多数学生被要求每周参加一次劳动课。9月以来，劳动课被列为中小学生学校生活的正式课程。设空处后为名词单数，表示泛指，设空处应用不定冠词，空后的形容词official发音以元音音素开头，应用an。故填an。 3．the 【详解】考查定冠词。句意：去年，一台强大的计算机计算出了破纪录的62.8万亿位圆周率。而在2005年，一位23岁的年轻人运用巧妙的脑力技巧，背诵出了近6万8千位圆周率数字。然而，没有人能够到达圆周率的尽头。此处表示特指圆周率这个数字的终点，用定冠词the。故填the。 4．an 【详解】考查不定冠词。句意：今年早些时候，英国伦敦11岁的Kashmea Wahi在智商测试中得了162分。根据句意，此处泛指“一次智商测试”，intelligence以元音音素开头，用不定冠词an。故填an。 5．the 【详解】考查定冠词。句意：除了拯救生命和滋养身体，传统中医的魔力存在于中国人生活的各个方面。此处特指传统中医的魔力，应用定冠词the。故填the。 6．the 【详解】考查定冠词。句意：在宋代，人们还发明了一种指示方向的仪器，称为罗盘鱼，它可以在水上漂浮。在表示“朝代”的名词前，一般要加上定冠词the，表示特指。故填the。 7．a 【详解】考查不定冠词。句意：华卫光是内蒙古通辽的一名退休教师，他是一名摄影爱好者。修饰可数名词teacher，应填不定冠词，表示泛指“一位退休教师”，且retired的首字母发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 8．an 【详解】考查不定冠词。句意：Saxaul树是一种很好的固沙树种，虽然很容易被忽视，但是很常见。species意为“种类”，为可数名词，此处为第一次出现，应用不定冠词表示泛指。excellent的开头发音为元音，不定冠词应用an。故填an。 9．the 【详解】考查冠词。句意：这种艺术曾经受到农村各个年龄层的人的欢迎。然而，在20世纪80年代，随着电影和电视节目的流行，它开始失去它的光芒，许多演员转向其他工作。年代前需要用定冠词the。故填the。 10．a 【详解】考查不定冠词。句意：朱德军大学毕业后的第一份工作是在家乡做道路设计工程师。分析句子可知，修饰可数名词engineer，应填不定冠词，表示泛指“道路设计工程师”，且road的首字母发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 【2024·新高考I卷】 Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ________ first time. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：亚洲和欧洲之间的贸易路线第一次为英国带来了丝绸、香料和许多植物。固定搭配：for the first time，意为“第一次”，符合句意。故填the。 【2024年浙江卷1月】 Then, when you use one section, ________ other stays fresh. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：然后，当你使用其中一部分时，另一部分保持新鲜。the other意为“另一个”，为固定搭配，所以此处应用定冠词the。故填the。 【2023年新高考II卷】 Not the pandas, even though ________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：不是熊猫，尽管医学训练指导使用的语言实际上是英语。分析句子结构可知，此处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言，表特指，应用定冠词修饰。故填the。 【2023年全国乙卷】 Mom was sure same color would look great on her. 【答案】same前加the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：妈妈确信同样的颜色在她身上会很好看。same前常加定冠词。故same前加the。 【2023年新高考II卷】 Not the pandas, even though ________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：不是熊猫，尽管医学训练指导使用的语言实际上是英语。分析句子结构可知，此处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言，表特指，应用定冠词修饰。故填the。 【2023年浙江卷1月】 In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect culture of grassroots Beijingers. 【答案】the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：与紫禁城颐和园和天坛所代表的宫廷生活和上流社会文化相比，胡同所反映出的是草根北京人的文化。根据名词culture后面的介词短语of grassroots Beijingers可知，此处culture表示特指概念，应用定冠词the修饰。故填the。 ◆【代词】◆ 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 代词考点，是英语高考常考点之一。在高考中主要考查点有：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、代词宾格、形式主语或宾语的it、强调句中的it等。 应特别注意以下几点： ①对代词的指代或替代功能的考查； ②对不定代词意义用法的考查； ③对反身代词的考查； ④对代词格的考查； ⑤对it作形式主语或宾语的考查、强调句中的it的考查； ⑥对含有代词的短语考查。 【要点梳理】 考点一：人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 人称代词主格 I we you you he　she　it they 人称代词宾格 me us you you him　her　it them 形容词性物主代词 my our your your his　her　its their 名词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his　hers　its theirs 反身代词 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself　herself　itself themselves 知识1： 人称代词 人称代词的句法功能。在句中,人称代词作不同的成分对应其不同的格: 作主语→用主格 作宾语→用宾格    作表语→ 指代主语用主格，指代宾语用宾格 单独使用或放not后→多用宾格 We all grew up hearing people tell us to "go out and get some fresh air."人们告诉我们"出去呼吸点新鲜空气",我们都是听着这些长大的。(主格We作主语,宾格us作tell的宾语) 1.在It is/was...that/who...强调句型中,若被强调部分是人称代词,作主语用主格,作宾语用宾格。 ►It was we that met him at the school gate. (主格we作主语) ►It was him that we met at the school gate.(宾格him作宾语) 2.句中没有谓语动词时,人称代词常用宾格。 ►—I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. —Me,too. 3.当说话者不清楚或没必要知道谈论对象的性别时,常用it来表示。 ►What a lovely baby! Is it a boy or a girl? 知识2： 物主代词 物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 1.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词:置于名词之前,作定语,不可单独使用。 ►Those people are my schoolmates. 拓展延伸　　含形容词性物主代词的常用结构: 1.