第14讲 重点题型之阅读理解（知识梳理+考点精讲精练+实战训练）-【决胜春考】2025 春季高考英语冲刺总复习（天津专用）

( 第 14 讲： 重点题型之 阅读理解 ) 1、 考试要求 1.熟练语篇类型和语篇结构 2.明确命题规律和提问方式 3.掌握不同题型的解题方法掌握阅读理解高频同义词转换 2、 命题分析 高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。 一、细节理解题 二、词义猜测题： 1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 2.根据同位关系进行猜测 3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 4.根据因果关系进行猜测 5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 三、判断推理题： 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 3、 主旨大意题： 1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意) 2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。 细节理解题题型特点 (一) 细节理解题常见设问方式 1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。 2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。 3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。 4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. (二)细节理解题正确选项特征 同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。 (三)细节理解题干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。 考法一：直接信息题 直接信息题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍或电影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式多为以5W1H(what，who，when，where，why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句。 “带着问题找答案”先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。 (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·A片段) Late Work An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted. 23.What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date? A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade. C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it. 考法二：间接信息题 相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。 该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相关细节信息,例如,使用book对文中的reserve进行同义转换,用less different对文中的more in common进行同义转换。 (2022·全国甲·B片段) Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia，have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment，cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape，and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool. C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid. 考法三：数计算题题 数字计算题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。一般来说，计算量都比较小，容易计算。但是英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广告类；2.故事类；3. 科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，how many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。 此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不在于计算,而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力,故试题设置的计算一般比较简单。 (2023新课标I卷A篇) Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. Prices Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears 1 hour €7.50 €5.00 3 hours €11.00 €7.50 1 day (24 hours) €14.75 €9.75 Each additional day €8.00 €6.00 22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A. €15.75. B. €19.50. C. €22.75. D. €29.50. 推理判断3题型 (一)细节推理判断题 细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。注意题干中常用的六个动词：infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply (暗示), suggest (暗示), conclude (得出结论)和assume (假定，设想)。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： It can be inferred from the text that ________. Compared with other similar products, the new design ________. It can be concluded from the passage that ________. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________. (二)观点、态度推理判断题 1．文章的观点或结论推理判断题 此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测文中某一观点，仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握，因为它们在语义上是紧密相连的，次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要论点的。所以了解全文的主要观点或中心思想对正确解答此类试题至关重要。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·What is the author’s opinion on ...? ·What does the author think about ...? ·From the passage we can conclude that ________. 2．作者态度、语气推理判断题 此类试题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、感情色彩表现出来，并常常用一些词汇进行表述。如：褒义词useful, interesting, admiring, positive 等；贬义词disappointed, critical, negative等；中性词indifferent, humorous, neutral等。因此考生必须透过字里行间察其端倪，以此作为前提进行推理。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is ________. ·The author’s attitude towards ...can be best described as ________. ·The tone of this passage is best described as ________. 典例1(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ·D片段) Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support，the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. 5. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. (三)写作意图推理判断题 写作意图推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： The main purpose of this text is ________. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this article? It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ________. The author writes this passage to ________. The author in this passage intends to ________. Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所) as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe. Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When you're cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non¬-frozen water. 16. What is the purpose of this text? A. To solve a problem. B. To give practical advice. C. To tell an interesting story. D. To present a research result. 典例Earthquake may be ranked as one of the most disastrous forces known to man: since record began to be written down, it has been estimated (估计) that earthquake-related deaths have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related loss has been beyond calculation… The great majority of all earthquake occurred in two particular areas in history… It is doubtful that man will be ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their damage altogether. But as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur. The author’s purpose in writing the passage probably is to ____. A. inform the reader B. entertain the reader C. support a theory D. question a theory （四） “推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处： 旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. 新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。 研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。 科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 （2021全国乙卷阅读理解A篇，保留原题序号） A Take a view, the Landscape（风景）Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today's most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond. Mike Shepherd(2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England It was an extremely cold winter's evening and freezing fog hung in the air. I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep, and though it was only a short climb, I found myself completely above it and looking at a wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sum setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop, to achieve the black—and—white image（图像）. Timothy Smith(2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire, England I was back in my home town of Macclesfield to take some winter images. Walking up a path through the forest towards Shutlingsloe, a local high point, I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. The small pine added to the interest and I placed it centrally to take the view from the foreground right through into the forest. 3. Where can the text be found? A. In a history book. B. In a novel. C. In an art magazine. D. In a biography. 词义猜测题 词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 [设问方式] By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. ( 1. 利用 构词 法猜测 ) 英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果，同时结合文章的语境来猜测词义。 【考例1】（2016年全国II卷B篇） 27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ A. Mistake.    B. Drawback.  C. Difficulty.   D. Burden. 原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” 【解析】downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”，故选B项。 ( 2. 利用 因果 法猜测 ) 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。根据前面的原因可以推测后面的结果，根据后面的结果也可以反推前面的原因。因果关系的语境通常由because、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、so/such...that...等标志词体现。 What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？ A. Encourage team work.          B. Appeal to feeling. C. Promote good deeds.             D. Provide advice. 原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.” 画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该单词或短语的含义，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。当画线单词或短语与其他单词或短语由并列连词或者表示相同相似关系的副词连接时，意味着这两部分内容在含义上是接近的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个单词或短语所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。 What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？ A. Active at night.            B. Inactive at night. C. Active during the day.         D. Inactive during the day. 原文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词语与前面或后面的另一个词语互为反义或转折对比关系。抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead（of）、on the other hand、rather than、on the contrary等。 What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A. A painting of the skeleton.       B. A photograph of Lucy. C. A copy of the skeleton.          D. A written record of Lucy. 原文：Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. ( 5. 利用 语境 法猜测 ) 有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。 What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to？ A. Improper pauses.  B. Bad manners. C. Spelling mistakes.  D. Silly jokes. 原文：But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should…should…” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “…Vote for …me…” Except for some stumbles， Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. ( 6. 利用 常识 法猜测 ) 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “  _______ ”. A. digest the meal easily  B. manage without breakfast C. decide wisely what to eat  D. eat whatever is offered 原文：For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. 高考英语试题的阅读材料选材地道、内容新颖、语言鲜活，常蕴含丰富地道的词汇和表达方式。文章中有时会出现生词，抑或是使用熟词的生僻意思，借此考查考生是否具有通过构词、语法、定义、同位、同义、对比、因果、常识、上下文语境等线索推断词义句意的能力。 同学们在复习过程中应熟练掌握考纲所要求的3500个词汇，同时具备必要的构词知识，扩大阅读量，再适当运用以上猜词锦囊，相信会对解答好猜词悟义题有所助益。 主旨大意题 主旨大意题常见三种类型：标题归纳题题、文章大意题与段落大意题。 类型一　标题归纳题 一、常见设问方式 The best title of the passage is ________. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? ·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______. 二、解题必备知能 (一)理解标题的3大特点 一个好的标题应具备三大特点： 1．概括性——准确而又简短； 2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 (二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项； 3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 典例【2023浙江首考】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development 类型二　文章大意题 一、常见设问方式 ·What's the main idea/point of the passage? ·The passage is mainly about ________. ·The passage is mainly concerned about ________. ·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? ·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? ·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. ·The subject discussed in this text is ________. ·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 二、解题必备知能 掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 典例: 【2020全国III卷C篇】With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together. … It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013. … 5. What is the text mainly about? A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations. C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK. 类型三　段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? What is the first paragraph mainly about? 二、解题必备知能 归纳段落大意的2种方法 方法1：概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。 (1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首； (2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾； (3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间； (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系； (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法2：揣摩段落大意 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。 典例:Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and ,at its best, it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness, it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively(不引人注目地)and leave no mark. Wild camping is not permitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland, but in England you must ask the landowner’s permission, except in national parks. Camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地)seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with no road access: walking in makes a real adventure. Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good night’s sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum(最小化) influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland(林地), avoid standing dead trees, which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most protection on the windward side. If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. Always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found, not made—changing it should be unnecessary. 6. The last paragraph mainly deals with ___________. A. protecting animals B. building a campfire C. camping in woodland D. finding a campsite with privacy （2024·天津·高考真题）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 1．