专题26【汇编】新八省期中阅读理解议论文通关16篇（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）-2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练

· 《2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练》 · 专题26【汇编】新八省期中阅读理解议论文通关16篇 · （满分攻略+八省名校模拟）原卷版 ( 议论 文 满分 作答解题 妙招 ) 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。 议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，偶尔考查文章的主旨大意和作者的情感态度。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。 一、考情分析 议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。 1. 语言与结构特点 议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。 2. 答题误区 议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。 二、解题秘籍 1.抓住论点找主旨。 阅读议论文最重要的是抓住文章的论点，找到文章的论点也就把握了文章的主旨。一般来说，作者会在开头段落交代文章的论点，因此，细读文章首段尤为重要。 议论文多采用“倒三角形”结构，因此“首段”和“段首”就是做题最大的要领，据此可以做好写作意图题、主旨大意题和标题推断题。 2.理清文章结构。 议论文一般采用“总分总”的结构，作者先给出论点，然后从不同方面（正面，反面）进行论证，最后给出总结或者自己的观点。文章中会出现较为明显的转折，递进，并列或者归纳总结等的逻辑关系词。考生在阅读时，要理清文章结构，找到论点的基础上进而理解作者给出的论据，突破细节理解题和推理判断题。 3. 体会语言特点。 能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。 4.注意干扰项特点。 ①包含项原则 在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。 ②正反项原则 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。 ③委婉项原则 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。 ④同形项原则 命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。 ⑤常识项原则 议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。 ⑥因果项原则 阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。 三、议论文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解议论文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 新八省 期中 名校 模拟试题 ) · · 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文01】（24-25高三上·四川成都·期中）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment (投入) to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is that we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one’s field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion (排除) of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective (视角) into specific fields of expertise (专长). The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. “I don’t know where it will lead, but I’m excited I’m on this pursuit.” These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 1．To become a specialist, what does one person may have to do? A．Narrow his range of knowledge. B．Avoid responsibilities at work. C．Know more about the society. D．Broaden his perspective on life. 2．What do the specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to do? A．Treasure their freedom. B．Travel around the world. C．Spend most time working. D．Enjoy meeting funny people. 3．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person’s success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．How to turn a generalist into a specialist. B．There are some ways to become a generalist. C．We should be more a generalist than a specialist. D．It’s hard to decide to be a generalist or a specialist. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文02】（24-25高三上·四川·期中）The law of supply and demand determines that an overabundance of anything will lead to a decrease in price.This rule applies not only to goods and services, but also to lifestyle and fashion trends. In the 19th century, the primitive paintings of Picasso and Matisse shook up the positive image of the French bourgeoisie (中产阶级) . In the 1970s, talented musicians with tailored costumes and egos were overshadowed by a band of punk rockers who sang about the cruel realities of ordinary life in poor urban areas. I predict that this will also happen with beauty standards. The idealized version of life portrayed in fashion magazines will reach a turning point, as people become tired of unattainable perfection. During my time in Washington D．C． in the 1990s, I had the opportunity to interact with numerous political celebrities. While chatting with former presidents or bumping into TV pundits (名嘴) in elevators, I also assisted former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, who was my boss’s boss. What struck me was how plain these people appeared in real life despite their public characters. Like everyone else, they grappled with insecurities and mood swings, even though they were constantly under the spotlight. Yes, it was great to drop names on the phone to my friends. My father, of course, couldn’t understand why I would ever want to leave there. “Because you’re not me and I’m not impressed,” I told him. We do not need to lead a luxurious life or make groundbreaking achievements to be content. Happiness can be found in living out the ordinary moments of an authentic life. Most of us end up being ordinary people without doing anything that changes the world, but that does not mean our lives are meaningless. In fact, it is precisely this realization that leads to sustainable happiness because, when all is said and done, no one’s lifestyle is essentially better than any other’s. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．People’s lifestyle was changed by French bourgeoisie. B．New forms of art and music started to focus more on reality. C．Artists and musicians called on people to lead a simple and real life. D．Ordinary people’s understanding of art and music was always in a lower class. 2．What does the author’s observation about political celebrities suggest? A．They are just like ordinary people. B．They lack the ability to lead a normal life. C．They are not as successful as they claim to be. D．They are not as intelligent as they appear on TV. 3．Which can best replace the underline phrase in paragraph 4? A．struggled with. B．agreed with. C．came up with. D．competed with. 4．What does the author want to imply in the last paragraph? A．No one’s lifestyle is as same as others’. B．People should strive for a better lifestyle. C．People should be content with their own lifestyles. D．People should critically evaluate other people’s lifestyles. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文03】（24-25高三上·四川内江·阶段练习）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 1．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to . A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 2．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 3．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 4．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文04】（24-25高三上·云南·期中考试）Planetary changes which will have an influence on many are drawing near because of the poor ecological state of the planet. Actually change has already begun through climate changes, but most humans haven’t noticed this yet. Climate change has begun to influence the world already and will begin to worsen within the next few years. As the planet is under big geological (地质的) stresses, which are continuously increasing, it will in the future no longer be able to support its population. Shortage of resources, over-farming, lack of clean air, not enough clean drinking water and drought are some of the issues that will all play a much greater role in the near future. Humans have caused large ecological destruction. The lifestyles of many people are changing at a fast speed; however, this will finally result in a shortage of some valuable resources. When this shortage begins to happen, people will no longer be able to have sustainable (可持续的) lifestyles. It’s important to understand that everyone plays a role in the whole process of life. Each person’s decision can finally affect the future. These decisions, all combined, can have a very good effect on what the future will be like for humans. So the future depends on the choices we make at the present moment. While more and more people are becoming aware of climate change and other environmental problems related to global warming, not all are fully understanding how far-reaching its effects will be. Unfortunately, most of the humans realize that the planet isn’t functioning well, but they don’t understand that this is creating a major problem for the future survival of humans. So, every person should make the necessary changes to reduce their influence on the environment and help create a more sustainable future 1．What do we know about climate change from the text? A．It is not casy for people to understand. B．It is expected to become worse soon. C．It is mainly caused by natural disasters. D．It is well realized by most humans. 2．What are paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A．Resources humans are running out of. B．Healthy lifestyles humans need to lead. C．Problems humans will be faced with. D．Geological changes humans have caused. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To call on people to contribute to a sustainable future. B．To inform people the planet isn’t functioning properly. C．To warn people of the danger of ecological destruction. D．To tell people the right way to obtain enough resources. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Causes of Planetary Changes B．The Influence of Ecological Destruction C．Ways to Build a Sustainable Future D．Environmental Damage and the Human Future 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文05】（24-25高二上·山西·期中考试）Happiness isn’t earned; it’s noticed. You can put a lot of energy into getting to a position where happiness is easier to notice. But if you are not excited about an achievement, you know that happiness isn’t automatic (自动的). Instead, you need to practice noticing happiness around you. It’s actually a rather common emotion; we just usually ignore most of the sources for it because they are not important. Every rock around you has a story, a structure, and a texture (纹理). Pick up a rock and look at it until you find something you like. Then drop it, catch another, and do it again. With just a little practice, you’ll build an entire little system in your own head for admiring rocks, and pretty soon you can get a little bit of happiness just looking at a rock. That includes everything. Flowers, trees, wind, clouds, cars, rain, rural diners, children’s sports matches, library bathrooms, parking lots, everything. The world has an endless supply of detail, and there’s no good reason not to learn to enjoy that. When you do this, you get this kind of superpower where you can find small joy in any situation. The only reason why most of us don’t learn to practice this skill is that we were told it’s a waste of time by people who never figured it out. With a lot of practice, it can even help you out during times of intense sadness, fear or pain. When you experience a negative (消极的) emotion, it’s a very powerful skill to be able to say “Wow, how interesting that a person can hurt like this! What a world!” It doesn’t make the bad feelings go away, it doesn’t fix whatever problem that caused them, but even in the depths of hopelessness you can shine a little light. 1．What do we learn about happiness from paragraph 1? A．It is difficult to get. B．It lies in everyone’s life. C．It requires discovering. D．It is a mixed emotion. 2．What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning the rock? A．To tell the stories behind it. B．To connect it with many other things. C．To prove the value of every rock. D．To show a way to notice happiness. 3．Why do many people fail to notice happiness? A．They run after real joy in life. B．They want to cover everything. C．They are misled by negative people. D．They pay too much attention to detail. 4．How can admiring happiness benefit us? A．It drives our bad feelings away. B．It brightens us in a positive light. C．It helps solve difficult problems in life. D．It keeps our mind open to everything. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文06】（2024·陕西榆林·一模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a vital skill that means we can predict other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life, we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer other’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this ability starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the competence in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to appear naturally from one’s own learning process. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen, but we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 1．Why does the author mention “games” and “protein structures” in the first paragraph? A．To stress how important the science is. B．To promote the use of AI in daily life. C．To present AI’s theory of mind. D．To contrast with AI’s lack of mind reading. 2．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well? A．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. B．When a mom tells her kid to eat the food that is good for health and he eats it. C．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. D．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. 3．What may the author agree with? A．We should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI. B．Humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect. C．Mind reading requires huge amounts of context. D．The theory of mind is independent of one’s learning process. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文07】（24-25高三上·山西忻州·阶段练习）The Greek philosopher Heraclitus taught that you can’t step into the same river twice, for you aren’t the same person at each visit, and the water is ever flowing. It is a powerful way to represent the reality that everything is always changing. Yet so many of us have difficulty adapting to change. We deny it, resist it or attempt to control it, the result of which is almost always some combination of stress, anxiety and burnout. It doesn’t have to be that way. No doubt, change can, and often does, hurt. But with the right mind-set, it can also be a force for growth. It’s not as if we have any choice in the matter. Like it or not, life is change. We’d be wise to shift our position from useless resistance to being in conversation with change instead. A concept called allostasis can help. Developed in the late 1980s by Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer, allostasis is defined as “stability through change”. In other words, the way to stay stable through the process of change is by changing, at least to some extent. From neuroscience to pain science and psychology, allostasis has become the standard model for understanding change in the scientific community. The brain is at its best when it is constantly making new connections. Overcoming pain, be it physical or psychological, is not about resistance (which often worsens the experience) or trying to get back to where you were before a distressing event or situation. It’s about balancing acceptance with problem-solving and moving forward to a new normal. Yet this concept is still little known to ordinary people and it is time to start practicing it now. Over the past few years, the river of change has been flowing mercilessly, and it shows no signs of letting up. Hardly a decade after the widespread adoption of social media, a new technology that may be far more powerful, artificial intelligence, is being widely used. It’s like what our friend Heraclitus advised: Take part in change by focusing on what we can control and trying to let go of what we can’t. Our ability to work with these changes is directly related to our life satisfaction. 1．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A．We could have a right mind-set. B．Philosophy exists everywhere. C．Some people are wiser than others. D．Change is unavoidable in life. 2．How should we deal with changes according to the author? A．Ignore them. B．Participate in them. C．Fight against them. D．Put them under control. 3．What does the underlined phrase “letting up” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Slowing down. B．Setting off. C．Marching on. D．Pulling in. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Can’t We Adapt to Changes in Life? B．How Can We Increase Our Life Satisfaction? C．Let’s Transform Our Relationship With Change D．Try to Help the Public to Understand Allostasis 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文08】（24-25高三上·山西运城·期中考试）You have probably heard of Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden, even though his message of simplicity may sound outdated. Nowadays, smartphones flood us with text messages. Many consumers are buying the latest digital devices, from tablets and fitness trackers to commercial drones. Simple living seems to be a thing of the past. Thoreau would beg to differ. As a writer who advocated the value of simplicity almost two centuries ago, he was a contrarian for his time. He lived during the height of the Industrial Age, distinguished by the rise of large factories, expanding urban developments, and powerful machines. Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. He brought with him only the necessities of life and wrote about this adventure in his book Walden. In the book, Thoreau is basically making a philosophical statement. We are not living meaningful lives due to modern technology. We created powerful machines to make life more convenient. Unfortunately, these machines have done the opposite. In his words, “Men have become the tools of their tools.” That is to say, we are not the ones controlling technology. Technology is controlling us. Every few minutes, smartphones may distract us with messages. At least half of Americans check their phones several times an hour. Meanwhile, information overload from social media can weaken our concentration and heighten confusion. When technology causes that much distraction and confusion, it may be healthy to simplify life by reducing technology overuse. Personally, I’ve done so in two ways. First, I use very little data on my phone and keep the apps on it to a minimum. Most time, I only use my phone to call or text. Second, I quit most social media. Sure, those two things aren’t as extreme as Thoreau withdrawing into the woods. Nevertheless, they’re realistic moves I can make toward living a more meaningful life. 1．