Unit 4 Natural Disasters Reading and Thinking 单词导学案-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

BIU4单词短语 1 flood n.洪水;大量 vi.淹没;大量涌入 vt.使灌满水;淹没;拥满;充满 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs.每年都有大批农民来到深圳寻找赚钱的工作。 Hearing the sad news, her eyes were flooded with tears.听到这个不幸的消息时,她的眼里充满了泪水。    Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see...问那些从世界各地涌入黄石国家公园的游客他们最希望看到什么……  ①a  flood of大批的,大量的 ②flood in/into   大量涌入 ③flood out of...从……蜂拥而出 ④be flooded with...充满…… 词汇拓展：flooding n.洪水泛滥 2 shelter n.避难处;居所;庇护 vt.保护;掩蔽 vi.躲避(风雨或危险) Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.工人们为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。  情景导学 It’s dangerous to take shelter from/ shelter from the rain under the trees in summer.夏天在树下避雨很危险。   用法归纳  ①take shelter from   ...躲避……②shelter...　from　    ...保护……免受……③shelter from...躲避…… 3 ruin n.废墟;毁坏 vt.破坏;毁坏 In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins.不到一分钟,一座大城市就成了废墟。 情景导学 Their marriage was in ruins.他们的婚姻破裂了。 用法归纳 ① in    ruins破败不堪;倒塌;崩溃;垮掉 ②fall into  ruin衰落;破败;被毁灭 damage 多指轻度损坏,一般是可修复的;也可以指对健康、感情、名誉等的伤害 ruin 多指自然因素对建筑物、动植物等带来严重破坏,后果往往是使物体丧失价值;也可指 毁掉假期、希望、梦想、前程、事业等美好的事物或严重危害健康 destroy 指彻底毁坏,使事物丧失功能或不复存在;也可指使希望、计划等落空或摧毁人的信心等 4 shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.使震惊 People were in shock—and then,later that afternoon,another big quake shook Tangshan again. 人们都很震惊,然后,那天下午晚些时候,又一次强烈的地震再次撼动了唐山。 (教材P50) 情景导学 I stared at him in shock, unsure what to do next.我惊愕地盯着他看,不知道接下来做什么。     用法归纳 ①in shock 震惊;休克 ②come　as    a shock 让人震惊 ③it is/was a shock to see/hear/find...看到/听说/发现……真令人震惊 ④it shocks/shocked sb. to see/hear/find...某人看到/听到/发现……感到震惊 词汇拓展 ①shocked adj.震惊的;惊讶的 be shocked by/at...对……吃惊 be shocked to see/hear/find...看到/听到/发现……感到震惊 a shocked look/expression/voice震惊的表情/声音 •Rescue workers were shocked by/at what they saw.救援人员对眼前的景象感到震惊。 ②shocking adj.令人震惊的(常用来形容物) •What strikes me most is that their gifts for art are extremely shocking.让我印象最深刻的是他 们令人极其震惊的艺术天赋 5 trap vt.(trapped, trapped)使落入险境;使陷入圈套 n.险境;陷阱 Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.地震发生后不久,部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山,去将受困者从 废墟中挖出来,并掩埋死者。(教材P50) 情景导学 The building caught fire and many people were trapped in it.大楼着火了,许多人被困在里面。 用法归纳 ①be trapped in ...被困在……中;陷入……中 ②trap sb.　into (doing) sth.诱骗某人做某事 ③lay/set a trap　for  ...为……设下圈套 ④fall/walk into a trap落入圈套,掉进陷阱 6 bury vt.埋葬;安葬;掩埋;隐藏 Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.地震发生后不久,部队派出15万名士兵奔赴唐山,去将受困者从废墟中挖出来,并掩埋死者。 情景导学 When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean.当这些微生物死亡时,它们将碳埋在深海中。  用法归纳 ①bury...in　 ...把……埋在……里 ②bury oneself   in...让自己埋头于,专心致志于……(被动语态be buried in) ③be buried in thought 陷入沉思 ④bury one’s face /head in one’s hands双手掩面/抱头 7 breathe vi.& vt.呼吸 Slowly, the city began to breathe again.慢慢地,这座城市又开始恢复生机。 (教材P50) 情景导学 The doctor asked me to breathe in, and then to breathe out fully.医生让我吸气,然后全部呼出。 用法归纳 ①breathe in吸气 ②breathe out 呼气 ③breathe a sigh of relief 松一口气　　　     ④breathe deeply深呼吸 词汇拓展 ①breath n.呼吸的空气;一次吸入的空气 take a deep breath深深吸一口气 hold one’s breath屏住呼吸;憋气 catch one’s breath喘口气,恢复正常呼吸 take one’s breath away令某人惊叹 be out of breath喘不过气来 •He smiled, took a deep breath and got ready for the run.他微笑着,深深吸一口气,准备好跑步。  ②breathless adj.