What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A．He still couldn't understand it. B．He had made notes in it. C．It was a brand new copy. D．It was his favorite work. 2．According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A．To improve the quality of teaching. B．To learn from admirable characters. C．To collect details for writing novels. D．To help making important decisions. 3．According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A．Unexpected reading experience. B．Total concentration on new books. C．Changed preferences for books. D．Enhanced reading skills. 4．What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A．It prevents memory from fading. B．It helps make who we are. C．It involves actual reading. D．It works best with poetry and music. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B．Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C．Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D．Transformative Power of Rereading （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 6．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 7．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 9．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 10．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. （2024·天津·高考真题）Our teacher, Miss Chevalier was a small woman, with a moon face, fatty fingers and curls that sprang straight up from her head, hence the funny name “Poodle (卷毛狗)”. She taught in our reading club. Sometimes she would look in and ask what we were reading — not to check but to know. That’s what happened the day my club was reading aloud a poem by Henry Longfellow. I guess I was better than the others, for Miss Chevalier asked a while later, “Addie, I was wondering if you would recite the whole poem to the Saturday evening’s club.” She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. She asked me to memorize it. “But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. I’m telling you, my happy feet barely touched the ground all the way home. To me, that was the biggest thing ever and I soon learned the whole poem by heart, well prepared for our first rehearsal. I was desperately nervous when I went to her office the next day. But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. Halfway through the poem, Miss Chevalier stopped me and asked if I knew what “impetuous” meant. Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. “Impetuous has two definitions: rushing with great force or violence; acting suddenly, with little thought. ” She asked me which one fitted the poem. I read both definitions over again, trying to figure it out, but Miss Chevalier must have read my mind. “There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.” Hesitantly, I said, “Maybe… both.” She liked that. “One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous?” I knew she was asking for an opinion. “My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway.” She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.” After that, I would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again. 11．Why was Addie asked to recite Longfellow’s poem to the Saturday evening’s club? A．To help with her performance. B．To get the attention of her classmates. C．To set an example for the rest of the class. D．To try a new way to warm up the coming lecture. 12．Why did Addie feel happy on her way home? A．An event was going to happen. B．She was fully ready for her first rehearsal. C．She gained recognition for her performance. D．She memorized the poem sooner than others. 13．What can be learned about Miss Chevalier’s personality from the way she treated Addie? A．Caring and considerate. B．Easygoing and carefree. C．Curious and open-minded. D．Disciplined and strong-willed. 14．How did Miss Chevalier succeed in making Addie truly understand the word “impetuous”? A．By asking Addie to define it in her own way. B．By interpreting the two definitions separately. C．By consulting the dictionary for its definitions. D．By linking its definitions to Addie’s situations. 15．What is the probable reason that Addie would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again? A．She followed her mother’s advice. B．She made up her mind to be a polite girl. C．She was touched by Miss Chevalier’s trust. D．She felt Miss Chevalier’s teaching funny. （2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 16．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 17．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 18．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 19．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 20．What lesson can we learn from the passage? A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. （2023·天津·高考真题）Storytelling is an ancient art form that has been used to hand down legends, tales and factual stories. Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character. Storytelling does not just take place at bedtime or round a campfire, however. It can take some other forms, either via the books we read or the films we watch. But they usually have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. We respond to stories, particularly when there is emotional detail. And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. Long before reading and writing became widely spread and available, oral storytelling had already been a form that the wisdom and knowledge of the people were passed down from elders to children. A good story engages our curiosity, emotions and imagination. Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures. And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. Stories are an entry point to understanding a different experience of the world. This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. It gives us an opportunity to learn from another person’s experience and it can shape, strengthen or challenge our opinions and values. So, when someone tells us their own personal story, we catch a glimpse (瞥见) of a view of the world that may be slightly or significantly different from our own. When we see the world as they see it, or walk in their shoes, the experience can inspire empathy (共情；同理心) with them. 21．What occurs to us the moment we think of “storytelling”? A．A child's imaginary world. B．Voices of Mom or Dad. C．An ancient art form. D．Factual stories. 22．What are the common elements in all forms of storytelling according to the author? A．Form and style. B．Facts and figures. C．Emotional and physical details. D．A series of events and characters. 23．Why does storytelling work better than mere statement of facts in promoting learning? A．It carries more wisdom and knowledge. B．It is more widely available to young learners. C．It satisfies our imagination and releases our emotions. D．It makes what is learned more precise and longer lasting. 24．How can other people’s personal stories probably benefit us? A．By offering us more opportunities to know people. B．By helping us stay connected with the contemporary world. C．By allowing us to understand the world the way they see it. D．By enabling us to tell reality from imagination. 25．What makes the best title for the passage? A．The History of Storytelling B．The Power of Storytelling C．The Forms of Storytelling D．The Art of Storytelling （2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 26．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B．Dogs prefer food from generous people. C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D．Friendly animals can get food more easily. 27．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 28．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A．By moving closer to the experimenter. B．By keeping wandering around. C．By ignoring the experimenter. D．By lying still on the floor 29．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A．The dogs can watch the experimenter. B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 30．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. （2023·天津·高考真题）I looked through the window of the charming little violin shop, and my heart began to race. I'd been out to dinner that evening. Since it wasn't dark yet after the meal, I decided to walk home from the restaurant. I had traveled that way before, yet I had never noticed that old little shop. But that night I felt drawn to the violin shop the moment I came across it. I wiped the dirt from the window to get a better look inside. Several violins hung from the dark walls, quietly waiting to be chosen. As my eyes rested on them, I felt as though I were looking through a window into my own past. My childhood was all about the pursuits I had attempted, most of which had been chosen by Mom. She was like, “Join the swim team, Tara. Your sister is a good swimmer;surely you will be, too. ”What she refused to acknowledge, however, was that I was visibly afraid of water. Every Saturday I begged Mom not to make me go to the swim meet, but had little chance of success. That said, with a bang of the starting gun, I would dive into the cold water with all my strength and swim to the other side of the pool as fast as I could, only to find that the other swimmers slid past me. I would have given it up if I had not heard my father's encouraging shouts to cheer me on. When at last my hand would grab the edge of the pool, he would always be there with a warm, dry towel, telling me how proud he was of my desperate efforts. Then came a turning point in my life the day our school orchestra( 管弦乐队)visited my class, and gave a demonstration. The drums annoyed me. The flutes(笛子)bored me. But the violin…ah, the violin. It made the sweetest sound I'd ever heard!My heart was dancing along with its flowing tune. For the first time in my life, I went so wild with joy. Tightly holding the permission slip from the orchestra director, I ran all the way home after school, and shakily handed it to my parents with a fear that they might dismiss my desire. They didn't. Mom was thrilled to see me finally excited about something, and Dad winked(眨眼示意)at me while eagerly signing the slip. I began practicing the violin with great passion, and rose quickly in ability. Before long I had won the first seat in the community orchestra … 31．What did the sight of the violins in that little shop bring to Tara's mind? A．Her miserable past. B．An unforgettable sport event. C．The stories behind the violins. D．Her childhood memory. 32．What Dad did for Tara during the swimming competition implies that he is ________. A．mindless and bad-tempered B．caring and supportive C．strict and demanding D．tolerant and sympathetic 33．What fascinated Tara during her school orchestra's demonstration? A．The tune of the flutes. B．The beat of the drums. C．The sound of the violin. D．The manner of the musicians. 34．What enabled Tara to win the first seat in the community orchestra? A．The steady improvement in her taste. B．Her strong desire for success. C．Her natural gift for music. D．The rapid progress in her ability. 35．What message does Tara's story convey? A．It's never too young to learn. B．A passionate interest works wonders. C．Hard work will pay off in the long run. D．Like mother, like daughter. （2023·天津·高考真题）Welcome to UCLA Exchange Program! Let’s get started by checking out Student Guide for your academic journey! Signing up for ESL (English as a Second Language) ESL courses are designed to help international students improve academic English language skills. Enrollment (课程注册) priority is given to degree students. If space is available, you may enroll. You will then be asked to take an ESL Placement Test. The test results will help you choose the class that is appropriate for you. Changing Your Course Enrollment List You may change your class schedule during the first two weeks of the term by adding or dropping courses from your enrollment list. After the second week of classes, there will be a charge for each schedule change. Students often attend classes in which they are not enrolled on the first day of instruction to try adding this new course to the list, as other students may have dropped it. Withdrawing from Courses If you choose to drop a course, you must follow the UCLA procedures for removing it from your schedule. If you forget to officially drop that course, a “F” (Fail) grade will be registered on your record at the end of the term. If, at a later date, you wish to apply for a job or graduate school where an official copy of your UCLA record is required, it will be to your advantage to provide an impressive academic record. Taking Exams Some instructors choose to put previous test papers on library reserve,  making them available to all students. These exams, which students commonly use for practice, can give you an idea of how instructors ask questions and what they regard as relevant material. You can also access the exams online. 36．Exchange students can enroll in the ESL course if they ________. A．have done well in the placement test B．are asked to improve their English skills C．find a vacancy after degree students’ enrollment D．