What does “contrarian” in paragraph 2 mean? A．A defender of a right. B．A supporter of an idea. C．An objector to a value. D．An advocate of a principle. 2．Why did Thoreau escape to the woods? A．He was abandoned by society. B．He tried to prove his independence. C．He enjoyed adventures in the forest. D．He was fed up with busy industrial life. 3．Why are smartphones and social media mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To discuss the effect of modernization. B．To illustrate men’s heavy reliance on tools. C．To highlight the extensive use of technology. D．To show the convenience of technological tools. 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Quitting social media. B．Withdrawing into the woods. C．Using technology wisely. D．Living an extremely simple life. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文09】（24-25高三上·陕西渭南·阶段练习）Globalization has reshaped the world in profound ways, joining nations closely together through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. While many celebrate the economic opportunities it brings, globalization also poses significant challenges to local cultures, which can be overshadowed by a homogenizing global culture. This raises a complex debate: Does globalization enrich local cultures or endanger them? On one hand, globalization allows for an unprecedented exchange of ideas, customs, and values. It exposes individuals to diverse cultures, promoting understanding and tolerance among different societies. For example, international festivals and food fairs introduce people to foreign cuisines and traditions, enriching their cultural experience and broadening their worldviews. However, the other side of this cultural exchange is often a dilution of distinct local identities. As global brands dominate markets worldwide, local businesses and traditions can struggle to survive. The widespread existence of fast food chains like McDonald’s and Starbucks in cities around the world is a proof to this trend. This not only leads to the disappearance of unique cultural landmarks but also to a more homogenized global culture where local features may struggle to find a place. Furthermore, the pressure to adapt to global market demands often reshapes local cultures in ways that prioritize profitability over genuineness. Traditional crafts and practices are commercialized and removed of their original meaning to appeal to mass markets. This can lead to a shallow understanding of cultural symbols, which are disassociated from their rich historical contexts. Despite these challenges, globalization is not necessarily a disaster for local cultures. Many communities have turned globalization to their advantage by promoting cultural tourism and exporting local products that represent their unique traditions and histories. This not only helps preserve cultural identities but also supports local economies. In conclusion, globalization presents both opportunities and threats to local cultures. It enriches cultural understanding on a global scale while also risking the erosion of unique cultural identities. The challenge lies in finding a balance that respects and preserves local traditions while engaging with the global community. 1．How does globalization contribute positively to cultural understanding? A．By removing all cultural differences. B．By increasing the profitability of local businesses. C．By enforcing a uniform educational system worldwide. D．By introducing people to various cultures and promoting tolerance. 2．Which statement best describes a challenge posed by globalization to local cultures? A．Globalization promotes understanding and tolerance. B．Globalization has no significant impact on local cultures. C．Globalization leads to the loss of unique cultural landmarks. D．Globalization primarily supports local economies through cultural tourism. 3．What does the underlined word “dilution” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Recognition. B．Strengthener. C．Mission. D．Reduction. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Globalization: A Double-Edged Sword for Local Cultures B．The Benefits of Globalization for Cultural Exchange C．Preserving Local Cultures in a Globalized World D．The Threats of Globalization to Local Identities 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文10】（24-25高三上·青海西宁·期中考试）John Dryden, an English poet who died in 1700, once said, “Wealthy families can rarely continue to be rich for three generations.” In 19th- century America, successful families were also said to “go from shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves” in that length of time. In Asia, there is an identical saying that family wealth could not pass three generations. As a rising share of the world’s wealthiest comes from Asia, the three-generation hypothesis (假想) is being tested once again. Overall, the results of the three-generation test so far look encouraging for Asia’s wealthiest families. What has helped the wealthiest families to survive the test is the education that the younger generations have received. While many of their grandparents and parents never completed university, most of them have attended the best-known universities abroad, often in America. As a result, they are far worldlier than their elders, who built their fortunes on local businesses in periods of rapid economic development. John Riady, the child of an Indonesian family that owns Lippo Karawaci, attended Georgetown University, before earning an MBA at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a law degree from Columbia University. Isha Ambani, daughter of Mukesh Ambani, graduated from Yale and then Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business in 2018. At the same time, they are more sharply aware of their responsibility to avoid one of the traditional traps: putting relationship before anything else. Instead, after they take charge of the businesses, they usually try to establish rules and regulations in their family businesses in order to keep generating wealth over centuries. In many developing countries, dealing with interest groups and local authorities remains an important part of doing business. It can ensure access to big contracts. However, American business schools do not teach them such skills. To preserve their family businesses, they have to learn a thing or two from their elders. 1．What do “shirtsleeves” most probably stand for in the first paragraph? A．Being poor. B．Being generous. C．Being stupid. D．Being lazy. 2．What does the author say about the richest younger generations in Asia? A．They are much wiser. B．They are more responsible. C．They are better educated. D．They are more experienced. 3．What do the younger leaders of the big family businesses stress? A．Western education. B．Social connection. C．Close relationship. D．Professional management. 4．What does the author advise the children of the wealthiest families to do? A．Get big contracts with dirty tricks. B．Learn from their grandparents and parents. C．Stay away from the powerful interest groups. D．Establish rules and regulations in their businesses. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文11】（24-25高三上·云南·阶段练习）Who will take care of me when I’m old? By planning now for my elder years, surrounding myself with a team of people I trust and managing financial resources I continue to accumulate, I aim to minimize the burden of care my loved ones will shoulder if I can’t manage my own affairs. As a childless woman, no one is morally obliged to (必须做) step up and care for an aging old lady. It’s a volunteer job, even you pay the cost. I imagine that’s why parents are confused about who will show up for us. Planning for our elder years benefits everyone’s loved ones, non-parents and parents alike. Parents whose kids live far away. Parents of children ill-suited to the serious business of caregiving. People who live in a state of denial that someday they’ll need care of some sort. What may seem a tiring chore is really a team-building exercise. In Eldercare 101: A Practical Guide to Later Life Planning, Care, and Wellbeing, Mary Saavedra has organized a team of experts who offer tools and practical advice about what she calls the Six Pillars of Aging Wellbeing - legal, living environment, spiritual, social, medical, and financial. My current challenge is figuring out a suitable community to avoid a medical diagnosis that might impact my residency. A definite benefit of starting my search early is that each community has a slightly different contractual (合同的) arrangement. Some offer 50-80% refundable entry fees, the small print dictating whether that option stays in place indefinitely or expires (到期) after a certain time span - 3-5 years after moving in, say. I can’t imagine understanding these terms and conditions at a more advanced age. Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited with writing “Life is a journey, not a destination.” Every one of us will make it to our life’s end. Some will be better prepared than others. Every arrangement we put in place today is a gift to the loved ones we will one day leave behind. 1．Which words can be used to describe the author? A．Selfish but independent. B．Critical and demanding. C．Dependent and stubborn. D．Thoughtful and forward-looking. 2．What is the author’s major concern according to Mary Saavedra’s book? A．Locating a proper community. B．Finishing a medical check-up annually. C．Building a team to handle troublesome chores. D．Taking the initiative to do all the Six Pillars. 3．Why does the author mention “the small print” in paragraph 4? A．To praise the community’s love and care for the elderly. B．To recommend the community’s service to other people. C．To show the insignificance of the contractual arrangement. D．To convey her serious concerns for any future uncertainties. 4．The author quotes Ralph Waldo Emerson to ________. A．give credit to the writer B．better support her arguments C．emphasize life’s different stages D．stress the importance of gift-giving 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文12】（2024·云南昆明·模拟预测）Have you ever noticed how much nicer you are to your friends than to yourself? We comfort our friends and cheer on their achievements, yet we constantly criticize ourselves. We regret making mistakes. We compare ourselves to others. We don’t feel we are worthy enough. It’s endless. Self-criticism actually serves a purpose. It helps people survive by adapting ourselves to social standards. Follow the standards and you will remain secure; step outside the lines and you will risk potential danger. This is why the negative self-talk is critical—it’s trying to keep you safe. Strangely enough, as the brain circuit forces us to reflect what we did wrong, it responds with support for our friends. So how can we treat ourselves with the care we give our friends? We start by understanding how self-criticism operates. When we are not concentrated on something, the brain circuit runs. We passively listen to these negative thoughts which interrupt our ability to focus and sleep. The self-criticism creates over thinking. For example, someone who loses a love done might think, “I’m so down. Why can’t I get over this?” and then, “I can’t handle anything.” When trying to make meaning from self-criticism, we slip into a cycle, which makes us feel we are not enough: not successful enough, not lovable enough, not worthy enough...It convinces us that we will be happy and safe when we achieve something. Yet when we achieve that, our wish to equal the achievements of others finds us some new in security. Nothing will ever be good enough. Only when we stop the self-criticism can we hear our inner voice. Let go of the desire to “keep up with the Joneses” and then step more fully into ourselves. Next, think about what you would say to friends in a similar situation. It helps us out of the negative cycle and access our caring and supportive side. It is time for us to treat ourselves like we treat our friends. 1．Why does self-criticism matter? A．It adapts people to critical standards. B．It helps people avoid potential risks. C．It ensures people’s security in society. D．It assists people to achieve life purpose. 2．What in mainly talked about in paragraph 5? A．How the brain circuit is formed. B．How self-criticism affects people. C．How it feels to lose a love done. D．How criticism creates over thinking. 3．What might the underlined sentence “keep up with the Joneses” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Handle difficulties with case. B．Possess abundant wealth. C．Get rid of the heavy pressure. D．Match the success of others. 4．What does the author suggest us doing? A．Making meaning from criticism. B．Treating ourselves with kindness. C．Reflecting on mistakes regularly. D．Offering nice comments to others. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文13】（24-25高三上·河南郑州·期中）Imagining a human being without historical sense is scary. The thought of living exclusively in a present moment is scary. Scarier still is the thought of an entire generation, not to mention society, operating with a lack of a sense of history. And yet that is exactly the situation in which we find ourselves today. The people and events of history may be rooted in the past, but how we talk about those things, what we write about them, and how we teach them—in other words, how we practise history as the record of human experience—tell us a lot about who we are and what we value right now. Thinking of ourselves as a chapter in an as-yet unwritten history book, on the other hand, is likely to force deeper self-reflection: Whose stories will we stand up for? What values will we defend? What models will we offer following generations? In an era of environmental change, rising inequality and great shifts in the international political context, we need to understand how our institutions have developed. History gives us power. No other subject helps us to understand so comprehensively what it is to be human. The implications of ignorance of what have happened are incredible, but the ignorance itself isn’t entirely surprising given the lowered status of history in most schools. The discipline of history has become sidelined (边缘化). “History fights for its place in the curriculum with geography,” Dr. Bain observed, “but its attention to time, place and context is what makes it really distinct.” In other words, history doesn’t simply tell us how to be good citizens: It equips us with the knowledge we need to comprehend our world clearly, and the ability to analyze it accurately. Clearly, in an age of “fake news”, engaged citizens need to be culturally literate, critical thinkers. There is no better subject than history to develop an appreciation of context and an ability to look for evidence. We should expect a logical history curriculum for our children. If it were common to hear graduates claim that they’d never learned to add, subtract, multiply and divide, there would be a severe protest. So should there be now. 1．What is the situation the author mentioned in paragraph 1? A．The fear of the past. B．The ignorance of history. C．The exclusion of the present. D．The dissatisfaction of society. 2．What does the author mainly stress in paragraph 2? A．Consequences of overlooking history. B．Significance of mastering all subjects. C．Insights from history for today and tomorrow. D．Resolutions of the current international issues. 3．Which one of the following ideas might Dr. Bain agree with? A．Critical thinking is key to studying history well. B．Schools should enhance the status of history curriculum. C．Ignorance of history is not as terrible as expected in schools. D．Geography proves more meaningful and practical than history. 4．What does the underlined sentence “So should there be now.” mean? A．The historical sense can help us differentiate the news. B．People are dissatisfied with graduates’ ability to calculate. C．We should make history curriculum more logical and critical. D．We should pay the same attention to history as to other subjects. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文14】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·期中）Be honest: how many things you bought because of product promotion on TikTok did you actually need? In response, social media users are pushing back against unnecessary spending. This is where “de-influencing” comes in, a new TikTok trend that challenges the hype (炒作) around popular products and overconsumption. It aims to change the way we think about shopping and encourage people to pause and consider whether they really need something, rather than just buying it because it is trendy or popular. Recently, there have been many TikTok influencers that have frustrated people. They are promoting products that seem misleading, especially during tough times when money is tight. For example, US influencer Mikayla Nogucira posted a TikTok using L’Oréal’s Telescopic Lash Lift Mascara but was blamed for wearing false eyelashes in her review as part of a paid partnership. Makeup artist Rose Gallagher notes, “People are feeling tired of social media. Originally, user content was popular because it shared honest thoughts on personal purchases. Now, it’s hard to tell which reviews are genuine and which are just for profit.” Thus, what TikTok says is no longer the standard of people’s purchase choices. De-influencing emerged accordingly. While de-influencing seems new, it’s still a form of influence and can be a smart move for afluencers and brands. Millie Kendall, from the British Beauty Council, points out, “De-influencing is a bit tricky. It’s telling people what to avoid but can still suggest other products.” With rising living costs, people are less likely to buy expensive items, making cheaper products more appealing. Being honest about the products and even “de-influencing” them can pay off, too. Criticising big brands might hurt short-term deals for influencers but could build their reputation for trustworthiness over time. Also, debating whether a product works can drive sales, as people want to try it themselves. So, is de-influencing here to stay? It will have its moment, yet trends come and go quickly. Once the next big product goes viral, de-influencing will be yesterday’s news. Whether de-influencing is a lasting movement or a temporary reaction, its message could make consumers become more mindful of their purchases and not splurge on big-ticket items. 