形容词性物主代词+own(+名词) 某人自己的(……) ►I have my own room. ►I need a room of my own. 2.形容词性物主代词+v-ing,可作主语或宾语 ►His being ill made his mother worried. 2.名词性物主代词相当于"形容词性物主代词+名词":可单独使用(作主语、表语和宾语),也可用"of+名词性物主代词"结构作后置定语。 ► Your bike is black. Mine is red. (=My bike is red.) ►There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours?(= May I use your bike?) ►Kate went on holiday with a cousin of hers. 知识3： 反身代词 1.反身代词可作宾语:常在 enjoy, teach, hurt, behave, introduce(介绍)等动词后作动宾和by, for, to, in, of等介词后作介宾。 ►He is teaching himself English. ►She was talking to herself. 2.反身代词可作同位语:用于加强语气,强调"亲自,本人,亲身"。 ►He himself went to the bank. 3.反身代词可作表语:常用于be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态。 ►I'm not myself today. ►I am feeling myself again. 归纳总结： 含有反身代词的常用短语 1.介词+反身代词： by oneself 单独,独自　　 for oneself 亲自,为自己 in oneself 本身,本来          to oneself 独自拥有的,独享的 2.动词+反身代词： enjoy oneself过得愉快   amuse oneself自娱       seat oneself就座   boast oneself自夸      teach oneself自学   express oneself表达自己 behave oneself举止得  hide oneself自己藏   dress oneself自己穿衣  apply/devote oneself to致力于  feel oneself觉得身体好 help oneself to随便吃/用 lose oneself in沉迷于 make yourself at home不拘束  adapt/adjust oneself to使自己适应于 考点二：不定代词 · either, both, neither, all, none, any either 肯定意义 表示“两者中的一个”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。 both 肯定意义 表示“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。 neither 否定意义 表示“两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。 all 肯定意义 作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致。 none 否定意义 作主语后接复数名词时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数；后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。 any 肯定意义 作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其代指的名词确定，常与of连用。 ►There are two ways leading to the woods. Either seems (=Both seem) to be passable. 有两条路通往森林,任何一条/两条似乎都走得通。 ►Neither of the two cars is mine.这两辆汽车都不是我的。 ►All of the food has gone.所有食物都没了。 ►None of the money is mine.钱都不是我的。 ►Mr. Smith refused to accept any of the three suggestions.史密斯先生拒绝接受三条建议中的任何一条。 · the other, another, the others, others the other 指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one...the other ...结构，意为“一个……另一个……”；作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”。 other 不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义。 another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……”。 others 单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。 1.the other还可作定语修饰可数名词,修饰可数名词复数时,表示"其余全部的"。如: the other book另一本书　 the other books其余的书 2.another也可作定语,后可跟"基数词/few(+可数名词复数)",表示"另外的……"。"another+基数词+可数名词复数"相当于"基数词+more+可数名词复数"。 ►I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks (=three more weeks). · none, nobody/no one, nothing none 既可指人也可指物，多与表示范围的介词of连用；与数量有关，可回答how many或how much类的问句，表示“一个也没有”。 nobody/ no one 不能与of连用，只能指人，表示“什么人也没有”，可回答who引导的疑问句。 nothing 表示“什么也没有”，用来否定一切，可回答what引导的疑问句。 ►—How much money do you have?你有多少钱? —None.一点也没有。 ►—Who is in the room?谁在屋里? —No one/Nobody.没有人。 ►—What are you doing now?你现在在做什么? —Nothing.什么也没有做。 对"some/any/every+名词"进行全部否定的词是none; someone/somebody/everyone/everybody/anyone/anybody进行全部否定的词是nobody/no one; 对something/anything/everything 进行全部否定的词是nothing。 ►If I had some money, I would lend him, but unfortunately, I have none.如果我有些钱的话,我会借给他,但不幸的是,我一点钱也没有。 1.none作主语时谓语动词的单复数 指代不可数名词→单数 指代可数名词复数时→单、复数均可 ►We had three cats once — none is/are alive now. 2.none可与of连用,作主语时谓语动词的单复数 none of +不可数名词→单数形式 none of +可数名词复数→单、复数均可 ►None of the telephones is/are working. · many,much,(a)few,(a)little many,much,(a)few,(a)little既可作代词,又可作限定词,总结如下: 含义    替代或修饰名词复数      替代或修饰不可数名词  表示"多" many much  表示"少" few little 表示"肯定" a few a little  表示"否定" few little (注意:not a little,quite a little相当于much;not a few,quite a few相当于many) ►Many wanted to change their life in the town. ►You have a lot of free time, but I don't have much ►A lot of guests were invited, but few came. ►If you have any spare milk, could you give me a little? · some和any some常用于肯定句,any则常用于否定句和疑问句。 ►Some of the milk has gone bad. ►I need some stamps. Are there any in your bag? 特别提醒： any还可用于肯定句,表示"任一" ►I'll take any you don't want. some和any均可作限定词,修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词。 1.some常用于肯定句,any常用于否定句和疑问句。 ►There's still some wine in the bottle. ►Are there any meat? I didn't eat any meat. 2.some也可用于疑问句。若疑问句表示请求、建议或邀请,或期望得到对方肯定的答复,用some,不用any。 ►May I ask you some questions? (请求) ►Would you like some coffee? (邀请) 【注意】　some和any均可修饰可数名词单数。 (1)"some+可数名词单数"表示"某一……"。 ►John, some student is waiting for you downstairs. (2)"any+可数名词单数"表示"任一……"。 ►Take any book you like. · each 1.each可直接作主语,也可接“of+名词复数”作主语,此时,谓语动词用单数。 ►Each (of the students) has a dictionary. 2.each可作同位语,放在主语(复数)后,谓语动词用复数。 ►They each have a dictionary. 拓展延伸　each还可作限定词,修饰可数名词单数,常与every进行区别辨析: each指 “两者或两者以上中的每一个”， 强调个体 every指 “三者或三者以上中的每一个”， 强调全体，相当于all ►There are lots of flowers on each side of the road. 路两边有许多花。 ►She knows every student in the school. 她认识学校里的每一个学生。 · 不定代词构成的固定搭配 anything but 决不,根本不　　　nothing but 仅仅,只有 none but=only仅仅,只有  all but几乎,差不多; 除……外全部 anybody/everybody but除……外的任何人 not anything=nothing没有什么(表示全部否定) not everything并非每件东西(表示部分否定) not much of a...不是很好,不怎么样 ...or something ……诸如此类的什么 something like... 有点像……,大概……,大约…… something or other 一件什么东西(事情) something of a... 有些……,有几分……　 ►He is anything but a clerk.他根本不是一名职员。 ►He is a scientist or something.他是科学家之类的人物。 ►I have something like 20 dollars in cash.我大概有20美元现金。 ►His life is something of a mystery. 他的生活有几分神秘。 考点三：替代词和指示代词 · 替代词one, the one, that, it it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或物 that/those that指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词时，相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones。 one/ones one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。 In Canada,the tipping situation is very similar to _______ of the US.  分析语境及句子结构,尤其是空后的介词短语of the US,可知此处用that替代前面提到的the tipping situation,表示同类事物。故填that。 The Chinese have known about the benefits of green tea since ancient times, and they use _______ to treat various diseases such as headaches and depression. 句意:自古以来中国人就知道绿茶的好处,并用绿茶来治疗各种疾病,如头痛和抑郁症。此处指代的是前面提到的green tea,故用it。 · 指示代词this, that, these, those 1.指代前面提到过的事物,常用that或those,起"承上"的作用;指代将要提及的事物,常用this或these,起"启下"的作用。 ►He was ill.That's why he didn't come. ►What do you think of this? Jack broke my camera,but he refused to pay for the repairs.(此句中this指代下文将要提到的事物,不能换成that) 2.在打电话时,用this来介绍自己,用that来询问对方。 ►Hello. This is Tom. Who is that speaking? 3.含有this, that的习惯用法。 this and that 这样那样，各种事情 that is (to say) 也就是说 Is that so？真的是这样吗？ That’s all. 就这些。 That’s it. 好了。 That’s enough. 够了。 · 指示代词such和the same 1.such指代如前所述的那样的人或事物。 ►Such is Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements.这就是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,一个简朴而又成就卓越的人。 2.the same指同样的人或事物。 ►The same happened once.同样的事情曾经发生过。 考点四：it的用法 · it作形式主语 it可以作形式主语,而把真正的主语后置。常用it作形式主语的句型有: (1)It+be+adj.+(for sb.) to do sth.常用于此句型的形容词有:easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible等。 ►It is necessary to change your job. (2)It takes/took sb.+一段时间+to do sth. 表示"做某事花费某人多长时间"。 ►It took us half an hour to get to the town. (3)It+be+adj.+of sb. to do sth. 此句型中的形容词通常描述人的性格、品质等。常用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。 ►It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home. (4)It+be+n.+(for sb./sth.)to do sth.常用于此句型的名词(短语)有: pity, shame, pleasure, fun, joy, good/bad manners等。 ►It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old. (5)It+be+adj./n.