have completed UCLA’s registration procedures 37．An ESL Placement Test is aimed to ________. A．improve the students’ language skills B．encourage the students to answer questions C．put the students in a class that fits them D．help the students apply for a degree 38．What is the deadline for a free enrollment list change? A．The day when the class is full. B．The first day of instruction. C．The first week of the class. D．The end of the second week. 39．What should exchange students do if they choose to stop taking a course? A．Seek assistance from UCLA officials. B．Go through the procedures to drop it. C．Present past academic records to UCLA． D．Make a request to the Registration Office. 40．Working on previous tests helps students ________. A．imitate the way that their instructors write test questions B．learn how questions are asked and what they are based on C．come up with new ideas about how testing relates to teaching D．narrow down to what has not yet been covered in online tests （2023·天津·高考真题）Most people with good sense would accept that we can and should learn from accidental failures. It would be impossible to progress in anything, after all, without taking the occasional misstep. And by understanding how we slipped, we can avoid falling in the future. Few would advocate making intentional mistakes, however. Yet consciously erring (犯错) can promote deeper understanding and better recall. The phenomenon is known as the derring effect — coming from “deliberate (故意的) erring” — and when applied properly, it may bring benefits in many unexpected areas of life. In one experiment carried out at the National University of Singapore, participants were given the task of learning concepts on a difficult subject. For some terms, they simply copied out the correct definition; for others, they were asked to first add an error in their description of the term before  correcting the mistake. Naturally, you would expect the addition of the errors to have increased unwanted confusion. Yet the exact opposite was true: the participants who made deliberate errors learned about twice as much as the people who simply copied out the correct definitions. The derring effect could be applied in other situations. So a music teacher may find the addition of deliberate errors could help a student remember the right musical notes. Such a playful approach could fuel their creativity for composition, if the student looks for ways to develop those wrong notes into something more attractive. It is encouraging to discover that by readily accepting our errors and wisely placing ourselves in the way of being wrong, we can in fact overcome weaknesses and rise stronger. The derring effect could be useful for many other challenges too. If you enjoy cooking, for example, you may faithfully follow a recipe without questioning the instructions. But why not try to break away from those habits and deliberately do the “wrong” thing for a change, and see where your derring takes you? If you are painting,meanwhile,you could relax one of the constraints (限制) that you usually put on your work and see what you produce. At worst, you will have refreshed and deepened your knowledge of the rules you normally apply, so that you can be even more effective next time. At best, you may just find that you have discovered something completely new and unexpected, through a flash of inspiration that you would have missed with perfectionism. Either way, your apparent missteps will have moved you a little closer to true mastery. 41．In Paragraph 1, the author presents ____________. A．a routine warning B．a popular misbelief C．a commonly-held view D．a theoretical assumption 42．What can be learnt about the experiment? A．Adding intentional errors facilitates learning. B．Correcting mistakes is the key to learning. C．Errors contribute to confusion in learning. D．Learners make fewer errors in difficult subjects. 43．According to the author using the approach mentioned in Paragraph 5 may result in _______. A．disappointing performances B．greater creative power C．the discovery of problems D．the admission of weaknesses 44．Which of the following would the author encourage you to do? A．Strictly follow traditional recipes when cooking. B．Avoid making mistakes and be a perfectionist. C．Occasionally ignore traffic regulations. D．Try unconventional coloring in painting. 45．What could be the best title for the passage? A．The Challenge of Derring B．Erring Prevents Failure C．To Err is Fruitful D．Errors: Accidental or Intentional （2023·天津·高考真题）One freezing morning last February, I walked through Ontario Place. Trees were frosted sculptures. Large chunks of ice floated in the lake. Then I saw a group of people in bathing suits bouncing up and down in the water. They held hands, shouting and yelling into the sky. They looked and sounded so free. I’ve always found cold water thrilling. The shock of it is like pressing a switch. It seems to reset my body and soul. And last winter, I definitely needed a reset. I woke up most mornings with a dull, grey feeling as I forced myself out of bed to start the day. I needed something to cheer myself up, but I didn’t know what, until that day. The ice warriors (勇士) emerged from the lake, their skin steaming. Trembling, they were yet laughing and hugging each other. I called out:  “You guys are awesome!” One woman waved back, “Come and join us! We’ re here every Monday morning.” The night before my first dip (游泳), I was excited and nervous. Cold water was one thing, but this icy lake was a whole other level. Should I back out? Eventually, I got up in the dark and drove to the meeting spot. After some wild warm up, I charged into the lake along with others. We yelled into the sky. Teeth chattering heart rates slowing, fingers and toes going numb (麻木), we stayed there for somewhere between two and five minutes. Knowing it was my first time, people cheered me on. It felt amazing. I was stupid with cold, but I couldn’t remember the last time I’d felt so happy. Now I go dipping almost every day, and I’ve come to long for that moment when the cold becomes a second skin and my internal voice goes silent. Apart from the thrill of those first heart-stopping dives, which, ironically, saved me from going under, what has drawn me is this community of generous, open-hearted souls. We laughed together, often, but from the stories we’ve shared about ourselves, I know I’m not the only one who faces life’s challenges. Holding hands in the freezing lake, we looked out for each other last winter and will do so through this one. It won’t fix everything in our lives—but for some reason, it helps. At the end of each session I return home feeling stronger, lighter, more able to carry on. As another winter sets in, I’m more than ready to embrace the cold again. 46．When the author saw the people in the lake, her feeling can be best described as __________ A．nervous B．amazed C．frightened D．calm 47．Why did the author think of joining the swimmers? A．To expand her social circle. B．To lift her spirits again. C．To adapt to the cold weather. D．To prepare for a new career 48．What can be learnt about the author’s first dipping? A．She hesitated a bit before going. B．She suffered from a heart problem. C．She stayed in cold water too long. D．She regretted not doing enough warm up. 49．What change has cold water swimming brought about in the author? A．She is more intelligent. B．She gets more competitive. C．She becomes a better storyteller. D．She regains her inner peace. 50．What message does the author most likely want to convey? A．Severe cold builds up character B．Group wisdom brightens our life. C．Tackling the odds together cures. D．Doing sports promotes friendship. （2023·天津·高考真题）STUDENT EMPLOYMENT ON CAMPUS All students may apply to work on campus.Getting started Before starting any position, all students need to complete required taforms and show identification. International students also need: *Social Security card        *Bank  account *Valid  passport          *Official work permit *Letter of support from the office of International Student LifeLooking for a job on Handshake Handshake is an online job search platform for college students. With a Handshake account, students can receive information about career events and personalized job recommendations. To use Handshake, just follow these steps: *Log in to Handshake using your email address already provided by the college. *Complete personalization of your profile. *Start your job search by clicking “Jobs” button. *Fill out desired information:location, job type, etc. *Apply directly by clicking “Apply Now” button. You can also make appointments to meet with a career coach, access career resources, and explore careers that interest you. On-campus jobs available for students *Academic department assistant (Flexible working hours on Monday/Thursday) *Dining services (Lunchtime on weekdays) *Library assistant (Flexible working hours on Monday/Wednesday/Friday) *Bookstore/mailroom(9:00-12:00 at weekends) *Athletic department (18:00-22:00 on weekdays) Maximum working hours *During the semester (学期), domestic students can work a maximum of 10 hours a week; international students can work a maximum of 20 hours a week. *During the summer break,a student may not work more than 30 hours a week. *The total number of hours may not exceed (超过) the maximum hours allowed even if a student has more than one job. For more information, find us at Career Development Office, 211Hughes Hall; careerdevelopment@dreamcollege.edu, 555-520-1314 51．What documents are necessary for an international student to seek employment? A．Passport and Insurance Certificate. B．Work permit and Academic report. C．Bank account and Letter of support. D．Health Certificate and Social Security card. 52．Before searching for a job on Handshake, you need to_________. A．consult a career coach B．personalize your profile C．attend job training D．set up a new email account 53．Where could you work on Tuesday evenings? A．In the athletic department. B．In the dining hall. C．In the library. D．In the bookstore. 54．Which working arrangement is allowed for a domestic student? A．40 hours per week during the summer break. B．20 hours per week during the semester. C．2 jobs, each with 16 hours per week. D．3 jobs, each with 2 hours per week. 55．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A university website. B．A course guide. C．A summer camp notice. D．A business magazine. （2022·天津·高考真题）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 56．What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A．Making us simple-minded B．Making us short-sighted. C．Leading us onto a busy road. D．Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 57．According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A．Through maintaining good health. B．By going through pain and suffering. C．By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D．Through offering help much needed by others. 58．According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A．less selfish B．less annoying C．more motivated D．more responsible 59．In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A．When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B．When our love for the world is insufficient. C．When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D．When we stay blind to the reality. 60．According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A．inspired by love and guided by knowledge B．directed by love and pushed by knowledge C．purified by love and enriched by knowledge D．promoted by love and defined by knowledge （2022·天津·高考真题）Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 61．According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A．facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B．revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C．offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D．bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 62．Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A．Their personal looks. B．Their mental needs. C．Their inner emotions. D．Their physical feelings. 63．The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A．environment impacts how we judge others B．how body temperature is related to health C．the mind and the body influence each other D．how humans interact with their surroundings 64．What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A．Human speech is alive with metaphors. B．Human senses have effects on thinking. C．Human language is shaped by visual images. D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 65．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B．To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D．