Unit 5 Section Ⅴ Lesson 3-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年新教材高二英语选择性必修第二册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书word（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅴ　Lesson 3 Step One：Pre-reading Look at the picture and answer the following question. Which of the following may help you acquire knowledge more effectively? ·to be interested in the topic ·to ask questions ·to discuss topics with friends ·to be relaxed and happy ·to have time to think about what you have learnt With the development of science and technology，there are many ways for a person to acquire knowledge.Of course，I believe that the effective acquisition of knowledge requires the following ways：to be interested in the topic；to ask questions；to have time to think about what you have learnt. Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea What's the main idea of the passage? A．Francis Bacon was going against the views of his day. B．Galileo Galilei was great to prove the Earth is not the centre of the universe. C．The Earth is not the centre of the universe and it doesn't move round the sun in a perfect circle，either. D．People should question more because great men，even Aristotle and Galilei，might make mistakes. 答案：D Ⅱ.Match the main idea with each paragraph Para.1　　A．Some great men in history using this type of thinking were not supported，but punished. Para.2　　B．We should thank the great men of the past for their wisdom. Para.3　　C．A type of analysis. Para.4　　D．Why people didn't approve of this type of thinking? Para.5　　E．Our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. 答案：Paras.1—5　CADEB Ⅲ.Read for the structure Ⅳ.Read for details 1．How do we tend to gain the answer to a question nowadays? A．By thinking about the questions. B．By testing each question. C．By searching the Internet. D．By studying the facts. 学生用书↓第64页 2．Galileo Galilei is mentioned in Paragraph 2 to show us that people at that time ． A．believed more in the church than in facts B．hated to gain knowledge like Francis Bacon C．disliked working in King James' royal court of England D．challenged what they had always comfortably believed 3．Why was Galileo Galilei put in prison? A．Because he was seen as the father of astronomy. B．Because he proved the Earth is the centre of the universe. C．Because he inspired many great scientists and philosophers. D．Because he proved Aristotle wrong，which made people angry. 4．What do Bacon and Galilei have in common? A．Both contributed a lot to the world. B．Both worked in the royal court of England. C．Neither went against the conventional thought. D．Neither fought for knowledge and understanding. 答案：1－4　CADA Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ.难句解构 1．[句式分析]　At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei(1564—1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the 定语从句 定语从句 universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. [尝试翻译]　那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564－1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 2．[句式分析]　It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had 主语从句 been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384—322 BCE)． 原因状语从句 原因状语从句 [尝试翻译]　人们愿意相信那些陈旧的观点一点也不奇怪，因为那是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384—公元前322)提出的。 Ⅱ.佳句仿写 1．(教材佳句)At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison.(动作心理描写) [学后仿写]　比尔看着查理，满怀羞愧地低下了头。 Looking at Charlie，Bill lowered his head full of shame． 2．(教材佳句)In other words，we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say，“We know it all.”(语言描写) [学后仿写]　“这是玛雅的秘密，”希尔达大笑着说。 “This is Maya's secret，” Hilda said with a big smile. Ⅲ.品质升华 1．What do you think the last sentence of the passage means？(Critical Thinking批判性思维) Compared with all the money in the world，knowledge and knowledge of the world benefit individuals and all mankind. 2．What is your opinion about the way to acquire knowledge？(Creative Thinking创造性思维) It is a good way because this process makes the acquisition of knowledge easier and more manageable. 学生用书↓第65页 ◎ ①obvious/'ɒbviəs/adj.显然的，明显的；易理解的 It is obvious that...……是显而易见的；易理解的 ②be used to (doing)...习惯于(做)……(to是介词) ③analysis/ə'nælɪsɪs/n.分析 ④suggest在本句中意为“表明”，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。但如果suggest在句中意为“建议”，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”形式。 ⑤go against违反，违背 ⑥hold an important rank占据重要的地位 rank/ræŋk/n.等级 ⑦royal court宫廷 royal/'rɔɪəl/adj.皇家的；王室的 ⑧day-to-day adj.日常的，每天的 相当于daily ⑨inefficient/ˌɪnɪ'fɪʃənt/adj.