+doing sth.常用于此句型的形容词和名词(短语)有: useless, fun, no/little use, no/much good等。 ►It's no use crying over spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。(覆水难收,悔恨无益。) (6)It+be+adj./n.+主语从句.在"It is necessary/important+that从句"中,从句的谓语常用"should+动词原形",且should可以省略。 ►It's necessary and important that one should master the skills of operating computers. (7)It+be+过去分词+that从句.say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, intend, plan, understand, know, demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend等动词的过去分词常用于此句型。 ►It is reported that another satellite has been in orbit. 特别提醒　 在"It's suggested/advised/ ordered/ requested/ insisted(坚决要求)/required/demanded+that从句"中,从句要用虚拟语气,即从句谓语要用"should+动词原形",should可省略。　　　 (8)It makes no difference/doesn't matter+主语从句. ►It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.你去或不去对我来说无所谓。 (9)It seems/appears/happens+that从句. ►It seemed that she had made some mistakes in the design of the machine.她好像在机器的设计上出了一些错误。 · it作形式宾语 (1)当宾语是动词-ing、动词不定式或that从句,且其后有宾语补足语时,为了保持句子结构的平衡,通常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语置于句末。常用结构是:find/feel/think/believe/consider/make等+it+宾 补+动词-ing/动词不定式/that从句。 ►I feel it hard to climb the mountain. ►We find it useless waiting here all the time. (2)某些及物动词(短语)后不能直接跟从句。此时应先用it作形式宾语,然后接宾语从句。常用结构是:hate/like/appreciate/depend on等+it+从句。 ►I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. ►You may depend on it that all the goods will be shipped abroad in time. 3.it构成强调句(It is/was…that/who…) ►It was I that/who told him about it.是我告诉他这件事的。 (it构成强调句型的具体用法详见"强调句型") 4.it的特殊用法 (1)it指天气、时间、环境、距离等 ►It is a lovely day today, isn't it? ►It was nearly midnight when she came back. ►It was very quiet in the cafe. ►It is half an hour's walk to the city centre. (2)含有it的固定结构 as it is事实上　　　　　　as sb. puts it 正如某人所说 It depends.视情况而定。  Don't mention it.不客气。 Take it easy.别紧张。      believe it or not 信不信由你     see to it that…确保……     make it 成功,做到 mean it说话算数                  can't help it无能为力 call it a day到此为止         go for it 大胆试一试 take it for granted that…认为……是理所当然的 (3)it可以用来替代整个句子或句中谓语部分所表示的意思。 ►Mrs. Anderson is already past fifty, but she doesn't look it.安德逊夫人已经年过五十,可是看上去不像。 · it构成的几个易混淆的句型 1.It+be+时间段+since引导的状语从句 "自……以来已多久了"。 表示现在的情况时,主句多用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句多用一般过去时;表示过去的情况时,主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时。 ►It is three years since his father passed away. ►It was 10 years since they had married. 2.It+be+时间段+before引导的状语从句             过了...才... 该句型中的"时间段"一般为some time,…years,…months,…weeks, …days, …hours, …minutes等。 主句可用一般过去时或一般将来时(will be):若主句用一般过去时,before从句用一般过去时;若主句用一般将来时,before从句常用一般现在时。 ►It was some time before I knew the truth.过了一段时间我才了解到真相。 ►It will be many years before the situation improves.这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。 3.It+be+时间点+when引导的状语从句 该句型中, it 指时间,而且表示时间点的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句的谓语动词和从句的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的,但若主句用将来时,从句常用一般现在时代替将来时。 ►It was already 8 o'clock when we got home. ►It will be next morning when we finish our work. 4.It+be+ (high/about) time+ (that)引导的从句 "是做……的时候了"。 从句要用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were)或"should+动词原形", should不可省略。     ►It is high time (that) she called her mother. 5.It+be+the first/second/third…time+(that)引导的从句 "这/那是某人第几次做某事"。 ►It was the fifth time (that) he had paid a friendly visit to Africa. 备注1： 部分否定与全部否定 1.no one, none, nobody, nothing以及"no+名词"等都表示全部否定。 ►None of us was going to the party.我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。 2.当not与不定代词all, both, everyone, everybody, everything等或"every+名词"连用时,不管not在它们之前还是之后,都表示部分否定。