1．What is de-influencing meant to do? A．To increase social media usage. B．To remind us to think twice before a purchase. C．To promote expensive brands on social media. D．To encourage us to buy more trendy products. 2．What led to de-influencing according to Paragraph 2? A．TikTok influencers wore false eyelashes. B．TikTok influencers spread genuine thoughts. C．TikTok influencers promoted unaffordable items. D．TikTok influencers advertised untrustworthy goods. 3．What can be inferred about de-influencing from Paragraph 3? A．It may lessen people’s shopping desire. B．It can enable influencers to make profits. C．It has no impact on consumption choices. D．It will ruin influencers’ reputation for honesty. 4．What do the underlined words “splurge on” mean in the last paragraph? A．Select randomly. B．Review negatively. C．Buy uncontrollably. D．Sell dishonestly. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文15】（24-25高三上·四川绵阳·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this  technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 1．According to the author, CRISPR is________. A．a necessary evil in treating severe diseases B．a questionable tool for removing faulty genes C．a promising technology to conserve resources D．a logical approach to improving human genetics 2．The author discusses “common sense” ableism in Paragraph 4 to________. A．compare genetic selection to eugenic thinking B．trace the evolution of genetic selection in history C．offer an example of campaigns to remove bad genes D．reveal the root of the societal view on genetic differences 3．What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A．People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B．The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C．This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D．The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Dark Side of CRISPR B．In the Wake of Genetic Selection C．In Defense of Our Bad Genes D．The Promise and Price of Gene Editing 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文16】（24-25高三上·山西太原·阶段练习）The small hobby of chocolate is becoming a more costly one. Rapidly increasing prices for cocoa beans recently hit a record $12,000 a tonne: roughly four times last year’s price. Many think they will go higher. That may put small specialist producers out of business. Yet it is bringing little reward to struggling growers. The immediate cause is a bad harvest in West Africa—which produces 70% of the world’s beans—reflecting El Niño-linked weather patterns and disease. Major processing plants in Ghana and Ivory Coast, the main growers, have stopped or reduced operations because they cannot afford the beans. But underlying the crisis are longer-term issues including the climate crisis and the inability of farmers to invest in production due to their low incomes. Many West African growers are being forced out of the business after years of punishingly low returns for their work and—as trees come to the end of their life cycle—often selling land to gold miners, resulting in severe environmental degradation (恶化). Latin American farmers are rushing to plant cocoa due to the higher prices, abandoning other crops and deforesting new areas. But the likelihood, if production booms and the system does not change, is that by the time their new trees bear fruit, prices may be falling again. As serious as the situation looks, the attention demanded by the rocketing price of cocoa, and the introduction of EU Deforestation Regulation offer an opportunity. Faced with global heating, increasing conflict and energy price instability, depending on the free market is a poor bet. Treating food issues as financial instruments hurts farmers, destroys forests and worsens the instability of supply. The solution in this case is a commitment to stable minimum prices for cocoa farmers and long-term contracts. This would help to lift growers out of poverty and, in doing so, tackle other problems. Sustainable production is essential, and will even benefit consumers in the long run. It can’t be achieved by letting the free market run its course. 1．What might be the consequence of rising cocoa prices? A．Some small producers will fail. B．Cocoa farmers will benefit greatly. C．Fewer people will eat chocolate. D．Cocoa production will increase. 2．What will happen if more Latin American farmers plant cocoa? A．Other crops will boost production. B．Cocoa prices will go down. C．The environment will be improved. D．Old cocoa trees will be abandoned. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the free market approach to cocoa problems? A．Defensive. B．Concerned. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent. 4．What does the author suggest in order to solve the coco a problem? A．Allowing the free market to work. B．Giving cocoa farmers more freedom. C．Helping cocoa growers out of poverty. D．Promising a steady guaranteed price. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文17】（24-25高三上·陕西安康·阶段练习）Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the retailer. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions. Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. Other processes, including fertilization, storage, heating and irrigation, contribute much more. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for a British resident is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy- efficient to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the crop grows well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small proportion of goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high value, perishable items which we cannot produce locally. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using manual labour and natural fertilizers, unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilizers and diesel machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will negate any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles too. But ultimately, the measures are too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. 1．Why is importing apples from New Zealand more energy-efficient for British residents in spring? A．It reduces food miles. B．British apples are in short supply. C．New Zealand apples are cheaper. D．British apples have been stored under energy-consuming conditions. 2．Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? A．All imported food has a higher carbon footprint than locally grow n food. B．Beans flown in from Kenya have higher carbon footprints than grown in Britain. C．Transporting food by air always results in a higher carbon footprint than growing local food. D．Only considering food miles is an oversimplified way to assess a food’s environmental impact. 3．The underlined word “negate” in paragraph 5 probably means ________. A．enhance B．ignore C．cancel out D．misunderstand 4．What is the author’s attitude towards buying local food? A．Strongly supportive. B．Completely opposed. C．Cautiously skeptical. D．Somewhat indifferent. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文18】（24-25高三上·内蒙古·阶段练习）From a young age, children learn that the word “please” holds special power in communication. It is often seen as a key to unlocking favors and turning demands into polite requests. However, recent research challenges this belief, suggesting that “please” may not always carry universal significance but instead functions as a strategic tool to navigate social dynamics. A study published in Social Psychology Quarterly by UCLA sociologists provides a thorough examination of how people make requests. Contrary to common assumptions, the study reveals that “please” is used far less frequently than expected. Its usage is particularly significant in situations where a negative response is anticipated. Whether asking for butter at the dinner table or requesting a ride to the airport, individuals often use “please” when they sense reluctance or busyness from the other person. Rather than acting as a blanket expression of politeness, it serves as a tactic to overcome resistance in interpersonal interactions. Lead researcher Andrew Chalfoun emphasizes understanding each situation rather than relying on shallow, one-size-fits-all rules of etiquette. He warns that overusing “please” can seem pushy or insincere, affecting the desired response. The study analyzed over a thousand requests and found that “please” was used in only 7% of cases, mainly when individuals expected resistance or when the person asked was busy. Moreover, the findings indicate that children use “please” similarly to adults, often employing it strategically after experiencing previous refusals. This highlights how learned social norms shape linguistic behavior from an early age, influencing personality development. The researchers hope that their insights into the pragmatic use of politeness will inspire future studies on social behavior. By uncovering the subtleties of everyday interactions, they aim to create more accurate models of human communication, ultimately helping individuals accomplish more effective and meaningful interactions. 1．What does recent research suggest about the usage of the word “please” in communication? A．It is universally recognized as polite. B．It is primarily a strategic tool for social dynamics. C．It is always used in formal requests. D．It is effective regardless of context. 2．According to the research, in which scene is it most likely to use “please”? A．Passing food at a family dinner. B．Asking a stranger for directions. C．A friend asking to borrow money from you. D．Requesting assistance from a busy colleague. 3．How did the researchers analyze the usage of “please”? A．Through interviews with children. B．By observing social interactions. C．By studying over a thousand requests. D．By comparing different languages. 4．Which of the following serves as the best title of the passage? A．The Power of Politeness in Language. B．Rethinking the Role of “Please” in Requests. C．The Universal Nature of Politeness. D．How Children Learn to Use “Please”. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文19】（24-25高三上·陕西渭南·期中）Is there anything more boring than the endless drive to make every waking moment more productive? “If I can save ten seconds on a process that happens ten times per day, that’s a minute and 40 seconds saved per day,” a productivity expert recently advised in Time magazine, to take just one example. “Over the course of a year, that’s ten hours saved.” If that sounds exhausting, the good news is that there are many reasons to avoid putting ourselves under this kind of non-stop pressure – not least the latest neuroscience on how the brain regulates focus, as we explore in “Take control of your brain’s master switch to optimize (最优化) how you think”. It has to do with a tiny bundle of blue-tinged neurons in the brainstem called the locus coeruleus. According to new research, this structure acts like a gear lever that sets the pace of our brain’s processing. In Gear 1, the mind can wander freely; in Gear 2, we are highly engaged and attentive; and in Gear 3, we are hyperalert and quick to respond to a crisis. What various experiments have now shown is that moderate locus coeruleus activity – Gear 2— is the optimum state for many types of cognitive activity. It increases our concentration, while also allowing for the kind of thinking necessary for problem-solving. Gear 3 may be useful when we are facing an emergency, but it reduces our capacity to think analytically or creatively. Crucially, it turns out that the locus coeruleus can easily be tipped into Gear 3 whenever we are under pressure. If we are constantly pushing ourselves to achieve more and more in a limited amount of time, we may find ourselves stuck in this overwhelming and exhausting brain state, which will only reduce the quality of our output in the long term. With that in mind, it may, in fact, be foolish to insist on driving the engine of thought at ever greater speeds all the time. What is too often overlooked is the need to give your brain plenty of opportunity to return to a lower gear. For high-quality thinking, contrary to much of the productivity advice, downtime may be just as productive as uptime. 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A．The author is critical of the advice given by productivity experts. B．The author is indifferent to the advice given by productivity experts. C．The author agrees with the productivity experts’ approach to time management. D．The author believes that everyone should follow the advice of productivity experts. 2．What does the underlined phrase “locus coeruleus” in paragraph 3 mean? A．A part of the brain that controls sleep patterns. B．A type of cognitive activity that enhances creativity. C．A method of time management used by productivity experts. D．A small group of neurons in the brainstem that regulate focus. 3．Which gear state of the locus coeruleus is best for cognitive activity? A．Gear 1, where the mind can wander freely. B．Gear 2, where we are highly engaged and attentive. C．Gear 3, where we are hyperalert and quick to respond. D．Any gear state, as they are equally beneficial for cognitive activity. 4．What can be inferred about the author’s view? A．Constant productivity is the key to success. B．Downtime is a waste of time and should be minimized. C．Downtime is as important as uptime for productivity. D．Downtime is a must for those who are not productive. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文20】（24-25高三上·河南焦作·阶段练习）Best friends forever. We 90’s kids drew these words on our hands with markers and ink; most people I knew had at least one person they considered their BFF. Perhaps we imagined each other at weddings, meeting each other’s kids, and going on vacations to Antarctica someday. These simple understandings of friendship are naturally challenged as we grow. It does appear that the number of long-term friendships is decreasing. As opposed to the ideal of lifelong friendships, more and more friendships seem limited in time. Sometimes, it is as simple as lost contact. With more people working remotely and fewer “third spaces” existing in the community, we see each other less, which can lead to losing touch. That was the primary reason individuals tend to drift apart from their friendships in the past. Another reason may be less tolerance for conflict. In decades past, it seemed that waxes and wanes in friendship were expected. Most of these were not the end of the friendship. Today, there seems to be much less tolerance. We are quicker to block each other out or label one another ”toxic”, even when the friendship might be valuable to us. Social media trends have certainly sent a message that cutting someone off when they aren’t making you feel good is a positive thing to do. Yet is this always the case? There is a natural cycle in relationships involving connection, breaks, and repair. Relationship expert John Gottman has identified this reconnection as perhaps the most important part of the cycle because conflict is inevitable and can ultimately bring us closer. In friendships, we get close (connect). have times of conflict (break), and then work through that conflict through a reconnection (repair). Otherwise, the friendship ends-and more and more, it seems, friendships are ending before repair is given any possibility. Continuing a friendship through conflict can also help us learn things about ourselves that can be difficult to face, and enhance our lives. When we repeatedly disconnect from people who tell us things we don’t want to hear, we risk getting self-enclosed. If you are looking to build capacities in repair, turn to essential skills that require practice. 1．What used to be the chief reason for people to distance themselves from friendships? A．Geographical moves. B．Personality changes. C．Less tolerance for conflict. D．Increasing financial gap. 2．What does the underlined words ”waxes and wanes” mean in paragraph 3? A．Rise and fall. B．Black and white. C．Day and night. D．Give and take. 3．What might social media trends encourage? A．Building lifelong friendships. B．Accepting conflict in friendships. C．Reconnecting with old friends. D．Cutting off unsupportive relations. 4．What might be discussed after the last paragraph? A．Causes of friendship conflicts. B．Importance of lifelong friendships. C．Strategies for enhancing repair skills. D．Benefits of social media in friendships. 