第1板块 专题1 题型篇 第3节 主旨大意题（word教参）-【创新教程】2025年高考英语大二轮专题增分方案

第3节　主旨大意题 主旨大意题是阅读理解中最难的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、提取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读懂文章后再作判断，建议学生将此类题目放在最后来做。 熟知题型特点与设问方式 明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征 命题解读 1.主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳题和文章大意题。 2.标题归纳题要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 正确选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感情色彩。 4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。 题型特点 1.把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式 What is the best title for the text? What is the passage mainly about？ Which of the following is the best title for the passage？ Which is the most suitable title for the text? What is the first paragraph mainly about？ 2.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度 (1)标题归纳题、文章大意题； (2)段落大意题。 干扰选项特征 以偏 概全 只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面 主题 过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所论的内容 断章 取义 以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点 无中 生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖 标题归纳题 标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文内容并提炼文章主旨。 理解标题的3大特点 巧用3大方法确定文章标题 1.正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2.反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们作标题写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项； 3.研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等，排除过于具体化、细节化、绝对化的选项。 典例呈现 解题技法 　　(2024·1月浙江卷阅读D)The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow­up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We' re not tempted(诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets— all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie­poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information­poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information.Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 35.Which of the following is the best title for the text？ A.Eat Less, Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C.The Later, the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups [第一步]　读文章，理清结构 [第二步]　析选项，斟酌判断 [第三步]　对比选项得出答案 自主解答：　D　 文章大意题　 文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。 主题 句法 解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法： 1.根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句 2.根据行文标志来定位主题句 高频 词法 若全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中出现的高频词找出文章主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 逆向 思维 法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项。 典例呈现 解题技法 　　(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro­Farm(BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 　　Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored.Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre­seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single­use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee. 31.What does the text mainly talk about? A.BMF's major strengths. B.BMF's general management. C.BMF's global influence. D.BMF's technical standards. [第一步]　读文章，理清结构 综上所述，文章从各个方面凸显了BMF的优势。 [第二步]　析选项，斟酌判断 [第三步]　对比选项得出答案 自主解答：　A 段落大意题 段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的提炼和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。 定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意 常用写作架构 　　每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高。 典例呈现 解题技法 　　(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 26.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about？ A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B.The complexity of veterinarians' work. C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 　　本段为无主题句式。本段主要介绍了两个动物经过Farber的治疗后，病情有所好转。一个是Farber通过综合疗法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。由此可知，本段主要介绍了Farber的“针灸、按摩疗法、草药和传统西医治疗相结合”的整体医学的有效性。 自主解答：　D 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$