Unit 4 Natural Disasters单元测试A卷(含听力） (1)-高中英语必修1（人教版2019）

Unit 4 单元测试卷A （考试时间：120分钟 试卷满分：150分）注意事项： 1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。 2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。 3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分 听力（共两节，满分 30 分） 第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1．What are the speakers mainly talking about? A．The coming rain. B．The coming flood. C．The government. 2．What are the speakers mainly talking about? A．The effects of a disaster. B．The causes of the flood. C．The prices of fruits and vegetables. 3．What can we know about the earthquake? A．It happened in Italy on Saturday. B．It’s the most powerful quake ever. C．It caused no victims. 4．What does the man have for earthquake preparation? A．A candle. B．A radio. C．A flashlight. 5．Where did the woman get the news? A．From TV. B．From the Internet. C．From a local. 第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分) 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 6．When did the earthquake happen? A．On Wednesday night. B．On Thursday morning. C．On Thursday afternoon. 7．What damage did the earthquake cause? A．Forty people lost their lives. B．At least 110 people were injured. C．A railway was nearly destroyed. 8．What will the man do next? A．Help the victims. B．Tell some survival skills. C．Check the highways. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 9．Why did the woman’s husband go to Philippines? A．To give lectures. B．To provide help. C．To do business. 10．How many days will the woman’s husband stay in Philippines? A．14 days. B．16 days. C．18 days. 11．What are the Philippines suffering from now? A．Floods. B．An earthquake. C．A terrible disease. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 12．Where did the man get the news about the floods? A．From the newspaper. B．From the radio. C．From the Internet. 13．How did the soldiers help the flood-affected families? A．By supplying them with free food. B．By settling them down in safe places. C．By cleaning out water in their houses. 14．What does the man think of the woman’s suggestion? A．It’s stupid. B．It’s touching. C．It’s good. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。 15．Why does Steven feel down? A．He doesn’t like reading. B．His friends died in an earthquake. C．He got bad news from the newspaper. 16．How many people were injured? A．About 3 thousand. B．More than 10 thousand. C．About 13 thousand. 17．What will the speakers do to help people in disaster? A．Donate some money. B．Deliver relief supplies. C．Call for people to help. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。 18．Where do huge storms form every year? A．In Northern Africa. B．In the United States. C．In the Atlantic Ocean. 19．What is the reason for more severe storms? A．Dust carried by winds. B．No rainfall for long. C．Changeable wind. 20．What is the probable influence of the dust? A．It pollutes the whole country. B．It does harm to people’s health. C．It is a threat to the Sahara Desert. 第二部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分) 第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分) 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 A Nobody expects a natural disaster to strike. Neither does anyone know the impact it can have on life. The following measures can save your life in an emergency. Typhoon Typhoons occur in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, particularly in exposed regions like the Caroline Islands, the Philippines, and Japan. The best place to hide during a typhoon is a secure basement or a bathroom with no windows. A must-have device is a battery-powered weather radio, through which you will hear evacuation orders or in other cases, instructions on how to survive in your shelter and learn about the weather situation. Flood Floods occur more often than any other natural disaster and change the landscape dramatically. They are usually caused by intense rainfalls lasting for days. Don’t try to be the bravest person around and stay in your house. Once you hear the evacuation warning, leave for safer higher grounds with your important papers in a waterproof container. Avalanche An avalanche can hit when you are enjoying Alpine skiing in a dreamlike location. It is very fast and disastrous, burying everything in its way under tons of snow. When an avalanche starts, try to move to the side of the slope as fast as you can. If you get buried in the snow, dig an air pocket to be able to keep breathing. Wait for the rescue team to find you and don’t waste your energy shouting or digging frantically. Call out when you bear the team approaching. Wildfire Wildfires spread at an amazing speed and destroy everything in their way. If you are caught in a wild fire, use a wet cloth to cover your nose and mouth to ensure that you can breathe. Try to stay upwind of the fire at all times and get close to a pond or river. Stay low and cover yourself with wet clothing, a blanket, or soil until the fire passes. 21．What should those trapped in flood probably do when they hear the evacuation orders? A．Bring an umbrella with them B．Go to higher places. C．Call out for help loudly. D．Get a torch in case of a blackout 22．Among the four natural disasters, which one requires people to run against the wind? A．Typhoon. B．Flood. C．Avalanche. D．Wildfire. 23．What do we know from the text? A．Typhoons occur only in the exposed regions in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. B．Floods cause the most frequent damage among the disasters mentioned. C．Those who meet with avalanches are advised to call out the minute they’re trapped. D．Getting clean air matters most in the case of wildfires, despite the difficulty. B Established earthquake warning systems provide at best just a minute or two of notice, leaving little time for preparedness. Decades of searching for a better warning sign-changes in the geochemistry of groundwater, electromagnetic effects in the upper atmosphere, and even changes in animal behavior-have failed. Many question whether such a precursor (先兆) even exists. This situation may change soon, as recent research is providing a glimmer of hope for improved earthquake prediction. Researchers Quentin Bletery and Jean-Mathieu Nocquet from Cote d’Azur University in France collected data from over 90 earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 7 that had occurred in the past two decades.They focused on GPS station records near these quakes, which accurately captured land movement every 5 minutes with millimeter precision. They analyzed more than 3,000 time series of motion in the 48 hours leading up to the main ruptures (断裂). They noticed that, in the first 46 hours, the records showed no significant features. However, during the 2 hours before the earthquake, they noticed signs of increasing movement along the fault zones (断层带). Essentially, there’s a slip between plates