Unit 1 Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking—Reading comprehension-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年新教材高二英语选择性必修第二册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书word（人教版2019）

主题语境：人与社会——科学与技术；对社会有突出贡献的人物 单元目标速览 单元话题导入 学生用书↓第2页 Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking—Reading comprehension Step One：Pre-reading 1．Who is John Snow and what role did he play in defeating “King Cholera”？ John Snow was an English physician who played a crucial role in defeating the cholera epidemic in London during the mid-19th century.Through his research and investigations，he identified that the source of the outbreak was a polluted water pump on Broad Street.His findings led to the removal of the pump handle，effectively stopping the spread of cholera in that area． 2．What is the significance of defeating “King Cholera”？ “King Cholera” is a metaphorical term used to describe the deadly cholera epidemic that struck London in the mid-19th century.John Snow's defeat of “King Cholera” refers to his successful efforts in identifying the source of the outbreak and taking measures to prevent further spread.His work and discoveries in fighting cholera transformed public health practices and established the foundation for the modern field of epidemiology. Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea What is the text mainly about? A．John Snow's discovery of the cause of cholera. B．The history of cholera outbreaks in Europe. C．The impact of cholera on 19th century society. D．The development of modern epidemiology. 答案：A Ⅱ.Match the main idea with each paragraph Para.1 A．John Snow subscribed to the theory that cholera was caused by an infection from germs. Para.2 B．The impact of John Snow's work on reducing the threat of cholera and his role as the father of modern epidemiology. Para.3 C．The fear of cholera and John Snow's frustration with the lack of preventive measures. Para.4 D．John Snow's investigation and discovery of the polluted water pump as the source of the disease. Para.5 E．The link between cholera cases and different water companies was shown. 答案：Para.1 C　Para.2 A　Para.3 D　Para.4 E　Para.5 B Ⅲ.Read for the structure Read the passage again and fill in the blanks. The cholera's everity and John Snow's desire ·This illness causes ①severe diarrhoea，dehydration，and even death. ·As a young doctor，John Snow never lost his ②desire to destroy cholera. The two ③contradictory theories about cholera ·One theory was that bad air caused the disease.The other was that cholera was caused by an ④infection from germs in food or water.John Snow agreed to the latter. John Snow's process for stopping cholera ·John Snow started to investigate by marking the exact places and stopped the disease in its tracks by ⑤removing the handle of the pump. The causes of cholera ·The main reason was that the water polluted by ⑥waste was sold by water companies to people who drank it. John Snow's achievement and influence on future ·Cholera is a problem but can be ⑦prevented due to John Snow. ·John Snow changed the way scientists study ⑧diseases. ·John Snow is regarded as the father of modern epidemiology. 学生用书↓第3页 Ⅳ.Read for details 1．What led John Snow to suspect the water pump as the source of the cholera outbreak? A．The high death number in households near the pump. B．The evidence of cholera spreading through physical contact. C．The woman and her daughter's preference for pump water. D．The connection between different water companies and cholera cases. 2．What outcome resulted from John Snow's investigation of the cholera outbreak in London? A．The closure of all water pumps in London. B．The introduction of free beer as an alternative to water. C．The removal of the pump handle，stopping the disease's spread. D．The establishment of new water companies throughout London. 3．What did John Snow discover about the different water companies in London? A．They were all selling polluted water from the River Thames. B．People who drank water from different companies had different cholera risks. C．Some companies were selling pure or boiled water as a preventive measure. D．The polluted water from the River Thames had no connection to cholera outbreaks. 4．What is the significance of John Snow's work，according to the passage? A．The complete disappearance of cholera as a global threat. B．The development of modern epidemiology. C．The establishment of clean water companies worldwide. D．The introduction of maps and statistics as disease study tools. 答案：1－4　ACBB Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ.难句解构 [尝试翻译]　作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺感到很沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。 [尝试翻译]　他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。 Ⅱ.写作佳句 1．[教材佳句]　...the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.(事件情形描写) [学后仿写]　雨下得如此之大，以至于街道积水，导致交通完全瘫痪。 