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文21】（24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Curiosity has always been one of the most inborn and dominant qualities of humankind. Our endless pursuit of truth and reasons has resulted in a lot of crucial discoveries in the world. However, the more we uncover the world, the more we end up generating more questions to answer. Out of all the wonders of the world, human psychology is believed to be one of the most controversial. The complexity of the mind and its reflection on human behavior has been a subject of many studies and debates. One of the oldest and, still, most talked about in psychology is the nature against nurture debate. Nature refers to the biological structure and processes that determine a person’s physical and behavioral attributes (特性). Scientists have uncovered that physical traits such as eye color, hair type, and life expectancy of a person can strongly be related to the genetic makeup. These discoveries have led to the speculation that most psychological characteristics like intellect, personality, and language acquisition ability are already pre-wired to our system through our genetic pattern. In contrast, nurture theory suggests that behavior is developed and improved from socio-cultural factors. This theory is guided by John Locke’s “blank slate” theory, which refers to the idea that the human mind, in its original state, is a blank that is gradually filled in with information obtained from direct and indirect experiences. The term Nature vs. Nurture debate was put forward by Sir Francis Gallon, who believed that intellect is a quantifiable and hereditary (遗传的) human trait. He also believed that intellect can be passed from generation to generation. Thus, people with high intelligence have a major chance of having highly intellectual offspring, while people having lower than average intellect are more likely to have low intellectual offspring. However, the believers of nurture theory believed that intellect is not a product of heredity but more of a result of the social construct. Countless research and experimentation have been conducted to put an end to the seemingly endless debate. Psychologists and researchers of the present already embrace the idea that a person’s character is highly influenced by his genetic makeup and the environment. The years of labored research on nature and nurture theory finally have born fruits. 1．Why does the author mention “curiosity” in the first paragraph? A．To predict the research results. B．To emphasize the importance of exploring. C．To lead to the argument of nature against nurture. D．To raise the reader’s interest in the theory of nature. 2．What does John Locke’s “blank slate” theory suggest? A．Human mind is always blank. B．People’s behaviors are learned. C．Behavior is determined genetically. D．Culture has little influence on human. 3．What is the attitude of Six Francis Galton towards the theory of nurture? A．Disapproving. B．Supportive. C．Neutral. D．Cautious. 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．The theory of nature is not accepted by the public. B．The theory of nurture is based on the theory of nature. C．The supporters of the two theories agree with each other. D．The theory of nature and the theory of nurture both make sense. 试卷第32页，共32页 31 / 31 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ · 《2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练》 · 专题26【汇编】新八省期中阅读理解议论文通关16篇 · （满分攻略+八省名校模拟）解析版 ( 议论 文 满分 作答解题 妙招 ) 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。 议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，偶尔考查文章的主旨大意和作者的情感态度。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。 一、考情分析 议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。 1. 语言与结构特点 议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。 2. 答题误区 议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。 二、解题秘籍 1.抓住论点找主旨。 阅读议论文最重要的是抓住文章的论点，找到文章的论点也就把握了文章的主旨。一般来说，作者会在开头段落交代文章的论点，因此，细读文章首段尤为重要。 议论文多采用“倒三角形”结构，因此“首段”和“段首”就是做题最大的要领，据此可以做好写作意图题、主旨大意题和标题推断题。 2.理清文章结构。 议论文一般采用“总分总”的结构，作者先给出论点，然后从不同方面（正面，反面）进行论证，最后给出总结或者自己的观点。文章中会出现较为明显的转折，递进，并列或者归纳总结等的逻辑关系词。考生在阅读时，要理清文章结构，找到论点的基础上进而理解作者给出的论据，突破细节理解题和推理判断题。 3. 体会语言特点。 能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。 4.注意干扰项特点。 ①包含项原则 在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。 ②正反项原则 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。 ③委婉项原则 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。 ④同形项原则 命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。 ⑤常识项原则 议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。 ⑥因果项原则 阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。 三、议论文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解议论文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 新八省 期中 名校 模拟试题 ) · · 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文01】（24-25高三上·四川成都·期中）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment (投入) to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is that we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one’s field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion (排除) of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective (视角) into specific fields of expertise (专长). The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. “I don’t know where it will lead, but I’m excited I’m on this pursuit.” These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 1．To become a specialist, what does one person may have to do? A．Narrow his range of knowledge. B．Avoid responsibilities at work. C．Know more about the society. D．Broaden his perspective on life. 2．What do the specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to do? A．Treasure their freedom. B．Travel around the world. C．Spend most time working. D．Enjoy meeting funny people. 3．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person’s success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 4．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．How to turn a generalist into a specialist. B．There are some ways to become a generalist. C．We should be more a generalist than a specialist. D．It’s hard to decide to be a generalist or a specialist. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment (投入) to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is that we often come to know more and more about less and less. (社会推动我们专业化，成为专家。这需要致力于某一特定的职业、学习或研究领域。成为专家的缺点是，我们往往知道的越来越少，越来越少)”可知，成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. (有些人似乎愿意在自己狭窄的专业领域夜以继日地工作。但这样的承诺也会削弱一种自由感。这些专家可能每天晚上在办公室工作到10点，然后回过头来发现，他们本想回家享受家人和朋友的甜蜜，或者去令人兴奋的地方旅行，结识有趣的人)”可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。 3．推理判断题。文章第五段中“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. “I don’t know where it will lead, but I’m excited I’m on this pursuit.” (事物是相互联系的。让你在一个领域的专业知识激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是联系在一起的。我的编辑托尼也是一名作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她被紫禁城的结构之美所吸引，同时也对学习更多中国哲学感兴趣。“我不知道它会走向何方，但我对自己的追求感到兴奋。”)”可知，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是文章第一段中“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. (即使你是一个专家，做一个通才也是有好处的)”可知，文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。故选C。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文02】（24-25高三上·四川·期中）The law of supply and demand determines that an overabundance of anything will lead to a decrease in price.This rule applies not only to goods and services, but also to lifestyle and fashion trends. In the 19th century, the primitive paintings of Picasso and Matisse shook up the positive image of the French bourgeoisie (中产阶级) . In the 1970s, talented musicians with tailored costumes and egos were overshadowed by a band of punk rockers who sang about the cruel realities of ordinary life in poor urban areas. I predict that this will also happen with beauty standards. The idealized version of life portrayed in fashion magazines will reach a turning point, as people become tired of unattainable perfection. During my time in Washington D．C． in the 1990s, I had the opportunity to interact with numerous political celebrities. While chatting with former presidents or bumping into TV pundits (名嘴) in elevators, I also assisted former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, who was my boss’s boss. What struck me was how plain these people appeared in real life despite their public characters. Like everyone else, they grappled with insecurities and mood swings, even though they were constantly under the spotlight. Yes, it was great to drop names on the phone to my friends. My father, of course, couldn’t understand why I would ever want to leave there. “Because you’re not me and I’m not impressed,” I told him. We do not need to lead a luxurious life or make groundbreaking achievements to be content. Happiness can be found in living out the ordinary moments of an authentic life. Most of us end up being ordinary people without doing anything that changes the world, but that does not mean our lives are meaningless. In fact, it is precisely this realization that leads to sustainable happiness because, when all is said and done, no one’s lifestyle is essentially better than any other’s. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．People’s lifestyle was changed by French bourgeoisie. B．New forms of art and music started to focus more on reality. C．Artists and musicians called on people to lead a simple and real life. D．Ordinary people’s understanding of art and music was always in a lower class. 2．What does the author’s observation about political celebrities suggest? A．They are just like ordinary people. B．They lack the ability to lead a normal life. C．They are not as successful as they claim to be. D．They are not as intelligent as they appear on TV. 3．Which can best replace the underline phrase in paragraph 4? A．struggled with. B．agreed with. C．came up with. D．competed with. 4．What does the author want to imply in the last paragraph? A．No one’s lifestyle is as same as others’. B．People should strive for a better lifestyle. C．People should be content with their own lifestyles. D．People should critically evaluate other people’s lifestyles. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过供需法则引出生活方式和时尚趋势的变化，并以作者个人经历为例，说明人们无需追求奢华生活或巨大成就即可获得幸福，强调平凡生活的意义。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In the 19th century, the primitive paintings of Picasso and Matisse shook up the positive image of the French bourgeoisie (中产阶级). In the 1970s, talented musicians with tailored costumes and egos were overshadowed by a band of punk rockers who sang about the cruel realities of ordinary life in poor urban areas. (19世纪，毕加索和马蒂斯的原始绘画震撼了法国中产阶级的正面形象。20世纪70年代，一群朋克摇滚歌手唱着贫穷城市地区普通生活的残酷现实，使那些穿着定制服装、自我意识强烈的才华横溢的音乐家相形见绌)”可知，本段通过毕加索和马蒂斯的原始绘画以及朋克摇滚乐队的例子，主要说明了新的艺术和音乐形式开始更多地关注现实。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“What struck me was how plain these people appeared in real life despite their public characters. Like everyone else, they grappled with insecurities and mood swings, even though they were constantly under the spotlight.(让我震惊的是，尽管这些人在公众面前有光鲜的形象，但他们在现实生活中却显得如此平凡。和其他人一样，他们也在与不安全感和情绪波动作斗争，尽管他们一直受到关注)”可知，作者观察到的政治名人尽管在公众面前有光鲜的形象，但在现实生活中却和普通人一样，有不安全感和情绪波动。由此推知，作者认为政治名人就像普通人一样。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线短语上文“Like everyone else (和其他人一样)”和下文“...insecurities and mood swings(……不安全感和情绪波动)”可推知，政治名人和其他人一样，他们也会与不安全感和情绪波动作斗争。画线短语grappled with意思是“与……作斗争”，和struggled with意思相近。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Most of us end up being ordinary people without doing anything that changes the world, but that does not mean our lives are meaningless. In fact, it is precisely this realization that leads to sustainable happiness because, when all is said and done, no one’s lifestyle is essentially better than any other’s.(我们大多数人最终都是普通人，没有做什么改变世界的大事，但这并不意味着我们的生活就没有意义。事实上，正是这种认识带来了持久的幸福，因为归根结底，没有谁的生活方式本质上比其他人更好)”可知，作者认为我们大多数人都是普通人，没有做什么惊天动地的大事，但这并不意味着我们的生活就没有意义，没有谁的生活方式本质上比其他人更好。由此推知，作者想在最后一段暗示人们应该对自己的生活方式感到满足。故选C项。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文03】（24-25高三上·四川内江·阶段练习）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 1．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to . A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 2．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 3．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 4．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. (经过多年对人性的观察，我认为成就卓越的人和平庸之人的区别在于两种品质：好奇心和不满足。我从未见过一个杰出的人缺乏这两种品质。我从未见过一个普通人同时拥有这两者。这两者是一体的。) ”结合下文对好奇心和不满足这两个因素对成功的作用可知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent,“Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”) ”；以及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. (孟子认为“不失去孩子的心的人，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。) ”可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满足。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段“Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. 现在她是插花专家之一，正在写插花方面的书)”及第七段“You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.(你没有什么特殊能力吗？大多数人也没有；天才屈指可数。你没有时间吗？很好，因为总是那些没有时间的人把事情做好)”以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.(经过多年对人性的观察，我认为有两个品质决定了成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别好奇心和不满足。据我所知，任何一个杰出的人都不缺乏这两点。我从来没见过一个普通人同时拥有这两种能力。它们俩是天生一对)”结合本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足可知，C项：The Keys to Achievement“成就的关键”最符合文章标题。故选C 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文04】（24-25高三上·云南·期中考试）Planetary changes which will have an influence on many are drawing near because of the poor ecological state of the planet. Actually change has already begun through climate changes, but most humans haven’t noticed this yet. Climate change has begun to influence the world already and will begin to worsen within the next few years. As the planet is under big geological (地质的) stresses, which are continuously increasing, it will in the future no longer be able to support its population. Shortage of resources, over-farming, lack of clean air, not enough clean drinking water and drought are some of the issues that will all play a much greater role in the near future. Humans have caused large ecological destruction. The lifestyles of many people are changing at a fast speed; however, this will finally result in a shortage of some valuable resources. When this shortage begins to happen, people will no longer be able to have sustainable (可持续的) lifestyles. It’s important to understand that everyone plays a role in the whole process of life. Each person’s decision can finally affect the future. These decisions, all combined, can have a very good effect on what the future will be like for humans. So the future depends on the choices we make at the present moment. While more and more people are becoming aware of climate change and other environmental problems related to global warming, not all are fully understanding how far-reaching its effects will be. Unfortunately, most of the humans realize that the planet isn’t functioning well, but they don’t understand that this is creating a major problem for the future survival of humans. So, every person should make the necessary changes to reduce their influence on the environment and help create a more sustainable future 1．What do we know about climate change from the text? A．It is not casy for people to understand. B．It is expected to become worse soon. C．It is mainly caused by natural disasters. D．It is well realized by most humans. 2．What are paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A．Resources humans are running out of. B．Healthy lifestyles humans need to lead. C．Problems humans will be faced with. D．Geological changes humans have caused. 3．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To call on people to contribute to a sustainable future. B．To inform people the planet isn’t functioning properly. C．To warn people of the danger of ecological destruction. D．To tell people the right way to obtain enough resources. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Causes of Planetary Changes B．The Influence of Ecological Destruction C．Ways to Build a Sustainable Future D．Environmental Damage and the Human Future 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章分析了地球生态状况不佳，气候变化已经开始，同时人类也对地球的生态环境造成了严重的破坏。尽管越来越多的人意识到了这一点，但并非所有人都能理解这种情况将会严重影响人类未来的生存问题。因此，作者认为每个人都应该做出必要的改变，以减少他们对环境的影响，并帮助创造一个更可持续的未来。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Climate change has begun to influence the world already and will begin to worsen within the next few years.”（气候变化已经开始影响世界，并且将在未来几年内开始恶化。）可知，气候变化预计很快就会变得更糟。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As the planet is under big geological (地质的) stresses, which are continuously increasing, it will in the future no longer be able to support its population. Shortage of resources, over-farming, lack of clean air, not enough clean drinking water and drought are some of the issues that will all play a much greater role in the near future.”（随着地球承受着不断增加的重大地质压力，它将不再能够养活其人口。资源短缺、过度耕作、缺乏清洁空气、清洁饮用水不足以及干旱等问题在未来都将扮演更加重要的角色。）第三段中“Humans have caused large ecological destruction. The lifestyles of many people are changing at a fast speed; however, this will finally result in a shortage of some valuable resources.”（人类造成了巨大的生态破坏。许多人的生活方式正在快速变化；然而，这最终将导致一些宝贵资源的短缺。）可知，该两段段主要描述了人类未来将会面对的问题。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So, every person should make the necessary changes to reduce their influence on the environment and help create a more sustainable future.”（因此，每个人都应该做出必要的改变，以减少他们对环境的影响，并帮助创造一个更可持续的未来。）和文章内容可知，作者写这篇文章是为了呼吁人们能够帮助创造一个可持续的未来。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Planetary changes which will have an influence on many are drawing near because of the poor ecological state of the planet.”（由于地球的生态状况不佳，那些将对许多人产生影响的星球变化即将来临。）和第三段“Humans have caused large ecological destruction.”（人类造成了巨大的生态破坏。），以及最后一段“So, every person should make the necessary changes to reduce their influence on the environment and help create a more sustainable future.”（因此，每个人都应该做出必要的改变，以减少他们对环境的影响，并帮助创造一个更可持续的未来。）及全文内容可知，文章主要指出了人类对地球的生态环境造成了严重的破坏，从而引发从气候改变开始的星球变化，对人类的未来造成了很大的影响。由此可知，文章最好的标题是“环境破坏与人类的未来”。故选D。