此外,not与总括性副词(如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等)连用时也表示部分否定。 ►Not all of them smoke.=All of them don't smoke. ►Such a thing can't be found everywhere. · 【代词思维导图】 课堂精练 演练 · 单句语法填空 1．To my disappointment,         of the details she told us was exact.  2．       is acknowledged to us all that the old scientist, for whom life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.  3．I am sorry to have you waiting for so long, but I really have         urgent to deal with.  4．If you try your best to do something，you should believe that you can make        . 5．We will appreciate         very much if you can reply to our letters as early as possible.  6．Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of         (they) contents.  7．In order to make her 45th birthday impressive, I intend to buy her a wonderful present,        that is not expensive but very meaningful.  8．There are some tall trees on         side of the street. So you will feel cool.  9．We find       difficult to talk to him about anything serious.  10．In many ways, the education system in China is different from      in the UK.  11．Within industries, companies are always trying to develop products that are one step better than         of other companies.  12．—Brenda bought a Huawei P60 cellphone last week. —Oh, really? How I wish I could get       as well!  13．For these reasons, I can draw a safe conclusion that there is        better than singing that will make my life wonderful.  14．Building a new school is one thing, while keeping it running smoothly is quite       . 15．Ecotourism has         (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s.  16．Since people can’t always eat out or cook for        (they), they get takeout or order delivery.  17．You can rely on it         he will take good care of your pet dog while you’re away.  18．When you give a speech, you should try to make         (you) understood by the audiences.  19．         is out of question that China’s economy will keep growing for 40 years.  20．Sometimes,we take        for granted that everything has to be perfect for us and we expect high quality products and service.  参考答案： 1．none 【详解】考查代词。句意：令我失望的是，她告诉我们的所有细节都不准确。设空处为主语，根据句意可知是没有一个，应用代词none，故填none。 2．It 【详解】考查代词。句意：众所周知，这位老科学家过去的生活很艰苦，但他80多岁了还在努力工作。It is acknowledged that…应该承认……，句中It作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。根据句意，故填It。  3．something 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：很抱歉你等了这么久，但我确实有一些紧急的事情要处理。结合语意可知，空处应用不定代词something，表示“某事”，作动词have的宾语，符合题意。故填something。 4．it 【详解】考查动词短语。句意：如果你尽力去做某事，你应该相信你能成功。固定短语make it意为“获得成功”，故填it。 5．it 【详解】考查代词。句意：如果您能尽早回复我们的信，我们将非常感激。分析句子结构可知，此处涉及固定句型I would appreciate it if…，意为“如果……我将不胜感激”，所以此处应填代词it。故填it。 6．their 【详解】考查代词。句意：除了南翔，最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮，可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来，而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。修饰后面的名词contents需用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。 7．one 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：为了给她45岁的生日留下深刻的印象，我打算给她买一份精美的礼物，一份不贵但很有意义的礼物。one可替代前面有不定冠词的可数名词单数，即表示泛指。此处泛指上文名词present，且present前有不定冠词，所以应用one，表示“一份礼物”。故填one。 8．either 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：在街道两边有一些高大树木。所以你会觉得很凉爽。根据常识可知，街道有两个边，且side为单数形式，应用either修饰，意为“两者中的任意一个”。故填either。 9．it 【详解】考查形式宾语。句意：我们发现很难和他谈任何严肃的事情。find it +adj.+ to do...是固定句型，其中it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。本句中设空处用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是to talk to him about anything serious。故填it。 10．that 【详解】考查代词。句意：在许多方面，中国的教育体系与英国的（的教育体系）不同。此处指英国的教育体系，与前面提到的中国的教育体系为同类事物，上文中的system是单数，应用that，特指上文中提到的the education system。故填that。 11．those 【详解】考查代词。句意：在行业内，公司总是试图开发比其他公司更好一步的产品。