上气不接下气的 With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.在政府的大力支持和全市人民的不懈努力下,一个新的唐山在地震的废墟上被建起来了。 (教材P50) 情景导学   We should spare no effort to carry forward excellent traditional Chinese culture.我们应该不遗余力地弘扬中国优秀传统文化。    (写作·中国传统文化) 用法归纳 ①make an effort/efforts to do sth.努力做某事 ②spare no  effort to do sth.不遗余力地做某事 ③in an effort to do sth.为了做某事 ④make every effort to do sth.尽一切努力做某事 ⑤with/without effort费力地/毫不费力地 ⑥put effort into (doing) sth.努力做某事 9 suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 What kind of help do you think people who have suffered an earthquake need?你认为遭受地震的人需要什么类型的帮助? 情景导学 His leg suffered serious injuries in the accident.他的腿在事故中受了重伤。 用法归纳 ①suffer pain/defeats/injuries遭受痛苦/失败/伤害 ②suffer from　...患……病;因……受苦 特别提醒 suffer用作及物动词时意为“遭受;蒙受”,后常接pain、loss、injury、defeat、damage、punishment、hardship等;用作不及物动词时意为“(因……)受苦”,构成suffer from,后常接表示疾病的名词或表示造成苦难、痛苦的事物的名词,如ill health、a shortage of...、a lack of...等。 词汇拓展 ①suffering n.痛苦;疼痛;苦难 •There are always some ups and downs in our lives,but it is the suffering that makes us stronger. 生活中总有一些起起伏伏,但是正是苦难让我们更加坚强。　(读后续写·主旨升华) ②sufferer n.受苦者;受难者 10 supply n.供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品 vt.供应;供给 The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.向灾区提供的补给品是从全国各地收集来的。 (教材P52) 情景导学 Knowing our foods are in short supply, they supplied us with various fruits and vegetables(=sup- plied various fruits and vegetables to us).知道我们食物短缺,他们给我们提供了各种各样的水果和蔬菜。 用法归纳  ①in short supply 供应短缺  ②supply sb. with　sth. supply sth. To sb.给某人提供某物 表示“补给品”常用复数形式supplies。 supply 尤指大量或定期地提供所缺之物 provide 提供、供应、供给,常用搭配:provide sb. with sth.;provide sth. for sb. offer 强调主动提供、自愿提供,常用搭配:offer sb.sth.;offer sth. to sb. 11 survive vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过;比……活的时间长 She’s feeding the baby who survived the earthquake.她正在喂这个在地震中幸存的婴儿。情景导学 She survived her husband by ten years.她比她丈夫多活了十年。 In Germany, beer is the drink everyone is enjoying but you can’t survive on just beer.在德国,啤酒是每个人都喜欢的饮料,但是你不能只靠啤酒生存。 (China Daily) 用法归纳 ①survive sth.在某事中幸存;渡过难关 ②survive on  ... 依靠……生存 ③A survive B by  +一段时间 A比B多活一段时间 词汇拓展 ①survivor n.幸存者 ②survival n.[U]幸存,存活;[C]残存物 the survival rate 存活率 12 calm adj.镇静的;沉着的 vt.使平静;使镇静 tay calm.保持镇静。 (教材P53) 情景导学 The mother tapped the baby gently to calm him down.妈妈温柔地拍着婴儿,使他安静下来。 He slowly calmed down and sat still to reserve strength.他慢慢平静下来,静静地坐着,以保留体力。 ①keep/stay calm保持镇静 ②calm (sb.)down(使某人)镇静下来 词汇拓展 ①calmly adv.镇静地 ②calmness n. [U]镇静 13 aid n.援助;帮助;救援物资 vi.& vt.帮助;援助 first aid kit急救包 (教材P53) 情景导学 With the aid of the Internet, people can quickly find all the information they need.有了网络的帮忙,人们很快就能找到所需要的全部资料。    (写作·网络的利弊) They collected much money in aid of the poor girl.他们筹集了很多钱来帮助那个可怜的女孩。 Thank you so much for coming to my aid.非常感谢你帮助我。    (写作·感谢信) He tried his best to aid a doctor in/with rescuing an injured man.他尽最大努力帮助一位医生抢救一名受伤的男子。 用法归纳 ①first aid急救 ②in aid of...为了帮助…… ③with the aid of...在……的帮助下 ④come/go to one’s aid　帮助某人　　　　     ⑤aid sb.in/with (doing)sth.帮助某人做某事 14 使strike v.侵袭;突击;击打;罢工;使突然想到;划(火柴);敲;鸣;让(某人)觉得 n.罢工;罢课;袭击 The undersea quake struck around 7:00 a.m....早上7点左右发生了海底地震…… (教材P54) 情景导学 The clock has just struck three.时钟刚刚敲过三点。 It strikes me that we might have made a wrong decision.我突然想到我们可能做出了一个错误的决定。 Workers in London went on strike last week.