【春考特训课】第08讲：阅读理解体裁与命题类型分解 -【决胜春季高考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（上海专用）

第08讲： 阅读理解体裁与命题类型分解 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。 细节理解题一般根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，命题人往往通过对文章细节加以改写来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占有相当大的比例，一般包括：直接信息题、间接信息题。 命题方式 ： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following is not mentioned? 3) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 词义猜测题也是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息, 结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测, 以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。 命题方式 ： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 3) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 4) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目,需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 命题方式 ： 1) It can be inferred from the passage that ． 2) The author implied（suggested）that．．． ． 3) It can be concluded from the passage that ． 4) The writer indicates/implies/suggests that ． 主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象, 既考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。 命题方式 ： 1) What is the text mainly about? 2) What is the best title for the text? 3) What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about? 4) What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/.. paragraph? 【要点梳理】 一、细节理解题： 1．直接信息题 2．间接信息题 3．概括、归纳信息题 【典例】 … I found the pre­holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less­used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)． … 33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects? A．Saving up for her holiday. B．Raising money for a poor girl. C．Adding the money to her fund. D．Giving the money to a sick mother. [解题示范] 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects 锁信息 定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor). 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意 B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意 C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换 D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有 [分析]　选C　比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。 二、词义猜测题： 1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 2.根据同位关系进行猜测 3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 4.根据因果关系进行猜测 5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 【典例】 I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor [分析]　“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。 【典例】 ....... [2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. [3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. … 29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Jazz becoming more accessible. B．The production of jazz growing faster. C．Jazz being less popular with the young. D．The jazz audience becoming larger. [分析]　根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。 三、判断推理题： 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 【典例】 It is hard to imagine that many people are stupid enough to want children because it looks so fantastic — most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them. 66. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. B. Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child raising. C. Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. D. We sometimes neglect the happiness from child raising. 【答案】 66. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them.(但有趣的是，我们想知道，我们每周看到的无压力、提高幸福感的父母形象，是否在某种微小的、潜意识的方式导致了我们对实际体验的不满，就像我们中有一小部分人希望了解名人的生活方式，可能会让我们看起来有点像他们)”可知，从最后一段可以推断出明星妈妈影响了我们对抚养孩子的态度。故选B。 四、主旨大意题： 1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意) 2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。 【典例】 Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23­gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. … 28．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The basic data of the Transition. B．The advantages of flying cars. C．The potential market for flying cars. D．The designers of the Transition. [解题示范] 第一步：读文章，概括段意 该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况： ①制造商：Terrafugia Inc. ②首飞成功：completed its first flight ③上市时间：within the next year ④飞车名字：the Transition ⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings ⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air ⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon 由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。 第二步：析选项，斟酌判断 A 飞车the Transition的基本数据。 A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段 B 飞车的一些优点。 该选项错误在于以下两点： ①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。 ②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。 无中生有，生搬硬套 C 飞车的潜在市场。 原文没有提及。 无中生有，生搬硬套 D 飞车the Transition的设计商。 该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。 以偏概全，主次不分 [答案]　A 【典例】 Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves. 66. What does the passage mainly concerned with? A. The measurement of wealth in the current society. B. The evolution of people’s attitude towards busyness. C. The hidden reasons and effects of people’s busyness. D. The solution to prioritizing the crucial tasks in busyness. 【答案】 66. C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves.“很多时候，我们衡量自己的价值不是看我们取得了什么成果，而是看我们花了多少时间。我们过着疯狂的生活，至少在一定程度上是因为它让我们自我感觉良好。”可知，本文讲述的是人们忙碌背后的原因和影响。故选C。 【典例】 China’s policy of planting trees is likely playing a significant role in tempering its climate impacts. An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated. Taken together, these areas account for a little over 35% of China’s entire land carbon “sink”, the group says. 66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. Greenhouse Gas Emission Largely Reduced B. Roles of Carbon Sinks Proved by New Study C. China’s Forest Carbon Absorption Underestimated D. Climate Impacts Balanced Due to China’s Afforestation 【答案】 66. C 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“China’s policy of planting trees is likely playing a significant role in tempering its climate impacts. An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated. Taken together, these areas account for a little over 35% of China’s entire land carbon “sink”, the group says.(中国的植树政策可能在缓和气候影响方面发挥了重要作用。一个国际小组已经在该国确定了两个地区，这些地区的新森林吸收二氧化碳的规模被低估了。该组织称，这些地区加起来占中国整个土地碳“汇”的35%多一点。)”可知，本文主要讲的是中国森林碳汇的规模被低估以及关于中国森林碳汇的新的研究，因此最好的题目是C选项“China’s Forest Carbon Absorption Underestimated(中国森林碳吸收被低估)”，故选C。 课堂精练 演练 （上师大附中2024学年第一学期期中考试） It’s normal for young children to cheat when they’re playing board games. As they grow older, they realize that the fun is actually in taking part in the game, not necessarily in winning it. By the time they reach their teens, they have usually learned not to cheat. Sadly, this was not the case for a player in a national board game championship held annually in the US. The player wanted to win so much that he turned to cheating. The board game was Scrabble. In the game, players have to make words from individual letters on small squares called “tiles,” and then put the words on a board. Two of the most useful tiles in the game are the blanks, which are tiles without any letters on them. A blank isn’t worth any points, but a player can use it to replace any letter of the alphabet. The cheater in this particular competition was a 15-year-old boy from Orlando, Florida. He had surprised organizers in the early stages of the competition by beating some of the best players, despite the fact that he had never played in competitions before. This made some of the other players suspicious, including the man who caught him, 43-year-old Arthur Moore. Moore had already played the boy the day before, and Moore had won the game, although the boy had had both of the blank tiles. In Scrabble, before a new game starts, the players put the tiles from the previous game back into a small bag. This time, Moore had a good look at the tiles on the table before he and his opponent put them in the bag to start the game. He was not surprised to see that the two blanks were together on the table in front of the boy. As the two players were putting the tiles into the bag. Moore watched the boy’s left hand. He saw the boy pick up the two blanks, and put his hand under the table. This was the signal for Moore to call one of the organizers and accuse the boy of cheating. When the boy was taken away for questioning, he admitted to taking the two blanks during the game and hiding them under the table. As a result of his cheating, the competition director disqualified him and banned him from playing in the competition again. 