效率低的 [派生词]in-(否定前缀，表示“不，无，非”)＋efficient(adj.效率高的)→inefficient ⑩worthy/'wɜːði/adj.有价值的；值得尊敬的 ⑪universe/'juːnɪvɜːs/n.宇宙 ⑫come to one's defence为某人辩护 ⑬tend to do sth往往会做某事 ⑭primitive/'prɪmətɪv/adj.原始的 ⑮put forward提出 ⑯BCE(before Common Era)公元前 ⑰approve/ə'pruːv/vt.赞成；赞许；批准 approve of...赞同…… ⑱urge/ɜːdʒ/vt.强烈要求；敦促 urge sb to do sth敦促某人做某事 ⑲prison/'prɪzən/n.监狱 put sb into/in prison把某人送进监狱 ⑳abandon/ə'bændən/vt.放弃；抛弃 ㉑assumption/ə'sʌmpʃən/n.假定，假设 make the assumption that...作出……假设 make assumptions about...对……作出假设 assume vt.假设 ㉒respected/rɪ'spektɪd/adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的 ㉓at times有时，偶尔 ㉔astronomy/ə'strɒnəmi/n.天文学 astronomer n．天文学家 ㉕in other words换句话说，相当于to put it differently ㉖wisdom/'wɪzdəm/n.智慧 ㉗owe/əʊ/vt.有……是由于；把……归功于 owe...to...把……归功于…… ㉘shadow/'ʃædəʊ/n.阴影 ㉙conventional/kən'venʃənəl/adj.守旧的；传统的 conventional thought传统思想 ㉚kingdom/'kɪŋdəm/n.王国 ㉛civilisation/ˌsɪvəlaɪ'zeɪʃən/n.文明 ㉜vital/'vaɪtl/adj.极其重要的，必不可少的 ㉝beneficial/ˌbenɪ'fɪʃəl/adj.有利的，有帮助的 be beneficial to...对……有利 ㉞mankind/ˌmæn'kaɪnd/n.人类 ◎ Who questions much，shall learn much，and remember much. —Francis Bacon It seems obvious① now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.[1]To start with，we need questions.Then，to find answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones.Although today we are more used to② typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to give us an answer，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world's problems with this type of analysis③—luckily for us. [1] It作形式主语，how引导的从句是真正的主语。 However，in the 17th century when Francis Bacon (1561—1626) suggested④ that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge，he was going against⑤ the views of the day.Although Bacon held an important rank⑥ in King James' royal court⑦ of England，his true interest was not the day-to-day⑧，slow and inefficient⑨ working style of the government，but the worthy⑩ search for knowledge.This was certainly not the interest of most people in his days.At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei (1564—1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe⑪”[2]，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence⑫[3]．The church and many people tended to⑬ignore the facts and didn't want to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.In fact，when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe，instead of believing him，people chose to believe views that were almost 2，000 years old! [2]who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Galileo Galilei；that引导同位语从句，解释名词idea的内容。 [3]此处是with复合结构，在句中作状语。no one与come之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。 学生用书↓第66页 It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive⑭ideas[4] as they had been put forward⑮ by the great philosopher Aristotle (384—322 BCE⑯)．He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like the Earth was standing still.Galilei disagreed.At first，people approved⑰ of his studies and urged⑱ him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison⑲.They didn't want to abandon⑳ what they'd always thought as true.And this is still often true today.People make the assumption㉑ that if someone important and respected㉒ says that something is right，then it must be so.[5] But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him，he was wrong at times㉓.And Galilei also made mistakes.He is now known as the father of astronomy㉔ but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle.He was wrong. [4]It是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。 [5]本句是主从复合句。第一个that引导同位语从句，说明assumption的具体内容；第二个that引导宾语从句，作动词says的宾语。 Therefore，our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing.In other words㉕，we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say，“We know it all.”We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom㉖.They understood that we don't know everything and probably never will，for that would mean a world without questions. We owe㉗ so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows㉘ of conventional㉙ thought in order to find the kingdom㉚ of knowledge that today's civilisation㉛ is built upon.These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for；more vital㉜ to a man，and more beneficial㉝ to mankind㉞，some might say，than all the money in the world. All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered；the point is to discover them. —Galileo Galilei 学生用书↓第67页 ◎ 多问，多学，多得。 ——弗朗西斯·培根 今天，如何获取知识与理解，人人皆知。首先，我们需要问题。然后，为了寻找答案，我们观察周围的世界并研究相关事实。