Unit 3 Section Ⅲ Learning about language—Discover useful structures-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年新教材高二英语选择性必修第二册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书word

Section Ⅲ　Learning about language—Discover useful structures 过去完成时和过去完成时的被动语态 语法串烧 我的发现 　　Our school was built in 1902.Before I studied there，it 1.had been famous throughout the country.By 1978，the school's function 2.had changed several times.By the end of last century，our school 3.had become a provincial model high school.Before last year's anniversary of the founding of our school，all the school buildings 4.had been rebuilt and it is now larger and more beautiful than before. 1.had been是动词be的过去完成时形式，表示在I studied之前发生的状态。 2.had changed是动词change的过去完成时形式，表示在1978之前已经变化了几次。 3.had become是become的过去完成时形式，表示在上个世纪末之前就已经发生的状态。 4.had been rebuilt是rebuild的过去完成时的被动语态，表示在去年校庆之前就已经被重建。 一、过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态，也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”。其基本结构为“had＋过去分词”。 You abandoned the map because you had learned how to get home. 你丢掉地图，因为你已经学会如何回家。 二、基本用法 1．表示过去的过去。 可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句、用一个表示过去的动作以及通过上下文来表示。 By about 6000 BC，people had discovered the best crops to grow and animals to raise. 到大约公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最好的可种植的农作物和最好的饲养的动物。 How long had Mr Wang taught in the middle school before he came here? 王老师来这里之前，在中学教了多长时间？ 2．用于定语从句、宾语从句或间接引语中。 I wondered who had worked out the maths problem in the end. 我想知道谁最后解出了那道数学题。 She returned the book that she had borrowed. 她已归还了她借的那本书。 (2020·江苏卷)．..his parents attempted to find a way to deal with the catastrophe that had happened to their lives. ……他的父母试图找到应对他们生活中所发生的这场灾难的方法。 3．表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，主要用于hope，want，expect，think，suppose，plan，mean，intend等动词。 I had meant to come，but something happened. 我本想来，但有事发生了。 He had intended that he would come to see you himself，but he was too busy. 他本来打算亲自来看你，但他太忙了。 学生用书↓第79页 4．用于状语从句中。 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，若主从句的动作都发生在过去，且有先后关系，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。 After he had finished his homework，he watched the TV. 完成作业后，他才看电视的。 If you had come yesterday，you would have seen the wonderful performance. 如果你昨天来的话，你就会看到那场精彩的演出了。 5．过去完成时常用于某些特殊句型中。 (1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely/no sooner＋过去分词＋when/than从句(从句用一般过去时，hardly，scarcely，no sooner位于句首时，主句要倒装) I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.我刚到家就开始下雨了。 (2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时) It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。 (3)It was the first/second...time＋that从句(从句用过去完成时) It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。 (4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time...(表示过去的从句) By the time I got to the station，the train had already gone. 我赶到车站时，火车已经开走了。 (5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of...(表示过去的时间状语) By the end of last term we had learned 12 units. 到上学期末为止，我们已经学了12个单元。 巧学活用1——用所给词的适当形式填空 1．By the end of last month he had worked(work) in Shanghai for twenty years. 2．When I got to school，I realized I had left(leave) my bag at home. 3．She had worked(work) on the farm for three years before she became a teacher. 4．The pen I thought I had lost(lose) was on my desk，right under my nose. 三、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1．时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间发生的动作。 They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 到昨天10点为止他们才到达车站。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 昨天10点他们到达车站。 2．在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 She had just won first prize in the composition competition.She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her，too. 在作文比赛中她刚拿了第一名。她很高兴。她的所有家人对她也很满意。 巧学活用2——用所给词的适当形式填空 1．I had expected(expect)the operation to be painful，but I didn't feel a thing. 2．Alan Greenspan had to admit that he had made(make)some serious mistakes. 3．It was the third time that he had made(make)the same mistake. 学生用书↓第80页 四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语；而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作，句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语。 She had been ill for a week before she came back. 在回来之前，她病了一周了。 She has been ill for a week. 她已经病了一周了。 巧学活用3——完成句子 1．他回信告诉老师，他的表扬极大地鼓励了他。 He wrote back telling his teacher that his praise had greatly encouraged him． 2．直到现在我还没收到她的来信。 I haven't heard from her till now. 3．到我起床的时候，我姐姐已经把衣服都洗了。 By the time I got up，my sister had already washed all the clothes． 五、过去完成时的被动语态 (一)构成 1．肯定结构：主语＋had been done＋其他成分 2．否定结构：主语＋had not been done＋其他成分 3．