those代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，分析句子可知，此处为代词those代替前面的复数名词products。故答案为those。 12．one 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：——Brenda上周买了一个华为P60智能手机。——噢，真的吗？我多么希望我也能买一个。one与that虽可用来指代同一类名词，但one为泛指，相当于a/an+名词；that为特指，相当于the+名词。此处应是代替a Huawei P60 cellphone，为泛指，故填one。 13．nothing 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：基于这些理由，我可以得出一个可靠的结论：没有什么比唱歌更能使我的生活变得精彩了。由“better than singing that will make my life wonderful”可知，“否定词+比较级”相当于最高级，句子表示“没有什么比唱歌更能使我的生活变得精彩了”，空格处意为“没有什么，没有一件东西”，应用nothing。故填nothing。 14．another 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：建一所新学校是一回事，而让它平稳运行又是另一回事。不定代词another三者或三者以上的另一个。由前面的“is one thing”可知，句子表示“建一所新学校是一回事，而让它平稳运行又是另一回事”，空格处意为“另一个”，根据句意，此处是三者或三者以上的另一个。 故答案为another。 15．its 【详解】考查代词。句意：生态旅游起源于20世纪70年代的环境运动。直到上世纪80年代末，这个概念才被广泛接受。根据空格后名词origin可知，此处形容词性物主代词来修饰名词origin，作定语。故填its。 16．themselves 【详解】考查反身代词。句意：因为人们不能总是在外面吃饭或者为他们自己做饭，所以他们点外带或者叫外卖。分析句子可知，空处作介词for的宾语，cook这一动作的实施者和承受者为同一人，空处应用they的反身代词形式themselves，意为“他们自己”。故填themselves。 17．that 【详解】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：你可以放心，当你不在的时候，他会好好照顾你的宠物狗。分析可知，“it”为形式宾语，“________ he will take good care of your pet dog while you’re away”为真正宾语，为宾语从句形式。从句成分完整，句意完整，应用无任何意义，只起连接作用的that引导从句。故填that。 18．yourself 【详解】考查代词。句意：当你发表演讲时，你应该努力让听众听懂你的话。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作宾语，谓语动词的动作反作用于主语本身，应使用反身代词，而且make oneself understood为固定短语，含义为“让……听懂”，与句子表达的含义一致，故填yourself。 19．It 【详解】考查主语从句、代词。句意：毫无疑问，中国经济将在40年内保持增长。分析句子结构，这是一个包含主语从句的复合句，连接词为that，空白处在句子中作形式主语，真正主语为“that China’s economy will keep growing for 40 years.”，因此使用代词it作形式主语，故填It。 20．it 【详解】考查代词。句意：有时，我们理所当然地认为一切都必须完美，我们期望高质量的产品和服务。分析句子，句中take it for granted that...为固定短语，意为“认为……是理所当然的”。该结构中it作形式宾语。故填it。 · 单项选择 1.People felt ________impossible for man to fly into outer space some years ago. A. that          B. what          C. it          D. this 2.The information on the Internet gets around more rapidly than _____in the newspaper. A.it           B.one           C.that           D.those 3.Tina recommended me a few foreign songs, but _____ was to my taste. A.all           B.neither           C.either           D.none 4.I've just read your blood test report and all seems OK, so there's _____ to worry about. A.something           B.anything           C.nothing           D.everything 5.The old computer is theirs but the new computer belongs to _____. A.we           B.our           C.us           D.ours 6.Could you tell me where you bought your beautiful handbag？I want to buy _____too. A.one           B.that           C.this           D.it 7.—Is this iPhone _____. —No, it isn't. I am just thinking of buying _____. A.your；it           B.your；one           C.yours；it           D.yours；one 8.—Which of the two computer games did you prefer? —Actually I didn't like _____. A.both of them                     B.either of them C.none of them                     D.neither of them 9.—What's this in English？ —_____a coat. A.This is           B.That is           C.It is           D.One is 10.—The pet dog in your hand is very nice. Is it _______? —Yes, but I'll give it to my friend Lucy as _______ birthday present. A. yours; hers          B. your; her          C. yours; her          D. you; her 11.The quality of education in this small school is better than _____ in some larger schools. A. that          B. one          C. it          D. this 12.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.     A. ones          B. those          C. these          D. them 13.Mr.  Green taught ________ English in our school and taught________ French at home. A. us, his          B. him, us          C. us, himself          D. our, himself 14.In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ______ in the UK. A. that           B. this          C. one          D. it 15.The gravity on Mars is only about three eighths of ______ on the Earth. A. that          B. those          C. one          D. ones 【答案】 1.