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文05】（24-25高二上·山西·期中考试）Happiness isn’t earned; it’s noticed. You can put a lot of energy into getting to a position where happiness is easier to notice. But if you are not excited about an achievement, you know that happiness isn’t automatic (自动的). Instead, you need to practice noticing happiness around you. It’s actually a rather common emotion; we just usually ignore most of the sources for it because they are not important. Every rock around you has a story, a structure, and a texture (纹理). Pick up a rock and look at it until you find something you like. Then drop it, catch another, and do it again. With just a little practice, you’ll build an entire little system in your own head for admiring rocks, and pretty soon you can get a little bit of happiness just looking at a rock. That includes everything. Flowers, trees, wind, clouds, cars, rain, rural diners, children’s sports matches, library bathrooms, parking lots, everything. The world has an endless supply of detail, and there’s no good reason not to learn to enjoy that. When you do this, you get this kind of superpower where you can find small joy in any situation. The only reason why most of us don’t learn to practice this skill is that we were told it’s a waste of time by people who never figured it out. With a lot of practice, it can even help you out during times of intense sadness, fear or pain. When you experience a negative (消极的) emotion, it’s a very powerful skill to be able to say “Wow, how interesting that a person can hurt like this! What a world!” It doesn’t make the bad feelings go away, it doesn’t fix whatever problem that caused them, but even in the depths of hopelessness you can shine a little light. 1．What do we learn about happiness from paragraph 1? A．It is difficult to get. B．It lies in everyone’s life. C．It requires discovering. D．It is a mixed emotion. 2．What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning the rock? A．To tell the stories behind it. B．To connect it with many other things. C．To prove the value of every rock. D．To show a way to notice happiness. 3．Why do many people fail to notice happiness? A．They run after real joy in life. B．They want to cover everything. C．They are misled by negative people. D．They pay too much attention to detail. 4．How can admiring happiness benefit us? A．It drives our bad feelings away. B．It brightens us in a positive light. C．It helps solve difficult problems in life. D．It keeps our mind open to everything. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文作者告诉我们：幸福是要靠我们自己去发现的，要主动去注意和发现它；并且我们要练习发现幸福的能力，这样我们才能从中受益。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Instead, you need to practice noticing happiness around you.(相反，你需要练习注意你周围的幸福)”可知，幸福是需要被注意和被发现的。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Every rock around you has a story, a structure, and a texture (纹理). Pick up a rock and look at it until you find something you like. Then drop it, catch another, and do it again. With just a little practice, you’ll build an entire little system in your own head for admiring rocks, and pretty soon you can get a little bit of happiness just looking at a rock.(你周围的每一块岩石都有一个故事，一个结构和一个纹理。拿起一块石头，看着它，直到找到你喜欢的东西。然后放下它，抓住另一个，再做一次。只要稍加练习，你就会在自己的头脑中建立起一个欣赏石头的小系统，很快你就能在看着石头的时候获得一点点快乐)”可知，本段举例说明每一块石头都有亮点，要学会去发现每一块石头给你带来的幸福，目的就是引入文章的主题：我们要去主动发现生活里的小幸福。因此，作者举石头的例子目的是呈现一种发现幸福的方法。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The only reason why most of us don’t learn to practice this skill is that we were told it’s a waste of time by people who never figured it out.(我们大多数人没有学会练习这项技能的唯一原因是，从来没有弄清楚这一点的人告诉我们这是浪费时间)”可知，大多数人没有去练习这种技能的唯一原因就是他们被其他人告知这是浪费时间。因此，他们是被一些消极的人所误导。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“With a lot of practice, it can even help you out during times of intense sadness, fear or pain. When you experience a negative (消极的) emotion, it’s a very powerful skill to be able to say “Wow, how interesting that a person can hurt like this! What a world!” It doesn’t make the bad feelings go away, it doesn’t fix whatever problem that caused them, but even in the depths of hopelessness you can shine a little light.(通过大量的练习，它甚至可以帮助你在极度悲伤、恐惧或痛苦的时候走出困境。当你经历一种消极情绪时，能够说“哇，一个人会受到这样的伤害是多么有趣啊！多么美好的世界啊！”它不会让坏的感觉消失，它不会解决任何导致它们的问题，但即使在绝望的深处，你也可以发出一点光)”可知，练习发现幸福这项技能可以帮助你从困境及伤心等情绪中走出来。也就是可以帮助你积极面对消极的情绪， 让你变得更阳光开朗。故选B。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文06】（2024·陕西榆林·一模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a vital skill that means we can predict other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life, we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer other’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this ability starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the competence in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to appear naturally from one’s own learning process. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen, but we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 1．Why does the author mention “games” and “protein structures” in the first paragraph? A．To stress how important the science is. B．To promote the use of AI in daily life. C．To present AI’s theory of mind. D．To contrast with AI’s lack of mind reading. 2．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well? A．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. B．When a mom tells her kid to eat the food that is good for health and he eats it. C．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. D．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. 3．What may the author agree with? A．We should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI. B．Humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect. C．Mind reading requires huge amounts of context. D．The theory of mind is independent of one’s learning process. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了人工智能在模拟人类“读心”能力方面的挑战和前景。虽然AI在棋类游戏和科学预测方面已超越人类，但缺乏理解他人目标和信念的能力。文章认为，为了让AI在日常生活中更有用，需要赋予其类似人类的“读心”能力，即理论思维。这不仅是提高AI实用性的关键，也是实现真正自我意识机器的重要步骤。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.(超人的人工智能已经在我们身边了。嗯，算是吧。在下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等困难的科学挑战方面，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个超能力，他们还远没有掌握：读心术)”可知，作者在第一段中提到人工智能擅长游戏和预测蛋白质结构，也提到它还没有掌握的的读心术，将两者进行对比 。由此推知，作者在第一段中提到“游戏”和“蛋白质结构”是为了与“人工智能缺乏读心术”进行比较。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理和预测能力，需要理论思维能力，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。对A项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”、C项“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”的理解都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望，这是人工智能无法理解的。只有B项“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论，人工智能能很好的理解其意思。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In humans, this ability starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the competence in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.(在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。其中一个主要的挑战是背景。例如，如果有人问你是否要去跑步，你回答“下雨了”，他们可以很快得出结论，给出否定答案。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，理解别人的想法需要大量的背景信息。由此推知，作者会赞成“读心术需要大量的背景信息”这一观点。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines.(然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有心智理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是通往人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：制造真正具有自我意识的机器)”可知，文章讨论了人工智能在模拟人类“读心”能力方面的挑战和前景，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文07】（24-25高三上·山西忻州·阶段练习）The Greek philosopher Heraclitus taught that you can’t step into the same river twice, for you aren’t the same person at each visit, and the water is ever flowing. It is a powerful way to represent the reality that everything is always changing. Yet so many of us have difficulty adapting to change. We deny it, resist it or attempt to control it, the result of which is almost always some combination of stress, anxiety and burnout. It doesn’t have to be that way. No doubt, change can, and often does, hurt. But with the right mind-set, it can also be a force for growth. It’s not as if we have any choice in the matter. Like it or not, life is change. We’d be wise to shift our position from useless resistance to being in conversation with change instead. A concept called allostasis can help. Developed in the late 1980s by Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer, allostasis is defined as “stability through change”. In other words, the way to stay stable through the process of change is by changing, at least to some extent. From neuroscience to pain science and psychology, allostasis has become the standard model for understanding change in the scientific community. The brain is at its best when it is constantly making new connections. Overcoming pain, be it physical or psychological, is not about resistance (which often worsens the experience) or trying to get back to where you were before a distressing event or situation. It’s about balancing acceptance with problem-solving and moving forward to a new normal. Yet this concept is still little known to ordinary people and it is time to start practicing it now. Over the past few years, the river of change has been flowing mercilessly, and it shows no signs of letting up. Hardly a decade after the widespread adoption of social media, a new technology that may be far more powerful, artificial intelligence, is being widely used. It’s like what our friend Heraclitus advised: Take part in change by focusing on what we can control and trying to let go of what we can’t. Our ability to work with these changes is directly related to our life satisfaction. 1．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A．We could have a right mind-set. B．Philosophy exists everywhere. C．Some people are wiser than others. D．Change is unavoidable in life. 2．How should we deal with changes according to the author? A．Ignore them. B．Participate in them. C．Fight against them. D．Put them under control. 3．What does the underlined phrase “letting up” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Slowing down. B．Setting off. C．Marching on. D．Pulling in. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Can’t We Adapt to Changes in Life? B．How Can We Increase Our Life Satisfaction? C．Let’s Transform Our Relationship With Change D．Try to Help the Public to Understand Allostasis 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文体裁为议论文。 文章探讨了变化的不可避免性及其对个人生活的影响，提出应通过积极的态度和方法来适应变化，而不是抗拒，以此提高生活质量。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Greek philosopher Heraclitus taught that you can’t step into the same river twice, for you aren’t the same person at each visit, and the water is ever flowing. It is a powerful way to represent the reality that everything is always changing.(古希腊哲学家赫拉克利特教导说，你不能两次踏入同一条河流，因为每次你都不是同一个你，河水一直在流动。这是一个强有力的方式来表达一切都在不断变化的事实。)”可知，描述的现象是生活中变化是不可避免的。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“We’d be wise to shift our position from useless resistance to being in conversation with change instead.(我们明智的做法是从无用的抵抗转变为与变化进行对话。)”和最后一段中的“Take part in change by focusing on what we can control and trying to let go of what we can’t.(通过专注于我们能控制的事情并努力放下我们不能控制的事情来参与变化。)”可知，作者建议我们应该参与变化。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第六段的“Over the past few years, the river of change has been flowing mercilessly, and it shows no signs of letting up.(在过去的几年里，变化的河流无情地流淌，没有任何____的迹象。)”可知，变化的河流无情地流淌，没有减速的迹象，由此可以推测“letting up”的意思是“减缓”或“放缓”。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。文章最后一段“It’s like what our friend Heraclitus advised: Take part in change by focusing on what we can control and trying to let go of what we can’t. Our ability to work with these changes is directly related to our life satisfaction.(就像我们的朋友赫拉克利特建议的那样：参与变革，专注于我们能控制的事情，努力放下我们不能控制的事情。我们应对这些变化的能力与我们的生活满意度直接相关。)”以及全文内容来看，文章主要讨论了如何转变我们与变化的关系，从无用的抵抗转变为积极地参与变化，以适应不断变化的生活，提高生活满意度。C项（让我们用变化来改变我们的关系）能概括全文内容。故选C项。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文08】（24-25高三上·山西运城·期中考试）You have probably heard of Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden, even though his message of simplicity may sound outdated. Nowadays, smartphones flood us with text messages. Many consumers are buying the latest digital devices, from tablets and fitness trackers to commercial drones. Simple living seems to be a thing of the past. Thoreau would beg to differ. As a writer who advocated the value of simplicity almost two centuries ago, he was a contrarian for his time. He lived during the height of the Industrial Age, distinguished by the rise of large factories, expanding urban developments, and powerful machines. Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. He brought with him only the necessities of life and wrote about this adventure in his book Walden. In the book, Thoreau is basically making a philosophical statement. We are not living meaningful lives due to modern technology. We created powerful machines to make life more convenient. Unfortunately, these machines have done the opposite. In his words, “Men have become the tools of their tools.” That is to say, we are not the ones controlling technology. Technology is controlling us. Every few minutes, smartphones may distract us with messages. At least half of Americans check their phones several times an hour. Meanwhile, information overload from social media can weaken our concentration and heighten confusion. When technology causes that much distraction and confusion, it may be healthy to simplify life by reducing technology overuse. Personally, I’ve done so in two ways. First, I use very little data on my phone and keep the apps on it to a minimum. Most time, I only use my phone to call or text. Second, I quit most social media. Sure, those two things aren’t as extreme as Thoreau withdrawing into the woods. Nevertheless, they’re realistic moves I can make toward living a more meaningful life. 1．What does “contrarian” in paragraph 2 mean? A．A defender of a right. B．A supporter of an idea. C．An objector to a value. D．An advocate of a principle. 2．Why did Thoreau escape to the woods? A．He was abandoned by society. B．He tried to prove his independence. C．He enjoyed adventures in the forest. D．He was fed up with busy industrial life. 3．Why are smartphones and social media mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To discuss the effect of modernization. B．To illustrate men’s heavy reliance on tools. C．To highlight the extensive use of technology. D．To show the convenience of technological tools. 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Quitting social media. B．Withdrawing into the woods. C．Using technology wisely. D．Living an extremely simple life. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文的体裁为议论文。本文通过引用Thoreau的观点和自己的生活体验，讨论了现代科技对人类生活的影响，并表达了对简化生活的看法。 1．词句猜测题。由文章第二段中的“As a writer who advocated the value of simplicity almost two centuries ago (作为一位近两个世纪前就倡导简约价值的作家)”和“He lived during the height of the Industrial Age, distinguished by the rise of large factories, expanding urban developments, and powerful machines. (他生活在工业时代的鼎盛时期，以大型工厂的兴起、不断扩大的城市发展和强大的机器为特征。)”可知，Henry David Thoreau是主张简单生活价值的作家，这在当时是一种与众不同的观点，因此他被称为contrarian，即“反对某种价值观的人”。A. A defender of a right权利的捍卫者；B. A supporter of an idea一个想法的支持者；C. An objector to a value反对某一价值观的人；D. An advocate of a principle原则的拥护者。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第三段中的“Turned off by the constant busyness of this time, Thoreau withdrew from city life to live alone in the woods. (Thoreau厌倦了这段时间不断的忙碌，他退出了城市生活，独自一人住在树林里。)”可知，Thoreau厌倦了当时的繁忙城市生活，因此他逃到了树林里。故选D。 3．推理判断题。由文章第四段“That is to say, we are not the ones controlling technology. Technology is controlling us. Every few minutes, smartphones may distract us with messages. At least half of Americans check their phones several times an hour. Meanwhile, information overload from social media can weaken our concentration and heighten confusion. (也就是说，我们并不是控制技术的人，而是技术在控制我们。每隔几分钟，智能手机就会用信息分散我们的注意力。至少有一半的美国人每小时查看手机好几次。同时，社交媒体的信息过载也会削弱我们的注意力并增加困惑。)”可知，第4段提到智能手机和社交媒体为的是说明人们对工具的严重依赖。故选B。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“When technology causes that much distraction and confusion, it may be healthy to simplify life by reducing technology overuse. Personally, I’ve done so in two ways. First, I use very little data on my phone and keep the apps on it to a minimum. Most time, I only use my phone to call or text. Second, I quit most social media. Sure, those two things aren’t as extreme as Thoreau withdrawing into the woods. Nevertheless, they’re realistic moves I can make toward living a more meaningful life. (当科技造成如此多的分心和混乱时，通过减少过度使用科技来简化生活可能是健康的。就我个人而言，我以两种方式做到这一点。首先，我在手机上使用很少的数据，并尽量减少手机上的应用程序。大多数时候，我只用手机打电话或发短信。其次，我退出了大多数社交媒体。当然，这两件事并不像Thoreau躲进树林那样极端。然而，这些都是我可以朝着更有意义的生活迈出的现实的一步。)”可知，作者采取了两种方式来简化生活：一是减少手机上的数据使用和应用程序，二是退出大多数社交媒体。可以推断出作者同意的是“明智地使用科技”，而不是完全放弃科技或极端地过简单生活。故选C。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文09】（24-25高三上·陕西渭南·阶段练习）Globalization has reshaped the world in profound ways, joining nations closely together through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. While many celebrate the economic opportunities it brings, globalization also poses significant challenges to local cultures, which can be overshadowed by a homogenizing global culture. This raises a complex debate: Does globalization enrich local cultures or endanger them? On one hand, globalization allows for an unprecedented exchange of ideas, customs, and values. It exposes individuals to diverse cultures, promoting understanding and tolerance among different societies. For example, international festivals and food fairs introduce people to foreign cuisines and traditions, enriching their cultural experience and broadening their worldviews. However, the other side of this cultural exchange is often a dilution of distinct local identities. As global brands dominate markets worldwide, local businesses and traditions can struggle to survive. The widespread existence of fast food chains like McDonald’s and Starbucks in cities around the world is a proof to this trend. This not only leads to the disappearance of unique cultural landmarks but also to a more homogenized global culture where local features may struggle to find a place. Furthermore, the pressure to adapt to global market demands often reshapes local cultures in ways that prioritize profitability over genuineness. Traditional crafts and practices are commercialized and removed of their original meaning to appeal to mass markets. This can lead to a shallow understanding of cultural symbols, which are disassociated from their rich historical contexts. Despite these challenges, globalization is not necessarily a disaster for local cultures. Many communities have turned globalization to their advantage by promoting cultural tourism and exporting local products that represent their unique traditions and histories. This not only helps preserve cultural identities but also supports local economies. In conclusion, globalization presents both opportunities and threats to local cultures. It enriches cultural understanding on a global scale while also risking the erosion of unique cultural identities. The challenge lies in finding a balance that respects and preserves local traditions while engaging with the global community. 