疑问结构：Had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分 特殊疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分 (二)用法 1．表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的被动的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。 By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished. 他到学校时，第一节课已经结束了。 The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前教室还没有打扫过。 2．在 told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。 3．根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。 As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet. 工作完成后，他继续在网上搜索。 巧学活用4——用所给词的适当形式填空 1．Jones got the idea after he had talked(talk) with an elderly lady who had been cheated(cheat) of her money. 2．The boy didn't remember whether his homework had been handed(hand) in. 3．The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed(kill) in the earthquake. 学生用书↓第81页 维度一　用所给单词的正确形式填空 1．We had built(build) five new buildings by the end of last year. 2．Hardly had I opened(open) the door when he told me the thing. 3．The bus had already left(leave) when we got to the station. 4．The girl was reminded that her clothes had not been washed(wash)． 5．I had expected(expect) to come over to see you last night，but someone called me and I couldn't get away. 6．By the end of last year another new gymnasium had been completed(complete) in Beijing. 7．If it had been repaired(repair) earlier，the printer would not have broken down. 8．John had planned(plan) to make a compromise，but somehow he changed his mind at the last minute. 维度二　语法与写作 1．到那时，他已经学习英语三年了。 By then he had learned English for 3 years. 2．我当时本希望在上海多看看，但是太忙了。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai then，but I was too busy. 3．我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。 I had hardly got home when the rain poured down. 4．我们有10年没玩得这么开心了。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time． 5．那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。 It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home. 维度三　语法与语篇 At Christmas I had a wonderful opportunity to see the spirit of Christmas first hand.You see，my family 1.exchange(exchange) presents together at Christmas.Because of the activity—the flying wrapping paper and a large number of people，most of the individual moments 2.go(go) unnoticed. My 9-year-old nephew Jack，who 3.walked (walk) by my 5-year-old cousin Seth in the Christmas chaos，noticed that Seth was crying and that something was very wrong.Jack 4.stopped(stop) to ask him what was wrong and why he was crying.Seth responded that he 5.hadn't received(not receive) any toys! Almost without a second thought，Jack looked down at the only two toys he 6.had gotten(get) and presented Seth with his best toy! He said，“Here，you can have this one.I 7.don't have(not have) to have it.I have other toys I can play with at home.” I was so proud of my nephew and what he 8.had done(do)．At that time he thought no one else was looking.After giving him a big hug，I could only confirm(确认) something that Jack 9.had known(know)already.He 10.demonstrated(demonstrate) the true meaning of Christmas that day! 课时测评11　Section Ⅲ　Learning about language—Discover useful structures (时间：45分钟　满分：53分) (本栏目内容，在学生用书中以独立形式分册装订！) [基础语境练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(每小题1分，共8分) 1．They had got (get) everything ready before I came. 2．By nine o'clock last night，we had finished (finish) most of the work. 3．I had meant (mean) to help you，but I was too busy at the moment. 4．It was the first time that I had chatted (chat) online in English. 5．The cake had been eaten (eat) before I arrived at the party. 6．The house had been cleaned (clean) by the time they returned from vacation. 7．The concert had been attended (attend) by many fans before the band broke up. 8．The mistake had been made (make) before the lesson was learned. Ⅱ.补全句子(每小题3分，共15分) 1．By the time I left the school，I had studied there for three years(已经在那里学习了三年了)． 2．In the 1950s in the USA，most families had just one phone at home，and wireless phones hadn't been invented yet(那时无线电话还没发明出来)． 3．I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes (已在公交车站等了30分钟)when a bus finally came. 4．Jenny said she had made great progress(她已经取得了很大的进步)since she came here. 5．I had hoped to be back last night(本来希望昨晚回来的)，but I didn't catch the train. [素能提升练] Ⅰ.阅读理解 (每小题2.5分，共20分) A (2024·湖北武昌实验中学高二上12月月考) We know that China is the largest and fastest-growing consumer market in the world.What is less well understood are the forces that shape consumerism in the world's most populous country.In my view，there are some social and cultural aspects at play that drive consumer spending. Consumerism is related to freedom.To have a choice means to have consumer choice.You are what you consume.Consumption is an expression of self.It allows you to explore the world through its products，to experiment with lifestyle choices，and to do so safely and anonymously(匿名地)．