之后，我们思考可能的答案并逐个验证，以找到正确答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 然而，17世纪时，弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)表明这种思考方式是获取知识的途径时，他的观点却与当时的观念背道而驰。尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是那些值得探索的知识。当然，探索知识并不是他那个时代大多数人的兴趣所在。那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。教会和许多人往往忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直以来安逸相信的东西。事实上，当伽利莱证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而是选择相信2 000年前的陈旧观点！ 人们愿意相信那些陈旧的观点一点也不奇怪，因为那是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384—前322)提出的。亚里士多德认为地球必定是宇宙的中心，因为人们感觉地球是静止不动的。伽利莱不同意。起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，他们生气了，并把他送进了监狱。他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。如今这种现象也很常见。人们认为，如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么这件事一定是对的。但即使是亚里士多德这样曾鼓舞了许多后继的伟大科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会犯错。伽利莱自己也犯过错。虽然他现在被称为天文学之父，但他认为地球绕太阳旋转的轨迹是一个正圆。他错了。 因此，我们对周围世界的认识在不断地增长、变化。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的知识，谁也不能停止学习并且说：“我什么都知道了。”我们需要感谢先辈伟人的智慧。他们早就知道，人不可能什么都懂，而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情，也就是说世界总是充满问题的。 我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利莱这样的人，正是他们足够勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。这些伟人懂得，知识和(对世界的)认识才是值得追求的；一些人可能会说，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。 所有的真理一旦被发现，都很容易理解。最难的是发现真理。 ——伽利略·伽利莱 ◎阅读单词——识记 1．a church tower 教堂塔楼 2．primitive beliefs 原始的信仰 3．be released from prison 被释放出狱 4．the history of mankind 人类的历史 5．the United Kingdom 联合王国 ◎核心单词——练通 1．officers of senior rank 高级军阶的军官 2．the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 皇家鸟类保护协会 3. urge Congress to approve plans 敦促国会批准计划 学生用书↓第68页 4. owe his success to hard work 他的成功归功于勤奋工作 5．cast a shadow on the water 在水面上投下一片影子 6. conventional morality 传统的道德规范 7．the technology of modern civilization 现代文明的技术 8．a vital role in our society 在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用 ◎拓展单词——用活 1．obvious adj.显然的，明显的；易理解的→obviously adv.明显地 2．analysis n．分析→analyse vt.分析 3．inefficient adj.效率低的→efficient adj.效率高的 4．approve vt.批准；赞成；赞许→approval n．赞成；批准 5．urge vt.强烈要求；敦促→urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的→urgency n．紧急；催促 6．abandon vt.放弃；抛弃→abandoned adj.被抛弃的 7．assumption n．假定，假设→assume vt.假定；设想 8．respected adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的→respect n．&vt.尊重；尊敬 9．wisdom n．智慧→wise adj.明智的，充满智慧的 10．beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的→benefit n．益处；好处 规律探究·知识横拓 1．规律：动词后跟-al变成名词 approve vt.批准；赞成；赞许＋al→approval n．赞成；批准 例如：arrival n．到达，抵达 revival n．复兴，复活 survival n．幸存，生存 refusal n．拒绝 2．规律：名词后跟-cial/-tial变成形容词 benefit n．益处；好处＋cial/tial→beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的 例如：influential adj.有影响力的 financial adj.财政的，金融的official adj.官方的，正式的 racial adj.种族的，人种的 ◎重点短语——再现 第一组　汉译英 1．违背 go against 2．提出 put forward 3．同意…… approve of 4．把……归功于…… owe...to... 5．对……有好处 be beneficial to 6．对……极其重要 be vital to 第二组　英译汉 7．to start with 首先，第一 8．come to one's defence 为某人辩护 9．put...into prison 把……送进监狱 10．at times 有时 11．sit back 休息；不采取行动 12．fight for... 为……而战 ◎典型句式——默背 1．句型公式　with复合结构 教材原句　At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei (1564－1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence (没有人会为他们辩护)． 2．句型公式　It is not surprising that...“……不足为奇” 教材原句　It is not surprising that (这一点并不奇怪)people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384－322 BCE)． 3．句型公式　that引导同位语从句 教材原句　People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so (如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么这件事一定是对的). 学生用书↓第69页 Ⅰ.核心词汇练全 worthy adj.有价值的；值得尊敬的 (教材原句)Although Bacon held an important rank in King James' royal court of England，his true interest was not the day-to-day，slow and inefficient working style of the government，but the worthy search for knowledge. 尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是那些值得探索的知识。 (1)be worthy of being done/to be done ……值得做 (2)worth adj. 值得；有价值 be worth＋钱数/名词 值得……，值…… be (well)worth doing (很)值得做(主动形式表示被动意义) (3)worthwhile adj. 值得花时间/金钱/精力的 It's worthwhile to do/doing 做……是值得的 单句语法填空/选词填空/一句多译 ①From my point of view，it is well worthwhile watching/to watch (watch) the opening ceremony of the music festival. ②This article is well worth reading，but it is not worthy of being translated.So I feel that all your effort isn't worthwhile．(worthy/worth/worthwhile) ③毫无疑问，这个展览真的是一场视觉盛宴，非常值得参观。 →Undoubtedly，the exhibition is really a great feast for the eyes and well worth visiting．(worth) →Undoubtedly，the exhibition is really a great feast for the eyes and well worthy to be visited/of being visited．