内容正文:
第1节 细节理解题
细节理解题,在高考阅读理解中占较大的比重,约占阅读量的60%。细节理解题常分为直接信息题、间接信息题(换词类和归纳类)、数字计算题和概括信息题。分析近三年的高考题可知:直接信息题和间接信息题为高频考点,其他皆为低频考点。
考查方式和考查角度
选项特征
考查特点
1.把握细节理解题常见的考查方式特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、 which、who 等疑问词开头引出问题。
2.掌握细节理解题的考查角度
①高频考点:直接信息题、间接信息题;
②低频考点:数字计算题、概括信息题。
正确选项特征
原词
复现
选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致
同义
替换
对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言
简化
把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化
正话
反说
把原文中的意思反过来表达
精准定位
众所周知,阅读理解的解题关键除了读懂文章之外就是对信息的精准定位。高考阅读理解虽然每篇文章很长,但并不是每一个词、每一句话都很重要;虽然信息很多,但并不是每一个信息点都是考点。因此在阅读过程中学会有的放矢、精准定位至关重要。
干扰选项特征
扩缩
范围
与文章细节部分吻合,部分相悖
无中
生有
明显与文章内容不符或没有提及
偷梁
换柱
符合常识,但不是文章内容
解题捷径
一般采用寻读法,解题分三步:
1.先读题干,抓住关键词;
2.带着问题快速阅读文章,找出与问题有关的词语或句子;
3.仔细对比选项和原文信息,继而找出答案。
张冠
李戴
是文章细节,但不符合题干要求或不是要点
正误
参半
部分正确,部分错误
直接信息题——题干定位法
直接信息题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中,涉及的话题有:广告类、活动安排类、书籍或电影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式多为以“5W1H”(what,who,when,where,why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句。解此类试题常用“题干定位法”。解题技法如:
典例呈现
解题技法
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A)
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge.We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的) plant removal,winter planting, and seed collection.Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?
A.To discover mineral resources.
B.To develop new wildlife parks.
C.To protect the local ecosystem.
D.To conduct biological research.
[第一步] 锁定题干关键词:the Habitat Restoration Team
[第二步] 查找定位到原文:根据标题HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM下的段落中“Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas”和“Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species”可知,生物栖息地修复工作队恢复和保护自然区域,在恢复敏感资源和保护濒危物种方面起到极其重要的作用。由此可见,生物栖息地修复工作队的目标是保护当地的生态系统。
自主解答: C
间接信息题——同义转换法
此类试题命题的隐蔽性更强,要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征:一是同义词替换或释义,二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的逼真性,稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。解此类试题常用“同义转换法”。解题技法如:
典例呈现
解题技法
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried musclerelaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
25.Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets?
A.He was trained in it at university.
B.He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C.He benefited from it as a patient.
D.He wanted to save money for pet owners.
[第一步] 锁定题干关键词: Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets
[第二步] 查找定位到原文:根据第二段中的“He became interested in alternative treatments... What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.”可知,Farber尝试针灸治疗之后背痛得到了缓解,所以他认为针灸治疗似乎也可以应用到宠物身上,也就是说他自己作为病人从针灸治疗中获得了益处,所以决定把针灸应用到宠物身上。
自主解答: C
数字计算题——整合推算法
数字计算题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。但是英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解,从这个角度上讲,理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。解此类试题常用“整合推算法”。解题技法如:
典例呈现
解题技法
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读A)AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form.Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
22.What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?
A.5. B.10. C.15. D.18.
[第一步] 锁定题干关键词:the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team
[第二步] 查找定位到原文:根据题干信息锁定小标题AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING;根据其内容“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome”可知,加入生物栖息地修复工作队的最低年龄是10岁。
自主解答: B
概括信息题——归纳概括法
概括信息题要求通过思维分析对原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括。为了增加细节信息试题的难度,命题人有时也会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题,一个细节理解题涉及一段内的多个信息点或者多段的具体内容,需要考生进行概括和归纳后才能回答。解此类考试题常用“归纳概括法”。解题技法如:
典例呈现
解题技法
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D)“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
33.What does Daru's study focus on?
A.Threatened species.
B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.
D.Mobile applications.
[第一步] 锁定题干关键词:Daru's study
[第二步] 查找定位到原文:根据第二段的“and since we are increasingly using observational data... Are they usable?”可知,Daru及其团队使用观察数据来研究物种是如何对全球变化作出回应的,他想知道这些观察数据是否可用。再根据第三段的内容可知,Daru及其团队使用一个全球数据集,测试这些数据在多大程度上展示了实际的全球生物多样性模式。由此可知,Daru的研究关注观察数据。
自主解答: C
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