It rained so heavily that the streets flooded，causing traffic to collapse. 2．[教材佳句]　He was determined to find out why.(人物决心意志描写) [学后仿写]　他们下定决心要登上山顶，无论面临什么样的困难。 They were determined to reach the mountain top，no matter the challenges they faced. Ⅲ.品质升华 1．Why did it take so long for John Snow's theory about polluted water and cholera to be accepted despite his solid evidence? (Critical Thinking批判性思维) One reason may be the opposition from the other theory at the time，making it difficult for the medical community to accept the idea of water pollution as the cause of cholera.Additionally，the water companies and government officials may have been unwilling to acknowledge their role in spreading cholera，thus resisting Snow's theory. 学生用书↓第4页 2．How can we apply John Snow's approach of mapping and using statistical evidence to better understand and fight modern diseases? (Creative Thinking创造性思维) One approach is to use modern technologies and big data analysis to create distribution maps of diseases and models for disease spread，thus improving prediction and tracking of disease spreading. ◎ ①cholera n．霍乱 ②used to do sth过去常常做某事 ③severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 ※severely adv.严重地；严厉地 ④diarrhoea n．腹泻 ⑤dehydration n．脱水 ⑥outbreak n．爆发；突然发生 ⑦hit v．攻击；进攻；袭击 ⑧frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 ※feel frustrated感到沮丧 frustration n．挫折 ⑨in time最后；迟早 ⑩rise v．变得更加成功(或重要、强大等) ⑪attend to照料 ⑫give birth(to)生孩子 ⑬once and for all最终地；彻底地 ⑭in general通常；一般而言 ⑮contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 ※be contradictory to与……相矛盾 contradict v．与……矛盾；反驳 ⑯infection n．感染；传染 ⑰germ n．微生物；细菌；病菌 ⑱subscribe to同意；赞同 ※subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) ⑲proof n．证据；证明；检验 ※prove v．证明；证明是 ⑳consequently adv.因此，所以 ㉑investigate vt.调查；研究 ㉒particular adj.特定的；特别的 ㉓be determined to do sth决心做某事 ㉔multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的 ※multiply v．繁殖；使相乘 ㉕pump n．泵；抽水机；打气筒 ※water pump水泵 ㉖household n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人 ㉗suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 ㉘blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责 ※be to blame for对……应负责任 ㉙what is more更重要的是；而且 ㉚as a result of由于(后跟原因) ※as a result结果(后跟结果) ㉛accordingly adv.因此；相应地 ㉜handle n．把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) ㉝intervention n．介入；出面；干涉 ㉞infect vt.使感染；传染 ※infectious adj.传染的 ㉟link n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 a link between...and...……与……之间的联系 ㊱raw adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 ※raw material原材料 ㊲be likely to do sth有可能做某事 ㊳pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的 ※pure water纯净水 ㊴tireless adj.不知疲倦的 ㊵substantial adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 ㊶decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 ※on the decrease在减少，在降低 ㊷thanks to幸亏；由于 ㊸statistic n．[pl.-s]统计数字；统计资料；统计学 ㊹transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 ※transform...into...把……转变成…… ㊺epidemiology n．流行病学 ◎ JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” 　　Cholera① used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome[1]．This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④，dehydration⑤，and even death.In the early 19th century，when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe，millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2]．In time⑨，he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor，and even attended to⑪ Queen Victoria when she gave birth⑫.However，he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all⑬. [1]画线部分是until引导的时间状语从句，其中how it could be overcome是包含在该从句中的宾语从句，作动词showed的宾语。 [2]画线部分是because引导的原因状语从句，其中how to prevent or treat cholera是“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构作宾语。 　　In general⑭，doctors in those days had two contradictory⑮ theories to explain how cholera spread[3]．One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4]．The other was that cholera was caused by an infection⑯ from germs⑰ in food or water[5]．Snow subscribed to⑱ the second theory.It was correct，but he still needed proof⑲.Consequently⑳，when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[6]，Snow began to investigate㉑.He discovered that in two particular㉒ streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days[7]．He was determined to㉓ find out why. [3]画线部分是how引导的宾语从句。 [4]画线部分是that引导的表语从句，that在从句中不作成分。 [5]画线部分是that引导的表语从句，that在从句中不作成分。 [6]画线部分是when引导的时间状语从句。 [7]so...that...引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。　 学生用书↓第5页 　　Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple㉔ deaths near the water pump㉕ in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16，37，38，and 40)．However，some households㉖ (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street，and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer，and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected㉗ that the water pump was to blame㉘[8]．