伦敦的工人上周举行了罢工。 用法归纳 ①sth. strikes sb.某人突然想到某事 ②be struck by ...被……打动 ③It   strikes sb. that...某人突然想到…… ④strike one/two/three(时钟)敲响一点/两点/三点 ⑤strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁 ⑥go on  strike举行罢工(动作) ⑦be on strike在罢工(状态) 词汇拓展 striking adj.引人注目的;显著的 strike词义辨析 15 effect n.影响;结果;效果 情景导学 Besides,working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students.此外,在菜园里劳动似乎对Jaramillo的需要特殊教育的学生有镇静作用。  The new benefit system is to take effect next month.新的福利制度将于下个月生效。 To improve the population structure, the three-child policy has come into effect.为了优化人口结构,三孩政策已经生效了。 The new traffic rules have been brought/put into effect since March.新交通规则自三月份起就生效了。 用法归纳 ①have a(n)... effect on  ...对……产生……的影响 ②come into effect生效;开始实施 ③take   effect见效;生效 ④bring/put... into effect实施,使生效 ⑤in effect实际上(=in fact);在实施中 ⑥side effect n.副作用 词汇拓展 ①effective adj.有效的 ②effectively adv.有效地 词汇 释义 用法& 拓展 rescue n.& vt.营救;救援 come to one’s rescue挽救/营救某人rescue...from...把……从……营救出来 damage vt.损害;破坏n.损坏;损失 serious/severe damage重大的/严重的损坏cause/do damage to...对……造成损坏/破坏 destroy vt.摧毁;毁灭 destruction n.破坏,摧毁destructive adj.破坏性的,毁灭性的 death n.死;死亡 die v.(died, died, dying)死;消失dead adj.死的 affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动 be affected by...被……打动;受……影响  influence v.影响;对……起作用 n.影响;作用 percent (=per cent) n.百分之…… adj.& adv.每一百中 “数字+percent of+不可数名词/单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数: 80 percent of water is pollut-ed. “数字+percent of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数: 80 percent of students don’t have cellphones. power n.电力供应;能量;力量;控制力;统治;政权 come to power上台be in power当权,执政  force n.力量　energy n.力量 powerful adj.强壮的;强有力的;有影响力的 sweep vt.& vi.(swept, swept)打扫;清扫 sweep the floor清扫地板sweep the leaves清扫树叶 wave n.海浪,波浪 v.挥手,招手 wave at/to sb.向某人招手/挥手 wave sb. goodbye=wave goodbye to sb.向某人挥手告别 deliver vt.& vi.递送;传达 vt.发表(演说等);生孩子;接生   delivery n.递送;分娩 summary n.总结;概括;概要 in summary总之;总的来说 summarize v.总结;概括 length n.长;长度;时间长度 in length在长度上at length 长时间;详尽地 lengthen v.(使)变长 结构 1 too...to do... 太……而不能做…… Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat,and dogs refused to go inside buildings.鸡,甚至猪都紧张得吃不下东西,狗也不愿意进房子里。 (教材P50) 情景导学 The boy is too young to go to school. 这个男孩太小了,不能去上学。 Mary runs too slow to catch the thief.玛丽跑得太慢了,抓不住那个小偷。 用法归纳 too+adj./adv.+to do sth.意为“太……而不能做某事”,表示否定意义。 特别提醒 ①若在该句式中使用形容词ready、glad、pleased、easy、willing、eager等,则不表示否定意义,而表示肯定意义,此时too前常有all、only、but等词。 •I am but too glad to meet you again.我很高兴再次见到你。 ②too...to do...可以和not +adj./adv.+enough to do...以及so+adj./adv.+that...not do...相互转换。 •The boy is too young to go to school. =The boy is not old enough to go to school. =The boy is so young that he can not go to school.这个男孩太小了,不能去上学。 结构 2 It seems/seemed as if... 仿佛…… It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!仿佛世界末日即将来临! (教材P50) 情景导学 It seems as if he has recited a speech written by someone else.他好像是背了一篇由别人写的演讲稿。 It seems as if they had never seen each other before.仿佛他们以前从未见过面。(与过去事实相反) The old couple love the boy. It seems as if he were their own son.这对老夫妇爱这个男孩就好像他是他们自己的儿子一样。(与现在事实相反) 用法归纳 ①It seems/seemed as if...句型是“主系表”结构。其中It无实义,seems/seemed为系动词,as if 引导表语从句。 ②在该句型中,若从句表示很可能实现的事情,要用陈述语气;若从句表示与事实相反的假设或实现的可能性很小的事情,要用虚拟语气 。 