36. According to the passage, why do young children cheat in board games? A. They are eager to win. B. They dislike the games. C. They don’t know what cheating is. D. They don’t want to take part in the games. 37. Why are the two blank tiles most useful in Scrabble? A. They are the most obvious tiles in the game. B. Players can decide how many points they are worth. C. Players earn more points if they leave the tiles unused. D. They can be used when players don’t have the right letter. 38. The word “suspicious” (in paragraph 3) most probably means “________”. A. supportive B. disappointed C. mistrustful D. honoured 39. How did the boy cheat? A. By putting the tiles into his own bag. B. By hiding the blank tiles for future use. C. By cooperating with his opponent secretly. D. By lying that he had never played the game. 【答案】36. A 37. D 38. C 39. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了在美国每年举办的一项全国棋盘游戏锦标赛中，一个男孩在比赛中作弊的事件。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“It’s normal for young children to cheat when they’re playing board games. As they grow older, they realize that the fun is actually in taking part in the game, not necessarily in winning it.(小孩子在玩棋盘游戏时作弊是很正常的现象。随着他们年龄的增长，他们会意识到，游戏的乐趣其实在于参与过程，而不一定在于获胜。)”可知，小孩子作弊的原因可能是因为他们渴望获胜。故选A。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“A blank isn’t worth any points, but a player can use it to replace any letter of the alphabet.(空白块本身没有分数，但玩家可以用它来代替字母表中的任何字母。)”可知，在《拼字游戏》中，当玩家没有正确的字母来完成一个单词时，空白块可以用来代替任何字母，因此它们是最有用的。故选D。 【38题详解】 词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“This made some of the other players suspicious,(这让其他选手产生了……。)”可推测，这让其他选手产生了某种情绪。再根据下文“including the man who caught him, 43-year-old Arthur Moore.(包括发现他作弊的43岁Arthur Moore在内)”可推测，Arthur Moore抓住他作弊，由此可知，其他选手产生了怀疑。由此可知，划线单词和“怀疑的”意思相似。选项A“supportive(支持的)”；选项B“disappointed(失望的)”；选项C“mistrustful(不信任的)”；选项D“honoured(荣幸的)”。故选C。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“He saw the boy pick up the two blanks, and put his hand under the table. This was the signal for Moore to call one of the organizers and accuse the boy of cheating.(他看见男孩拿起了两个空白块，并把手放在了桌子下面。这就是摩尔叫来一位组织者，指责男孩作弊。)”以及第四段“When the boy was taken away for questioning, he admitted to taking the two blanks during the game and hiding them under the table. As a result of his cheating, the competition director disqualified him and banned him from playing in the competition again.(当男孩被带走问话时，他承认在游戏过程中拿走了两个空白块，并将它们藏在了桌子下面。由于作弊，比赛主管取消了他的参赛资格，并禁止他再次参加这项比赛。)”可知，男孩的作弊方式是把空白块藏起来以备后用。故选B。 （市西中学2024学年第一学期期中考试） Know how much to tip New rules of gratuities The pandemic has been particularly hard on people who work for tips. Some haven’t been able to do their jobs at all, while others don’t interact with customers the same way. In either case, tips dried up, causing a lot of people to suffer. Meanwhile, many customers felt the need to tip more because of the new risks and hardships that essential service workers suddenly faced. Just as many services have changed, so should tipping. Some old standards no longer seem fair, and several newer ones will apply long after the pandemic is over. Some new rules of tipping that are likely here to stay: Give more if you can. It’s common for tips to be divided between all the workers at a store or restaurant, not just those who interact directly with customers. So giving generously ensures a fairer tip for all. Think outside the (cash) box. You can also “tip” with a thank-you note or a homemade gift when a business (or your budget) doesn’t permit gratuities. Consider writing a review online, making sure to name names. Treat business owners differently. A practice of the past, tipping the boss separately is no longer necessary. But if she serves you, tip her as you would any of her workers. As for specific situations, here’s what the experts recommend: FOOD AND DRINKS Restaurant workers Old rule: Leave a tip only when you dine in. New rule: Always tip, even for takeout. Tip: 15 to 20 percent when you dine in, and 10 to 15 percent on takeout or delivery orders. Personal shoppers Old rule: N/A (Not applicable). Many of these services, such as grocery pickup, are newer. New rule: Tip, and do it in the app, since you are unlikely to interact directly with your shopper. Tip: 10 to 15 percent. If a tip is already included, add a few dollars extra. HOME DELIVERIES Package delivery drivers Old rule: Don’t tip. New rule: Show appreciation if you get deliveries more than once a week. Tip: Drinks, snacks, or $5 to $20 if a package is particularly heavy or large. Postal workers cannot accept cash or gifts worth more than $50 per year. UPS tells drivers to decline tips unless a customer insists. And FedEx prohibits employees from accepting cash or cash equivalents (such as gift cards). Flower delivery drivers Old rule: The person who places the order tips those who deliver flowers (and other specialty items). New rule: You can’t assume the gift giver already tipped, so if you’re lucky enough to get such a delivery, pass the goodwill along in the form of a tip. Tip: $5 to $10. PERSONAL SERVICES Ride-share drivers Old rule: Tip in cash. New rule: Ask your driver. The Lyft and Uber apps let you add gratuities, but some drivers prefer cash. Tip: 15 to 20 percent. 40. New rules of tipping are recommended because . A. the pandemic has driven many businesses to financial ruin B. some people have to work from home without interaction C. customers dismiss the old standards as unfair to themselves D. some old tipping standards can’t help some service workers out now 41. Which of the following is TRUE? A. Tip every worker fairly in case some may keep the money to himself. B. The more you tip, the better service you will receive. C. Writing a review online is highly recommended to express gratitude. D. There is no need to tip the boss because he doesn’t provide any service. 42. did best in tipping according to the recommended rules. Name Situation Tip Ginna order a roast goose ($50) at Kam’s Roasts for takeout $0 for the waiter Joan take a delivery of a package from FedEx (bottled water, 500ml, 24-pack) $10 for the FedEx delivery man Susan receive a bunch of flowers delivered by a Flower Plus driver $5 (cash) for the gardener Linn take a Uber ($15) from St Vincent’s Hospital to the Central Library $3 (cash) for the driver A. Ginna B. Joan C. Susan D. Linn 【答案】40. D 41. C 42. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍小费的新规定及一些行业的小费新规定。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“The pandemic has been particularly hard on people who work for tips. Some haven’t been able to do their jobs at all, while others don’t interact with customers the same way. In either case, tips dried up, causing a lot of people to suffer. Meanwhile, many customers felt the need to tip more because of the new risks and hardships that essential service workers suddenly faced. (新冠对依靠小费工作的人来说尤其艰难。有些人根本无法完成他们的工作，而另一些人则无法以相同的方式与顾客互动。无论哪种情况，小费都会枯竭，导致很多人受苦。与此同时，因为基本服务人员突然面临新的风险和困难，许多顾客觉得有必要给更多的小费。)”可知，新冠使服务人员工作艰难，一些旧的小费标准现在无法帮助一些服务人员。所以建议使用新的小费规则，帮助服务人员应对困难，故选D。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据Think outside the (cash) box.部分“You can also “tip” with a thank-you note or a homemade gift when a business (or your budget) doesn’t permit gratuities. Consider writing a review online, making sure to name names. (当公司或你的预算不允许给小费时，你也可以用感谢信或自制礼物。考虑在线撰写评论，确保署名。)”可知，可以在线撰写评论以表达感激之情。故C项正确。根据Give more if you can.部分“It’s common for tips to be divided between all the workers at a store or restaurant, not just those who interact directly with customers. (通常，小费分配给商店或餐厅的所有员工，而不仅仅是直接与客户互动的员工。)”可知，小费分配给所有员工，但文章并未说明为什么这样做，故排除A项。根据Treat business owners differently.部分“A practice of the past, tipping the boss separately is no longer necessary. But if she serves you, tip her as you would any of her workers. (过去的做法，不再需要单独给老板小费。但是，如果她为你服务，就像你给她的工人一样给她小费。)”可知，如果老板为你服务，你需要给老板小费，故D项错误。文章未提及B项内容。故选C。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据Restaurant workers部分“Tip: 15 to 20 percent when you dine in, and 10 to 15 percent on takeout or delivery orders. (小费：堂食时为15%至20%，外卖或外卖订单为10%至15%。)”