What is more㉙，in another part of London，a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of㉚ this evidence，John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[9]．Accordingly㉛，he had the handle㉜ of the pump removed so that it could not be used.Through this intervention㉝，the disease was stopped in its tracks. [8]画线部分是that引导的宾语从句。was to blame意为“应负责任”，动词不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。 [9]画线部分是that引导的宾语从句，作动词announce的宾语。 　　The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected㉞by waste[10]．Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link㉟ between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw㊱ waste[11]．The people who drank this water[12] were much more likely to㊲ get cholera than those who drank pure㊳ or boiled water[13]． [10]画线部分是that引导的表语从句。 [11]画线部分是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词water。 [12]画线部分是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The people。 [13]画线部分是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those。 　　Through Snow's tireless㊴ efforts，water companies began to 学生用书↓第6页 sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial㊵ decrease㊶.However，cholera is still a problem.Each year，millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately，we now know how to prevent[14] cholera，thanks to㊷ the work of John Snow.Moreover，in his use of maps and statistics㊸，Snow transformed㊹ the way scientists study diseases[15]．For this reason，Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology㊺. [14]画线部分是“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作动词know的宾语。 [15]画线部分是省略引导词that/in which的定语从句。 ◎ 约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王” 　　在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱爆发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺感到很沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 　　关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。 　　斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。 　　事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦市内不同供水公司之间的联系。有些公司出售的水取自未被处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 　　经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅度降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运地是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家们研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。 课时测评1　Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking—Reading comprehension (时间：30分钟　满分：50分) (本栏目内容，在学生用书中以独立形式分册装订！) Ⅰ.阅读理解 (每小题2.5分，共37.5分) A (2024·安徽宣城中学高二12月月考) 　　Donna Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou.It's the first time in 55 years that a woman has won this famous prize，but why has it taken so long? We look at five other pioneering female physicists—past and present—who actually deserve the prize. 　　Jocelyn Bell Burnell 　　Perhaps the most famous snub (冷落)：the student Bell discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967，when she was a PhD student at Cambridge.The Nobel Prize that recognised this landmark discovery in 1974，however，went to her male supervisor，Antony Hewish.Recently awarded a ￡2.3 million Breakthrough Prize，which she gave away to help under-represented students，she joked to The Guardian，“I feel I've done very well out of not getting a Nobel Prize.” 　　Lene Hau 　　Hau is best-known for leading the research team at Harvard University in 1999 that managed to slow a beam of light，before managing to stop it completely in 2001.Often topping Nobel Prize prediction lists，could this year be Hau's year? 　　Vera Rubin 　　Rubin discovered dark matter in the 1980s，opening up a new field of astronomy.She died in 2016，without recognition from the committee. 　　Chien-Shiung Wu 　　Wu's “Wu experiment” helped disprove the “law of conservation of parity”．Her experimental work was helpful but never honoured，and instead，her male colleagues won the 1957 Nobel Prize for their theoretical work behind the study. 　　Lise Meitner 　　Meitner led groundbreaking work on the discovery of nuclear fission.However，the discovery was acknowledged by the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry，which was won by her male co-lead，Otto Hahn. 　　语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章从55年来第一位获诺贝尔物理学奖的女性谈起，主要介绍了另外五位原本有资格获得这个奖项的女科学家。 1．When was the discovery of radio pulsars recognised by the Nobel? A．In 1944.　 B．In 1967. C．In 1974. D．In 1980. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据Jocelyn Bell Burnell中的“Perhaps the most famous snub (冷落)：...however，went to her male supervisor，Antony Hewish.”可知，第一个射电脉冲星在1967年被发现，被授予诺贝尔奖是在1974年。故选C。 2．Which woman is most likely to win a Nobel Prize later according to the text? A．Donna Strickland. B．Jocelyn Bell Burnell. C．Lene Hau.　　　　 D．Vera Rubin. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据Lene Hau中的“Often topping Nobel Prize prediction lists，could this year be Hau's year？”可知，Lene Hau经常被列于诺贝尔奖预测名单上榜首，她最有可能获诺贝尔奖。故选C。 3．What do we know about the five females? A．