1．How does globalization contribute positively to cultural understanding? A．By removing all cultural differences. B．By increasing the profitability of local businesses. C．By enforcing a uniform educational system worldwide. D．By introducing people to various cultures and promoting tolerance. 2．Which statement best describes a challenge posed by globalization to local cultures? A．Globalization promotes understanding and tolerance. B．Globalization has no significant impact on local cultures. C．Globalization leads to the loss of unique cultural landmarks. D．Globalization primarily supports local economies through cultural tourism. 3．What does the underlined word “dilution” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Recognition. B．Strengthener. C．Mission. D．Reduction. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Globalization: A Double-Edged Sword for Local Cultures B．The Benefits of Globalization for Cultural Exchange C．Preserving Local Cultures in a Globalized World D．The Threats of Globalization to Local Identities 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了全球化对地方文化的双重影响, 既促进了文化的理解与融合, 也威胁到了地方文化的独特性, 强调在全球化背景下寻找平衡的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“It exposes individuals to diverse cultures, promoting understanding and tolerance among different societies.(它使个人接触到不同的文化，促进不同社会之间的理解和宽容。)”可推知, 全球化通过使人们接触不同的文化并促进不同社会文化之间的理解和宽容, 从而对文化理解产生积极影响。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“This not only leads to the disappearance of unique cultural landmarks but also to a more homogenized global culture where local features may struggle to find a place.(这不仅会导致独特的文化地标消失，还会导致全球文化更加同质化，地方特色可能难以找到一席之地。)”可知, 全球化导致独特的文化地标消失, 以及更加同质化的全球文化, 这对地方文化来说是一个挑战。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This not only leads to the disappearance of unique cultural landmarks but also to a more homogenized global culture where local features may struggle to find a place.(这不仅会导致独特的文化地标消失，还会导致全球文化更加同质化，地方特色可能难以找到一席之地)”可知, 标准化的全球文化会导致独特的文化地标消失。由此可推知, 画线词与D项: Reduction(减小，降低)意思相近。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文以及文章第一段“Globalization has reshaped the world in profound ways, joining nations closely together through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. While many celebrate the economic opportunities it brings, globalization also poses significant challenges to local cultures, which can be overshadowed by a homogenizing global culture. This raises a complex debate: Does globalization enrich local cultures or endanger them?(全球化以深刻的方式重塑了世界，通过贸易、通信和文化交流将各国紧密地联系在一起。虽然许多人庆祝全球化带来的经济机会，但全球化也给当地文化带来了重大挑战，这些挑战可能会被同质化的全球文化所掩盖。这引发了一场复杂的辩论:全球化是丰富了当地文化，还是危及了它们?)”可知, 本文主要讨论了全球化对地方文化的双重影响, 既有积极的一面, 也有挑战和威胁。由此可推知, A项: Globalization: A Double-Edged Sword for Local Cultures(全球化:地方文化的双刃剑)最适合作文章标题。故选A。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文10】（24-25高三上·青海西宁·期中考试）John Dryden, an English poet who died in 1700, once said, “Wealthy families can rarely continue to be rich for three generations.” In 19th- century America, successful families were also said to “go from shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves” in that length of time. In Asia, there is an identical saying that family wealth could not pass three generations. As a rising share of the world’s wealthiest comes from Asia, the three-generation hypothesis (假想) is being tested once again. Overall, the results of the three-generation test so far look encouraging for Asia’s wealthiest families. What has helped the wealthiest families to survive the test is the education that the younger generations have received. While many of their grandparents and parents never completed university, most of them have attended the best-known universities abroad, often in America. As a result, they are far worldlier than their elders, who built their fortunes on local businesses in periods of rapid economic development. John Riady, the child of an Indonesian family that owns Lippo Karawaci, attended Georgetown University, before earning an MBA at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a law degree from Columbia University. Isha Ambani, daughter of Mukesh Ambani, graduated from Yale and then Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business in 2018. At the same time, they are more sharply aware of their responsibility to avoid one of the traditional traps: putting relationship before anything else. Instead, after they take charge of the businesses, they usually try to establish rules and regulations in their family businesses in order to keep generating wealth over centuries. In many developing countries, dealing with interest groups and local authorities remains an important part of doing business. It can ensure access to big contracts. However, American business schools do not teach them such skills. To preserve their family businesses, they have to learn a thing or two from their elders. 1．What do “shirtsleeves” most probably stand for in the first paragraph? A．Being poor. B．Being generous. C．Being stupid. D．Being lazy. 2．What does the author say about the richest younger generations in Asia? A．They are much wiser. B．They are more responsible. C．They are better educated. D．They are more experienced. 3．What do the younger leaders of the big family businesses stress? A．Western education. B．Social connection. C．Close relationship. D．Professional management. 4．What does the author advise the children of the wealthiest families to do? A．Get big contracts with dirty tricks. B．Learn from their grandparents and parents. C．Stay away from the powerful interest groups. D．Establish rules and regulations in their businesses. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。尽管古今中外都有“富不过三代”之说，但作者认为，这个魔咒在新时代很可能会被打破。 1．推理判断题。 根据第一段中“Wealthy families can rarely continue to be rich for three generations.(富裕的家庭很少能持续三代人的富裕)”、“family wealth could not pass three generations(富不过三代)”推测“go from shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves(从衬衫袖子到衬衫袖子)”是相同的意思，即“富不过三代”，因此shirtsleeves很可能代表“穷”。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“While many of their grandparents and parents never completed university, most of them have attended the best-known universities abroad, often in America.(虽然他们的祖父母和父母中的许多人从未完成大学学业，但他们中的大多数人都上过国外最著名的大学，通常是在美国)”可知，这些富家子弟都接受了更好的教育。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Instead, after they take charge of the businesses, they usually try to establish rules and regulations in their family businesses in order to keep generating wealth over centuries.(相反，在他们接管企业后，他们通常试图在家族企业中建立规章制度，以便在几个世纪内不断创造财富)”可知，这些年轻一代的管理者更注重公司管理制度的建立。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In many developing countries, dealing with interest groups and local authorities remains an important part of doing business. It can ensure access to big contracts. However, American business schools do not teach them such skills. To preserve their family businesses, they have to learn a thing or two from their elders.(在许多发展中国家，与利益集团和地方当局打交道仍然是做生意的重要组成部分。它可以确保获得大合同。然而，美国商学院不教他们这些技能。为了保护他们的家族企业，他们必须向长辈学习一两件事)”可知，作者认为这些年轻的管理者应该向他们的长辈请教，以弥补西式教育的不足。故选B。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文11】（24-25高三上·云南·阶段练习）Who will take care of me when I’m old? By planning now for my elder years, surrounding myself with a team of people I trust and managing financial resources I continue to accumulate, I aim to minimize the burden of care my loved ones will shoulder if I can’t manage my own affairs. As a childless woman, no one is morally obliged to (必须做) step up and care for an aging old lady. It’s a volunteer job, even you pay the cost. I imagine that’s why parents are confused about who will show up for us. Planning for our elder years benefits everyone’s loved ones, non-parents and parents alike. Parents whose kids live far away. Parents of children ill-suited to the serious business of caregiving. People who live in a state of denial that someday they’ll need care of some sort. What may seem a tiring chore is really a team-building exercise. In Eldercare 101: A Practical Guide to Later Life Planning, Care, and Wellbeing, Mary Saavedra has organized a team of experts who offer tools and practical advice about what she calls the Six Pillars of Aging Wellbeing - legal, living environment, spiritual, social, medical, and financial. My current challenge is figuring out a suitable community to avoid a medical diagnosis that might impact my residency. A definite benefit of starting my search early is that each community has a slightly different contractual (合同的) arrangement. Some offer 50-80% refundable entry fees, the small print dictating whether that option stays in place indefinitely or expires (到期) after a certain time span - 3-5 years after moving in, say. I can’t imagine understanding these terms and conditions at a more advanced age. Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited with writing “Life is a journey, not a destination.” Every one of us will make it to our life’s end. Some will be better prepared than others. Every arrangement we put in place today is a gift to the loved ones we will one day leave behind. 1．Which words can be used to describe the author? A．Selfish but independent. B．Critical and demanding. C．Dependent and stubborn. D．Thoughtful and forward-looking. 2．What is the author’s major concern according to Mary Saavedra’s book? A．Locating a proper community. B．Finishing a medical check-up annually. C．Building a team to handle troublesome chores. D．Taking the initiative to do all the Six Pillars. 3．Why does the author mention “the small print” in paragraph 4? A．To praise the community’s love and care for the elderly. B．To recommend the community’s service to other people. C．To show the insignificance of the contractual arrangement. D．To convey her serious concerns for any future uncertainties. 4．The author quotes Ralph Waldo Emerson to ________. A．give credit to the writer B．better support her arguments C．emphasize life’s different stages D．stress the importance of gift-giving 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者在全球老龄化形势加剧的大背景下，就及早做好养老准备的必要性和存在的相关问题阐述了自己的观点。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“By planning now for my elder years, surrounding myself with a team of people I trust and managing financial resources I continue to accumulate, I aim to minimize the burden of care my loved ones will shoulder if I can’t manage my own affairs. (通过现在为我的晚年做计划，和一群我信任的人在一起，管理好我不断积累的财务资源，我的目标是在我无法管理自己的事务时，把照顾我所爱的人的负担降到最低。)”和第二段“Planning for our elder years benefits everyone’s loved ones, non-parents and parents alike. (为我们的晚年做计划对每个人都有好处，无论是父母还是非父母。)”可知，作者是深思熟虑和有前瞻性的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In Eldercare 101: A Practical Guide to Later Life Planning, Care, and Wellbeing, Mary Saavedra has organized a team of experts who offer tools and practical advice about what she calls the Six Pillars of Aging Wellbeing - legal, living environment, spiritual, social, medical, and financial. My current challenge is figuring out a suitable community to avoid a medical diagnosis that might impact my residency. (在Eldercare 101: A Practical Guide to Later Life Planning, Care, and Wellbeing一书中，Mary Saavedra组织了一个专家团队，就她所谓的老年幸福的六大支柱——法律、生活环境、精神、社会、医疗和财务——提供工具和实用建议。我目前面临的挑战是找到一个合适的社区，以避免可能影响我住院医生的医疗诊断。)”可知，根据Mary Saavedra的书，作者主要关心的是找到一个合适的社区。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“I can’t imagine understanding these terms and conditions at a more advanced age. (我无法想象在年纪更大的时候还能理解这些条款和条件。)”可知，作者在第4段提到“小字体”是为了表达她对未来不确定性的深切担忧。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited with writing “Life is a journey, not a destination.” Every one of us will make it to our life’s end. Some will be better prepared than others. Every arrangement we put in place today is a gift to the loved ones we will one day leave behind. (Ralph Waldo Emerson写过“生活是一段旅程，而不是目的地”。我们每个人都会走到生命的尽头。有些人会比其他人准备得更好。我们今天所做的每一个安排，都是送给我们将来会离开的亲人的礼物。)”可知，作者引用Ralph Waldo Emerson的话是为了更好地支持她的论点。故选B。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文12】（2024·云南昆明·模拟预测）Have you ever noticed how much nicer you are to your friends than to yourself? We comfort our friends and cheer on their achievements, yet we constantly criticize ourselves. We regret making mistakes. We compare ourselves to others. We don’t feel we are worthy enough. It’s endless. Self-criticism actually serves a purpose. It helps people survive by adapting ourselves to social standards. Follow the standards and you will remain secure; step outside the lines and you will risk potential danger. This is why the negative self-talk is critical—it’s trying to keep you safe. Strangely enough, as the brain circuit forces us to reflect what we did wrong, it responds with support for our friends. So how can we treat ourselves with the care we give our friends? We start by understanding how self-criticism operates. When we are not concentrated on something, the brain circuit runs. We passively listen to these negative thoughts which interrupt our ability to focus and sleep. The self-criticism creates over thinking. For example, someone who loses a love done might think, “I’m so down. Why can’t I get over this?” and then, “I can’t handle anything.” When trying to make meaning from self-criticism, we slip into a cycle, which makes us feel we are not enough: not successful enough, not lovable enough, not worthy enough...It convinces us that we will be happy and safe when we achieve something. Yet when we achieve that, our wish to equal the achievements of others finds us some new in security. Nothing will ever be good enough. Only when we stop the self-criticism can we hear our inner voice. Let go of the desire to “keep up with the Joneses” and then step more fully into ourselves. Next, think about what you would say to friends in a similar situation. It helps us out of the negative cycle and access our caring and supportive side. It is time for us to treat ourselves like we treat our friends. 1．Why does self-criticism matter? A．It adapts people to critical standards. B．It helps people avoid potential risks. C．It ensures people’s security in society. D．It assists people to achieve life purpose. 2．What in mainly talked about in paragraph 5? A．How the brain circuit is formed. B．How self-criticism affects people. C．How it feels to lose a love done. D．How criticism creates over thinking. 3．What might the underlined sentence “keep up with the Joneses” in paragraph 6 mean? A．Handle difficulties with case. B．Possess abundant wealth. C．Get rid of the heavy pressure. D．Match the success of others. 4．What does the author suggest us doing? A．Making meaning from criticism. B．Treating ourselves with kindness. C．Reflecting on mistakes regularly. D．Offering nice comments to others. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕“我们为何对自己比对朋友更苛刻”这一主题展开，提出了作者的观点和看法，并通过分析自我批评的作用、大脑回路的影响以及我们如何摆脱负面循环等方面来支持这些观点。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Self-criticism actually serves a purpose. It helps people survive by adapting ourselves to social standards. Follow the standards and you will remain secure; step outside the lines and you will risk potential danger. This is why the negative self-talk is critical—it’s trying to keep you safe.(然而，自我批评实际上有其目的。它帮助我们通过适应社会标准来生存。遵循这些标准，你就会感到安全；而一旦越界，你就会面临潜在的危险。这就是为什么消极的自言自语如此关键——它试图让你保持安全。)”可知，自我批评的目的是帮助人们通过适应社会标准来生存，遵守这些标准可以保持安全，而违背则可能面临潜在危险。因此，自我批评是为了帮助人们避免潜在的风险。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“When we are not concentrated on something, the brain circuit runs. We passively listen to these negative thoughts which interrupt our ability to focus and sleep. The self-criticism creates over thinking.(当我们不专注于某件事时，大脑回路就会运转。我们被动地倾听这些消极的想法，它们会干扰我们的注意力和睡眠。自我批评会导致过度思考)”以及“When trying to make meaning from self-criticism, we slip into a cycle, which makes us feel we are not enough: not successful enough, not lovable enough, not worthy enough...It convinces us that we will be happy and safe when we achieve something.(当我们试图从自我批评中获得意义时，我们陷入了一个循环，让我们觉得自己不够:不够成功，不够可爱，不够有价值……它使我们相信，当我们取得成就时，我们会感到快乐和安全。)”可知，第五段提到了当大脑回路运行时，我们被动地听到这些消极的想法，它们打断了我们集中注意力和睡眠的能力，并导致过度思考。。因此，本段主要讨论了自我批评如何影响人们的思维、情感和心理健康。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据上一段段尾“Yet when we achieve that, our wish to equal the achievements of others finds us some new in security. Nothing will ever be good enough.(但当我们达到那个目标时，我们又会因为想与他人平起平坐而找到新的不安全感。没有什么会永远足够好。)”以及空前的“Only when we stop the self-criticism can we hear our inner voice.(只有当我们停止自我批评，我们才能听到我们内心的声音。)”可推测，放下“想与他人平起平坐”的欲望，然后更充分地融入自己。选项D“Match the success of others. (与他人的成功相匹配。)”符合划线短语所表达的意思。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Next, think about what you would say to friends in a similar situation. It helps us out of the negative cycle and access our caring and supportive side. It is time for us to treat ourselves like we treat our friends.(接下来，思考在类似情况下你会对朋友说些什么。这有助于我们摆脱负面循环，并激发我们关心和支持的一面。是时候像对待朋友一样对待自己了。)”可知，作者建议我们要像对待朋友对待自己，也就是善待自己。故选B。