可知，订外卖需要给工作人员小费，A项错误。根据Package delivery drivers部分“And FedEx prohibits employees from accepting cash or cash equivalents (such as gift cards). (联邦快递禁止员工接受现金或现金等价物，如礼品卡。)”可知，无需给联邦快递员工小费，B项错误。根据Flower delivery drivers部分“You can’t assume the gift giver already tipped, so if you’re lucky enough to get such a delivery, pass the goodwill along in the form of a tip. (你不能假设送礼者已经给小费了，所以如果你有幸收到这样的快递，请以小费的形式传递善意。)”可知，需要给送花人小费，而不是给园丁小费，C项错误。根据Ride-share drivers部分“Tip: 15 to 20 percent. (小费：15%到20%)”可知，需要给司机15%到20%的小费。即$15*15%=$2.25/$15*20%=3$。D项正确，故选D。 课后反馈 演练 记叙文或新闻报道类 （2024年青浦区二模） I was sitting in my high school classroom, nervously tapping my pencil against the desk as I awaited the start of the English exam. As the clock struck, signaling the beginning of the exam, my heart began to race. I opened the exam booklet and scanned the questions, and I felt a wave of panic over me. The questions seemed foreign, and the topics unfamiliar. In a state of panic, I hurriedly wrote down my answers, hoping that somehow, by some stroke of luck, they would be correct. But as the minutes went by, I realized I couldn’t seem to make sense of the questions before me. As the final bell rang, I handed in my paper with a heavy heart. In the days that followed, I couldn’t shake the feeling of failure that hung over me like a dark cloud. I replayed the exam over and over in my mind, analyzing every question, every answer, searching for clues as to where I had gone wrong. But in the depression, a realization began to dawn on me — I had failed, yes, but I had also learned valuable lessons along the way. Armed with this newfound wisdom, I ensured that I would do better next time. I threw myself into my studies with renewed determination, devouring books and practicing past exams with an eagerness I had never known before. When the time came to retake the exam, I was ready. I approached each question with confidence and clarity, drawing upon the lessons I had learned from my previous missteps. When the results were announced, I held my breath as I scanned the list of names. And there it was — my name, shining brightly among the list of successful candidates. At that moment, all the hard work, all the late nights and early mornings, were worth it. And as I look back on that sunny afternoon in the high school classroom, I am grateful for the lessons it taught me, and the person it helped me become. 56. Why did the author panic when he first took the exam? A. He sat with a pounding heart. B. He found the questions too difficult. C. He was not familiar with the foreign language. D. He was in a hurry when answering the questions. 57. What did the author do after he failed in the exam? A. He attended valuable lessons in school. B. He retook the exam over and over again. C. He promised to arm himself with eagerness. D. He determined to engage himself in learning. 58. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “devouring” (paragraph 4)? A. being targeted at B. being obliged for C. being absorbed in D. being credited to 59. According to the passage, this experience helped the author become _____. A. cheerful and considerate B. objective and demanding C. tough and persevering D. proud and tolerant 【答案】56. B 57. D 58. C 59. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者从一次考试失败的经历中变得坚韧不拔的故事。 【56题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第二段中“I opened the exam booklet and scanned the questions, and I felt a wave of panic over me. The questions seemed foreign, and the topics unfamiliar. (我打开考试手册，浏览了一下问题，我感到一阵恐慌。这些问题似乎很陌生，话题也很陌生。)”可知，他觉得这些问题太难了，所以参加考试时惊慌失措。故选B。 【57题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第四段中“I threw myself into my studies with renewed determination, devouring books and practicing past exams with an eagerness I had never known before. (我以全新的决心投入到学习中，如饥似渴地啃书本，以前所未有的热情复习过去的考试。)”可知，作者考试不及格后决心专心学习。故选D。 【58题详解】 词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“I threw myself into my studies with renewed determination (我以全新的决心投入到学习中)”可知，作者以全新的决心投入到学习中，全神贯注于书本，以前所未有的热情复习过去的考试。划线词的含义为“全神贯注于”。A. being targeted at针对；B. being obliged for因某事而感谢；C. being absorbed in全神贯注于；D. being credited to归功于。故选C。 【59题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第四段“But in the depression, a realization began to dawn on me — I had failed, yes, but I had also learned valuable lessons along the way. Armed with this newfound wisdom, I ensured that I would do better next time. I threw myself into my studies with renewed determination, devouring books and practicing past exams with an eagerness I had never known before. (但在沮丧中，我开始意识到——我失败了，是的，但我也在这条路上学到了宝贵的教训。有了这个新发现的智慧，我保证下次我会做得更好。我以全新的决心投入到学习中，如饥似渴地啃书本，以前所未有的热情复习过去的考试。)”和第六段中“At that moment, all the hard work, all the late nights and early mornings, were worth it. (在那一刻，所有的努力工作，所有的熬夜和早起，都是值得的。)”可知，这段经历帮助作者成为坚韧而坚持不懈的人。故选C。 应用文或说明文类 （2024年奉贤区二模） WORLD 2024 Run Like Olympians WHERE Paris, France WHEN AUGUST For the first time, members of the public will be able to run their own marathon during the 2024 Summer Olympics, just one initiative aimed at creating a more inclusive Games. Held in the evening between the men’s and women’s official races, the Marathon Games will allow 20,024 qualifying lottery (彩票) winners on the 26-mile route that links Paris and Versailles. Hear It Live WHERE Kyoto, Japan WHEN YEAR-ROUND Guidebooks peak of Kyoto as frozen in time, with quiet temples and peaceful gardens. But after hours, Japan’s ancient capital reveals a live music scene. Rock, swing, and even Irish music echo into the night. Whatever you’re into, from jazz to punk, there’s a community for you to share. “This is what happens in Japan when the mask comes off,” says Kyoto guide Van Milton. Ski New Peaks WHERE Georgia WHEN DEC-APR Long as a means of transport action, hunting and exploration, skiing is still a way of life in the mountainous republic of Georgia. Now visitors can enjoy some of the nation's best back-country skiing in the Caucasus. In Svaneti, journeys may lead skiers through Gvibari Pass or to Ushguli village. Explore Ancient Art WHERE Algeria WHEN OCT-NOV Algeria is home to Africa’s largest national park, which holds one of the world's greatest concentrations of ancient rock art. Tassilin’ Ajjer National Park is a geologic wonderland, but these rock forests are only half the story. Neolithic (新石器时代的) hunter-gatherers left 15,000 rock carvings here, including images of elephants and giraffes. These animals are more commonly associated with sub-Saharan Africa — a hint that this deserted wilderness was once a fertile grassland. 40. As a student who is fond of sports, where is Jane most likely to visit during the summer vacation? A. Georgia B. Kyoto C. Algeria D. Paris 41. What can we infer from the passage? A. Everyone can enter for the Marathon Games in the summer of 2024. B. Kyoto features the peaceful daytime and energetic nightlife. C. Visitors worldwide can enjoy skiing in Georgia all year round. D. Rock carvings in Algeria werc created by artists to attract tourists. 42. What is the main idea of the passage? A. It presents attractions in different regions of the world. B. It shows the beauty of rural landscapes around the world. C. It lists the most popular places of interest in the world. D. It discovers the hidden treasures in western cultures. 【答案】40. D 41. B 42. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴黎、京都、乔治亚州以及阿尔及利亚四个地方的魅力。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“For the first time, members of the public will be able to run their own marathon during the 2024 Summer Olympics, just one initiative aimed at creating a more inclusive Games. Held in the evening between the men’s and women’s official races, the Marathon Games will allow 20,024 qualifying lottery (彩票) winners on the 26-mile route that links Paris and Versailles. (在2024年夏季奥运会期间，公众将首次能够参加自己的马拉松比赛，这只是旨在打造一届更具包容性的奥运会的一项举措。马拉松比赛在男子和女子官方比赛之间的晚上举行，将允许20024名符合资格的彩票获胜者参加连接巴黎和凡尔赛的26英里路线。)”可知，作为一个喜欢运动的学生，简在暑假期间最有可能去巴黎。故选D。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Guidebooks peak of Kyoto as frozen in time, with quiet temples and peaceful gardens. But after hours, Japan’s ancient capital reveals a live music scene. Rock, swing, and even Irish music echo into the night. Whatever you’re into, from jazz to punk, there’s a community for you to share. (旅游指南书中京都的巅峰就像被时间冻结了一样，有安静的寺庙和宁静的花园。