The five female scientists did greatly in chemistry. B．Vera Rubin had opened up a new field in geometry. C．Lise Meitner's teacher won a Nobel Prize for her work. D．The five female scientists haven't been awarded Nobel Prize. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It's the first time in 55 years that a woman has won this famous prize...past and present—who actually deserve the prize.”可知，这五位女科学家还没有获得诺贝尔奖。故选D。 B (2024·北京一六一中高二 12 月月考) Life in the Clear 　　Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3，300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen，a scientist in biology，says，“These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless they're eating it，or unless something is eating them.” 　　And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become see-through? It's trickier than you might think. 　　The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily. 　　But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light，at least not very much.Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don't see it you see the things behind it. 　　To become transparent，an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments (色素) that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments，so its tissues won't absorb light.According to Johnsen，avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering. 　　Animals are built of many different materials—skin，fat，and more—and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed，it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light，it is easier to be see-through.Others build a large，clear mass of non-living jelly-like (果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it. 　　Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how they're doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear：for these larger animals，staying transparent is an active process.When they die，they turn a non-transparent milky white. 　　语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点、透明原理以及形成机制。 4．According to Paragraph 1，transparent animals . A．stay in groups B．can be easily damaged C．appear only in deep ocean D．are beautiful creatures 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.”可知，透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选B。 5．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ． A．silently B．gradually C．regularly D．completely 答案：D 解析：词义猜测题。前文提到“你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。” 既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是“完全”的意思。故选D。 6．One way for an animal to become transparent is to ． A．change the direction of light travel B．gather materials to scatter light C．avoid the absorption of light D．grow bigger to stop light 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“To become transparent，an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.”可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是“避免光线的吸收”。故选C。 7．The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals ． A．move more slowly in deep water B．stay see-through even after death C．produce more tissues for their survival D．take effective action to reduce light spreading 答案：D 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.”可推知，最后一段告诉我们，更大的透明动物会采取有效的行动来减少光的扩散。故选D。 C (2024·安徽师范大学附属中学高二上期中) 　　The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to Moungi G．Bawendi of Massachusetts Institute of Technology，Louis E．Brus of Columbia University，and Alexei I．Ekimov of Nanocrystals Technology Inc.in New York for the discovery and development of quantum dots (量子点)． 　　The three scientists each contributed to a fundamental discovery，according to officials from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences，which awards several of the prizes each year.The work they've done has already led to new technology in television screens and bio-imaging. 　　Reached by phone during a press conference early Wednesday morning，Bawendi offered a stream of reactions：“Shocked.Sleepy.Very unexpected.And very honored.” 　　In a rare event，the winners' names were leaked to the Swedish media before the official announcement.But Bawendi said he'd been sound asleep，so he didn't hear anything about it. 　　Quantum dots are particles (粒子) that are so incredibly small that their size actually starts to affect their properties.For example，blue quantum dots and red quantum dots can be made from the exact same material，with the only difference being the size of the particle itself.(The blue quantum dots are smaller than red ones.) 　　In fact，changing the size can alter (改变) many different properties beyond just color，which means that quantum dots could be useful for a variety of applications，including building better solar panels and perhaps even creating fuel by using sunlight. 　　