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文13】（24-25高三上·河南郑州·期中）Imagining a human being without historical sense is scary. The thought of living exclusively in a present moment is scary. Scarier still is the thought of an entire generation, not to mention society, operating with a lack of a sense of history. And yet that is exactly the situation in which we find ourselves today. The people and events of history may be rooted in the past, but how we talk about those things, what we write about them, and how we teach them—in other words, how we practise history as the record of human experience—tell us a lot about who we are and what we value right now. Thinking of ourselves as a chapter in an as-yet unwritten history book, on the other hand, is likely to force deeper self-reflection: Whose stories will we stand up for? What values will we defend? What models will we offer following generations? In an era of environmental change, rising inequality and great shifts in the international political context, we need to understand how our institutions have developed. History gives us power. No other subject helps us to understand so comprehensively what it is to be human. The implications of ignorance of what have happened are incredible, but the ignorance itself isn’t entirely surprising given the lowered status of history in most schools. The discipline of history has become sidelined (边缘化). “History fights for its place in the curriculum with geography,” Dr. Bain observed, “but its attention to time, place and context is what makes it really distinct.” In other words, history doesn’t simply tell us how to be good citizens: It equips us with the knowledge we need to comprehend our world clearly, and the ability to analyze it accurately. Clearly, in an age of “fake news”, engaged citizens need to be culturally literate, critical thinkers. There is no better subject than history to develop an appreciation of context and an ability to look for evidence. We should expect a logical history curriculum for our children. If it were common to hear graduates claim that they’d never learned to add, subtract, multiply and divide, there would be a severe protest. So should there be now. 1．What is the situation the author mentioned in paragraph 1? A．The fear of the past. B．The ignorance of history. C．The exclusion of the present. D．The dissatisfaction of society. 2．What does the author mainly stress in paragraph 2? A．Consequences of overlooking history. B．Significance of mastering all subjects. C．Insights from history for today and tomorrow. D．Resolutions of the current international issues. 3．Which one of the following ideas might Dr. Bain agree with? A．Critical thinking is key to studying history well. B．Schools should enhance the status of history curriculum. C．Ignorance of history is not as terrible as expected in schools. D．Geography proves more meaningful and practical than history. 4．What does the underlined sentence “So should there be now.” mean? A．The historical sense can help us differentiate the news. B．People are dissatisfied with graduates’ ability to calculate. C．We should make history curriculum more logical and critical. D．We should pay the same attention to history as to other subjects. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。讨论了在现代社会发展中，培养历史感的重要性，以及历史教育的重要意义。文章呼吁将历史教育纳入更加合理的课程体系中，历史感的建立有助于培养学生的批判性思维以及理解世界的能力。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Imagining a human being without historical sense is scary. The thought of living exclusively in a present moment is scary. Scarier still is the thought of an entire generation, not to mention society, operating with a lack of a sense of history. (想象一个没有历史感的人是可怕的。只活在当下的想法是可怕的。更可怕的是，整整一代人，更不用说整个社会，在缺乏历史感的情况下运作。)”可知，作者在第一段提到了人们对历史的无知。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The people and events of history may be rooted in the past, but how we talk about those things, what we write about them, and how we teach them—in other words, how we practise history as the record of human experience—tell us a lot about who we are and what we value right now. Thinking of ourselves as a chapter in an as-yet unwritten history book, on the other hand, is likely to force deeper self-reflection (历史上的人物和事件可能植根于过去，但我们如何谈论这些事情，我们如何写它们，以及我们如何教授它们——换句话说，我们如何将历史作为人类经历的记录来实践——告诉我们很多关于我们是谁以及我们现在看重什么。另一方面，把自己想象成一本尚未书写的历史书中的一个章节，可能会迫使我们进行更深层次的自我反思)”以及“In an era of environmental change, rising inequality and great shifts in the international political context, we need to understand how our institutions have developed. History gives us power. No other subject helps us to understand so comprehensively what it is to be human. (在一个环境变化、不平等加剧、国际政治环境发生巨大变化的时代，我们需要了解我们的制度是如何发展起来的。历史赋予我们力量。没有其他学科能如此全面地帮助我们理解什么是人类。)”可知，作者在第二段主要强调了历史对今天和明天的洞见。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The discipline of history has become sidelined (边缘化). “History fights for its place in the curriculum with geography,” Dr. Bain observed, “but its attention to time, place and context is what makes it really distinct.” In other words, history doesn’t simply tell us how to be good citizens: It equips us with the knowledge we need to comprehend our world clearly, and the ability to analyze it accurately.(历史学科已经靠边站了。“历史与地理在课程中争夺自己的位置，”贝恩博士说，“但它对时间、地点和背景的关注使它真正与众不同。”换句话说，历史不仅仅告诉我们如何成为好公民：它还让我们具备了清晰理解世界所需的知识，以及准确分析世界的能力)”可知，历史是如此的重要，学校应该提高历史课程的地位。故选B。 4．词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“There is no better subject than history to develop an appreciation of context and an ability to look for evidence. We should expect a logical history curriculum for our children. If it were common to hear graduates claim that they’d never learned to add, subtract, multiply and divide, there would be a severe protest. (没有比历史更适合培养对背景的鉴赏能力和寻找证据的能力了。我们应该为我们的孩子准备一个合乎逻辑的历史课程。如果经常听到毕业生声称他们从未学过加减乘除，那一定会引起强烈的抗议)”可知，没有比历史更适合培养对背景的鉴赏能力和寻找证据的能力了，我们应该重视历史学科，应该和数学等其它学科一样对待。划线处和D项：We should pay the same attention to history as to other subjects.(我们对待历史应该像对待其他学科一样重视)合乎题意。故选D。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文14】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·期中）Be honest: how many things you bought because of product promotion on TikTok did you actually need? In response, social media users are pushing back against unnecessary spending. This is where “de-influencing” comes in, a new TikTok trend that challenges the hype (炒作) around popular products and overconsumption. It aims to change the way we think about shopping and encourage people to pause and consider whether they really need something, rather than just buying it because it is trendy or popular. Recently, there have been many TikTok influencers that have frustrated people. They are promoting products that seem misleading, especially during tough times when money is tight. For example, US influencer Mikayla Nogucira posted a TikTok using L’Oréal’s Telescopic Lash Lift Mascara but was blamed for wearing false eyelashes in her review as part of a paid partnership. Makeup artist Rose Gallagher notes, “People are feeling tired of social media. Originally, user content was popular because it shared honest thoughts on personal purchases. Now, it’s hard to tell which reviews are genuine and which are just for profit.” Thus, what TikTok says is no longer the standard of people’s purchase choices. De-influencing emerged accordingly. While de-influencing seems new, it’s still a form of influence and can be a smart move for afluencers and brands. Millie Kendall, from the British Beauty Council, points out, “De-influencing is a bit tricky. It’s telling people what to avoid but can still suggest other products.” With rising living costs, people are less likely to buy expensive items, making cheaper products more appealing. Being honest about the products and even “de-influencing” them can pay off, too. Criticising big brands might hurt short-term deals for influencers but could build their reputation for trustworthiness over time. Also, debating whether a product works can drive sales, as people want to try it themselves. So, is de-influencing here to stay? It will have its moment, yet trends come and go quickly. Once the next big product goes viral, de-influencing will be yesterday’s news. Whether de-influencing is a lasting movement or a temporary reaction, its message could make consumers become more mindful of their purchases and not splurge on big-ticket items. 1．What is de-influencing meant to do? A．To increase social media usage. B．To remind us to think twice before a purchase. C．To promote expensive brands on social media. D．To encourage us to buy more trendy products. 2．What led to de-influencing according to Paragraph 2? A．TikTok influencers wore false eyelashes. B．TikTok influencers spread genuine thoughts. C．TikTok influencers promoted unaffordable items. D．TikTok influencers advertised untrustworthy goods. 3．What can be inferred about de-influencing from Paragraph 3? A．It may lessen people’s shopping desire. B．It can enable influencers to make profits. C．It has no impact on consumption choices. D．It will ruin influencers’ reputation for honesty. 4．What do the underlined words “splurge on” mean in the last paragraph? A．Select randomly. B．Review negatively. C．Buy uncontrollably. D．Sell dishonestly. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要针对TikTok上产品推广引发的消费现象进行了深入分析和讨论，提出了“反影响”这一新兴趋势，并对其背后的原因、影响以及未来趋势进行了探讨。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“It aims to change the way we think about shopping and encourage people to pause and consider whether they really need something, rather than just buying it because it is trendy or popular.(其目的在于改变我们的购物观念，鼓励人们在购买前停下来想一想自己是否真的需要某样东西，而不是仅仅因为它是流行趋势或热门产品就买下它。)”可知，所谓反影响的目的是提醒我们在购买之前要停下来想象自己是否真的需要某样东西。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Makeup artist Rose Gallagher notes, “People are feeling tired of social media. Originally, user content was popular because it shared honest thoughts on personal purchases. Originally, user content was popular because it shared honest thoughts on personal purchases. Now, it’s hard to tell which reviews are genuine and which are just for profit.” Thus, what TikTok says is no longer the standard of people’s purchase choices. De-influencing emerged accordingly.(化妆师Rose Gallagher指出：“人们对社交媒体感到厌倦。起初，用户内容之所以受欢迎，是因为它分享了个人购买的真诚想法。现在，很难分辨哪些评测是真实的，哪些只是为了盈利。”因此，TikTok所说的内容不再是人们购买选择的标准。相应地，反影响出现了。)”可知，现在人们很难分辨哪些评测是真实的，哪些只是为了盈利。也就是说人们认为TikTok网红宣传了不可靠的商品，从而导致了反影响的出现。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“With rising living costs, people are less likely to buy expensive items, making cheaper products more appealing. Being honest about the products and even “de-influencing” them can pay off, too. Criticising big brands might hurt short-term deals for influencers but could build their reputation for trustworthiness over time.(随着生活成本的上升，人们购买昂贵物品的可能性降低，这使得更便宜的产品更具吸引力。对产品坦诚相待，甚至对其进行“反影响”也能得到回报。批评大品牌可能会损害网红短期的交易，但长期来看，这可能有助于建立他们值得信赖的名声。)”可推测，从长远利益看，反影响会帮助网红建立值得信赖的名声，从而获利。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“its message could make consumers become more mindful of their purchases(它的信息都可能让消费者在购买时更加明智)”可知，反影响会让消费者更加理智，不再大肆购买。由此可推测，划线单词的意思指的是“大肆购买”。选项C“Buy uncontrollably.(无法控制地购买)”与划线单词词义相似。故选C。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文15】（24-25高三上·四川绵阳·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this  technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 1．According to the author, CRISPR is________. A．a necessary evil in treating severe diseases B．a questionable tool for removing faulty genes C．a promising technology to conserve resources D．a logical approach to improving human genetics 2．The author discusses “common sense” ableism in Paragraph 4 to________. A．compare genetic selection to eugenic thinking B．trace the evolution of genetic selection in history C．offer an example of campaigns to remove bad genes D．reveal the root of the societal view on genetic differences 3．What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A．People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B．The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C．This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D．The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The Dark Side of CRISPR B．In the Wake of Genetic Selection C．In Defense of Our Bad Genes D．The Promise and Price of Gene Editing 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了CRISPR基因编辑技术在治疗疾病的同时可能带来的社会伦理问题，特别是该技术可能导致排除遗传差异，从而影响社会多样性。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this   technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious— lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. (CRISPR可以用于治疗疾病。然而，这项技术的深远、更令人担忧的前景——科学家们似乎既兴奋又谨慎——在于它有能力从基因库中消除医学认定的导致个体差异的缺陷或异常基因)”可知，作者认为CRISPR技术虽然有治疗疾病的能力，但也有删除基因池中有缺陷或异常基因的风险，这种做法是值得质疑的。故选B。 2．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. (使用基因组操作工具和进行基因选择等同于一种新的优生思维形式，其基础是传播研究学者James L. Chemey所说的“常识”残疾歧视，这是一种信仰体系，它允许人们在否认任何令人厌恶的优生原则的同时，也支持它们。最终，“常识性”残疾歧视体现了一个类似的目标，即清除不可接受的人类变异，这与过去消除所谓的劣等运动的目标类似)”可知，作者讨论“常识”残疾主义是为了揭示社会遗传差异观的根源。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段中“If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. (如果CRISPR被用于消除而不是治疗基因差异，我们作为一个社会，本质上是将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化。)”可知，将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化，暗示这种做法可能在社会上广泛实践。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. (科学应该指导政策，但是当像CRISPR这样的技术有可能排斥而不是帮助人们过自己的生活时，就需要谨慎)”和最后一段中“Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated— people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. (基因组编辑在重塑医学治疗方面是强大的，但它也可能是有害的，因为它把医学及其塑造的社会归类为患病或基因污染的人——那些被认为有坏基因的人——剔除了。我们应该记住，坏的基因并不一定导致坏的生活，正如好的基因并不一定导致好的生活一样)”可知，本文主要讨论了CRISPR技术在治疗遗传病的同时，也可能带来负面的社会影响，尤其是可能排除而不是帮助那些被认为有基因缺陷的人。因此，选项D“The Promise and Price of Gene Editing (基因编辑的前景与代价)”最适合作为本文标题。故选D。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文16】（24-25高三上·山西太原·阶段练习）The small hobby of chocolate is becoming a more costly one. Rapidly increasing prices for cocoa beans recently hit a record $12,000 a tonne: roughly four times last year’s price. Many think they will go higher. That may put small specialist producers out of business. Yet it is bringing little reward to struggling growers. The immediate cause is a bad harvest in West Africa—which produces 70% of the world’s beans—reflecting El Niño-linked weather patterns and disease. Major processing plants in Ghana and Ivory Coast, the main growers, have stopped or reduced operations because they cannot afford the beans. But underlying the crisis are longer-term issues including the climate crisis and the inability of farmers to invest in production due to their low incomes. Many West African growers are being forced out of the business after years of punishingly low returns for their work and—as trees come to the end of their life cycle—often selling land to gold miners, resulting in severe environmental degradation (恶化). Latin American farmers are rushing to plant cocoa due to the higher prices, abandoning other crops and deforesting new areas. But the likelihood, if production booms and the system does not change, is that by the time their new trees bear fruit, prices may be falling again. As serious as the situation looks, the attention demanded by the rocketing price of cocoa, and the introduction of EU Deforestation Regulation offer an opportunity. Faced with global heating, increasing conflict and energy price instability, depending on the free market is a poor bet. Treating food issues as financial instruments hurts farmers, destroys forests and worsens the instability of supply. The solution in this case is a commitment to stable minimum prices for cocoa farmers and long-term contracts. This would help to lift growers out of poverty and, in doing so, tackle other problems. Sustainable production is essential, and will even benefit consumers in the long run. It can’t be achieved by letting the free market run its course. 1．What might be the consequence of rising cocoa prices? A．Some small producers will fail. B．Cocoa farmers will benefit greatly. C．Fewer people will eat chocolate. D．Cocoa production will increase. 2．What will happen if more Latin American farmers plant cocoa? A．Other crops will boost production. B．Cocoa prices will go down. C．The environment will be improved. D．Old cocoa trees will be abandoned. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the free market approach to cocoa problems? A．Defensive. B．Concerned. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent. 4．What does the author suggest in order to solve the coco a problem? A．Allowing the free market to work. B．Giving cocoa farmers more freedom. C．Helping cocoa growers out of poverty. D．Promising a steady guaranteed price. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章分析了可可豆价格上升的原因以及带来的一系列后果，并表达了自己对这一问题的看法，提出了解决方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段二三四句“Rapidly increasing prices for cocoa beans recently hit a record $12,000 a tonne: roughly four times last year’s price. Many think they will go higher. That may put small specialist producers out of business. (迅速上涨的可可豆价格最近达到创纪录的每吨1.2万美元，大约是去年价格的4倍。许多人认为价格会走得更高。这可能会使小型专业生产商破产。)”可知，可可豆价格的上涨可能会让一些小型生产商破产。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“Latin American farmers are rushing to plant cocoa due to the higher prices, abandoning other crops and deforesting new areas. But the likelihood, if production booms and the system does not change, is that by the time their new trees bear fruit, prices may be falling again.(由于可可价格上涨，拉丁美洲农民争相种植可可，放弃了其他作物，并在新的地区砍伐森林。但是，如果产量激增而制度不变，那么等到他们的新树结出果实时，价格可能会再次下跌。)”可知，如果拉丁美洲的农民大规模种植可可，最终可能导致价格再次下跌。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段二三句“Faced with global heating, increasing conflict and energy price instability, depending on the free market is a poor bet. Treating food issues as financial instruments hurts farmers, destroys forests and worsens the instability of supply.(面对全球变暖、冲突加剧和能源价格不稳定，依靠自由市场是一个糟糕的赌注。将粮食问题视为金融工具会伤害农民，破坏森林，加剧供应不稳定。)”可知，作者认为依靠自由市场很糟糕，很担心这个方法会给农民造成伤害。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“The solution in this case is a commitment to stable minimum prices for cocoa farmers and long-term contracts.