You might never get to France，but you can try French wine.California might be far，but you can go to Shanghai Disneyland.Indeed，the enthusiasm for choice is reflected in the enthusiasm Chinese consumers have for online shopping. Consumerism is a statement of success.American economist Thorstein Veblen popularized the concept of “conspicuous consumption”．When consumption is no longer driven only by need，it becomes a way of making a statement that you have disposable(可自由支配的)income and you can—at least in certain respects—enjoy life on your terms.Simple pleasures—a pair of shoes，a smartphone，designer clothing—become statements of personal identity. The collective experience is focused.We like participating in group events.FOMO，the Fear of Missing Out，goes beyond cultures.But I suspect this trend is stronger in China than in the West because Confucian culture does not celebrate outsiders as the West's culture does.Social media reinforce(强化)this collective pattern so that shopping and dining are shared experiences.Opinions are crowd-sourced.And the merchants reinforce this pattern by supporting holiday sales，group buying，and other promotions. Successful brands in China are able to handle most or all of the above considerations.The consumer must not only be delighted with your product.The journey of the consumer must also respect these socio-cultural aspects. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了中国社会文化对消费主义的影响。 1．What's mainly talked about in the passage? A．Chinese are growing wealthier. B．China's fast-growing market economy. C．Chinese socio-cultural influences on consumerism. D．Chinese consumers' preference for quality rather than quantity. 答案：C 解析：主旨大意题。第一段“In my view，there are some social and cultural aspects at play that drive consumer spending.”为本文的中心句。通读全文可知，文章主要论述了中国社会文化对消费主义的影响。故选C项。 2．What does Paragraph 2 focus on? A．Shopping online is a new experience. B．Consumption can be a reflection of freedom. C．Foreign products can be purchased in China. D．Shopping around the world is a favorable choice. 答案：B 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段“Consumption is an expression of self...and to do so safely and anonymously(匿名地)”可知，本段主要讲消费可以是自由的反映，故选B项。 3．What do the underlined words “conspicuous consumption” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．The ability to cover one's real need in daily life. B．Spending money in order to keep up with others. C．The purchase of expensive items to display status. D．Buying plenty of goods and delivering them to others. 答案：C 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线部分后文“When consumption is no longer driven only by need...become statements of personal identity.”可知，消费不再仅仅是由需求驱动时，消费就成了一种成功的象征，因此conspicuous consumption指的是购买昂贵物品以获得个人身份，故选C项。 4．Why does the author suspect FOMO is stronger in China? A．Social media play a bigger role in their lives. B．Following the trend is what people like better. C．Chinese people have less contact with the strangers. D．Confucian culture is less likely to appreciate outsiders. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“We like participating in group events...outsiders as the West's culture does.”可知，FOMO这种趋势在中国很强烈，是因为儒家文化不太可能欣赏外来者，故选D项。 B (2024·武汉市第四中学高二上月考) Imagine being able to go to your local park and pick some tomatoes，potatoes or even bananas to take home for dinner.Sounds too good to be true，right? For residents of Andernach，a German city，it's not just a Utopian dream—it's their reality.In 2010，Andernach began its “edible city” project，planting 101 varieties of tomatoes in public green spaces around the city centre.Its 30，000 residents are free to help themselves to whatever grows，as are any other visitors.Every year a new type of plant is introduced.In 2011，100 types of beans were planted，while 2012 saw the introduction of 20 onion varieties.The town's motto (座右铭) is，“Picking is encouraged—help yourself！” It's a community effort，as local citizens are encouraged to help plant and maintain the gardens.This offers an opportunity to socialize as well as to learn about planting，cultivating and harvesting food.