(worthy) →Undoubtedly，the exhibition is really a great feast for the eyes and worthwhile visiting/to visit．(worthwhile) approve vt.赞成；赞许；批准 (教材原句) At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison. 起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，他们生气了，并把他送进了监狱。 (1)approve sth 批准某事 approve of (doing) sth 赞成/同意(做)某事 (2)approval n. 赞成；同意；批准 get one's approval 得到某人的同意 单句语法填空/读后续写之语言描写 ①I would be grateful if you could give me your review and approval (approve)．(电子邮件) ②The majority of the senior citizens don't approve of the proposal of celebrating Western festivals in China. ③I approve of your trying (try) to make some money，but please don't neglect your studies. ④她满脸通红，生气地喊道，“我不同意你今年离开学校。” →She blushed and shouted angrily，“I don't approve of your leaving school this year.”(approve of sb/one's doing sth ) →She blushed and shouted angrily，“I don't give approval to your leaving school this year.”(give approval to ...) 学生用书↓第70页 →She blushed and shouted angrily，“I don't meet with your approval to leave school this year.”(meet with sb's approval) 【温馨提示】　“赞成/同意某人做某事”不可说成approve sb to do sth，因为approve用作“同意；赞成”时是不及物动词，所以应该用approve of sb/one's doing sth，其中介词of后是动词-ing形式的复合结构。 urge vt.强烈要求；敦促 (教材原句) At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison. 起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，他们生气了，并把他送进了监狱。 (1)urge sb to do sth 催促某人做某事 urge that...(should) do sth 极力主张……做某事 (2)urge n. 强烈的欲望，冲动 have an urge to do sth 渴望做某事 (3)urgent adj. 紧急的；迫切的 It is urgent that...(should) do sth 极力主张……做某事 (4)urgency n. 紧急；催促 单句语法填空/一句多译 ①At that urgent (urge) moment，a familiar car pulled into the path.(动作描写) ②Action must be taken to deal with the urgency (urgent) as soon as possible. ③Standing on the stage，I felt so nervous that I even had an urge to escape (escape)． ④随着考试的来临，老师敦促我们努力学习。 →Our teacher urges us to study hard with the exam drawing near.(urge sb to do sth ) →Our teacher urges us into studying hard with the exam drawing near.(urge sb into doing sth ) →Our teacher urges that we (should)study hard with the exam drawing near.(urge that) 【温馨提示】　urge后跟that从句时或在句型It is urged that ...中，that从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 abandon vt.放弃；抛弃 (教材原句)They didn't want to abandon what they'd always thought as true. 他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。 (1)abandon doing sth 放弃做某事 abandon oneself to doing sth 沉湎于做某事；放纵(感情)于做某事 (2)with abandon 纵情；放任地 (3)abandoned adj. 废弃的；放纵的 be abandoned to... 沉湎于…… 单句语法填空/应用文写作之观点表达 ①When he got to his house，he saw that it was old and abandoned (abandon)． ②We can sing，dance，and laugh with abandon，forgetting the troubles in our lives. ③I will never abandon reaching (reach) the top of the “mountain” because I want to be successful in life. ④Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed. 那些自暴自弃的人无法成功。 assumption n．假定，假设 (教材原句)People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so. 人们认为，如果一个重要的且受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么这件事一定是对的。 学生用书↓第71页 (1)assume vt. 假定，假设；认为 assume ...to be ... 认为……是…… assume (that) ... 认为…… It is (generally) assumed that ... 人们(普遍)认为…… (2)make an assumption 认为，假定 on the assumption that ... 假定……，假设…… (3)assuming (that) ... 假定…… 单句语法填空/句式升级 ①We must assume him to be (be) innocent until he is proved guilty. ②It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work. ③A lot of people make the assumption (assume) that poverty only exists in the third world. ④Assuming (assume)it was a neighbor ready to blame me，I opened the door slowly and turned on the light with apologies ready. ⑤People assume that what they do has little effect on the environment. →It is assumed that what people do has little effect on the environment.(it作形式主语) owe vt.有……是由于；把……归功于 (教材原句)We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today's civilisation is built upon. 我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于像培根和伽利莱这样的人，正是他们足够勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。 (1)owe sb an apology 欠某人一个道歉 owe sb sth＝owe sth to sb 欠某人某物 (2)owe...to... 把……归功于…… owe it to sb that... 多亏某人…… (3)owing to 因为；由于 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作语言描写 ①Wherever we are today，we owe it to our parents who have given and taught us so much. ②Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize，she said she owed the success to her country. ③Owing (owe) to bad weather，the flight was delayed for a couple of hours. ④Stephen ate the noodles，feeling that he owed something to the shop owner． 