The three scientists will share the prize money of 11 million Swedish kronor (close to $995，000) in equal parts.This is the third science-focused Nobel Prize to be awarded this week.On Tuesday，the physics prize was awarded to Anne L' Huillier，Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krausz.And on Monday，Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman won the prize in physiology or medicine. 　　Officials plan to announce the literature prize on Thursday，followed by the peace prize on Friday.The economics prize will be awarded on Monday. 　　语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。2023年诺贝尔化学奖被授予麻省理工学院的Moungi G．Bawendi、哥伦比亚大学的Louis E．Brus和纽约纳米晶体技术公司的Alexei I．Ekimov，以表彰他们发现和发展量子点。 8．How did Bawendi feel when receiving the call early Wednesday morning? A．Angry. B．Surprised. C．Bored. D．Sorry. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Reached by phone during a press conference early Wednesday morning，Bawendi offered a stream of reactions：‘Shocked.Sleepy.Very unexpected.And very honored.’”可知，在周三清晨接到电话时，Bawendi感到惊讶。故选B。 9．What causes the difference in color between blue quantum dots and red ones? A．The size of the particles. B．The difference in materials. C．The change in shapes. D．The variety of applications. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段“For example，blue quantum dots and red quantum dots can be made from the exact same material，with the only difference being the size of the particle itself.”可知，粒子的大小导致了蓝色量子点和红色量子点之间颜色的差异。故选A。 10．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 7 refer to? A．The 2023 Nobel Prize in physics. B．The 2023 Nobel Prize in medicine. C．The 2023 Nobel Prize in literature. D．The 2023 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 答案：D 解析：代词指代题。根据画线词前“The three scientists will share the prize money of 11 million Swedish kronor(close to $995，000) in equal parts.”可知，2023年诺贝尔化学奖被授予麻省理工学院的Moungi G．Bawendi、哥伦比亚大学的Louis E．Brus和纽约纳米晶体技术公司的Alexei I．Ekimov，这三位科学家将平分1 100万瑞典克朗(接近995 000美元)的奖金。故This指的是2023年诺贝尔化学奖。故选D。 11．What is the text? A．A short story. B．A diary entry. C．A news report. D．A research article. 答案：C 解析：文章体裁题。根据第一段并结合全文可知，本文介绍了三位科学家的研究以及其他奖项的获得情况。由此推断，本文是一篇新闻报道。故选C。 D (2024·山东威海市一中高二上期中) 　　Mars may seem like a dry，desolate place，but the red planet transforms into an otherworldly wonderland in winter，according to a new video shared by NASA． 　　It's late winter in Mars' Northern Hemisphere，where the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter are exploring an ancient river delta (三角洲) that once fed into Jezero Crater billions of years ago. 　　As the planet's main feature，dust drives Martian weather，but the planet is no stranger to snow，ice and frost.There are two types of snow on Mars.One is the kind we experience on Earth made of frozen water.The thin Martian air and sub-zero temperatures means that traditional snow changes from a solid directly to a gas，before touching the ground on Mars. 　　The other type of Martian snow is carbon dioxide based，or dry ice，and it can land on the surface.A few feet of snow tends to fall on Mars in its flat regions near the poles.“Enough falls that you could snowshoe (穿雪鞋走路) across it.” said Sylvain Piqueux，a Mars scientist at NASA'S Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena，California，in a statement. 　　So far，no orbiters(轨道飞行器) or rovers have been able to see snow fall on the red planet because the weather phenomenon only occurs at the poles beneath cloud cover at night.The cameras on the orbiters can't peer through the clouds，and no robotic explorers have been developed that could survive the freezing temperatures at the poles，which can be as low as minus 120 degrees Celsius. 　　However，the Mars Climate Sounder instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter can detect light that's invisible to the human eye.It has made detections of carbon dioxide snow falling at the Martian poles.The Phoenix lander，which arrived on Mars in 2008，also used one of its laser instruments to detect water-ice snow from its spot about 1，600 kilometers away from the Martian north pole. 　　Thanks to photographers，we know snowflakes on Earth are unique and six sided.Beneath a microscope，Martian snowflakes would likely look a little different.“Because carbon dioxide ice has a symmetry (对称) of four，we know dry-ice snowflakes would be cube-shaped (立方体的)，” Piqueux said.“Thanks to the Mars Climate Sounder，we can tell these snowflakes would be smaller than the width of a human hair.” 　　Ice and carbon dioxide-based frosts also form on Mars，and they can occur farther away from the poles.The Odyssey orbiter (which entered Mars orbit in 2001) has watched frost forming and turning to a gas in the sunlight，while the Viking landers spotted icy frost on Mars when they arrived in the 1970s. 　　语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了火星上雪的两种类型以及探测器观测雪所存在的挑战以及目前对于火星上雪花的一些了解情况。 12．What can we learn about the snow made of frozen water on Mars? A．It contains lots of dust. B．It makes the Martian air thick. C．It keeps its form stable while falling. D．It can hardly be seen on the Martian ground. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“One is the kind we experience on Earth made of frozen water...before touching the ground on Mars.”可知，由冰冻的水构成的雪在火星上几乎看不到。故选D。 13．What makes it difficult for robotic explorers to see snow fall on Mars? A．The freezing temperature. B．The thickness of clouds. C．The changing weather pattern. D．The distance from the poles. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段“The cameras on the orbiters can't peer through the clouds...which can be as low as minus 120 degrees Celsius.”可知，冰点温度让机器人探测器难以看到火星上的降雪。故选A。 14．What can the Mars Climate Sounder tell us about dry-ice snowflakes? A．Their smell. B．Their size. C．Their speed. D．Their direction. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Thanks to the Mars Climate Sounder，we can tell these snowflakes would be smaller than the width of a human hair.”可知，火星气候探测器能告诉我们关于干冰雪花的尺寸大小。故选B。 15．What is the best title of the text? A．It Seldom Snows on Mars B．It Is Much Colder on Mars C．The Beautiful Winter on Mars D．The Seasonal Changes on Mars 答案：C 解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段“Mars may seem like a dry，desolate place，but the red planet transforms into an otherworldly wonderland in winter，according to a new video shared by NASA．”以及第三段“As the planet's main feature，dust drives Martian weather，but the planet is no stranger to snow，ice and frost.”并结合文章可知，本文主要介绍了火星上雪的两种类型以及探测器观测雪所存在的挑战以及目前对于火星上雪花的一些了解情况。所以，C选项“火星上美丽的冬天”适合作文章标题。故选C。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) (2024·北京海淀区高二月考) 　　In science，advances are a daily occurrence，but true breakthroughs are rare.What does it take to achieve world-changing scientific breakthroughs? Some are the result of a lucky accident，combined with curiosity.Scientists traveling down one road suddenly find reason to switch to another road，one they have never planned to travel—a road that may well lead nowhere. 　　 1 One day，usually initially in their career，they get an idea they can't stop thinking about.It's crazy，they say to themselves，but is it really impossible? They talk to respected colleagues who often remind them of all the reasons that their ideas might not work，and how damaging this could be to their career.Yet，the idea won't die and they are determined to travel that road—a road that may well lead nowhere. 2 　　Whichever road scientists who achieve lifesaving breakthroughs travel，they often endure disinterest，like Fleming，who discovered penicillin(青霉素) due to lucky accidents and curiosity，or repeated skepticism and rejection，like Karikó，who made all mRNA vaccines possible with 20 years of persistence and resilience.By bringing their dreams to life，they were rewarded with fame，wealth and something even more valuable. 3 　　Of course，the obsession(痴迷) with an unlikely dream fails to pay off for many scientists. 4 Nature doesn't turn out to operate the way they have predicted it.In the end，their beautiful theory is killed by brutal facts.For those dreamers on the right track，they would have achieved their dreams—if only they had done the experiment a little differently，if only they had persisted a little longer，or if only the support for their work had not run out. 　　Ultimately，scientific breakthroughs are possible only if a society is willing to invest in dreamers，recognizing that not all investments will lead to major breakthroughs. 5 Above all，the investments prevent suffering and death and change the world. A．Some scientists are addicted to their crazy ideas. B．Their ideas，though brilliant，in the end are proved wrong. C．But they refuse to give in and struggle to find more financial support. D．Because of them，millions of people around the world avoided getting sick or death. E．Other major breakthroughs originate from scientists pursuing a specific idea. F．But sometimes the road leads to major breakthroughs like X-rays and vaccines. G．However，the investments leading to breakthroughs bring a greater economic return. 　　语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者认为，只有当社会愿意投资于这些梦想家并且认识到并非所有的投资都会带来重大突破时，才有可能获得改变世界的科学突破。 1．答案：E 解析：第一段第二、三句谈到“怎样才能获得改变世界的科学突破呢？ 有些是幸运的意外加上好奇心的结果”。E项“其他重大突破源于科学家对特定想法的追求”与上一段形成照应，构成“some...other...”结构，且空格处后面的内容展开阐释了空格处的内容，所以E项符合语境，故选E。 2．答案：F 解析：空格处前一句意为“但是，这个想法不会消亡，他们决心走那条路——一条很可能一无所获的路”。由本段主题句(第1空)可知，本段主要讲科学家对特定想法的追求可能会取得改变世界的科学突破，所以在讲完科学家对特定想法的追求可能产生的不良结果后，还需说明可能产生的有价值的结果，F项“但有时这条路会带来重大突破，如X光和疫苗”与上句构成转折关系，与前面的“一无所获”的结果相反，符合语境。故选F。 3．答案：D 解析：上文介绍了弗莱明发现青霉素，卡里科使所有mRNA疫苗成为可能，通过实现自己的梦想，这些科学家获得了名利和更宝贵的东西。D项“正因为他们，全世界数百万人避免了生病或死亡”符合本段语境，故选 D。 4．答案：B 解析：空前句谈到对许多科学家来说，痴迷于一个不太可能的梦并没有得到回报。结合空后两句“事实证明，大自然并不像他们预测的那样运作。最终，他们美丽的理论被残酷的事实扼杀”可推知，B项“他们的想法虽然很棒，但最终被证明是错误的”与上下文关系密切，符合语境，故选B。 5．答案：G 解析：根据上句句意“归根结底，只有一个社会愿意投资于梦想家，认识到并非所有的投资都会带来重大突破，科学突破才有可能实现。”以及设空下句“最重要的是，投资可以防止痛苦和死亡，并改变世界。”可知，设空处讨论“投资和经济回报的相关问题”，故G项“然而，导致突破的投资会带来更大的经济回报”与上文的“并非所有的投资都会带来重大突破”形成转折，同时，与下文形成递进关系，符合语境，故选 G。 学生用书↓第7页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$