但几个小时后，日本古都呈现出现场音乐场景。摇滚，摇摆，甚至爱尔兰音乐在夜晚回荡。)”可推知，京都的特点是宁静的白天和充满活力的夜生活。故选B。 【42题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章主要介绍了巴黎、京都、乔治亚州以及阿尔及利亚四个地方的魅力。可知，这篇文章的主旨是它展示了世界不同地区的吸引力。故选A。 （2024学年向明中学9月学科检测） Road Bike Vs Hybrid Bike — Choosing the Right Bike Road bikes are all about speed and performance, aiming to be the quickest bike possible. Hybrid bikes take characteristics from both road and mountain bikes. Is one better than the other? We’ll unpack everything there is to know about them and how they differ. Performance Road bikes are more performance-driven. The weight of frame plays a big part in a bike’s speed. The industry standard for building the lightest bikes is to construct carbon fiber frames. While aluminum bike frames are only a half-pound to a pound heavier, that difference can go a long way. A majority of road bikes are built with carbon and a majority of hybrids are built with aluminum or steel. Comfort The hybrid wins the comfort battle. One of the quickest ways to distinguish a hybrid bike from a road bike is by looking at the handlebars. Hybrids typically come with flat bars making the stability and turning easy and comfortable. Whereas the drop bars commonly found on a road bike can be challenging to stabilize for inexperienced cyclists. Components A bike’s components include brakes, shifters, chain, etc. Although there can be high-end components on hybrids and low-end components on road bikes it doesn’t typically shake out to be that way. Expect hybrids to be equipped with lower-end components and road bikes to be equipped with the higher end ones. Touring Both bikes can be used for touring. But hybrid bike frames are typically more durable for long multi-day adventures because they can sustain the extra weight of luggage, say, pannier (货篮) bags for camping vacations. Before purchasing, be sure to locate a local bike rental shop to get familiar with a bike. Testing out a bike in the parking lot of a bike shop won’t do your purchase justice. Instead, be sure to take the road bike vs hybrid battle to the streets. No matter which bike you choose you are guaranteed to enjoy your rides knowing that you’ve picked the best bike for you. 40. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Compared with carbon fiber frames, aluminum bike frames are a half-pound to a pound heavier and don’t result in much difference in speed. B. It’s not common to see low-end components on hybrids and high-end components on road bikes. C. Before purchasing a bike, taking it to the parking lot of a bike shop to test out is not recommended by the author. D. Hybrids have an edge over road bikes only from the perspective of comfort. 41. Jack, an inexperienced cyclist, chooses to buy a hybrid bike instead of a road bike for his five-day adventurous trip possibly because________. A. a hybrid bike has an additional drop bar to keep balance B. a road bike is not suitable for touring C. a road bike challenges a rider’s flexibility D. a hybrid bike can sustain more weight 42. What’s the purpose of the passage? A. An advertisement for a bike rental shop. B. A paper analyzing the differences between two kinds of bikes. C. A guide on how to choose between two kinds of bikes. D. News on road bikes and hybrid bikes. 【答案】40. C 41. D 42. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍的是公路自行车和混合动力自行车在性能、舒适度、配件和旅行时的特点，以便消费者选择合适的自行车。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据尾段中的“Testing out a bike in the parking lot of a bike shop won’t do your purchase justice.(在自行车店的停车场里测试一辆自行车是不公平的。)”可知，在自行车店的停车场测试自行车对消费者来说是不公平的，由此可知，作者不建议在自行车店的停车场测试自行车。故选C项。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据Touring部分中的“But hybrid bike frames are typically more durable for long multi-day adventures because they can sustain the extra weight of luggage, say, pannier (货篮) bags for camping vacations.(但混合动力自行车的车架通常更耐用，适合多天的长途旅行，因为它们可以承受额外的行李重量，比如露营度假用的货篮包。)”可知，混合动力自行车能承受额外的行李重量，所以，一个没有经验的自行车手，选择买一辆混合动力自行车而不是公路自行车为他的五天冒险之旅可能是因为混合动力自行车能承受额外的行李重量。故选D项。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据首段“Road bikes are all about speed and performance, aiming to be the quickest bike possible. Hybrid bikes take characteristics from both road and mountain bikes. Is one better than the other? We’ll unpack everything there is to know about them and how they differ.(公路自行车都是关于速度和性能，旨在成为最快的自行车。混合动力自行车兼有公路自行车和山地车的特点。一个比另一个好吗？我们将揭开关于它们的一切，以及它们的不同之处。)”以及文章的标题“Road Bike Vs Hybrid Bike – Choosing the Right Bike(公路自行车Vs混合动力自行车——选择合适的自行车)”可知，本文介绍了公路自行车和混合动力自行车的特点，以便消费者选择合适的自行车，所以本文的目的是关于如何在两种自行车之间进行选择的指南。故选C项。 【2023年1月春考(A篇)】 外刊来源： Until I was six,my family lived in a rural part of the state, in the remote Alaska native village of Fort Yukon, about 140 air miles from the nearest Judy's(快餐店)，down in Fairbanks. We didn't have running water in Fort Yukon, but we had a TV, and during the time we lived up there, The Wizard of Oz was broadcast once a year. I was transfixed by the movie, by this little girl's ability to travel from her dull, rural home to a shining,magical kingdom filled with wonders. I could relate to Dorothy, had even once flown over a rainbow on the way into Fairbanks, and to me, Oz perfectly illustrated the world beyond our tiny town, what it was, what it meant. Besides The Wizard of Oz, the other thing that taught me about the real world outside Fort Yukon was Judy's. I would nearly press my nose to the screen whenever a Judy's commercial came on. I would scan the commercials for every tiny detail about what life was like when you lived somewhere where there was a Judy's: sunshine, happy music, people ate food in brightly colored packages and lived in houses with sidewalks and lawns. We went into Fairbanks a few times each year; whenever we flew in a visit to Judy's was almost guaranteed. Going into Fairbanks and eating at Judy's conferred status. But the truth is, the food hardly even mattered. Being at Judy's meant that I was in a city big enough to have one. That world looked nothing like what I saw in Fort Yukon. But if I could fit in at Judy's, I could fit into the bigger world, I thought. It took leaving for me to understand that none of this was true, that life is hard everywhere, that if you thought you weren't happy without Judy's , you wouldn't be happy with it. After we moved to Fairbanks,even though Judy's was right there, we didn't go much anymore, I don't remember minding. Judy's, I soon learned, was convenient for people in Fairbanks more than it was special, and we couldn't afford not to plan ahead. People ate there if they couldn't go to nicer restaurants. Despite the newfound pleasures of Fairbanks, it didn't take long for homesickness to set in.I now missed Fort Yukon as much as I used to want to go to Judy's; that is to say,powerfully.I missed the wood smoky way Fort Yukon smells, the way the light slants hard right up on the Arctic Circle, the way everyone knows everyone else. I missed the coziness of the mission house,the nooks I curled up in to read, the way all my friends were within walking distance.I missed the village grandmas, who loved all children as if they were their own. 56. What did the author learn from TV when they lived on Fort Yukon? A. They learned about the furnishings of the restaurant. B. They learned about a variety of delicious food that they had never eaten before. C. They learned about the production process of the Wizard of Oz film. D. They learned about the world outside of the town. 57. What does the underlined word in the fifth paragraph refer to? A.Adapting to Judy's, you can get a foothold in a big city. B. Judy's is very popular with migrant workers in every city. C. Weekend life without Judy's food can be extremely difficult. D. Judy's has a pivotal role in fast-paced cities. 58. What was their attitude towards Judy's when they moved to Fairbanks? A. They almost stopped visiting fast-food restaurants. B. They still yearned for the fast food restaurants. C. They quit the habit of eating fast food in Judy's. D. They chose healthier foods instead of fast food. 59. What is the last paragraph of the passage about? A. The review of daily work. B.The nostalgia(怀旧)for their home town. C. The transition in lifestyle. D. The way of daily commute. 