斯蒂芬吃了面条，觉得自己欠了店主一些东西。(动作心理描写) ⑤“I know.” she said，“But it was I that owed you an apology．” “我知道，”她说，“但我欠你一个道歉。”(语言描写) beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的 (教材原句)These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for；more vital to a man，and more beneficial to mankind，some might say，than all the money in the world. 这些伟人懂得，知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的；正如一些人所言，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。 (1)be beneficial to... 对……有益(to为介词) (2)benefit v. 有利于，对……有益 n. 益处，好处 benefit from... 从……中获益；得益于 be of benefit to... 对……有益(to为介词) for the benefit of sb＝ for one's benefit 为了某人的利益 [词汇助记] It is of great benefit to share your feelings with someone you trust，which is also beneficial to your mental health. 与你信任的人分享你的感受是非常有益的，这也有利于你的心理健康。 学生用书↓第72页 单句语法填空/一句多译 ①As we all know，books are the source of knowledge，from which I benefit a lot. ②In fact，music education is beneficial (benefit) and important for all students. ③As everyone knows，sports are beneficial to building up our bodies. ④此外，了解唐朝的历史将对你了解中国文化大有裨益。 →In addition，knowing the history of the Tang Dynasty will be of great benefit to your understanding of Chinese culture.(benefit n．) →In addition，knowing the history of the Tang Dynasty will greatly benefit your understanding of Chinese culture.(benefit v．) →In addition，knowing the history of the Tang Dynasty will be greatly beneficial to your understanding of Chinese culture.(beneficial) 认知深化 1．一词多义——approve A．v.批准，通过(计划、要求等)　B．v.赞成，赞许 ①I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn't approve. B ②The committee unanimously approved the plan. A 2．熟词生义 ①The tasks have been ranked in order of difficulty.v.分等级 ②He had an urge to open a shop of his own.n.冲动；强烈的欲望 Ⅱ.典型句式讲透 句型公式：with复合结构 (教材原句)At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei (1564－1642)，who proved the idea that“the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 “with no one coming to their defence”是with的复合结构，在句中作状语。 with复合结构如下： (1)with＋宾语＋doing(表主动或正在进行的动作) (2)with＋宾语＋done(表被动或已完成的动作) (3)with＋宾语＋to do(表示将来的动作) (4)with＋宾语＋介词短语/形容词/副词 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①With her eyes fixed (fix)on the work attentively，she didn't know what was happening outside. ②With so many essays to write (write)，he won't have time to go shopping this morning. ③With some passers-by helping us，we managed to remove it. 在一些路人的帮助下，我们设法把它搬走了。 ④My father recalled the happy years spent with my grandfather with tears in his eyes． 我父亲含着泪珠回忆起和我祖父一起度过的快乐时光。 课时测评12　Section Ⅴ　Lesson 3 (时间：60分钟　满分：100分) (本栏目内容，在学生用书中以独立形式分册装订！) [语境基础练] 维度一　根据汉语及首字母提示填入单词的适当形式(每小题1分，共10分) 1．I am interested in reading books about ancient civilisations (文明)． 2．Her father's illness cast a shadow (阴影) over her wedding ceremony. 3．The findings are arranged in rank (等级) order according to performance. 4．These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed，but the desire to explore the universe (宇宙) never died. 5．There is no doubt that the castle belonging to the royal (皇家的) family has witnessed too much coming and going in history. 6．The tourists climbed up to the top of the church (教堂) tower to get a better view of the entire city. 7．We should arouse the awareness of people that the ocean resources are very vital (极其重要的) to us. 8．The new era sees China moving closer to center stage and making greater contributions to mankind (人类)． 9．This problem is worthy to be considered by all. 10．Despite some difficulties，they're not going to abandon the plan. 维度二　单句语法填空(每小题1分，共5分) 1．We all study hard，fighting for a better future. 2．His parents didn't approve of his going abroad alone. 3．He urged his teammates to carry (carry) out the plan as soon as possible. 4．Obviously (obvious)，his advice is of great help to our study. 5．Mr.Wang gave us a complete analysis (analyse) of the world situation in the scientific field. 维度三　完成句子(每小题5分，共10分) 1．It seems/is obvious that all the different parts of your life are deeply connected.(it作形式主语) 显而易见，你生活中所有的不同部分都是紧密相连的。 2．We hold the belief that you may display your wonderful talents through this contest.(that引导同位语从句) 我们相信，通过这次比赛，你一定能发挥出你的才能。 维度四　教材知识迁移(每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面新情景，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1.It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.2.To start (start) with，we need questions.Then，3.to find (find) answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right 4.ones (one)．Modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world's problems 5.with this type of analysis. Our understanding of the world around us is 6.constantly (constant) growing and changing.In other words，we learn more every day.We need to thank the great men of the past for 7.their (they) wisdom.They understood that we don't know everything and probably never will，as this would mean a world with questions.We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world 8.to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of 9.conventional (convention) thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today's civilisation 10.is built (build) upon. [素能提升练] Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题5分，共35分) A What are the most popular universities in China? uniRank tries to answer this question by publishing the 2024 Chinese University Ranking of 940 Chinese higher-education institutions meeting the following uniRank selection criteria： ●being licensed by the appropriate Chinese higher education-related organization. ●offering at least four-year undergraduate degrees (bachelor's degrees) or postgraduate degrees (master's or doctor's degrees)． ●delivering courses predominantly (主要地) in a traditional，face-to-face，non-distance education format. Tsinghua University Country rank：1　　　World rank：43 Established in 1911，Tsinghua University (THU) is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the urban setting of the large metropolis of Beijing.THU offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as bachelor's degrees in several areas of study.Students from home and abroad can enroll (报名) in it. Peking University Country rank：2　　　World rank：180 Peking University (PKU)，which was founded in 1898，offers courses leading to higher education degrees such as bachelor's degrees.It is a non-profit public institution located in the urban area of Beijing.This 126-year-old Chinese institution has a selective admission policy based on entrance examinations.Students from all over the world are welcome to PKU. Zhejiang University Country rank：3　　　World rank：239 Founded in 1897，Zhejiang University (ZJU) lies in the urban area of Hangzhou，Zhejiang Province.Students can get their officially recognized higher education degrees such as bachelor's degrees in this non-profit public university.ZJU welcomes students from home and abroad. Shanghai Jiao Tong University Country rank：4　　　World rank：241 Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) was established in the year 1896.It is a non-profit public institution lying in the suburb of the Shanghai city.SJTU offers officially recognized degrees such as bachelor's degrees and master's degrees.International students are eligible (有资格的) to apply for enrollment. 语篇解读　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了中国四所名牌大学的情况和它们的国内外排名。 1．Which university is the youngest among the four? A．PKU. B．THU. C．SJTU. D．ZJU. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据Tsinghua University部分“Established in 1911，Tsinghua University (THU)．..metropolis of Beijing.”Peking University部分“Peking University (PKU)，which was founded in 1898”Zhejiang University部分“Founded in 1897，Zhejiang University (ZJU) lies in the urban area of Hangzhou，Zhejiang Province.”和Shanghai Jiao Tong University部分“Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) was established in the year 1896.”可知，在这四所大学里，清华大学建校最晚，即最年轻。故选B。 2．What is special about Shanghai Jiao Tong University? A．International students can study here. B．It is a non-profit institution. C．It is located in the suburb. D．It is a private institution. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据Tsinghua University部分“Established in 1911...located in the urban setting of the large metropolis of Beijing.”Peking University部分“It is a non-profit public institution located in the urban area of Beijing.”Zhejiang University部分“Zhejiang University (ZJU) lies in the urban area of Hangzhou，Zhejiang Province”和Shanghai Jiao Tong University部分“It is a non-profit public institution lying in the suburb of the Shanghai city.”可知，前三所大学都位于市区，只有上海交通大学位于郊区。故选C。 3．Which of the following about Zhejiang University is wrong? A．It mainly delivers courses in a traditional，non-distance education format. B．It lies in Hangzhou，Zhejiang Province. C．It has a history of 127 years. D．It ranks 239 in the world. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据Zhejiang University部分可知，浙江大学位于浙江省杭州市，有127年的历史，世界排名第239名。所以A选项是错误的。故选A。 