To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC． （2022·天津·高考真题）I’m an 18-year-old pre-medical student, tall and good-looking, with two short story books and quite a number of essays to my credit. Why am I singing such praises of myself? Just to explain that the attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love, and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began. Born and raised in Africa，I had always taken my African origin as burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!” What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering (口吃), which had weakened my self-confidence. It always stood between me and any fine opportunity. I’d taken it as an excuse to avoid any public speaking sessions, and unknowingly let it rule over me. Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.” Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success. Another boost to my self-confidence came days later as I was watching the news about Oprah Winfrey, the famous talk show host and writer—she’s black too! Whenever I think of her story and my former dislike of my color, I’m practically filled with shame. Today, I’ve grown to accept what I am with pride; it simply gives me feeling of uniqueness. The idea of self-love has taken on a whole new meaning for me: there’s always something fantastic about us, and what we need to do is learn to appreciate it. 66．What affected the author’s adjustment to her school life in Norway？ A．Her appearance B．Social discrimination. C．Her changing emotions. D．The climate in Norway. 67．What did the author’s occasional stuttering bring about according on Paragraph 3? A．Her lack of self-confidence. B．Her loss of interest in school. C．Her unwillingness to greet her classmates. D．Her desire for chances to improve herself. 68．How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and the girl on the bus? A．Blessed and proud. B．Confused and afraid. C．Amazed and relieved. D．Shocked and ashamed. 69．What lesson did the author learn from the cases of Newton and Churchill? A．Great minds speak alike. B．Stuttering is no barrier to success. C．Wisdom counts more than hard work. D．Famous people can’t live with their weaknesses. 70．What can best summarize the message contained in the passage? A．Pride comes before a fall. B．Where there is a will, there is a way. C．Self-acceptance is based on the love for oneself. D．Self-love is key to the attainment of self-pride. ( 第 6 页 共 35 页 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ ( 第 14 讲： 重点题型之 阅读理解 ) 1、 考试要求 1.熟练语篇类型和语篇结构 2.明确命题规律和提问方式 3.掌握不同题型的解题方法掌握阅读理解高频同义词转换 2、 命题分析 高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。 一、细节理解题 二、词义猜测题： 1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 2.根据同位关系进行猜测 3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 4.根据因果关系进行猜测 5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 三、判断推理题： 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 3、 主旨大意题： 1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意) 2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。 细节理解题题型特点 (一) 细节理解题常见设问方式 1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。 2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。 3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。 4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. (二)细节理解题正确选项特征 同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。 (三)细节理解题干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。 考法一：直接信息题 直接信息题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍或电影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式多为以5W1H(what，who，when，where，why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句。 “带着问题找答案”先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采用“一找二定三比对”的方法。 (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·A片段) Late Work An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted. 23.What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date? A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade. C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it. 23. A。细节理解题。一、在题干中标注定位词submit an essay one week after the due date，二、在原文中找出信息句，即Late Work部分“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero”，三、比对选项与信息句，可知答案为A。 考法二：间接信息题 相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。 该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相关细节信息,例如,使用book对文中的reserve进行同义转换,用less different对文中的more in common进行同义转换。 (2022·全国甲·B片段) Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia，have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment，cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape，and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool. C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid. 24. B。细节理解题。一读题干，锁定关键词，即How，get the nut；二扫原文，锁定信息区间，即第一段中的“Though not known to use tools in the wild，the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.”和“...the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from.Inserting the correct ‘key’ would let out the nut.”，B项是对信息区间的同义描述，即在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。 考法三：数计算题题 数字计算题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。一般来说，计算量都比较小，容易计算。但是英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广告类；2.故事类；3. 科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，how many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。 此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不在于计算,而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力,故试题设置的计算一般比较简单。 (2023新课标I卷A篇) Why MacBike MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. Prices Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears 1 hour €7.50 €5.00 3 hours €11.00 €7.50 1 day (24 hours) €14.75 €9.75 Each additional day €8.00 €6.00 22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days? A. €15.75. B. €19.50. C. €22.75. D. €29.50. 22.细节理解题。根据定价表可知，租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14.75欧元，额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14.75+8=22.75欧元。故选C。 推理判断3题型 (一)细节推理判断题 细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。注意题干中常用的六个动词：infer (推断), indicate (象征，暗示), imply (暗示), suggest (暗示), conclude (得出结论)和assume (假定，设想)。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： It can be inferred from the text that ________. Compared with other similar products, the new design ________. It can be concluded from the passage that ________. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________. (二)观点、态度推理判断题 1．文章的观点或结论推理判断题 此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测文中某一观点，仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握，因为它们在语义上是紧密相连的，次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要论点的。所以了解全文的主要观点或中心思想对正确解答此类试题至关重要。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·What is the author’s opinion on ...? ·What does the author think about ...? ·From the passage we can conclude that ________. 2．作者态度、语气推理判断题 此类试题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、感情色彩表现出来，并常常用一些词汇进行表述。如：褒义词useful, interesting, admiring, positive 等；贬义词disappointed, critical, negative等；中性词indifferent, humorous, neutral等。因此考生必须透过字里行间察其端倪，以此作为前提进行推理。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： ·The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is ________. ·The author’s attitude towards ...can be best described as ________. ·The tone of this passage is best described as ________. 典例1(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ·D片段) Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support，the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. 5. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 【答案及解析】 5. A。观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞法”。本段含有beneficial，positive，helped等褒义措辞，由此可推知，作者对情商普及化是支持的。故选A。 (三)写作意图推理判断题 写作意图推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： The main purpose of this text is ________. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this article? It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ________. The author writes this passage to ________. The author in this passage intends to ________. Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所) as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe. Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When you're cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non¬-frozen water. 16. What is the purpose of this text? A. To solve a problem. B. To give practical advice. C. To tell an interesting story. D. To present a research result. 典例Earthquake may be ranked as one of the most disastrous forces known to man: since record began to be written down, it has been estimated (估计) that earthquake-related deaths have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related loss has been beyond calculation… The great majority of all earthquake occurred in two particular areas in history… It is doubtful that man will be ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their damage altogether. But as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur. The author’s purpose in writing the passage probably is to ____. A. inform the reader B. entertain the reader C. support a theory D. question a theory 【答案及解析】 A． 文章第一段介绍地震给人类造成的巨大危害，第二段分析地震频发的地方，第三段分析地震预防方面的前景，因此可以推断写作目的不是娱乐，也不是就某一理论提出质疑，而是给读者提供一些信息，教育读者。因此本题最佳答案是A。 （四） “推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处： 旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. 新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。 研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。 科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 （2021全国乙卷阅读理解A篇，保留原题序号） A Take a view, the Landscape（风景）Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today's most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond. Mike Shepherd(2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England It was an extremely cold winter's evening and freezing fog hung in the air. I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep, and though it was only a short climb, I found myself completely above it and looking at a wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sum setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop, to achieve the black—and—white image（图像）. Timothy Smith(2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire, England I was back in my home town of Macclesfield to take some winter images. Walking up a path through the forest towards Shutlingsloe, a local high point, I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. The small pine added to the interest and I placed it centrally to take the view from the foreground right through into the forest. 3. Where can the text be found? A. In a history book. B. In a novel. C. In an art magazine. D. In a biography. 【导读】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了摄影比赛Take a view以及获奖的相关情况。 3. C。推理判断题。根据第一段“Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond.”（每年参赛作品的高水准表明，该奖项是展示英国风景最佳摄影作品的完美平台。 对于英国和世界各地的摄影师来说，Take a view是一项令人向往的年度竞赛 ）结合下文对两位获奖者及其作品的介绍，可知这篇文章主要介绍了摄影比赛Take a view以及获奖的相关情况，最可能出现在一本艺术杂志上。 词义猜测题 词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 [设问方式] By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. ( 1. 利用 构词 法猜测 ) 英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果，同时结合文章的语境来猜测词义。 【考例1】（2016年全国II卷B篇） 27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ A. Mistake.    B. Drawback.  C. Difficulty.   D. Burden. 原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” 【解析】downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”，故选B项。 ( 2. 利用 因果 法猜测 ) 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。根据前面的原因可以推测后面的结果，根据后面的结果也可以反推前面的原因。因果关系的语境通常由because、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、so/such...that...等标志词体现。 What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？ A. Encourage team work.          B. Appeal to feeling. C. Promote good deeds.             D. Provide advice. 原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.” 【解析】 ( 3. 利用 同义 法猜测 )由逻辑词“so”可知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”，故“tug at the heartstrings”应该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal to feeling”意思是“打动某人，唤起某人的情感”，故选B项。 画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该单词或短语的含义，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。当画线单词或短语与其他单词或短语由并列连词或者表示相同相似关系的副词连接时，意味着这两部分内容在含义上是接近的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个单词或短语所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。 What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？ A. Active at night.            B. Inactive at night. C. Active during the day.         D. Inactive during the day. 原文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. ( 4. 利用 反义 法猜测 )【解析】画线单词前一句说“不是只有知更鸟在人造光下会一直醒着”，而“also（也）”表明这一句与前面表达的意思相近，即“黑鹂和海鸥也更活跃”。“nocturnal”应该是“awake”的近义词，意为“夜间活跃的”，故选A项。 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词语与前面或后面的另一个词语互为反义或转折对比关系。抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead（of）、on the other hand、rather than、on the contrary等。 What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ A. A painting of the skeleton.       B. A photograph of Lucy. C. A copy of the skeleton.          D. A written record of Lucy. 原文：Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. 【解析】由“while（而）”可知，本题可以使用反义法解题。根据画线词后面的“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”可知，“while”前后构成转折对比关系，所以画线词与“real”意思相反，意思应为“假的”，故答案为C，意思是“一个骨骼的复制品”。 ( 5. 