【答案】56-59 DAAB 【导读】这篇文章讲述了作者小时候在阿拉斯加原住民村庄 Fort Yukon 的生活。虽然他们没有自来水，但有电视机，每年可以看到《绿野仙踪》。作者对电影中的故事情节非常着迷，因为它展示了一个比 Fort Yukon 更大更灿烂的世界。此外，Judy's 快餐店的广告也使作者向往城市的生活，渴望能够在那里适应。然而，随着时间的流逝，作者离开 Fort Yukon 去了 Fairbanks，并发现了 Judy's 并不那么特别，也不能让人真正快乐。最后，作者意识到无论在哪里，生活都有困难，而他深深怀念着 Fort Yukon 的家乡和亲人。 【解析】 56.D【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句中的and to me, Oz perfectly illustrated the world beyond our tiny town, what it was, what it meant和第三段第一句中的the other thing that taught me about the real world outside Fort Yukon was Judy's可知，当他们居住在育空堡(Fort Yukon)时，他们从电视上了解到了外面的世界，故选D. 57.A【解析]根据第五段第四句提及的But if I could fit in at Judy's(快餐店),I could fit into the bigger world, I thought.可推知，该句中的this指代的是作者认为“但如果我能适应朱迪餐厅，我就能适应更大的世界”，故选A。 58.A【解析]根据倒数第二段第一句提及的After we moved to Fairbanks, even though Judy's was right there, we didn't go much anymore.可知，在他们搬到 Fairbanks(费尔班克斯)后，尽管朱迪就在那里，但他们也不怎么去了，故选A。 59.B【解析]根据文章最后一段第一句提及的Despite the newfound pleasures of Fairbanks, it didn't take long for homesickness to set in.和该段讲述的相关内容可推知，文章最后一段讲述的内容与作者的思乡情感有关，故选B。 【2022年1月春考(B篇)】 Summer Camp Rules Whether it s your child's first year at camp , or they are a seasoned camper and need a little refresher , it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp. Camp rules are in place lo keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay. 1. Keep Your Personal Space Clean Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers , it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized. Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utilize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cabinets rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk. It also helps to not over pack. Follow packing list guidelines closely so your child can find what they need without having to dig through piles of clothing that were not recommended. This also helps you child know what they have in their luggage so they pull out the sweatshirt when it gets cold. instead of thinking there wasn't one in their bag. Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary. 2. Valuables at Camp As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home, Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities If you are thinking about bringing an expensive item of clothing, be prepared for it to gel lost or damaged. You may be better off buying a new, less expensive version. To be on the safe side, don't let your child bring anything irreplaceable or emotionally valuable to camp. 3. Play Nice Name calling,fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp Camp is a place to make friends, so aggressive behavior is not tolerated. Remind your child that they don't have to be everybody's best friend, but they do have to be friendly to everyone. Encourage your child to go into camp with the mindset of making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made more than a few. 4. Have Fun and Try New Things At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast. Before your child leaves for camp, congratulate them for being brave enough to try sleep away amp in the first place. Let them know that they've already won just by trying, and the fun part is just about to begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist only to improve the overall camp experience and to create a community of fun. 60. What is the purpose of clarifying the rules of summer camp? A. Enrich children's summer camp operation B. Ensure the safety of children participating in summer camp C. Cultivate children's ability to survive in the wild D. Help children develop good cleaning habits 61.Which of the following behaviors is advocated by the summer camp? A. Take your favorite valuables B Fight with camping friends C. Avoid participating in hazardous activities D. Keep personal camping supplies in order 62. What is the passage mainly about? A. Enjoy the unique fun brought by new things B. Make good friends wherever you are C. Follow the rules of summer camp D. Get enough sleep before camping 【答案】60-62 BDC 【导读】本文介绍了夏令营的一些规则和指导方针，旨在保证孩子们的安全，并使夏令营活动顺利进行。文章强调了保持个人空间的整洁、不带贵重物品、友好相处、尝试新事物和享受夏令营乐趣的重要性。 【详解】 60.B[解析]根据文章第一段最后一句提及的 Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay 可知，明确夏令营规则主要是为了确保营地社区的安全，并保证营地在整个逗留期可平稳远行，换言之就是为了确保参与露营孩子的个人安全，B 项表述正确，故达B。 61.D[解析]根据文章第五段第一句提及的 As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home 可知，夏营并不希望人们随身携带贵重物品，而应汽指贵业物品留在家中，A项不是夏今营提倡的行为;根据文章第七段提及的Name calling, lighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp可知，夏令营严禁辱骂、打架、欺凌和争吵等行为，B 项的行为是被夏令营所禁的:项文未明确挑及，根据文靠第二段提及的 it's important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized 和下 天内容可知，保持个人路营用品的整洁有序是夏令营所提倡的行为，D 项表述正确，选D。 62.C[解折]根期整篇文章内容分析，本文主要讲述和介绍了在参加夏令营时需要追守的机关规则，由此可知C项的“进守夏令营的规则”这一表述正确，其余选现难以概括全文且部分装述有误，故选 C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第08讲： 阅读理解体裁与命题类型分解 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。 细节理解题一般根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，命题人往往通过对文章细节加以改写来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占有相当大的比例，一般包括：直接信息题、间接信息题。 命题方式 ： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following is not mentioned? 3) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 词义猜测题也是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息, 结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测, 以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。 命题方式 ： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 3) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 4) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目,需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 命题方式 ： 1) It can be inferred from the passage that ． 2) The author implied（suggested）that．．． ． 3) It can be concluded from the passage that ． 4) The writer indicates/implies/suggests that ． 主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象, 既考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。 命题方式 ： 1) What is the text mainly about? 2) What is the best title for the text? 3) What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about? 4) What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/.. paragraph? 【要点梳理】 一、细节理解题： 1．直接信息题 2．间接信息题 3．概括、归纳信息题 【典例】 … I found the pre­holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less­used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)． … 33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects? A．Saving up for her holiday. B．Raising money for a poor girl. C．Adding the money to her fund. D．Giving the money to a sick mother. [解题示范] 第一步：定信息区间 抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects 锁信息 定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor). 第二步：比对定答案 选项 选项意思 定位 A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意 B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意 C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换 D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有 [分析]　选C　比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。 二、词义猜测题： 1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测 2.根据同位关系进行猜测 3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 4.根据因果关系进行猜测 5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测 6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测 【典例】 I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor [分析]　“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。 【典例】 ....... [2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. [3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. … 29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Jazz becoming more accessible. B．The production of jazz growing faster. C．Jazz being less popular with the young. D．The jazz audience becoming larger. [分析]　根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。 三、判断推理题： 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 【典例】 It is hard to imagine that many people are stupid enough to want children because it looks so fantastic — most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them. 66. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. B. Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child raising. C. Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. D. We sometimes neglect the happiness from child raising. 【答案】 66. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them.