(在这种情况下，解决方案是承诺为可可种植者提供稳定的最低价格，并签订长期合同。)”可知，作者认为要解决这个问题，是要保证可可的稳定的价格。故选D。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文17】（24-25高三上·陕西安康·阶段练习）Recently, campaigners have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the retailer. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions. Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. Other processes, including fertilization, storage, heating and irrigation, contribute much more. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for a British resident is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy- efficient to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the crop grows well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small proportion of goods are flown to the consumer country, and these are usually high value, perishable items which we cannot produce locally. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using manual labour and natural fertilizers, unlike in Britain, where we use oil-based fertilizers and diesel machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will negate any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles too. But ultimately, the measures are too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. 1．Why is importing apples from New Zealand more energy-efficient for British residents in spring? A．It reduces food miles. B．British apples are in short supply. C．New Zealand apples are cheaper. D．British apples have been stored under energy-consuming conditions. 2．Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? A．All imported food has a higher carbon footprint than locally grow n food. B．Beans flown in from Kenya have higher carbon footprints than grown in Britain. C．Transporting food by air always results in a higher carbon footprint than growing local food. D．Only considering food miles is an oversimplified way to assess a food’s environmental impact. 3．The underlined word “negate” in paragraph 5 probably means ________. A．enhance B．ignore C．cancel out D．misunderstand 4．What is the author’s attitude towards buying local food? A．Strongly supportive. B．Completely opposed. C．Cautiously skeptical. D．Somewhat indifferent. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了购买本地食物是否真的更环保这一问题。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-efficient to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. (然而，我们在冬季或春季购买的苹果已经冷藏了数月，这会消耗大量能源。因此，在春季，从新西兰进口苹果更节能，因为那里的苹果正当季。)”可知，这两句话明确指出英国在春季时，苹果已被冷藏数月，处于耗能状态，所以从新西兰进口苹果更节能。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. (如果我们的目标是减少碳排放，我们必须考虑整个农业生产过程，而不仅仅是运输。)”以及最后一段中的“Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. (除了食物运输的距离之外，还有许多不同的因素会影响食物的碳足迹。)”可知，只考虑食物里程来评估食物对环境的影响过于简单，与D选项相符。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据文章第五段“It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. (同样值得记住的是，产品的旅程并不在超市结束。消费者购买食物所走的距离以及他们使用的交通方式也会增加食物的碳足迹。)”以及“So driving a long way to shop for food (开车很远去购买食物)”可知，所以，会使得购买本地种植产品的任何环境效益都无效。“negate”表示使无效，与“cancel out (抵消)”意思相近。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“However, the real story is not as simple as that. (然而，实际情况并非如此简单。)”以及文章第五段“It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance consumers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. (同样值得记住的是，产品的旅程并不在超市结束。消费者购买食物所走的距离以及他们使用的交通方式也会增加食物的碳足迹。)”及全文可知，文章通过分析不同因素对食物碳足迹的影响，可以看出作者的谨慎怀疑态度。故选C。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文18】（24-25高三上·内蒙古·阶段练习）From a young age, children learn that the word “please” holds special power in communication. It is often seen as a key to unlocking favors and turning demands into polite requests. However, recent research challenges this belief, suggesting that “please” may not always carry universal significance but instead functions as a strategic tool to navigate social dynamics. A study published in Social Psychology Quarterly by UCLA sociologists provides a thorough examination of how people make requests. Contrary to common assumptions, the study reveals that “please” is used far less frequently than expected. Its usage is particularly significant in situations where a negative response is anticipated. Whether asking for butter at the dinner table or requesting a ride to the airport, individuals often use “please” when they sense reluctance or busyness from the other person. Rather than acting as a blanket expression of politeness, it serves as a tactic to overcome resistance in interpersonal interactions. Lead researcher Andrew Chalfoun emphasizes understanding each situation rather than relying on shallow, one-size-fits-all rules of etiquette. He warns that overusing “please” can seem pushy or insincere, affecting the desired response. The study analyzed over a thousand requests and found that “please” was used in only 7% of cases, mainly when individuals expected resistance or when the person asked was busy. Moreover, the findings indicate that children use “please” similarly to adults, often employing it strategically after experiencing previous refusals. This highlights how learned social norms shape linguistic behavior from an early age, influencing personality development. The researchers hope that their insights into the pragmatic use of politeness will inspire future studies on social behavior. By uncovering the subtleties of everyday interactions, they aim to create more accurate models of human communication, ultimately helping individuals accomplish more effective and meaningful interactions. 1．What does recent research suggest about the usage of the word “please” in communication? A．It is universally recognized as polite. B．It is primarily a strategic tool for social dynamics. C．It is always used in formal requests. D．It is effective regardless of context. 2．According to the research, in which scene is it most likely to use “please”? A．Passing food at a family dinner. B．Asking a stranger for directions. C．A friend asking to borrow money from you. D．Requesting assistance from a busy colleague. 3．How did the researchers analyze the usage of “please”? A．Through interviews with children. B．By observing social interactions. C．By studying over a thousand requests. D．By comparing different languages. 4．Which of the following serves as the best title of the passage? A．The Power of Politeness in Language. B．Rethinking the Role of “Please” in Requests. C．The Universal Nature of Politeness. D．How Children Learn to Use “Please”. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。研究表明，儿童从小就学会“请”的重要性，但实际上“请”并不总是普遍有效。UCLA的研究显示，它多用于预期负面反应时，使用频率远低于预期。过度使用可能显得强势或不真诚，影响交互效果。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“However, recent research challenges this belief, suggesting that “please” may not always carry universal significance but instead functions as a strategic tool to navigate social dynamics. (然而，最近的研究对这一观点提出了质疑，认为“please”并不总是具有普遍意义，而是作为一种在社会动态中导航的战略工具。)”可知，最近的研究表明，“please”主要作为一种策略工具来应对社会动态，而不是普遍被认为是礼貌的表现。因此，选项B“它主要是社会动态的战略工具”是正确答案。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Whether asking for butter at the dinner table or requesting a ride to the airport, individuals often use “please” when they sense reluctance or busyness from the other person. (无论是在餐桌上要黄油，还是要求搭便车去机场，当个体感觉到对方的犹豫或忙碌时，他们通常会使用“please”。)”以及第四段最后一句“The study analyzed over a thousand requests and found that “please” was used in only 7% of cases, mainly when individuals expected resistance or when the person asked was busy. (该研究分析了超过一千个请求，发现“please”仅在7%的情况下被使用，主要是在个体预期会遇到阻力或对方忙碌时。)”可以推断，在请求忙碌的同事帮助时最有可能使用“please”。因此，选项D“向忙碌的同事请求帮助”是正确答案。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“The study analyzed over a thousand requests and found that “please” was used in only 7% of cases, mainly when individuals expected resistance or when the person asked was busy. (该研究分析了1000多个请求，发现只有7%的情况下使用了“请”，主要是在个人预期会有阻力或被请求者很忙的时候。)”可知，研究人员是通过研究超过一千个请求来分析“please”的使用情况的。因此，选项C“通过研究超过一千个请求”是正确答案。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“From a young age, children learn that the word “please” holds special power in communication. It is often seen as a key to unlocking favors and turning demands into polite requests. However, recent research challenges this belief, suggesting that “please” may not always carry universal significance but instead functions as a strategic tool to navigate social dynamics. (从很小的时候起，孩子们就知道“请”这个词在交流中具有特殊的力量。它通常被视为解锁恩惠并将要求转化为礼貌请求的关键。然而，最近的研究挑战了这一信念，表明“请”可能并不总是具有普遍意义，而是作为驾驭社会动态的战略工具。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了最近的研究对“please”在交流中使用情况的挑战，指出它并不总是具有普遍意义，而是作为一种在社会动态中导航的战略工具。因此，选项B（重新思考‘please’在请求中的角色。）最能概括文章的主旨大意，是正确答案。故选B项。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文19】（24-25高三上·陕西渭南·期中）Is there anything more boring than the endless drive to make every waking moment more productive? “If I can save ten seconds on a process that happens ten times per day, that’s a minute and 40 seconds saved per day,” a productivity expert recently advised in Time magazine, to take just one example. “Over the course of a year, that’s ten hours saved.” If that sounds exhausting, the good news is that there are many reasons to avoid putting ourselves under this kind of non-stop pressure – not least the latest neuroscience on how the brain regulates focus, as we explore in “Take control of your brain’s master switch to optimize (最优化) how you think”. It has to do with a tiny bundle of blue-tinged neurons in the brainstem called the locus coeruleus. According to new research, this structure acts like a gear lever that sets the pace of our brain’s processing. In Gear 1, the mind can wander freely; in Gear 2, we are highly engaged and attentive; and in Gear 3, we are hyperalert and quick to respond to a crisis. What various experiments have now shown is that moderate locus coeruleus activity – Gear 2— is the optimum state for many types of cognitive activity. It increases our concentration, while also allowing for the kind of thinking necessary for problem-solving. Gear 3 may be useful when we are facing an emergency, but it reduces our capacity to think analytically or creatively. Crucially, it turns out that the locus coeruleus can easily be tipped into Gear 3 whenever we are under pressure. If we are constantly pushing ourselves to achieve more and more in a limited amount of time, we may find ourselves stuck in this overwhelming and exhausting brain state, which will only reduce the quality of our output in the long term. With that in mind, it may, in fact, be foolish to insist on driving the engine of thought at ever greater speeds all the time. What is too often overlooked is the need to give your brain plenty of opportunity to return to a lower gear. For high-quality thinking, contrary to much of the productivity advice, downtime may be just as productive as uptime. 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A．The author is critical of the advice given by productivity experts. B．The author is indifferent to the advice given by productivity experts. C．The author agrees with the productivity experts’ approach to time management. D．The author believes that everyone should follow the advice of productivity experts. 2．What does the underlined phrase “locus coeruleus” in paragraph 3 mean? A．A part of the brain that controls sleep patterns. B．A type of cognitive activity that enhances creativity. C．A method of time management used by productivity experts. D．A small group of neurons in the brainstem that regulate focus. 3．Which gear state of the locus coeruleus is best for cognitive activity? A．Gear 1, where the mind can wander freely. B．Gear 2, where we are highly engaged and attentive. C．Gear 3, where we are hyperalert and quick to respond. D．Any gear state, as they are equally beneficial for cognitive activity. 4．What can be inferred about the author’s view? A．Constant productivity is the key to success. B．Downtime is a waste of time and should be minimized. C．Downtime is as important as uptime for productivity. D．Downtime is a must for those who are not productive. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了坚持以更高的速度驱动思维引擎可能是愚蠢的，停机时间与正常运行时间对生产力同样重要。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“If that sounds exhausting, the good news is that there are many reasons to avoid putting ourselves under this kind of non-stop pressure — not least the latest neuroscience on how the brain regulates focus, as we explore in “Take control of your brain’s master switch to optimize (最优化) how you think”. (如果这听起来很累，好消息是，有很多原因可以避免让自己处于这种不停的压力之下——尤其是最新的神经科学关于大脑如何调节注意力的研究，正如我们在“控制大脑的主开关以优化你的思考方式”中所探讨的那样)”可知，第二段的主要讲述了作者对生产力专家的建议持批评态度。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“It has to do with a tiny bundle of blue-tinged neurons in the brainstem called the locus coeruleus. According to new research, this structure acts like a gear lever that sets the pace of our brain’s processing. In Gear 1, the mind can wander freely; in Gear 2, we are highly engaged and attentive; and in Gear 3, we are hyperalert and quick to respond to a crisis. (这与脑干中一小束蓝色神经元有关，称为locus coeruleus。根据新的研究，这种结构就像一个变速杆，可以设定我们大脑处理的速度。在1挡中，心灵可以自由漫步；在2挡中，我们非常投入和专注；在3挡中，我们高度警觉，对危机反应迅速)”可知，locus coeruleus是脑干中一小束蓝色神经元，可以调节注意力。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“What various experiments have now shown is that moderate locus coeruleus activity – Gear 2— is the optimum state for many types of cognitive activity. It increases our concentration, while also allowing for the kind of thinking necessary for problem-solving. (现在各种实验表明，适度的蓝斑活动——2挡——是许多类型认知活动的最佳状态。它增加了我们的注意力，同时也允许我们进行解决问题所需的思考)”可知，2挡状态对认知活动最好，因为那个状态让我们高度投入和专注。故选B。 81．推理判断题。根据最后一段“What is too often overlooked is the need to give your brain plenty of opportunity to return to a lower gear. For high-quality thinking, contrary to much of the productivity advice, downtime may be just as productive as uptime. (经常被忽视的是，需要给你的大脑足够的机会回到较低的档位。对于高质量的思考，与大多数生产力建议相反，停机时间可能和正常运行时间一样富有成效)”可推知，作者认为停机时间与正常运行时间对生产力同样重要。故选C。 【八省期中汇编·阅读·议论文20】（24-25高三上·河南焦作·阶段练习）Best friends forever. We 90’s kids drew these words on our hands with markers and ink; most people I knew had at least one person they considered their BFF. Perhaps we imagined each other at weddings, meeting each other’s kids, and going on vacations to Antarctica someday. These simple understandings of friendship are naturally challenged as we grow. It does appear that the number of long-term friendships is decreasing. As opposed to the ideal of lifelong friendships, more and more friendships seem limited in time. Sometimes, it is as simple as lost contact. With more people working remotely and fewer “third spaces” existing in the community, we see each other less, which can lead to losing touch. That was the primary reason individuals tend to drift apart from their friendships in the past. Another reason may be less tolerance for conflict. In decades past, it seemed that waxes and wanes in friendship were expected. Most of these were not the end of the friendship. Today, there seems to be much less tolerance. We are quicker to block each other out or label one another ”toxic”, even when the friendship might be valuable to us. Social media trends have certainly sent a message that cutting someone off when they aren’t making you feel good is a positive thing to do. Yet is this always the case? There is a natural cycle in relationships involving connection, breaks, and repair. Relationship expert John Gottman has identified this reconnection as perhaps the most important part of the cycle because conflict is inevitable and can ultimately bring us closer. In friendships, we get close (connect). have times of conflict (break), and then work through that conflict through a reconnection (repair). Otherwise, the friendship ends-and more and more, it seems, friendships are ending before repair is given any possibility. Continuing a friendship through conflict can also help us learn things about ourselves that can be difficult to face, and enhance our lives. When we repeatedly disconnect from people who tell us things we don’t want to hear, we risk getting self-enclosed. If you are looking to build capacities in repair, turn to essential skills that require practice. 1．What used to be the chief reason for people to distance themselves from friendships? A．Geographical moves. B．Personality changes. C．Less tolerance for conflict. D．Increasing financial gap. 2．What does the underlined words ”waxes and wanes” mean in paragraph 3? A．Rise and fall. B．Black and white. C．Day and night. D．Give and take. 3．What might social media trends encourage? A．Building lifelong friendships. B．Accepting conflict in friendships. C．Reconnecting with old friends. D．Cutting off unsupportive relations. 4．What might be discussed after the last paragraph? A．Causes of friendship conflicts. B．Importance of lifelong friendships. C．Strategies for enhancing repair skills. D．Benefits of social media in friendships. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了随着社会的发展和人们兴趣、追求的改变，友谊逐渐趋向于短暂化，被更多的人误解和啃食。然而，专家提出了一些积极的建议，以试图解决友谊的难题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“With more people working remotely and fewer “third spaces” existing in the community, we see each other less, which can lead to losing touch. That was the primary reason individuals tend to drift apart from their friendships in the past. (随着越来越多的人远程工作，社区中存在的“第三空间”越来越少，我们彼此见面的次数越来越少，这可能会导致失去联系。这是人们倾向于与过去的友谊渐行渐远的主要原因)”可知，人们常常疏远友谊的主要原因是地域的迁移。故选A项。 2．词义猜测题。根据划线单词句中“In decades past, it seemed that… in friendship were expected.( 在过去的几十年里，友谊的……似乎是意料之中的)”以及第三段中“Most of these were not the end of the friendship. Today, there seems to be much less tolerance.( 其中大多数并不是友谊的结束。如今，人们的容忍度似乎要低得多)”可知，此处为友谊的盛衰似乎是意料之中的。故可猜测划线短语waxes and wanes为“盛衰”的意思，结合选项A项Rise and fall“起起落落”意思一致。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Social media trends have certainly sent a message that cutting someone off when they aren’t making you feel good is a p$$