利用 语境 法猜测 ) 有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。 What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to？ A. Improper pauses.  B. Bad manners. C. Spelling mistakes.  D. Silly jokes. 原文：But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should…should…” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “…Vote for …me…” Except for some stumbles， Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 【解析】根据上下文语境可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，经常停顿。“stumble”一词描述的是Chris演讲时的状态，而A项的意思是“不恰当的停顿”，故正确答案为A。 ( 6. 利用 常识 法猜测 ) 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “  _______ ”. A. digest the meal easily  B. manage without breakfast C. decide wisely what to eat  D. eat whatever is offered 原文：For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. 【解析】此题考查“stomach”的生僻意思。根据生活常识可知，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处意为“如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早饭前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多”，故选B项。 高考英语试题的阅读材料选材地道、内容新颖、语言鲜活，常蕴含丰富地道的词汇和表达方式。文章中有时会出现生词，抑或是使用熟词的生僻意思，借此考查考生是否具有通过构词、语法、定义、同位、同义、对比、因果、常识、上下文语境等线索推断词义句意的能力。 同学们在复习过程中应熟练掌握考纲所要求的3500个词汇，同时具备必要的构词知识，扩大阅读量，再适当运用以上猜词锦囊，相信会对解答好猜词悟义题有所助益。 主旨大意题 主旨大意题常见三种类型：标题归纳题题、文章大意题与段落大意题。 类型一　标题归纳题 一、常见设问方式 The best title of the passage is ________. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? ·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______. 二、解题必备知能 (一)理解标题的3大特点 一个好的标题应具备三大特点： 1．概括性——准确而又简短； 2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 (二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题 1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项； 3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 典例【2023浙江首考】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil. “Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫). Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development 35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。 类型二　文章大意题 一、常见设问方式 ·What's the main idea/point of the passage? ·The passage is mainly about ________. ·The passage is mainly concerned about ________. ·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? ·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? ·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. ·The subject discussed in this text is ________. ·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 二、解题必备知能 掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。 利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 典例: 【2020全国III卷C篇】With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together. … It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013. … 5. What is the text mainly about? A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations. C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK. 5. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。 类型三　段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? What is the first paragraph mainly about? 二、解题必备知能 归纳段落大意的2种方法 方法1：概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。 (1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首； (2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾； (3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间； (4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了； (5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系； (6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法2：揣摩段落大意 有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。 典例:Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and ,at its best, it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness, it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively(不引人注目地)and leave no mark. Wild camping is not permitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland, but in England you must ask the landowner’s permission, except in national parks. Camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地)seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with no road access: walking in makes a real adventure. Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good night’s sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum(最小化) influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland(林地), avoid standing dead trees, which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most protection on the windward side. If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. Always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found, not made—changing it should be unnecessary. 6. The last paragraph mainly deals with ___________. A. protecting animals B. building a campfire C. camping in woodland D. finding a campsite with privacy 6. C。段落大意题。最后一段没有出现主题句，但是本段关键词是camping, 主旨大意是林地野营的注意事项，包括选择营地地点、保护动物、避免火灾、保护植物等。因此本题最佳答案是C项，余项仅仅是其中一项细节而已。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 1．What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A．He still couldn't understand it. B．He had made notes in it. C．It was a brand new copy. D．It was his favorite work. 2．According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A．To improve the quality of teaching. B．To learn from admirable characters. C．To collect details for writing novels. D．To help making important decisions. 3．According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A．Unexpected reading experience. B．Total concentration on new books. C．Changed preferences for books. D．Enhanced reading skills. 4．What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A．It prevents memory from fading. B．It helps make who we are. C．It involves actual reading. D．It works best with poetry and music. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B．Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C．Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D．Transformative Power of Rereading 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．D 【难度】0.65 【知识点】哲理感悟、阅读 、说明文 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自己对重新阅读的感悟和想法，认为重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界，包括自己。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing.(我拿起的第一本书就是Montaigne的散文。令我惊讶的是，我在页边空白处发现了明显是我自己褪色的笔记。)”可知，作者惊讶地发现书的空白处是自己之前的笔记，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects.(一位敬业的教师可能也希望重新建立与工作的亲密关系，因此避免通过具有催眠效果的相同的旧笔记来进行教学。)”可知，教师通过主动再读更新内容，提高教学质量是主动再读的目的之一，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. (相反，有一种非主动再读。原来的阅读要么被遗忘，要么完全被吸收，以至于与文本的新的偶遇产生了惊讶和震惊。我对重新阅读的反应不再符合最初的体验，我也不再确定我是否认出自己是同一个读者。)”可知，非主动再读能让读者感到与最初体验不符合的反应，因此能带来意料之外的阅读体验，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition.(这种与书的记忆联系可以伴随我们一生，并继续加强和塑造我们。同样地，多年来，我们可能会背诵很久以前背下来的诗，这些诗已经成为我们认知的一部分。)”可知，潜意识再读有助于进一步塑造自我，是我们认知的一部分，故选B。 5．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light.(重新阅读使我们能够以新的眼光看待周围的世界，包括我们自己。)”和后文对重新阅读的介绍可知，文章主要论述了重新阅读的重要意义，即再读具有提升读者对作品、自我及世界认知的力量，故D项 “Transformative Power of Rereading(重新阅读的变革力量)” 符合文章标题，故选D。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 6．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 7．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 9．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 10．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 【答案】6．B 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D 【难度】0.65 【知识点】体育健身 、科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了并非人人都喜欢体育锻炼的原因，指出这是因为人脑对无谓的努力很抵触且锻炼本身的回报不确定，不过大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足，为目标不懈努力。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? (但是为什么不是每个人都喜欢锻炼呢？)”和第二段中“While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. (虽然体育锻炼并没有那么糟糕，但它通常还是令人不愉快的。这是必然的：你正在把你的身体推向它的身体极限，这导致了明显的不适)”可知，有些人不喜欢锻炼是身体被迫达到体能极限时会感到明显不适。由此可知，有些人不喜欢对自己的身体施加太大的压力。故选B项。 7．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感。研究表明，它可以计算出行动所需的努力)”可知，人脑对无谓的努力很抵触。由此可知，此处指“它会阻止我们将重要资源浪费在无效的努力上”，画线词意思应该是“浪费，滥用”，与Misusing意思相近。故选C项。 8．推理判断题。第三段中的“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感)”指出人脑对无谓的努力很抵触，第四段“The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward (问题是，有规律的锻炼来保持“身材”需要持续和相当大的努力——所有这些都是渐进的，回报是不确定的。所以，你的大脑问“这值得吗？”问题的倾向将很难平息。这个特殊的特征也意味着我们通常更喜欢那些付出最少努力却获得最大回报的东西)”用规律锻炼以保持身材的例子具体说明人脑的这种工作机制。由此可知，作者写第四段的目的是进一步解释上文的观点。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. (虽然许多物种的思维过程仅限于“食物，吃它！”、“危险，快跑！”、“痛苦，躲避！”，我们已经超越了这一点。我们的大脑可以形成多个长期目标和抱负。我们可以想象一个理想的未来场景，弄清楚我们如何实现它，然后去做)”可知，人类与许多其他物种的不同之处在于，人类能够想象一个美好的未来。故选A项。 10．推理判断题。根据第六段中“And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. (你的“应该”自我就是做你应该做的事情来成为你的“理想”自我的那个自我。所以，如果你的“理想”自我是一名职业足球运动员，而你的“实际”自我不是，那么你的“应该”自我就是花大量时间训练、锻炼，并在足球方面做得更好的那个人)”可知，“自我差异”理论认为“应该”自我会使人为奋斗目标持续努力。由此可知，为赢得奥运奖牌而训练的游泳运动员表现出最活跃的“应该”自我。故选D项。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Our teacher, Miss Chevalier was a small woman, with a moon face, fatty fingers and curls that sprang straight up from her head, hence the funny name “Poodle (卷毛狗)”. She taught in our reading club. Sometimes she would look in and ask what we were reading — not to check but to know. That’s what happened the day my club was reading aloud a poem by Henry Longfellow. I guess I was better than the others, for Miss Chevalier asked a while later, “Addie, I was wondering if you would recite the whole poem to the Saturday evening’s club.” She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. She asked me to memorize it. “But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. I’m telling you, my happy feet barely touched the ground all the way home. To me, that was the biggest thing ever and I soon learned the whole poem by heart, well prepared for our first rehearsal. I was desperately nervous when I went to her office the next day. But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. Halfway through the poem, Miss Chevalier stopped me and asked if I knew what “impetuous” meant. Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. “Impetuous has two definitions: rushing with great force or violence; acting suddenly, with little thought. ” She asked me which one fitted the poem. I read both definitions over again, trying to figure it out, but Miss Chevalier must have read my mind. “There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.” Hesitantly, I said, “Maybe… both.” She liked that. “One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous?” I knew she was asking for an opinion. “My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway.” She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.” After that, I would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again. 11．Why was Addie asked to recite Longfellow’s poem to the Saturday evening’s club? A．To help with her performance. B．To get the attention of her classmates. C．To set an example for the rest of the class. D．To try a new way to warm up the coming lecture. 12．Why did Addie feel happy on her way home? A．An event was going to happen. B．She was fully ready for her first rehearsal. C．She gained recognition for her performance. D．She memorized the poem sooner than others. 13．What can be learned about Miss Chevalier’s personality from the way she treated Addie? A．Caring and considerate. B．Easygoing and carefree. C．Curious and open-minded. D．Disciplined and strong-willed. 14．How did Miss Chevalier succeed in making Addie truly understand the word “impetuous”? A．By asking Addie to define it in her own way. B．By interpreting the two definitions separately. C．By consulting the dictionary for its definitions. D．By linking its definitions to Addie’s situations. 15．What is the probable reason that Addie would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again? A．She followed her mother’s advice. B．She made up her mind to be a polite girl. C．She was touched by Miss Chevalier’s trust. D．She felt Miss Chevalier’s teaching funny. 【答案】11．D 12．C 13．A 14．D 15．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】学校人员 、记叙文、生活故事 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了老师希望作者以诗歌朗诵的形式为周六晚上的演讲活动来暖场，排练时作者有一个词不懂，老师耐心引导作者理解，使作者逐渐领悟该词词义，作者很感动。 11．细节理解题。由第二段中“She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. (她说一位著名的教授要给这位诗人做讲座，而这首诗的演讲将是一个新的开始)”可知，老师谢瓦利埃小姐希望作者以诗歌朗诵的形式为周六晚上的演讲活动来暖场，D项“尝试一种新的方式来为即将到来的讲座热身”符合题意。故选D项。 12．推理判断题。由第三段中““But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. (“但对于你这种能力的孩子来说，这应该不是问题，”她补充道)”可知，老师信任作者的朗诵能力，她感到非常高兴，C项“她的表现获得了认可”符合题意。故选C项。 13．推理判断题。由第四段中“But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. (但好的是，她总是面带微笑，让你觉得你做得对)”和第五段中“Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. (尽管她微笑着鼓励我，但我还是想沉下去，因为我不确定它的发音和含义。谢瓦利埃小姐假装没有注意到我的脸红，递给我一本词典，让我大声朗读它的定义)”可知，老师对作者很关爱和耐心指导。由此推知，老师是一个关心人和体贴的人。故选A项。 14．推理判断题。由第六段中““There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.”(“没有错误的答案，”她说，“我想知道你的意见，艾迪)”，第七段中“One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous? (一个人必须左右都冲动，否则他们不敢面对任何挑战。你会说自己冲动吗？)”， 第八段中“My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway. (不管怎样，我妈妈认为对女孩冲动是不合适的)” 和第九段“She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.”(她说我妈妈说得对。“但女孩们也应该明智地在需要时接受挑战。我相信你就是这样一个女孩。”)”可知，通过教师与作者对话的叙述，教师通过一系列问题把作者的成长背景和“impetuous”词义联系起来，使作者逐渐领悟该词词义，D项“把它的定义与艾迪的情况联系起来”符合题意。故选D项。 15．推理判断题。由第九段中“But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl. (但女孩们也应该明智地在需要时接受挑战。