(但有趣的是，我们想知道，我们每周看到的无压力、提高幸福感的父母形象，是否在某种微小的、潜意识的方式导致了我们对实际体验的不满，就像我们中有一小部分人希望了解名人的生活方式，可能会让我们看起来有点像他们)”可知，从最后一段可以推断出明星妈妈影响了我们对抚养孩子的态度。故选B。 四、主旨大意题： 1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意) 2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。 【典例】 Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23­gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. … 28．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The basic data of the Transition. B．The advantages of flying cars. C．The potential market for flying cars. D．The designers of the Transition. [解题示范] 第一步：读文章，概括段意 该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况： ①制造商：Terrafugia Inc. ②首飞成功：completed its first flight ③上市时间：within the next year ④飞车名字：the Transition ⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings ⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air ⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon 由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。 第二步：析选项，斟酌判断 A 飞车the Transition的基本数据。 A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段 B 飞车的一些优点。 该选项错误在于以下两点： ①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。 ②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。 无中生有，生搬硬套 C 飞车的潜在市场。 原文没有提及。 无中生有，生搬硬套 D 飞车the Transition的设计商。 该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。 以偏概全，主次不分 [答案]　A 【典例】 Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves. 66. What does the passage mainly concerned with? A. The measurement of wealth in the current society. B. The evolution of people’s attitude towards busyness. C. The hidden reasons and effects of people’s busyness. D. The solution to prioritizing the crucial tasks in busyness. 【答案】 66. C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段Too often, we measure our worth not by the results we achieve, but by how much of our time we spend. We live crazy lives, at least in part, because it makes us feel good about ourselves.“很多时候，我们衡量自己的价值不是看我们取得了什么成果，而是看我们花了多少时间。我们过着疯狂的生活，至少在一定程度上是因为它让我们自我感觉良好。”可知，本文讲述的是人们忙碌背后的原因和影响。故选C。 【典例】 China’s policy of planting trees is likely playing a significant role in tempering its climate impacts. An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated. Taken together, these areas account for a little over 35% of China’s entire land carbon “sink”, the group says. 66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. Greenhouse Gas Emission Largely Reduced B. Roles of Carbon Sinks Proved by New Study C. China’s Forest Carbon Absorption Underestimated D. Climate Impacts Balanced Due to China’s Afforestation 【答案】 66. C 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“China’s policy of planting trees is likely playing a significant role in tempering its climate impacts. An international team has identified two areas in the country where the scale of carbon dioxide absorption by new forests has been underestimated. Taken together, these areas account for a little over 35% of China’s entire land carbon “sink”, the group says.(中国的植树政策可能在缓和气候影响方面发挥了重要作用。一个国际小组已经在该国确定了两个地区，这些地区的新森林吸收二氧化碳的规模被低估了。该组织称，这些地区加起来占中国整个土地碳“汇”的35%多一点。)”可知，本文主要讲的是中国森林碳汇的规模被低估以及关于中国森林碳汇的新的研究，因此最好的题目是C选项“China’s Forest Carbon Absorption Underestimated(中国森林碳吸收被低估)”，故选C。 课堂精练 演练 （上师大附中2024学年第一学期期中考试） It’s normal for young children to cheat when they’re playing board games. As they grow older, they realize that the fun is actually in taking part in the game, not necessarily in winning it. By the time they reach their teens, they have usually learned not to cheat. Sadly, this was not the case for a player in a national board game championship held annually in the US. The player wanted to win so much that he turned to cheating. The board game was Scrabble. In the game, players have to make words from individual letters on small squares called “tiles,” and then put the words on a board. Two of the most useful tiles in the game are the blanks, which are tiles without any letters on them. A blank isn’t worth any points, but a player can use it to replace any letter of the alphabet. The cheater in this particular competition was a 15-year-old boy from Orlando, Florida. He had surprised organizers in the early stages of the competition by beating some of the best players, despite the fact that he had never played in competitions before. This made some of the other players suspicious, including the man who caught him, 43-year-old Arthur Moore. Moore had already played the boy the day before, and Moore had won the game, although the boy had had both of the blank tiles. In Scrabble, before a new game starts, the players put the tiles from the previous game back into a small bag. This time, Moore had a good look at the tiles on the table before he and his opponent put them in the bag to start the game. He was not surprised to see that the two blanks were together on the table in front of the boy. As the two players were putting the tiles into the bag. Moore watched the boy’s left hand. He saw the boy pick up the two blanks, and put his hand under the table. This was the signal for Moore to call one of the organizers and accuse the boy of cheating. When the boy was taken away for questioning, he admitted to taking the two blanks during the game and hiding them under the table. As a result of his cheating, the competition director disqualified him and banned him from playing in the competition again. 36. According to the passage, why do young children cheat in board games? A. They are eager to win. B. They dislike the games. C. They don’t know what cheating is. D. They don’t want to take part in the games. 37. Why are the two blank tiles most useful in Scrabble? A. They are the most obvious tiles in the game. B. Players can decide how many points they are worth. C. Players earn more points if they leave the tiles unused. D. They can be used when players don’t have the right letter. 38. The word “suspicious” (in paragraph 3) most probably means “________”. A. supportive B. disappointed C. mistrustful D. honoured 39. How did the boy cheat? A. By putting the tiles into his own bag. B. By hiding the blank tiles for future use. C. By cooperating with his opponent secretly. D. By lying that he had never played the game. （市西中学2024学年第一学期期中考试） Know how much to tip New rules of gratuities The pandemic has been particularly hard on people who work for tips. Some haven’t been able to do their jobs at all, while others don’t interact with customers the same way. In either case, tips dried up, causing a lot of people to suffer. Meanwhile, many customers felt the need to tip more because of the new risks and hardships that essential service workers suddenly faced. Just as many services have changed, so should tipping. Some old standards no longer seem fair, and several newer ones will apply long after the pandemic is over. Some new rules of tipping that are likely here to stay: Give more if you can. It’s common for tips to be divided between all the workers at a store or restaurant, not just those who interact directly with customers. So giving generously ensures a fairer tip for all. Think outside the (cash) box. You can also “tip” with a thank-you note or a homemade gift when a business (or your budget) doesn’t permit gratuities. Consider writing a review online, making sure to name names. Treat business owners differently. A practice of the past, tipping the boss separately is no longer necessary. But if she serves you, tip her as you would any of her workers. As for specific situations, here’s what the experts recommend: FOOD AND DRINKS Restaurant workers Old rule: Leave a tip only when you dine in. New rule: Always tip, even for takeout. Tip: 15 to 20 percent when you dine in, and 10 to 15 percent on takeout or delivery orders. Personal shoppers Old rule: N/A (Not applicable). Many of these services, such as grocery pickup, are newer. New rule: Tip, and do it in the app, since you are unlikely to interact directly with your shopper. Tip: 10 to 15 percent. If a tip is already included, add a few dollars extra. HOME DELIVERIES Package delivery drivers Old rule: Don’t tip. New rule: Show appreciation if you get deliveries more than once a week. Tip: Drinks, snacks, or $5 to $20 if a package is particularly heavy or large. Postal workers cannot accept cash or gifts worth more than $50 per year. UPS tells drivers to decline tips unless a customer insists. And FedEx prohibits employees from accepting cash or cash equivalents (such as gift cards). Flower delivery drivers Old rule: The person who places the order tips those who deliver flowers (and other specialty items). New rule: You can’t assume the gift giver already tipped, so if you’re lucky enough to get such a delivery, pass the goodwill along in the form of a tip. Tip: $5 to $10. PERSONAL SERVICES Ride-share drivers Old rule: Tip in cash. New rule: Ask your driver. The Lyft and Uber apps let you add gratuities, but some drivers prefer cash. Tip: 15 to 20 percent. 