B (2024·河北秦皇岛高二期末) Since our earliest school days，we generally accept the idea that some people learn faster than others.However，according to a new study，we actually learn at very similar rates given the same opportunities. Researchers looked at 1.3 million “student interactions” across a variety of learning software tools used by 6，946 learners，ranging from late elementary students to college students.The gathered statistics covered a variety of learning tasks. The data showed that academic performance gaps come from differences in the starting point of learning，the learning opportunity and access to such opportunity，rather than any learning rate.“This further confirms that educational technologies can provide favorable learning conditions that make it easier to learn something new，like a second language，” says Ken Koedinger，a psychologist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania. “We have all seen cases where somebody gets to a learning outcome sooner than a peer，” says Koedinger.“But what we don't usually track is where they started.Our results are not contradicting that people end up in different places，but accounting for the fact that where students are starting from can tell us a lot about where they will end up.” The team suggests that our brains can take different “mental routes” to learn something，which means our learning rates aren't too different.Given the same opportunities，we can all get to the same point in the way that best suits our experiences and knowledge. This is useful in figuring out the best ways to pass on knowledge.Though many factors work together when it comes to learning，the researchers want to emphasize that we're all capable of learning. “No matter who you are，you can make it，”says scientist Paulo Carvalho from CarnegieMellon University.“You might have had fewer prior opportunities in your life，so it may be harder at first than it is for other people.But you will make just as much progress as anyone else as long as you hold on to your learning.” 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究，该新研究表明，人们在相同的学习机会下，学习速度非常相似。 4．How did the researchers carry out their study? A．By doing online surveys. B．By introducing a concept. C．By collecting data on learners. D．By conducting experiments. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，该研究的开展是通过收集学习者的数据的方式开展的。故选C。 5．What causes academic performance gaps according to the study? A．The learning rate. B．The learning outcome. C．The learning task. D．The learning opportunity. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中“The data showed that academic performance gaps...rather than any learning rate.”可知，研究表明，学习机会导致学业成绩差距。故选D。 6．What are we supposed to do according to the new study? A．Stick to our learning goals wherever we start. B．Take different routes to learn something new. C．Try every means to increase our learning rate. D．Seek learning opportunities at a very young age. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中“You might have had fewer prior opportunities...anyone else as long as you hold on to your learning.”可知，新研究建议无论我们从哪里开始，都要坚持我们的学习目标，就会取得和别人一样大的进步。故选A。 7．What is the best title for the text? A．How Can You Learn Something Faster? B．What Is Behind Your Learning Progress? C．Why Is The Achievement Gap Growing? D．Where Is Our Starting Point Of Learning? 答案：B 解析：标题归纳题。根据第三段中“The data showed that academic performance gaps...rather than any learning rate.”以及通读全文可知，文章介绍了一项新的研究，该研究表明，人们在相同的学习机会下，学习速度非常相似。研究人员通过观察学习软件工具的130万个学生互动情况，发现学术表现差距主要来自学习起点和学习机会的差异，而不是学习速度。因此，研究人员强调，无论你是谁，你都有能力学习。只要坚持学习，你将取得与他人一样的进步。由此B选项(你学习进步的背后是什么？)最适合作文章标题，故选B。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2分，共10分) (2024·河北石家庄一中期末) Do you remember what it is like to be a kid？ 1 Wake up.Get dressed.Brush your teeth.Eat your breakfast.Get in the car.Go to school.Sometimes kids listen to the instructions，but sometimes they don't.And when they don't，that can be very depressing for parents.So how can parents get their kids to act accordingly? One strategy widely recommended by children's health professionals is to engage your child in “special time”．For at least 5 minutes a day，join your child in activities like playing with dolls—anything that doesn't have a right or wrong way to play.Don't ask questions or give commands. 