我相信你就是这样一个女孩)”可推知，老师的信任令作者感动，所以作者再也不会称谢瓦利埃小姐为“卷毛狗”。故选C项。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 16．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 17．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 18．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 19．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 20．What lesson can we learn from the passage? A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research. B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities. C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings. D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models. 【答案】16．B 17．D 18．B 19．A 20．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识 、说明文、气候变化及影响 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，表明了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。 16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know.(研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。)”和“Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us.(尽管如此，有时我们的假设是不正确的，科学发现让研究人员和我们其他人感到惊讶。)”可知，该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失。)”和“Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away.(然而，最近科学家们不仅观察到湖泊在萎缩，而且还观察到湖泊已经完全消失。)”可知，与人们的普遍预期相反，气候变化已经引起了许多北极湖泊的消失。故选D。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段“But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted.(但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预测的要早一个世纪。)”可知，对比之前科学家的预测，一些北极湖泊似乎消失得要快很多，可见灾难性的气候对北极地区的影响一直被科学家低估了。故选B。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段“And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside,(因为这些空间充满了固体冰，液态水不容易进入，)”可知，因为冻土层中的空间里充满了坚实的冰，导致液体水无法进入。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world.(这是一个很好的例子——说明为什么不管我们的例子有多复杂，或者有一天可能会复杂——我们都需要直接观察自然世界。)”可知，文章通过对在冰冻无树的北极地区部分湖泊消失的现象这一实例的分析，让我们学到了直接观察自然世界对科学研究是必要的。故选A。 （2023·天津·高考真题）Storytelling is an ancient art form that has been used to hand down legends, tales and factual stories. Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character. Storytelling does not just take place at bedtime or round a campfire, however. It can take some other forms, either via the books we read or the films we watch. But they usually have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. We respond to stories, particularly when there is emotional detail. And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. Long before reading and writing became widely spread and available, oral storytelling had already been a form that the wisdom and knowledge of the people were passed down from elders to children. A good story engages our curiosity, emotions and imagination. Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures. And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. Stories are an entry point to understanding a different experience of the world. This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. It gives us an opportunity to learn from another person’s experience and it can shape, strengthen or challenge our opinions and values. So, when someone tells us their own personal story, we catch a glimpse (瞥见) of a view of the world that may be slightly or significantly different from our own. When we see the world as they see it, or walk in their shoes, the experience can inspire empathy (共情；同理心) with them. 21．What occurs to us the moment we think of “storytelling”? A．A child's imaginary world. B．Voices of Mom or Dad. C．An ancient art form. D．Factual stories. 22．What are the common elements in all forms of storytelling according to the author? A．Form and style. B．Facts and figures. C．Emotional and physical details. D．A series of events and characters. 23．Why does storytelling work better than mere statement of facts in promoting learning? A．It carries more wisdom and knowledge. B．It is more widely available to young learners. C．It satisfies our imagination and releases our emotions. D．It makes what is learned more precise and longer lasting. 24．How can other people’s personal stories probably benefit us? A．By offering us more opportunities to know people. B．By helping us stay connected with the contemporary world. C．By allowing us to understand the world the way they see it. D．By enabling us to tell reality from imagination. 25．What makes the best title for the passage? A．The History of Storytelling B．The Power of Storytelling C．The Forms of Storytelling D．The Art of Storytelling 【答案】21．A 22．D 23．D 24．C 25．B 【难度】0.65 【知识点】阅读 、科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character. (也许当你想到讲故事时，你首先想到的就是爸爸妈妈给你讲王子、城堡和怪物的故事，每个角色都有独特的声音，在你脑海中形成的幻想世界。)”可知，当提到“讲故事”时，我们会想到一个孩子的想象世界。故选A。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But they usually   have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. (但它们通常都有一些共同点：故事有情节，也有人物形象，而不是一长串枯燥的事实。)”可知，作者认为，一系列的事件和人物是所有叙事中的共同元素，故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据第四段“Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures. (讲故事也有助于学习，因为故事容易记住。研究发现，从一个讲得很好的故事中获得的知识比从事实和数据中获得的知识记忆得更准确，时间也更长。)”可知，讲故事比仅仅陈述事实更能促进学习，这是因为它使所学到的知识更加精确和持久。故选D。 24．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. (最重要的是，故事有一种变革的力量，让我们以一种不同的方式看待这个世界，而不是仅仅依靠我们自己。)”可知，他人的故事让我们以他们看待世界的方式来理解世界，这会让我们受益，故选C。 25．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中“And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. (与我们想象的不同，讲故事不仅仅是一种娱乐方式，也是一种学习方式。)”，第四段中“Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. (讲故事也有助于学习，因为故事容易记住。)”，第五段中“And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. (最重要的是，故事有一种变革的力量，让我们以一种不同的方式看待这个世界，而不是仅仅依靠我们自己。)”和第六段中“This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. (讲故事的这个方面——呈现出一个不同的世界观——对于彼此之间的联系来说是很重要的。)”可知，文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处，B项“讲故事的力量”适合作文章标题，故选B。 （2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 26．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B．Dogs prefer food from generous people. C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D．Friendly animals can get food more easily. 27．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 28．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A．By moving closer to the experimenter. B．By keeping wandering around. C．By ignoring the experimenter. D．By lying still on the floor 29．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A．The dogs can watch the experimenter. B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 30．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 【答案】26．A 27．D 28．A 29．D 30．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】动物、科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一些新的研究发现，狗可能会判断他人的意图，可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。 26．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，这一度被认为是人类所独有的。然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，而新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，由此可知，新研究发现狗应该也有“心智理论”。故选A项。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach.(在“不情愿”的场景中，实验人员会以“戏弄”的方式在屏幕前挂一块香肠，并接近其中一个洞。但他们不是把食物从洞里递给狗，而是把食物拉到狗够不着的地方。)”可知，在不情愿场景中，实验人员不是把实物给狗吃，而是把食物拉到一个狗够不着的地方。故选D项。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out.(研究人员观察到，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗狗们更有耐心了，他们会进行更多的眼神交流，并离屏幕更近。)”可知，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗会预实验人员进行眼神交流，并且离屏幕更近，由此可知，狗对“无能为力”的行为回应是更愿意接近实验者。故选A项。 29．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour.(2021年的另一项研究以类似的方式测试了狗的“心智理论”，但狗在目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或“无能为力”行为后，能够绕着屏幕走，以获得奖励。)”可知，2021年的研究中，在狗目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或者“无能为力”后，能绕着屏幕走以获取奖励，由此可知，2021年的研究中狗的习惯行为在分析中。故选D项。 30．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，新研究表明，都能够读懂人类的行为，且喜欢那些更友好或者对食物更慷慨的人，进而在下文中的对该项研究过程进行阐述，由此可知，狗在“不愿意”和“无能为力”情况下的不同反应说明了狗能分辨“友善”和“刻薄”。故选A项。 （2023·天津·高考真题）I looked through the window of the charming little violin shop, and my heart began to race. I'd been out to dinner that evening. Since it wasn't dark yet after the meal, I decided to walk home from the restaurant. I had traveled that way before, yet I had never noticed that old little shop. But that night I felt drawn to the violin shop the moment I came across it. I wiped the dirt from the window to get a better look inside. Several violins hung from the dark walls, quietly waiting to be chosen. As my eyes rested on them, I felt as though I were looking through a window into my own past. My childhood was all about the pursuits I had attempted, most of which had been chosen by Mom. She was like, “Join the swim team, Tara. Your sister is a good swimmer;surely you will be, too. ”What she refused to acknowledge, however, was that I was visibly afraid of water. Every Saturday I begged Mom not to make me go to the swim meet, but had little chance of success. That said, with a bang of the starting gun, I would dive into the cold water with all my strength and swim to the other side of the pool as fast as I could, only to find that the other swimmers slid past me. I would have given it up if I had not heard my father's encouraging shouts to cheer me on. When at last my hand would grab the edge of the pool, he would always be there with a warm, dry towel, telling me how proud he was of my desperate efforts. Then came a turning point in my life the day our school orchestra( 管弦乐队)visited my class, and gave a demonstration. The drums annoyed me. The flutes(笛子)bored me. But the violin…ah, the violin. It made the sweetest sound I'd ever heard!My heart was dancing along with its flowing tune. For the first time in my life, I went so wild with joy. Tightly holding the permission slip from the orchestra director, I ran all the way home after school, and shakily handed it to my parents with a fear that they might dismiss my desire. They didn't. Mom was thrilled to see me finally excited about something, and Dad winked(眨眼示意)at me while eagerly signing the slip. I began practicing the violin with great passion, and rose quickly in ability. Before long I had won the first seat in the community orchestra … 31．What did the sight of the violins in that little shop bring to Tara's mind? A．Her miserable past. B．An unforgettable sport event. C．The stories behind the violins. D．Her childhood memory. 32．What Dad did for Tara during the swimming competition implies that he is ________. A．mindless and bad-tempered B．caring and supportive C．strict and demanding D．tolerant and sympathetic 33．What fascinated Tara during her school orchestra's demonstration? A．The tune of the flutes. B．The beat of the drums. C．The sound of the violin. D．The manner of the musicians. 34．What enabled Tara to win the first seat in the community orchestra? A．The steady improvement in her taste. B．Her strong desire for success. C．Her natural gift for music. D．The rapid progress in her ability. 35．What message does Tara's story convey? A．It's never too young to learn. B．A passionate interest works wonders. C．Hard work will pay off in the long run. D．Like mother, like daughter. 【答案】31．D 32．B 33．C 34．D 35．B 【难度】0.65 【知识点】记叙文、个人经历、生活故事 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者路过橱窗时，看到一把迷人的小提琴深受吸引。在游泳比赛屡次落后的情形下，我观看了学校管弦乐队举办的演奏会。在得到父母的许可下，我充满激情地练习小提琴最终成为了社区管弦乐团的首席。 31．细节理解题。由文章第三段最后一行“As my eyes rested on them, I felt as though I were looking through a window into my own past. ”(当我的目光停留在他们身上时，我觉得自己好像在透过窗户回顾自己的过去。)和第四段第一行“My childhood was all about the pursuits I had attempted, most of which had been chosen by Mom. ”(我的童年都是我尝试追求过的爱好，其中大部分都是妈妈选择的。)可知，透过商店的小提琴作者回想起了童年。故选D项。 32．推理判断题。由文章第五段最后两句“I would have given it up if I had not heard my father's encouraging shouts to cheer me on. When at last my hand would grab the edge of the pool, he would always be there with a warm, dry towel, telling me how proud he was of my desperate efforts.”(如果我没有听到父亲鼓励我加油的呼喊声，我早就放弃了。当我的手终于抓住泳池边时，他总是拿着一条温暖、干燥的毛巾在那里，告诉我他为我拼命的努力感到多么自豪。)由此可以推断爸爸是关心和支持作者的。故选B项。 33．细节理解题。由文章第六段最后两句“But the violin…ah, the violin. It made the sweetest sound I'd ever heard!My heart was dancing along with its flowing tune. For the first time in my life, I went so wild with joy. ”( 但是小提琴…啊，小提琴。它发出了我听过的最甜美的声音！我的心随着它流动的曲调翩翩起舞。我有生以来第一次欣喜若狂。)可知是小提琴的声音令作者痴迷。故选C项。 34．细节理解题。由文章第八段第一句“I began practicing the violin with great passion, and rose quickly in ability.”(我怀着极大的热情开始练习小提琴，并且能力迅速提升。 )可知，作者进步飞速，所以才成为首席。故选D项。 35．主旨大意题。根据文章，作者非常拼命地游泳但是依然落后于其他人。他非常热爱小提琴，进步飞速，很快成为了管弦乐团的首席，可知兴趣爱好是最好的老师，能创造奇迹。故选B项。 （2023·天津·高考真题）Welcome to UCLA Exchange Program! Let’s get started by checking out Student Guide for your academic journey! Signing up for ESL (English as a Second Language) ESL courses are designed to help international students improve academic English language skills. Enrollment (课程注册) priority is given to degree students. If space is available, you may enroll. You will then be asked to take an ESL Placement Test. The test results will help you choose the class that is appropriate for you. Changing Your Course Enrollment List You may change your class schedule during the first two weeks of the term by adding or dropping courses from your enrollment list. After the second week of classes, there will be a charge for each schedule change. Students often attend classes in which they are not enrolled on the first day of instruction to try adding this new course to the list, as other students may have dropped it. Withdrawing from Courses If you choose to drop a course, you must follow the UCLA procedures for removing it from your schedule. If you forget to officially drop that course, a “F” (Fail) grade will be registered on your record at the end of the term. If, at a later date, you wish to apply for a job or graduate school where an official copy of your UCLA record is required, it will be to your advantage to provide an impressive academic record. Taking Exams Some instructors choose to put previous test papers on library reserve,  making them available to all students. These exams, which students commonly use for practice, can give you an idea of how instructors ask questions and what they regard as relevant material. You can also access the exams online. 36．Exchange students can enroll in the ESL course if they ________. A．have done well in the placement test B．are asked to improve their English skills C．find a vacancy after degree students’ enrollment D．have completed UCLA’s registration procedures 37．An ESL Placement Test is aimed to ________. A．improve the students’ language skills B．encourage the students to answer questions C．put the students in a class that fits them D．help the students apply for a degree 38．What is the deadline for a free enrollment list change? A．The day when the class is full. B．The first day of instruction. C．The first week of the class. D．The end of the second week. 39．What should exchange students do if they choose to stop taking a course? A．Seek assistance from UCLA officials. B．Go through the procedures to drop it. C．Present past academic records to UCLA． D．Make a request to the Registration Office. 40．Working on previous tests helps students ________. A．imitate the way that their instructors write test questions B．learn how questions are asked and what they are based on C．come up with new ideas about how testing relates to teaching D．narrow down to what has not yet been covered in online tests （2023·天津·高考真题）Most people with good sense would accept that we can and should learn from accidental failures. It would be impossible to progress in anything, after all, without taking the occasional misstep. And by understanding how we slipped, we can avoid falling in the future. Few would advocate making intentional mistakes, however. Yet consciously erring (犯错) can promote deeper understanding and better recall. The phenomenon is known as the derring effect — coming from “deliberate (故意的) erring” — and when applied properly, it may bring benefits in many unexpected areas of life. In one experiment carried out at the National University of Singapore, participants were given the task of learning concepts on a difficult subject. For some terms, they simply copied out the correct definition; for others, they were asked to first add an error in their description of the term before  correcting the mistake. Naturally, you would expect the addition of the errors to have increased unwanted confusion. Yet the exact opposite was true: the participants who made deliberate errors learned about twice as much as the people who simply copied out the correct definitions. The derring effect could be applied in other situations. So a music teacher may find the addition of deliberate errors could help a student remember the right musical notes. Such a playful approach could fuel their creativity for composition, if the student looks for ways to develop those wrong notes into something more attractive. It is encouraging to discover that by readily accepting our errors and wisely placing ourselves in the way of being wrong, we can in fact overcome weaknesses and rise stronger. The derring effect could be useful for many other challenges too. If you enjoy cooking, for example, you may faithfully follow a recipe without questioning the instructions. But why not try to break away from those habits and deliberately do the “wrong” thing for a change, and see where your derring takes you? If you are painting,meanwhile,you could relax one of the constraints (限制) that you usually put on your work and see what you produce. At worst, you will have refreshed and deepened your knowledge of the rules you normally apply, so that you can be even more effective next time. At best, you may just find that you have discovered something completely new and unexpected, through a flash of inspiration that you would have missed with perfectionism. Either way, your apparent missteps will have moved you a little closer to true mastery. 41．In Paragraph 1, the author presents ____________. A．a routine warning B．a popular misbelief C．a commonly-held view D．a theoretical assumption 42．What can be learnt about the experiment? A．Adding intentional errors facilitates learning. B．Correcting mistakes is the key to learning. C．Errors contribute to confusion in learning. D．Learners make fewer errors in difficult subjects. 43．According to the author using the approach mentioned in Paragraph 5 may result in _______. A．disappointing performances B．greater creative power C．the discovery of problems D．the admission of weaknesses 44．Which of the following would the author encourage you to do? A．Strictly follow traditional recipes when cooking. B．Avoid making mistakes and be a perfectionist. C．Occasionally ignore traffic regulations. D．Try unconventional coloring in painting. 45．What could be the best title for the passage? A．The Challenge of Derring B．Erring Prevents Failure C．To Err is Fruitful D．Errors: Accidental or Intentional 【答案】41．C 42．A 43．B 44．D 45．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在学习中，我们总是害怕犯错，甚至为犯错而感到羞耻、焦虑。但新研究发现，犯错对学习来说并不是洪水猛兽，甚至，故意犯错还能促进学习进步。 41．细节理解题。根据第一段“Most people with good sense would accept that we can and should learn from accidental failures. It would be impossible to progress in anything, after all, without taking the occasional misstep. And by understanding how we slipped, we can avoid falling in the future.(大多数有理智的人都会接受我们能够而且应该从偶然的失败中吸取教训。毕竟，如果不偶尔犯错，任何事情都不可能取得进步。通过了解我们是如何滑倒的，我们可以避免在未来摔倒)”可知，第一段作者提出了一个人们普遍认为的观点。故选C。 42．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Naturally, you would expect the addition of the errors to have increased unwanted confusion.Yet the exact opposite was true: the participants who made deliberate errors learned about twice as much as the people who simply copied out the correct definitions.(当然，你会认为错误的增加会增加不必要的混乱。然而事实恰恰相反：故意犯错误的参与者学到的知识是简单抄写正确定义的人的两倍)”可知，添加故意错误有助于学习。故选A。 43．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Such a playful approach could fuel their creativity for composition, if the student looks for ways to develop those wrong notes into something more attractive.( 如果学生想方设法把那些错误的笔记发展成更有吸引力的东西，这种有趣的方法可以激发他们作文的创造力)”可知，根据作者的观点，使用第5段中提到的方法可能会激发学生产生更大的创造力。故选B。 44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“But why not try to break away from those habits and deliberately do the “wrong” thing for a change, and see where your derring takes you? If you are painting, meanwhile, you could relax one of the constraints (限制) that you usually put on your work and see what you produce.(但是，为什么不试着打破这些习惯，为了改变而故意做一些“错误”的事情，看看你的大胆之举会把你带向何方？如果你正在绘画，同时，你可以放下你通常对你的作品施加的限制之一，看看你的作品)”可推知，作者可能会鼓励你在绘画时尝试非常规的色彩。故选D。 45．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Few would advocate making intentional mistakes, however. Yet consciously erring (犯错) can promote deeper understanding and better recall. The phenomenon is known as the derring effect — coming from “deliberate (故意的) erring” — and when applied properly, it may bring benefits in many unexpected areas of life.(然而，很少有人会主张犯故意的错误。然而，有意识地犯错可以促进更深刻的理解和更好的回忆。这种现象被称为大胆效应——来自“故意犯错”——如果运用得当，它可能会在生活的许多意想不到的领域带来好处)”可知，文章主要介绍了新研究发现，犯错对学习来说并不是洪水猛兽，甚至，故意犯错还能促进学习进步。由此可知，C项“To Err is Fruitful(故意犯错，收获颇丰)挑战主动犯错”适合做文章标题。故选C。 （2023·天津·高考真题）One freezing morning last February, I walked through Ontario Place. Trees were frosted sculptures. Large chunks of ice floated in the lake. Then I saw a group of people in bathing suits bouncing up and down in the water. They held hands, shouting and yelling into the sky. They looked and sounded so free. I’ve always found cold water thrilling. The shock of it is like pressing a switch. It seems to reset my body and soul. And last winter, I definitely needed a reset. I woke up most mornings with a dull, grey feeling as I forced myself out of bed to start the day. I needed something to cheer myself up, but I didn’t know what, until that day. The ice warriors (勇士) emerged from the lake, their skin steaming. Trembling, they were yet laughing and hugging each other. I called out:  “You guys are awesome!” One woman waved back, “Come and join us! We’ re here every Monday morning.” The night before my first dip (游泳), I was excited and nervous. Cold water was one thing, but this icy lake was a whole other level. Should I back out? Eventually, I got up in the dark and drove to the meeting spot. After some wild warm up, I charged into the lake along with others. We yelled into the sky. Teeth chattering heart rates slowing, fingers and toes going numb (麻木), we stayed there for somewhere between two and five minutes. Knowing it was my first time, people cheered me on. It felt amazing. I was stupid with cold, but I couldn’t remember the last time I’d felt so happy. Now I go dipping almost every day, and I’ve come to long for that moment when the cold becomes a second skin and my internal voice goes silent. Apart from the thrill of those first heart-stopping dives, which, ironically, saved me from going under, what has drawn me is this community of generous, open-hearted souls. We laughed together, often, but from the stories we’ve shared about ourselves, I know I’m not the only one who faces life’s challenges. Holding hands in the freezing lake, we looked out for each other last winter and will do so through this one. It won’t fix everything in our lives—but for some reason, it helps. At the end of each session I return home feeling stronger, lighter, more able to carry on. As another winter sets in, I’m more than ready to embrace the cold again. 46．When the author saw the people in the lake, her feeling can be best described as __________ A．nervous B．amazed C．frightened D．calm 47．Why did the author think of joining the swimmers? A．To expand her social circle. B．To lift her spirits again. C．To adapt to the cold weather. D．To prepare for a new career 48．What can be learnt about the author’s first dipping? A．She hesitated a bit before going. B．She suffered from a heart problem. C．She stayed in cold water too long. D．She regretted not doing enough warm up. 49．What change has cold water swimming brought about in the author? A．She is more intelligent. B．She gets more competitive. C．She becomes a better storyteller. D．She regains her inner peace. 50．What message does the author most likely want to convey? A．Severe cold builds up character B．Group wisdom brightens our life. C．Tackling the odds together cures. D．Doing sports promotes friendship. 【答案】46．B 47．B 48．A 49．D 50．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】哲理感悟、记叙文、个人经历 【导语】本文是记叙文。这篇文章讲述了作者在冰冷的湖中潜泳的经历，并且分享了参与这个活动的人们所带来的快乐和支持。通过这个经历，作者能够重新调整和振作起来，带着更强大的力量面对生活中的挑战。 46．推理判断题。根据第一段“Then I saw a group of people in bathing suits bouncing up and down in the water. They held hands, shouting and yelling into the sky. They looked and sounded so free. (然后我看到一群穿着泳衣的人在水里跳上跳下。他们手牵着手，对着天空大喊大叫。他们看起来很自由，听起来也很自由。)”以及第二段“I’ve always found cold water thrilling. The shock of it is like pressing a switch. It seems to reset my body and soul. (我一直觉得冰冷的水让人兴奋。它的冲击感就像按下一个按钮。似乎它能够重新调整我的身体和灵魂)”和第四段“The ice warriors (勇士) emerged from the lake, their skin steaming. Trembling, they were yet laughing and hugging each other. I called out:   “You guys are awesome!” (冰勇士们从湖中冒出来，浑身冒着热气。他们颤抖着，但仍然笑着，互相拥抱着。我喊道：“你们太棒了!”)”可知，冷水让作者兴奋，她看到湖中的人，觉得他们太棒了，所以感觉是惊讶的。故选B项。 47．细节理解题。根据第三段“And last winter, I definitely needed a reset. I woke up most mornings with a dull, grey feeling as I forced myself out of bed to start the day. I needed something to cheer myself up, but I didn’t know what, until that day. (去年冬天，我确实需要重新调整一下。大多数早晨，当我强迫自己下床开始新的一天时，我都是带着一种沉闷、灰暗的感觉醒来的。我需要一些东西让自己振作起来，但我不知道是什么，直到那天。)”可知，作者去年冬天，整个人很沮丧，需要一些东西让自己振作起来，所以想加入游泳。故选B项。 48．细节理解题。根据第五段“The night before my first dip (游泳), I was excited and nervous. Cold water was one thing, but this icy lake was a whole other level. Should I back out? Eventually, I got up in the dark and drove to the meeting spot. (第一次泡澡的前一天晚上，我既兴奋又紧张。冷水是一回事，但这个冰湖完全是另一回事。我应该退出吗?最后，我在黑暗中起床，驱车前往会面地点。)”可知，作者第一次尝试冬泳前，她犹豫了一下。故选A项。 49．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Now I go dipping almost every day, and I’ve come to long for that moment when the cold becomes a second skin and my internal voice goes silent. (现在我几乎每天都去游泳，我已经开始渴望那一刻，当寒冷成为我的第二层皮肤，我内心的声音安静下来。)”可知，冷水游泳使作者恢复了内心的平静。故选D项。 50．