答案：C 解析：句意：几年前人们觉得人类不可能飞到外层空间去。it作形式宾语，to fly into outer space是真正的宾语。故选C。 2.答案：C 解析：考查代词。句意：网上的信息比报纸上的信息传播得快。the information为不可数名词，故用that。故选C。 3.答案：D 解析：考查不定代词。句意：Tina推荐给我几首外国的歌曲，但是没有适合我的口味。all所有的；neither两者都不；either两者任何一个；none一个也没有。故选D。 4.答案：C 解析：考查不定代词。句意：我刚看了你的验血报告，没有问题，因此你没有必要担心。根据I've just read your blood test report and all seems OK可知不用担心。故选C。 5.答案：C 解析：考查代词。句意：这个旧电脑是他们的，但这台新的属于我们。根据句意及题干分析可知，belong to(属于)后面要跟代词的宾格形式。故选C。 6.答案：A 解析：考查指示代词。句意：你能告诉我这个漂亮的手提包是在哪里买的吗？我也想买一个。one表示泛指可数名词中的一个；that表示远指，也可指代不可数名词或比较的对象；this表示近指；it特指上文提到的人或物。这里指代前句提到的handbag，handbag是可数名词，"我"想买一个和你一样的手提包，说明是泛指同类中的一个，且指代可数名词，应该用one。故选A。     7.答案：D 解析：考查代词。句意：一这部苹果手机是你的吗？一不，它不是。我正考虑买一部。陈述句的形式为This iPhone is yours,故填名词性物主代词。it表示同一个；one表示同一类中的一个，因此用代词one。故选D。 8.答案：B 解析：考查代词。句意：一这两款电脑游戏，你更喜欢哪一款?一说实话，两款我都不喜欢。A.both of them"两者都";B.either of them"两者中的一个";C.none of them"都不(三者或三者以上)"；D.neither of them"两者都不"。根据句意可知，答语是对两者的否定。"两者都不"：neither=not...either。故选B。 9.答案：C 解析：考查代词。句意：—这个用英语怎么说？—它是一件大衣。当上句中的主语是this/that时，后句经常用it来代替。故选C。 10.答案：C 解析：句意：—你手里的宠物狗很好。是你的吗? —是的,但我会把它作为生日礼物送给我的朋友露西。根据句意和结构可知第一空使用yours代替your pet dog,意为"你的"；第二空用her"她的"指代Lucy's。故选C。 11.答案：A 解析：考查代词。句意: 这所小学校的教育质量要好于一些大学校。句中空格处代指不可数名词the quality of education, that=the +上文名词单数, 既可以是可数名词, 也可以是不可数名词, 代词it和one都代指可数名词单数, 所以用that。故选A。 12.答案：B 解析：考查代词。句意：一项研究表明，参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词与the students是对应关系，可以用the ones或者those替代。"them"指代的是前边提到的复数名词，不能与the students形成对应关系。"these"一般不用定语从句修饰。故选B。     13.答案：C 解析：考查代词。us我们，宾格；him他；our我们的；his他的；himself他自己；根据句意理解可知，这里第一空是表达"某人"，空格在动词后面做宾语，所以应该用宾格，而第二空表达的是"自学"，英语是teach oneself，而这里主语是Mr. Green，所以这里应该指代的是"他自己"，英语是himself。故选C。 14.答案：A 解析：本题考查代词。结合句意"在许多方面，美国的教育系统与英国的(教育系统)并没有太大不同"，所以这句话本应为In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from the education system in the UK，为了避免重复，横线处用that代指前面提到的内容，其余三项无此用法。故选A。 15.答案：A 解析：考查代词。本句中the gravity on Mars和the gravity on the Earth形成对比,gravity是单数,所以用that指代,that一般可代指可数名词单数和不可数名词。故选A。 课后反馈 演练 单句语法填空 1．On my recent visit，I held a lively three－month－old twin that had been rejected by________(it)mother. 2．By that time，the panda no longer needed________(it)mother for food. 3．Do you，for instance，feel that too much is being expected of________，and yet find it impossible to say no? 4．...I’d been at home in Hong Kong，with________(it)choking smog. 5．Niki is always full of ideas，but________is useful to my knowledge. 6．The meeting will be held in September，but________knows the date for sure. 7．To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against________． 8．The quality of education in this small school is better than________in some larger schools. 9．How would you like________if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you? 10．A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! It’s________(I)．”She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. 参考答案 1．考查代词。句意：在我最近的一次访问中，我抱着一只被它的母亲拒绝的活泼的三个月大的双胞胎。根  据空后mother可知，此处用it的形容词性物主代词，指代a lively three-month-old twin’s mother, 故填its。 2．考查代词。句意：到那时，熊猫不再需要它的母亲觅食了。根据空后mother可知，此处用it的形容词性物主代词，指代the panda’s mother,故填its。 3．考查代词。句意：例如，你是否觉得别人对你的期望太高，而你又不可能拒绝?分析句子结构可知，空处缺宾语，故此处用代词，再结合句意可知，故填you。 4．考查代词。句意：在香港我一直在家里,因为它令人窒息的烟雾。介词with之后是名词作宾语，名词前用物主代词作定语，因此填物主代词its“它的”，指香港的令人窒息的烟雾。故填its。 5．考查代词。句意：妮基总有很多主意，但据我所知没有哪一个是有用的。分析句子结构可知，此处缺主语，故填代词，结合句意可知，句中的“full of ideas”表明主意是三个或三个以上，所以用none表示完全否定。故填none。 6．考查代词。句意：会议要在九月召开，但是没有人知道确切日期。分析句子结构可知，此处缺主语，故填代词，再结合句意可知，该句由but连接的两个并列分句构成，第一个分句说会议将要在九月召开，而转折词but意味着两个分句意思相反，故用否定词nobody。故填nobody。 7．考查代词。句意：为了让自己暖和,那位水手坐在火堆前面,用一只脚摩擦另外一只脚。