2 It gives your child a chance to interact with you without the stress of having to follow directions，which in turn strengthens the bond between you. Research has shown that this kind of playtime can be helpful in treating disruptive (捣乱的) conduct in children.According to a 2017 review of literature，special time has long been regarded as an “effective prevention for many emotional and behavioral difficulties” since it was developed in the 1970s. 3 If you're ready to try special time with your child，keep these in your mind.Repeat back some of what they say.If they say “and it crashes，” you're going to say “and it crashes.” The repetition shows your child you understand them and that you're listening. 4 Rather than saying “good job，” because kids hear that all day long，say “I love the way you stack (堆) those blocks high.” 5 But give it a week or two，and you'll find that your child won't want it to end.The best way to find out if something is good or successful is to test it yourself. A．This is your child's time to be in charge. B．So much of the day is directed by adults. C．Show enthusiasm while playing with your child. D．The practice often feels awkward for adults at first. E．Give your child specific praise as you play together. F．It increases the closeness between your child and you. G．It's also been shown to boost concentration and social skills in children. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几种父母可以让孩子按照指令采取相应的行动的方法。 1．答案：B 解析：上文“Do you remember what it is like to be a kid？”为问句；下文“Wake up.Get dressed...but sometimes they don't.”讲述了作为孩子，一天中按照指示所做的具体事项。B项(一天中的大部分时间都是由成年人指挥的。)既是对上文问句的回答，又呼应下文的“Sometimes kids listen to the instructions，but sometimes they don't.”。故选B。 2．答案：A 解析：上文“For at least 5 minutes a day...Don't ask questions or give commands.”为祈使句，是建议；下文“It gives your child a chance...strengthens the bond between you.”为上文建议的意义和好处。A项(这是你孩子做主的时候了。)中This指代上文的建议，且与下文同为意义和好处。故选A。 3．答案：G 解析：上文“Research has shown that this kind of playtime can be helpful in treating disruptive (捣乱的) conduct in children.”为研究结果，说明这种游戏时间的好处。G项(它还被证明可以提高儿童的注意力和社交能力。)中It指代上文中的“this kind of playtime”，且also进一步说明另一研究结果：还可以提高儿童的注意力和社交能力。故选G。 4．答案：E 解析：下文“Rather than saying ‘good job，’ because kids hear that all day long，say ‘I love the way you stack (堆) those blocks high.’”为举例说明具体的建议。E项(当你们一起玩的时候，给孩子具体明确的表扬。)为作者给出的建议。故选E。 5．答案：D 解析：上文“Rather than saying ‘good job，’ because kids hear that all day long，say ‘I love the way you stack (堆) those blocks high.’”为作者给出的建议；下文“But give it a week or two，and you'll find that your child won't want it to end.”为转折句，孩子不想结束，说明是成功的。D项(一开始，这种做法通常会让成年人感到尴尬。)中“The practice”指代上文的建议，且说明缺点，照应下文的转折句，即使成年人一开始会尴尬，但是孩子喜欢。故选D。 Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题2分，共20分) (2024·浙江衢州期末) In our class we have been debating whether or not children should have to do housework when they are at home.Some of the class believe that children should help parents 1. basic housework.They have 2. number of reasons for suggesting this.They suggest that there are many jobs 3. a child can easily do.These would include simple tasks like 4. (wash) up，putting away，laying the table，and so on.Another reason is that when children are older they will have to look after 5. (they)，and carrying out these jobs is a good 6. (prepare)． On the other hand，quite a lot of our class have argued against the idea.They believe that housework is boring and that children do not do it very well anyway.One mother said that it was 7. (easy) to do a job herself in the beginning 8. her daughter only made the jobs worse. 9. (final)，after listening to all the arguments that people have suggested，I have made up my own mind.I believe that children should do some basic housework.This 10. (mean) that they learn how to care for themselves and do not become lazy. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章就孩子在家是否应该做家务展开了讨论，并认为孩子们应该做一些基本的家务。 1．答案：with 解析：考查介词。help sb with sth意为“帮助某人做某事”，为固定搭配，所以此处应用介词with。故填with。 2．答案：a 解析：考查冠词。根据“for suggesting this”可知，此处是指有很多理由，a number of意为“许多”，为固定搭配，所以应用不定冠词a。故填a。 3．答案：that/which 解析：考查定语从句。在定语从句中缺少宾语，且先行词为jobs，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。 4．答案：washing 解析：考查非谓语动词。在介词like后应用动词-ing形式作宾语。故填washing。 5．答案：themselves 解析：考查反身代词。宾语和主语指代相同，所以应用反身代词作宾语。故填themselves。 6．答案：preparation 解析：考查词性转换。在冠词a后应用名词preparation表示“准备”作表语。故填preparation。 7．答案：easier 解析：考查形容词的比较级。根据“her daughter only made the jobs worse”可知，此处是指自己动手更容易，所以应用形容词的比较级easier表示“更容易的”作表语。故填easier。 8．答案：because/for 解析：考查连词。根据“her daughter only made the jobs worse”和“it was to do a job herself in the beginning”可知，此处是指原因，所以应用连词because或for表示“因为”引导原因状语从句。故填because/for。 9．答案：Finally 解析：考查词性转换。修饰句子应用副词finally表示“最后”作状语。句首首字母应大写。故填Finally。 10．答案：means 解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，所以应用一般现在时。主语this为第三人称单数。故填means。 学生用书↓第73页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$