40. New rules of tipping are recommended because . A. the pandemic has driven many businesses to financial ruin B. some people have to work from home without interaction C. customers dismiss the old standards as unfair to themselves D. some old tipping standards can’t help some service workers out now 41. Which of the following is TRUE? A. Tip every worker fairly in case some may keep the money to himself. B. The more you tip, the better service you will receive. C. Writing a review online is highly recommended to express gratitude. D. There is no need to tip the boss because he doesn’t provide any service. 42. did best in tipping according to the recommended rules. Name Situation Tip Ginna order a roast goose ($50) at Kam’s Roasts for takeout $0 for the waiter Joan take a delivery of a package from FedEx (bottled water, 500ml, 24-pack) $10 for the FedEx delivery man Susan receive a bunch of flowers delivered by a Flower Plus driver $5 (cash) for the gardener Linn take a Uber ($15) from St Vincent’s Hospital to the Central Library $3 (cash) for the driver A. Ginna B. Joan C. Susan D. Linn 课后反馈 演练 记叙文或新闻报道类 （2024年青浦区二模） I was sitting in my high school classroom, nervously tapping my pencil against the desk as I awaited the start of the English exam. As the clock struck, signaling the beginning of the exam, my heart began to race. I opened the exam booklet and scanned the questions, and I felt a wave of panic over me. The questions seemed foreign, and the topics unfamiliar. In a state of panic, I hurriedly wrote down my answers, hoping that somehow, by some stroke of luck, they would be correct. But as the minutes went by, I realized I couldn’t seem to make sense of the questions before me. As the final bell rang, I handed in my paper with a heavy heart. In the days that followed, I couldn’t shake the feeling of failure that hung over me like a dark cloud. I replayed the exam over and over in my mind, analyzing every question, every answer, searching for clues as to where I had gone wrong. But in the depression, a realization began to dawn on me — I had failed, yes, but I had also learned valuable lessons along the way. Armed with this newfound wisdom, I ensured that I would do better next time. I threw myself into my studies with renewed determination, devouring books and practicing past exams with an eagerness I had never known before. When the time came to retake the exam, I was ready. I approached each question with confidence and clarity, drawing upon the lessons I had learned from my previous missteps. When the results were announced, I held my breath as I scanned the list of names. And there it was — my name, shining brightly among the list of successful candidates. At that moment, all the hard work, all the late nights and early mornings, were worth it. And as I look back on that sunny afternoon in the high school classroom, I am grateful for the lessons it taught me, and the person it helped me become. 56. Why did the author panic when he first took the exam? A. He sat with a pounding heart. B. He found the questions too difficult. C. He was not familiar with the foreign language. D. He was in a hurry when answering the questions. 57. What did the author do after he failed in the exam? A. He attended valuable lessons in school. B. He retook the exam over and over again. C. He promised to arm himself with eagerness. D. He determined to engage himself in learning. 58. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “devouring” (paragraph 4)? A. being targeted at B. being obliged for C. being absorbed in D. being credited to 59. According to the passage, this experience helped the author become _____. A. cheerful and considerate B. objective and demanding C. tough and persevering D. proud and tolerant 应用文或说明文类 （2024年奉贤区二模） WORLD 2024 Run Like Olympians WHERE Paris, France WHEN AUGUST For the first time, members of the public will be able to run their own marathon during the 2024 Summer Olympics, just one initiative aimed at creating a more inclusive Games. Held in the evening between the men’s and women’s official races, the Marathon Games will allow 20,024 qualifying lottery (彩票) winners on the 26-mile route that links Paris and Versailles. Hear It Live WHERE Kyoto, Japan WHEN YEAR-ROUND Guidebooks peak of Kyoto as frozen in time, with quiet temples and peaceful gardens. But after hours, Japan’s ancient capital reveals a live music scene. Rock, swing, and even Irish music echo into the night. Whatever you’re into, from jazz to punk, there’s a community for you to share. “This is what happens in Japan when the mask comes off,” says Kyoto guide Van Milton. Ski New Peaks WHERE Georgia WHEN DEC-APR Long as a means of transport action, hunting and exploration, skiing is still a way of life in the mountainous republic of Georgia. Now visitors can enjoy some of the nation's best back-country skiing in the Caucasus. In Svaneti, journeys may lead skiers through Gvibari Pass or to Ushguli village. Explore Ancient Art WHERE Algeria WHEN OCT-NOV Algeria is home to Africa’s largest national park, which holds one of the world's greatest concentrations of ancient rock art. Tassilin’ Ajjer National Park is a geologic wonderland, but these rock forests are only half the story. Neolithic (新石器时代的) hunter-gatherers left 15,000 rock carvings here, including images of elephants and giraffes. These animals are more commonly associated with sub-Saharan Africa — a hint that this deserted wilderness was once a fertile grassland. 40. As a student who is fond of sports, where is Jane most likely to visit during the summer vacation? A. Georgia B. Kyoto C. Algeria D. Paris 41. What can we infer from the passage? A. Everyone can enter for the Marathon Games in the summer of 2024. B. Kyoto features the peaceful daytime and energetic nightlife. C. Visitors worldwide can enjoy skiing in Georgia all year round. D. Rock carvings in Algeria werc created by artists to attract tourists. 42. What is the main idea of the passage? A. It presents attractions in different regions of the world. B. It shows the beauty of rural landscapes around the world. C. It lists the most popular places of interest in the world. D. It discovers the hidden treasures in western cultures. （2024学年向明中学9月学科检测） Road Bike Vs Hybrid Bike — Choosing the Right Bike Road bikes are all about speed and performance, aiming to be the quickest bike possible. Hybrid bikes take characteristics from both road and mountain bikes. Is one better than the other? We’ll unpack everything there is to know about them and how they differ. Performance Road bikes are more performance-driven. The weight of frame plays a big part in a bike’s speed. The industry standard for building the lightest bikes is to construct carbon fiber frames. While aluminum bike frames are only a half-pound to a pound heavier, that difference can go a long way. A majority of road bikes are built with carbon and a majority of hybrids are built with aluminum or steel. Comfort The hybrid wins the comfort battle. One of the quickest ways to distinguish a hybrid bike from a road bike is by looking at the handlebars. Hybrids typically come with flat bars making the stability and turning easy and comfortable. Whereas the drop bars commonly found on a road bike can be challenging to stabilize for inexperienced cyclists. Components A bike’s components include brakes, shifters, chain, etc. Although there can be high-end components on hybrids and low-end components on road bikes it doesn’t typically shake out to be that way. Expect hybrids to be equipped with lower-end components and road bikes to be equipped with the higher end ones. Touring Both bikes can be used for touring. But hybrid bike frames are typically more durable for long multi-day adventures because they can sustain the extra weight of luggage, say, pannier (货篮) bags for camping vacations. Before purchasing, be sure to locate a local bike rental shop to get familiar with a bike. Testing out a bike in the parking lot of a bike shop won’t do your purchase justice. Instead, be sure to take the road bike vs hybrid battle to the streets. No matter which bike you choose you are guaranteed to enjoy your rides knowing that you’ve picked the best bike for you. 40. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Compared with carbon fiber frames, aluminum bike frames are a half-pound to a pound heavier and don’t result in much difference in speed. B. It’s not common to see low-end components on hybrids and high-end components on road bikes. C. Before purchasing a bike, taking it to the parking lot of a bike shop to test out is not recommended by the author. D. Hybrids have an edge over road bikes only from the perspective of comfort. 41. Jack, an inexperienced cyclist, chooses to buy a hybrid bike instead of a road bike for his five-day adventurous trip possibly because________. A. a hybrid bike has an additional drop bar to keep balance B. a road bike is not suitable for touring C. a road bike challenges a rider’s flexibility D. a hybrid bike can sustain more weight 42. What’s the purpose of the passage? A. An advertisement for a bike rental shop. B. A paper analyzing the differences between two kinds of bikes. C. A guide on how to choose between two kinds of bikes. D. News on road bikes and hybrid bikes. 【2023年1月春考(A篇)】 外刊来源： Until I was six,my family lived in a rural part of the state, in the remote Alaska native village of Fort Yukon, about 140 air miles from the nearest Judy's(快餐店)，down in Fairbanks. We didn't have running water in Fort Yukon, but we had a TV, and during the time we lived up there, The Wizard of Oz was broadcast once a year. I was transfixed by the movie, by this little girl's ability to travel from her dull, rural home to a shining,magical kingdom filled with wonders. I could relate to Dorothy, had even once flown over a rainbow on the way into Fairbanks, and to me, Oz perfectly illustrated the world beyond our tiny town, what it was, what it meant. Besides The Wizard of Oz, the other thing that taught me about the real world outside Fort Yukon was Judy's. I would nearly press my nose to the screen whenever a Judy's commercial came on. I would scan the commercials for every tiny detail about what life was like when you lived somewhere where there was a Judy's: sunshine, happy music, people ate food in brightly colored packages and lived in houses with sidewalks and lawns. We went into Fairbanks a few times each year; whenever we flew in a visit to Judy's was almost guaranteed. Going into Fairbanks and eating at Judy's conferred status. But the truth is, the food hardly even mattered. Being at Judy's meant that I was in a city big enough to have one. That world looked nothing like what I saw in Fort Yukon. But if I could fit in at Judy's, I could fit into the bigger world, I thought. It took leaving for me to understand that none of this was true, that life is hard everywhere, that if you thought you weren't happy without Judy's , you wouldn't be happy with it. After we moved to Fairbanks,even though Judy's was right there, we didn't go much anymore, I don't remember minding. Judy's, I soon learned, was convenient for people in Fairbanks more than it was special, and we couldn't afford not to plan ahead. People ate there if they couldn't go to nicer restaurants. Despite the newfound pleasures of Fairbanks, it didn't take long for homesickness to set in.I now missed Fort Yukon as much as I used to want to go to Judy's; that is to say,powerfully.I missed the wood smoky way Fort Yukon smells, the way the light slants hard right up on the Arctic Circle, the way everyone knows everyone else. I missed the coziness of the mission house,the nooks I curled up in to read, the way all my friends were within walking distance.I missed the village grandmas, who loved all children as if they were their own. 56. What did the author learn from TV when they lived on Fort Yukon? A. They learned about the furnishings of the restaurant. B. They learned about a variety of delicious food that they had never eaten before. C. They learned about the production process of the Wizard of Oz film. D. They learned about the world outside of the town. 57. What does the underlined word in the fifth paragraph refer to? A.Adapting to Judy's, you can get a foothold in a big city. B. Judy's is very popular with migrant workers in every city. C. Weekend life without Judy's food can be extremely difficult. D. Judy's has a pivotal role in fast-paced cities. 58. What was their attitude towards Judy's when they moved to Fairbanks? A. They almost stopped visiting fast-food restaurants. B. They still yearned for the fast food restaurants. C. They quit the habit of eating fast food in Judy's. D. They chose healthier foods instead of fast food. 59. What is the last paragraph of the passage about? A. The review of daily work. B.The nostalgia(怀旧)for their home town. C. The transition in lifestyle. D. The way of daily commute. 【2022年1月春考(B篇)】 Summer Camp Rules Whether it s your child's first year at camp , or they are a seasoned camper and need a little refresher , it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp. Camp rules are in place lo keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay. 1. Keep Your Personal Space Clean Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers , it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized. Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utilize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cabinets rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk. It also helps to not over pack. Follow packing list guidelines closely so your child can find what they need without having to dig through piles of clothing that were not recommended. This also helps you child know what they have in their luggage so they pull out the sweatshirt when it gets cold. instead of thinking there wasn't one in their bag. Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary. 2. Valuables at Camp As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home, Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities If you are thinking about bringing an expensive item of clothing, be prepared for it to gel lost or damaged. You may be better off buying a new, less expensive version. To be on the safe side, don't let your child bring anything irreplaceable or emotionally valuable to camp. 3. Play Nice Name calling,fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp Camp is a place to make friends, so aggressive behavior is not tolerated. Remind your child that they don't have to be everybody's best friend, but they do have to be friendly to everyone. Encourage your child to go into camp with the mindset of making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made more than a few. 4. Have Fun and Try New Things At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast. Before your child leaves for camp, congratulate them for being brave enough to try sleep away amp in the first place. Let them know that they've already won just by trying, and the fun part is just about to begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist only to improve the overall camp experience and to create a community of fun. 60. What is the purpose of clarifying the rules of summer camp? A. Enrich children's summer camp operation B. Ensure the safety of children participating in summer camp C. Cultivate children's ability to survive in the wild D. Help children develop good cleaning habits 61.Which of the following behaviors is advocated by the summer camp? A. Take your favorite valuables B Fight with camping friends C. Avoid participating in hazardous activities D. Keep personal camping supplies in order 62. What is the passage mainly about? A. Enjoy the unique fun brought by new things B. Make good friends wherever you are C. Follow the rules of summer camp D. Get enough sleep before camping 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$