“I often drop by to pick some herbs that I'm missing at home.Everything is easily accessible.There aren't any fences.You just take what you need.The only thing is you have to be quick once the fruits are ripe or they'll all be gone！” said a local historian. Andernach may be the first，but it isn't the only edible city.It's part of the Edible Cities Network，an EU-funded project connecting green urban food initiatives (倡议) around the world.Other edible cities include Carthage in Tunisia，Havana in Cuba and Šempeter-Vrtojba in Slovenia.In February 2022，the first Edible Cities Network Conference took place.Dr.Ina Säumel，Principal Investigator of the Edible Cities Network，called it，“a unique opportunity to invite researchers and practitioners (从业人员) of Edible City Solutions to the same table and unite theory with practice”． Ultimately，the Edible Cities Network aims to create “greener，more edible and，above all，more livable cities”．It is a response to the pressures of climate change，and a cause for hope. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了德国城市Andernach的“可食用城市”项目及其所属的“可食用城市网络”项目在全球范围的发展情况。 5．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The process of Andernach's growth. B．The green food project in Andernach. C．Methods of planting vegetables in Europe. D．The popularity of Andernach's city design. 答案：B 解析：段落大意题。根据第一段中“In 2010，Andernach began its ‘edible city’ project...while 2012 saw the introduction of 20 onion varieties.”可知，第一段主要讲的是安德纳赫的绿色食品项目。故选B项。 6．What is the attitude of the local historian mentioned in Paragraph 2 towards the project? A．Doubtful. B．Indifferent. C．Positive. D．Negative. 答案：C 解析：观点态度题。根据第二段中的“I often drop by to pick some herbs that I'm missing at home.Everything is easily accessible.There aren't any fences.You just take what you need.”可知，这名当地的历史学家经常去采摘药草，并觉得这是很方便的。由此可推知，这名历史学家对项目持支持的态度。故选C项。 7．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Green urban food has drawn more attention. B．German rural areas will follow the trend too.　 C．Asia will join the Edible Cities Network soon. D．Edible cities hold meetings on a regular base. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段“Andernach may be the first，but it isn't the only edible city.It's part of...to the same table and unite theory with practice.”可推知，绿色城市食品引起了越来越多的关注。故选A项。 8．Which of the following could be the best title for the text? A．Start a Green Food Campaign Now B．Gain Easy Access to German Food C．Quick Response to Climate Change D．An Incredible “Edible City” Initiative 答案：D 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文以及根据最后一段“Ultimately，the Edible Cities Network aims to create...and a cause for hope.”可知，本文主要介绍了德国城市Andernach的“可食用城市”项目及其所属的“可食用城市网络”项目在全球范围的发展情况。因此，D项“一个令人难以置信的‘可食用城市’倡议”最适合作为本文的标题。故选D项。 Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1分，共10分) New research has found that eating regular balanced meals is more effective(有效的)in managing a healthy weight 1. dieting. Carried out by researchers at the University of Helsinki，the study looked at 2，452 women and 2，227 men，who 2. (ask) to answer surveys which looked at factors(因素)influencing weight changes at age 24，and ten years later at age 34. The researchers found among both men 3. women，irregular eating and dieting in order to lose weight were two of the main factors that led to weight increasing.A woman's risk of putting on weight was also increased by giving birth to two or more 4. (child)，regularly drinking sugary drinks and feeling 5. (disappoint) with life.For men，smoking was another important factor for putting on weight. 6. (usual)，people try to prevent being overweight by dieting.In the long term，it seems to make people 7. (get) fatter，rather than prevent it. Besides eating regularly and avoiding dieting，physical activity was a main factor in 8.______ (help)to protect women from putting on weight，while for men a higher level of 9. ______ (educate) and having a greater weight at the beginning of the study appeared to have a protective effect. The researchers suggested that those 10. want to keep a healthy weight should now consider eating regular meals. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了规律均衡的饮食比节食更能有效地保持健康的体重。 1．答案：than　 解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，此处指在保持健康的体重方面，规律的均衡饮食比节食更有效。故填 than。 2．答案：were asked　 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处表示“他们被要求回答调查问题”，应用被动语态，由主句的时态可知，此处应用一般过去时，且主语为复数，故填 were asked。 3．答案：and　 解析：考查连词。both...and...意为“……和……都”，故填and。 4．答案：children　 解析：考查名词的单复数。设空处作宾语，child是可数名词，且其前有two or more修饰，应用复数形式，故填children。 5．答案：disappointed　 解析：考查词性转换。设空处作表语，表示“失望的”，应用形容词形式，故填disappointed。 6．答案：Usually　 解析：考查词性转换。设空处作状语，修饰后面整个句子，故填Usually。 7．答案：get　 解析：考查固定用法。make sb do sth意为“使某人做某事”，故填get。 8．答案：helping　 解析：考查非谓语动词。设空处作介词in的宾语，用动词-ing形式，故填 helping。 9．答案：education　 解析：考查词性转换。设空处作介词of的宾语，表示“教育”，应用名词形式。故填education。 10．答案：who　 解析：考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词those，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故填who。 学生用书↓第82页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$