主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段“Apart from the thrill of those first heart-stopping dives, which, ironically, saved me from going under, what has drawn me is this community of generous, open-hearted souls. (具有讽刺意味的是，第一次潜水的惊险刺激使我免于沉入海底，但吸引我的是这个慷慨、心胸开阔的社区)”，倒数第二段“We laughed together, often, but from the stories we’ve shared about ourselves, I know I’m not the only one who faces life’s challenges. Holding hands in the freezing lake, we looked out for each other last winter and will do so through this one. (我们经常一起笑，但从我们分享的故事中，我知道我不是唯一一个面临生活挑战的人。去年冬天，我们手牵着手在冰冷的湖面上守望着彼此，今年也将如此。)”以及最后一段“It won’t fix everything in our lives—but for some reason, it helps. At the end of each session I return home feeling stronger, lighter, more able to carry on. As another winter sets in, I’m more than ready to embrace the cold again. (它不会解决我们生活中的所有问题，但出于某种原因，它会有所帮助。每次游泳结束后，我回到家，感觉更强壮、更轻松，更能坚持下去。又一个冬天来临了，我已经准备好再次拥抱寒冷了。)”可知，作者最想传达的信息是，冬泳让自己感到惊险刺激，但是真正吸引作者的是和社区的人分享故事，一起面对生活的困难，互相鼓励，让自己感觉更强壮、更轻松，更能坚持下去，所以是一起解决问题治愈人心。故选C项。 （2023·天津·高考真题）STUDENT EMPLOYMENT ON CAMPUS All students may apply to work on campus.Getting started Before starting any position, all students need to complete required taforms and show identification. International students also need: *Social Security card        *Bank  account *Valid  passport          *Official work permit *Letter of support from the office of International Student LifeLooking for a job on Handshake Handshake is an online job search platform for college students. With a Handshake account, students can receive information about career events and personalized job recommendations. To use Handshake, just follow these steps: *Log in to Handshake using your email address already provided by the college. *Complete personalization of your profile. *Start your job search by clicking “Jobs” button. *Fill out desired information:location, job type, etc. *Apply directly by clicking “Apply Now” button. You can also make appointments to meet with a career coach, access career resources, and explore careers that interest you. On-campus jobs available for students *Academic department assistant (Flexible working hours on Monday/Thursday) *Dining services (Lunchtime on weekdays) *Library assistant (Flexible working hours on Monday/Wednesday/Friday) *Bookstore/mailroom(9:00-12:00 at weekends) *Athletic department (18:00-22:00 on weekdays) Maximum working hours *During the semester (学期), domestic students can work a maximum of 10 hours a week; international students can work a maximum of 20 hours a week. *During the summer break,a student may not work more than 30 hours a week. *The total number of hours may not exceed (超过) the maximum hours allowed even if a student has more than one job. For more information, find us at Career Development Office, 211Hughes Hall; careerdevelopment@dreamcollege.edu, 555-520-1314 51．What documents are necessary for an international student to seek employment? A．Passport and Insurance Certificate. B．Work permit and Academic report. C．Bank account and Letter of support. D．Health Certificate and Social Security card. 52．Before searching for a job on Handshake, you need to_________. A．consult a career coach B．personalize your profile C．attend job training D．set up a new email account 53．Where could you work on Tuesday evenings? A．In the athletic department. B．In the dining hall. C．In the library. D．In the bookstore. 54．Which working arrangement is allowed for a domestic student? A．40 hours per week during the summer break. B．20 hours per week during the semester. C．2 jobs, each with 16 hours per week. D．3 jobs, each with 2 hours per week. 55．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A university website. B．A course guide. C．A summer camp notice. D．A business magazine. 【答案】51．C 52．B 53．A 54．D 55．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】职业内容、应用文 【导语】本文是应用文。文章主要介绍了学生在校园里做兼职的一些情况。 51．细节理解题。根据第二段中“International students also need:*Social Security card*Bank  account*Valid  passport*Official work permit*Letter of support from the office of International Student Life(国际学生还需要：* 社会保障卡 * 银行账户 * 有效护照 * 正式工作许可证 * 国际学生生活办公室的介绍信)”可知，国际学生寻找工作需要银行账户和介绍信。故选C。 52．细节理解题。根据Looking for a job on Handshake部分下的“To use Handshake, just follow these steps:*Log in to Handshake using your email address already provided by the college.*Complete personalization of your profile.*Start your job search by clicking “Jobs” button.(要使用Handshake，只需遵循以下步骤：* 使用学院提供的电子邮件地址登录到Handshake。* 使你的个人资料完全个性化。* 点击“职位”按钮开始搜寻工作。)”可知，在Handshake上寻找工作之前，你需要使你的个人资料完全个性化。故选B。 53．细节理解题。根据Maximum working hours上面的句子“*Athletic department (18:00-22:00 on weekdays)(* 体育部（工作日下午18时至22时）)”可知，在周二晚上你可以在体育部工作，故选A。 54．细节理解题。根据Maximum working hours下面的“During the semester (学期), domestic students can work a maximum of 10 hours a week; international students can work a maximum of 20 hours a week.(本学期国内学生每周最多工作10小时，国际学生每周最多工作20小时。)”和“The total number of hours may not exceed (超过) the maximum hours allowed even if a student has more than one job.(即使一个学生有一份以上的工作，总学时也不得超过规定的最高学时。)”可知，即使国内学生有多份工作，每周最多工作总量不得超过10个小时，所以D项“3份工作，每份每周工作2小时。”是被允许的，总共3*2=6，不超过十小时，故选D。 55．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“All students may apply to work on campus.(所有学生都可以申请到校园工作。)”可知，文章主要介绍了在校生可以在子校园申请兼职工作，由此可推知，本文可能选自大学网站，故选A。 （2022·天津·高考真题）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 56．What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A．Making us simple-minded B．Making us short-sighted. C．Leading us onto a busy road. D．Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 57．According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A．Through maintaining good health. B．By going through pain and suffering. C．By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D．Through offering help much needed by others. 58．According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A．less selfish B．less annoying C．more motivated D．more responsible 59．In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A．When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B．When our love for the world is insufficient. C．When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D．When we stay blind to the reality. 60．According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A．inspired by love and guided by knowledge B．directed by love and pushed by knowledge C．purified by love and enriched by knowledge D．promoted by love and defined by knowledge 【答案】56．B 57．D 58．C 59．A 60．A 【难度】0.65 【知识点】哲理感悟、议论文 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。 56．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。 57．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。 58．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。 59．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。 60．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。 （2022·天津·高考真题）Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 61．According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A．facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B．revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C．offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D．bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 62．Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A．Their personal looks. B．Their mental needs. C．Their inner emotions. D．Their physical feelings. 63．The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A．environment impacts how we judge others B．how body temperature is related to health C．the mind and the body influence each other D．how humans interact with their surroundings 64．What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A．Human speech is alive with metaphors. B．Human senses have effects on thinking. C．Human language is shaped by visual images. D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 65．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B．To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D．To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC． 【答案】61．D 62．D 63．C 64．B 65．C 【难度】0.65 【知识点】科普知识 、说明文 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。 61．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。 62．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。 63．推理判断题。根据第四段首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。 64．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。 65．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。 （2022·天津·高考真题）I’m an 18-year-old pre-medical student, tall and good-looking, with two short story books and quite a number of essays to my credit. Why am I singing such praises of myself? Just to explain that the attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love, and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began. Born and raised in Africa，I had always taken my African origin as burden. My self-dislike was further fueled when my family had to relocate to Norway, where I attended a high school. Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!” What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering (口吃), which had weakened my self-confidence. It always stood between me and any fine opportunity. I’d taken it as an excuse to avoid any public speaking sessions, and unknowingly let it rule over me. Fortunately, as I grew older, there came a turning point. One day a white girl caught my eye on the school bus when she suddenly turned back. To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November! “Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.” Days later, my life took an-other twist(转折). Searching the internet for stuttering cures, I accidentally learned that such famous people as Isaac Newton and Winston Churchill also stuttered. I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success. Another boost to my self-confidence came days later as I was watching the news about Oprah Winfrey, the famous talk show host and writer—she’s black too! Whenever I think of her story and my former dislike of my color, I’m practically filled with shame. Today, I’ve grown to accept what I am with pride; it simply gives me feeling of uniqueness. The idea of self-love has taken on a whole new meaning for me: there’s always something fantastic about us, and what we need to do is learn to appreciate it. 66．What affected the author’s adjustment to her school life in Norway？ A．Her appearance B．Social discrimination. C．Her changing emotions. D．The climate in Norway. 67．What did the author’s occasional stuttering bring about according on Paragraph 3? A．Her lack of self-confidence. B．Her loss of interest in school. C．Her unwillingness to greet her classmates. D．Her desire for chances to improve herself. 68．How did the author feel on noticing the similarity between her and the girl on the bus? A．Blessed and proud. B．Confused and afraid. C．Amazed and relieved. D．Shocked and ashamed. 69．What lesson did the author learn from the cases of Newton and Churchill? A．Great minds speak alike. B．Stuttering is no barrier to success. C．Wisdom counts more than hard work. D．Famous people can’t live with their weaknesses. 70．What can best summarize the message contained in the passage? A．Pride comes before a fall. B．Where there is a will, there is a way. C．Self-acceptance is based on the love for oneself. D．Self-love is key to the attainment of self-pride. 【答案】66．A 67．A 68．C 69．B 70．D 【难度】0.65 【知识点】哲理感悟、记叙文、个人经历 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述的是作者在非洲长大的经历，在成长的过程中作者意识到一个人要获得自尊就要首先学会接受自己本来的面目。 66．推理判断题。根据文中第二段“Compared to all the white girls around me, with their golden hair and delicate lips, I ,a black girl, had curly hair and full, red lips. My nose often had a thin sheet of sweat on it, whatever the weather was. I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I’m so different!”(与我周围所有有着金色头发和精致嘴唇的白人女孩相比，我，一个黑人女孩，有着卷曲的头发和饱满的红唇。无论天气如何，我的鼻子上经常有一层薄薄的汗水。我只想把自己埋在壳里哭着“我太不一样了！”)”可知，作者的外表与其他的孩子不同，这使得作者不容易适应学校的生活。故选A项。 67．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“What also contributed to my self-dislike was my occasional stuttering(口吃), which had weakened my self-confidence.(导致我自我厌恶的还有我偶尔的口吃，这削弱了我的自信心。)”可知，作者的口吃导致作者失去了自信。故选A项。 68．推理判断题。文中第四段提到“To my astonishment, she had a thin sheet of sweat on her nose too, and it was in November!(令我惊讶的是，她的鼻子上也有薄薄的汗水，而且是在十一月！)”可知，作者见到小女孩儿感到很惊讶，根据句子中““Wow,” I whispered to myself, “this isn’t a genetic(遗传的) disorder after all. It’s perfectly normal.”(“哇，”我低声对自己说，“这毕竟不是遗传疾病。这很正常。”)”可知，作者此刻感到很放松。故选C项。 69．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“I was greatly relieved and then an idea suddenly hit me—if I’m smart, I shouldn’t allow my stuttering to stand between me and my success.(我大大地松了一口气，然后一个想法突然出现在我脑海中——如果我聪明，我不应该让我的口吃阻碍我和我的成功。)”可知,作者意识到口吃不应该是自己成功的障碍。故选B项。 70．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Just to explain that he attainment of self-pride comes from a great deal of self-love, and to attain it, one must first learn to accept oneself as one is. That was where my struggle began.(只是为了解释他获得自尊来自大量的自爱，而要获得它，一个人必须首先学会接受自己的本来面目。这就是我挣扎开始的地方。)”可知，本文要讲述的是作者在经历中感悟到要想有自尊，首先要自爱。故选D项。 ( 第 16 页 共 50 页 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$