特别提醒 as if从句的虚拟语气有以下三种情况: 从句内容 从句谓语的形式 与现在事实相反 一般过去时(be动词用were) 与过去事实相反 过去完成时(had done) 与将来事实相反 could/might/would do 结构 3 was/were doing sth. when... 正在做某事,这时…… I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.我和我的三个孩子正在吃早餐,这时水开始涌进我的家里。 (教材P54) 情景导学 We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。 用法归纳 was/were doing sth. when...中的when为并列连词,意为“这时;那时”,相当于and at this/that time,连接两个并列分句,前面的分句用过去进行时,后面的分句用一般过去时。 结构拓展 when作并列连词还常用于下列句型: ①was/were on the point of doing...when...刚要做……,这时…… ②was/were about to do...when...正要做……,这时…… •I was on the point of going out/about to go out when the telephone rang.我正要出去,这时电话铃响了。 ③had just done...when...刚做完……,就…… •I had just walked out of the kitchen when someone knocked at the door.我刚从厨房出来就有人敲门。 Sentence 1 译文　在这个城市正下方的11千米处,20世纪最致命的一场地震开始了,这场地震甚至对150 多千米以外的北京造成了破坏。 Sentence 2 Sentence 3 译文　昨天,40年来最强烈的地震引发了一场冲击亚洲各地海岸线的海啸,导致印度尼西 亚、印度、泰国、马来西亚和至少其他四个国家的6,500多人死亡。 Sentence 4 限制性定语从句(1) 1.定语从句的概念 情景导学 Tan Yunxian(1461-1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. 谭云仙(1461—1554)是一位中国医生,师从祖父母。 (2023全国乙) 用法归纳 (1)定语从句是在句中修饰、限制或补充说明一个名词(或代词)的从句。被定语从句修饰的名词(或代词)叫先行词。 (2)引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词(that、which、who、whom、whose)和关系副词(when、where、why)。 2.定语从句的种类 情景导学 His son who/that is a doctor is my best friend.(限制性定语从句)他当医生的那个儿子是我最好的朋友。 用法归纳 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 (1)限制性定语从句 它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,书写时通常不可用①　逗号　   与主句隔开。 (2)非限制性定语从句 它只是对先行词作附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切,书写时往往用逗号与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句通常不用that引导。 二、定语从句的关系代词的用法 情景导学 Li Fei is the girl (that/who/whom) I usually go to school with.李菲就是通常和我一起去上学的那个女孩。(指人,作宾语) Li Fei is the girl with whom I usually go to school.李菲就是通常和我一起去上学的那个女孩。(指人,作宾语) The number of the people who/that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人的数量达到一百万。(指人,作主语) This may be the suitcase that/which contains important materials.这也许是那个装有重要资料的手提箱。(指物,作主语) The farm (that/which) we visited last week is very big.我们上周参观的那个农场很大。(指物,作宾语) I met a girl there whose hair came down to her waist.我在那儿遇见一个长发及腰的女孩。(指人,作定语) We􀆳ll rebuild the house whose roof was damaged in the earthquake.我们将重建那个屋顶在地震中受损的房子。(指物,作定语) 用法归纳 定语从句的关系代词有三大作用: (1)引导作用:引导定语从句。 (2)替代作用:在定语从句中替代②先行词。注意关系代词whose在替代先行词的同时还带 个 “的”,它相当于名词所有格,所以它在定语从句中作定语。 (3)成分作用:因为关系代词替代了先行词,所以它在定语从句中充当成分,具体见下表: 关系代词 先行词 在定语从句中常作的成分 that 人、物 ③　主语　    、④　宾语　    、表语 which 物 ⑤　主语　    、宾语 who 人 主语、⑥　宾语　     whom 人 宾语 whose 人、物 ⑦　定语　     特别提醒 关系代词作宾语时通常可以省略,但关系代词前面是介词时,关系代词不可以省略,且只能使用which(指物)、whom(指人)。 三、用that不用which的情况 (1)先行词既有人又有物时,关系词用that。 (2)先行词为 everything、something、nothing、anything、all、none、little、few、much等不定代词时或被few、little、much、the only、the very、all、every等修饰时,常用关系代词that来引导定语从句。 (3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,用关系代词that不用which。 (4)主句是特殊疑问句且疑问词是which时,定语从句的关系代词用that。 四、用which/who不用that的情况 1.用which不用that的情况 用法归纳：当先行词本身就是that时,关系代词用which。 2.用who不用that的情况 用法归纳：先行词是指人的those、one,不定代词anyone,人称代词he等时,定语从句的关系代词常用who不用that。 五、定语从句中的主谓一致 用法归纳： (1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与前面的先行词保持一致。 (2)当“the only one of the+复数名词”后跟定语从句时,先行词是the only one,而不是复数名词,所以谓语动词用⑧　单    数。 (3)当“one of the+复数名词”后跟定语从句时,先行词是复数名词,谓语动词用⑨复数。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$