根据句意可知，表示两者之间的“一个……另一个……”,要用one...the other...，故填the other。 8．考查代词。句意：这所小学校的教学质量比一些较大学校的教学质量更好。分析句子结构可知，空处缺宾语，所以填代词，再结合句意可知，空处指代的quality为抽象不可数名词，that指代可数名词单数或不可数名词,故填that。 9．考查代词。句意：当你在看你最喜欢的电视节目时，如果有人进来，并且未经允许就把电视关掉，你会怎么想？分析句子结构可知，空处缺宾语，所以填代词，表示喜好、厌恶一类的动词后不能直接加宾语从句，需要用it作形式宾语，指代从句的内容。故填it。 10．考查代词。句意：一名女士惊呼，“是我丢东西了/那是我的箱子”。结合句意可知，此处用名词性物主代词或用宾格形式，指代my suitcase，故填me/mine。 单句语法填空 1．It is reported        Zhong Nanshan was awarded the Medal of the Republic because of his contributions to fighting against COVID-19.  2．        seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.  3．It is estimated         total investment in the country will continue to increase this year.  4．They live in a small house, and in front of        stands an orange tree.  5．The old man has three sons, but none of         is a doctor.  6．—How about the price of these refrigerators? —They’re equal in price to, if not cheaper than, the       at the other stores.  7．             suddenly occurred to him that he should study for the test.  8．She spends the day rushing from one meeting to        . 9．               turned out to be a great mistake.  10．Most of the parents think their approaches to raising children different from         of their parents． 参考答案 1．that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：据报道，钟南山因为抗击新冠肺炎的贡献而被授予共和国勋章。分析句子结构可知，此处为It为形式主语，设空处引导主语从句，从句中不缺少成分且意思完整。故填that。 2．It 【详解】考查it作形式主语。句意：很明显，进化应该选择更大的大脑。分析句子结构可知，that引导从句作真正的主语，句首应用it作形式主语，it置于句首，首字母大写。故填It。 3．that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：据估计，今年该国的总投资将继续增加。分析句子结构和意思可知，it是形式主语， total investment in the country will continue to increase this year是真正的主语从句，从句基本成分完整，上下文意思连贯，应用只起连接作用、无实意的that引导。故填that。 4．it 【详解】考查代词。句意：他们住在一所小房子里，房子前面有一棵橘子树。句中and连接两个并列分句，空处指代前面分句中的a small house，应用代词宾格it，作in front of的宾语。故填it。 5．them 【详解】考查代词。句意：那位老人有三个儿子，但他们都不是医生。在连词but后的并列句中应用宾格them代指“three sons”作宾语。故填them。 6．ones 【详解】考查代词。句意：——这些冰箱的价格是多少? ——它们的价格和其他商店的一样，如果不是更便宜的话。这里用代词指代对话中的“They”，即“refrigerators”，因为是复数，所以代词也相应需要使用复数形式。故填ones。 7．It 【详解】考查主语从句、形式主语。句意：他突然想到应该为考试而学习。分析句子结构，这是一个包含主语从句的复合句，空白处为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句that he should study for the test，通常用it作形式主语，且it occurred to sb that为固定结构，含义为：某人突然想到……，与句子表达的含义一致，故填It。 8．another 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：她花了一天时间从一个会议匆匆忙忙地去另一个会议。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要不定代词another，作宾语。from one  ... to another ... 为常用表达，意为“从一……到另一……”。故填another。 9．It 【详解】考查代词。句意：事实证明这是一个巨大的错误。分析句子可知，句中缺少主语，可使用代词it作主语，位于句首时，首字母大写。故填It。 10．those 【详解】考查代词。句意：大多数父母认为他们抚养孩子的方法与他们父母的不同。为避免重复，代指前文出现的approaches应用those。根据句意，故填those。 【2024年浙江卷1月】 Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking ________ (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 【答案】ones 【解析】考查代词。句意：谁知道呢，也许一些更有远见的人可能还会推出一系列“只为你”的包装尺寸，并提供特别优惠。代词one意为“一个人”，在some of后应用复数形式。故填ones。 【2024年全国甲卷】 This area, with _______ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy-as a national park. 【答案】its 【解析】考查代词。句意：这个地方，以其独特而令人惊叹的自然美景，必须被妥善保存供全国人民欣赏。这里“它们”用形容词性物主代词做定语修饰名词beauty。 【2023年全国甲卷】 In that class, Miss Zhao, our biology teacher, showed we insects on stamps. 【答案】we→us 【解析】考查代词。句意：在那节课上，我们的生物老师赵老师给我们看了邮票上的昆虫。作动词show的宾语，应用宾格us。故we改为us。 【2023年全国乙卷】 Last Friday my mom decided to color his hair. She studied with all the hair products at the drugstore. 【答案】 his → her 【解析】考查代词。句意：上周五，我妈妈决定染头发。此处指“我妈妈染她的头发”，应用代词her。故his改为her。 【2022年北京卷】 Since people can’t always eat out or cook for ________ (they), they get takeout or order delivery. 【答案】themselves 【解析】考查反身代词。句意：因为人们不能总是在外面吃饭或者为他们自己做饭，所以他们叫外卖或者预定配送服务。空处在句中作介词for的宾语，当主语和宾语为同一物时，宾语要用反身代词。所以此处要用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！共 23 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$