causing the land above them to move in a measurable, horizontal direction. Could this be just a coincidence? The probability of this increase happening just before the quake and being unrelated is extremely low, and the researchers confirmed this by analyzing 100,000 random time windows in non-earthquake GPS data. The pattern occurred only 0.03% of the time in non-earthquake data. While this precursor signal won’t be used for warnings anytime soon, officials from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) admit that this new study provides valuable insights into how to improve their warning systems-GPS data can grease the wheels of early earthquake warnings. The researchers admit they're still a number of steps away from putting this precursor signal into use, particularly since detecting subtle signals at individual faults requires more GPS stations. But the biggest problem is that many of the world’s earthquake regions have no instrumentation. “We can’t realize the detection at the scale of one earthquake, so we cannot make predictions,” Bletery said. 24．What remains a tough problem for scientists? A．Determining the magnitude of an earthquake. B．Finding a way to detect earthquakes in early stages. C．Measuring atmospheric changes during earthquakes. D．Identifying animals’ possible responses to earthquakes. 25．What did the researchers find through their data analysis? A．The chance of main ruptures occurring in fault zones. B．The accuracy of GPS in recording land movement. C．The existence of a two-hour precursory phase. D．The horizontal slip within the first 46 hours. 26．What does the underlined part “grease the wheels of” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Distinguish. B．Contradict. C．Overmatch. D．Facilitate. 27．What holds back the practical application of the new findings? A．The inaccessibility of precursor signals. B．The complexity of updating GPS equipment. C．The challenge of identifying earthquake regions. D．The inconsistent slip patterns of different earthquakes. C When Hurricane Ian hit Florida, Karen Lauder refused to leave her home because she was wrong about the intensity (强度) of the storm. Karen is 84 years old and depends on a wheelchair to get around because she is missing a leg. Her son, Johnny Lauder, tried repeatedly to get her to leave, but she refused. Johnny and his whole family live within a few blocks of one another. They kept in touch with Karen as the storm continued violently (猛烈地) outside, watching the water rising dangerously all around them. When Karen reported that the water in her house had reached her bottom, Johnny knew he had to take action. First, Johnny ensured his sons and their pets were taken care of. Then, he jumped out of a window and began to swim. Johnny used to work as a rescue swimmer. He is obviously a strong swimmer, but the flood water was filled with dangerous materials. There was also a strong current (水流), and he had to swim against it for most of his trip to Karen’s. As he made his way through the water, Johnny stopped periodically to snap selfies (自拍) to show his worried family that he was okay. Johnny was racing against the clock. He knew he only had a short period of time to get there before the water rose above Karen’s head. It took him 40 minutes to swim four blocks. The sound of Karen shouting inside was music to his ears! “If it would’ve been 20 minutes later, she wouldn’t be here,” Johnny said.“She’s never been happier to see me.” Karen is now safe, although she is in the hospital being treated for infections (感染) she got in the water. The family have all lost everything they owned, including their houses, but they’re grateful just to be here. 28．Why did Karen decide to stay in her house when Hurricane Ian came? A．She had nowhere to go. B．She was too old to move. C．She thought the storm was not violent. D．She lost her wheelchair and was unable to leave. 29．Why did Johnny take selfies along the way to Karen’s home? A．To record his swimming trip. B．To show off his swimming skills. C．To warn other rescuers of danger. D．To report his safety to his family. 30．How did Johnny’s family keep in touch in the storm? A．By shouting. B．Over the phone. C．Through e-mail. D．With other’s help. 31．How did Johnny feel when he heard Karen shouting? A．Curious. B．Frightened. C．Confused. D．Relieved. D It has been over 150 years since the Great Chicago Fire. The 1871 fire killed an estimated 300 people. It turned the heart of the city, wood-frame buildings quickly constructed on wooden sidewalks, into ruins, and left 100,000 people homeless. Like the Great Fire of London in 1666, the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Great Chicago Fire reminds us that big cities can still be frail. But that same night, about 250 miles north of Chicago, more than 1,200 people died in and around Peshtigo. It was the deadliest wildfire in U.S. history. Survivors said the fire moved like a hurricane, jumping across Green Bay to light forests on the opposite shore. Chicago’s fire came to be seen as a disaster that also led to the invention of steel skyscrapers, raised up on the city’s ashes. It has overshadowed the Peshtigo Fire. And for years, the two were seen as separate disasters. However, many of those houses and sidewalks that burned in Chicago had been built with trees grown around Peshtigo. Chicago’s fire was long blamed - falsely - on an Irish-immigrant family’s cow kicking over a lantern. Some people thought the Peshtigo Fire started when pieces of a comet (彗星) landed in the forest, which has never been proven. What we understand better today was that the Midwest was historically dry in the summer of 1871. When a low-pressure front with cooler temperatures rolled in, it produced winds, which can fan sparks (火星) into wildfires. The fires themselves generated more winds. Several parts of nearby Michigan also burned during the same few days ; at least 500 people were killed there. At present, all of those fires on an autumn night in 1871 might help us see even more clearly how rising global temperatures and severe droughts, from Australia to Algeria to California, have made forests easier to burn, and people more likely to be harmed by the climate changes we’ ve helped create. 32．What does the underlined word “frail” in the first paragraph probably mean ? A．Regularly enlarged. B．Heavily populated. C．Safely reached. D．Easily damaged. 33．How does the author introduce the Peshtigo Fire ? A．By presenting research findings. B．By making comparisons. C．By following time order. D．By making classifications. 34．Which factor contributed to the Great Chicago Fire ? A．A careless cow. B．A passing comet. C．A low-pressure front D．A paper lantern. 35．What is the author’s purpose in writing this text ? A．To warn people of the forest fire threat. B．To show signs of global warming. C．To attract more tourists to Chicago. D．To introduce an unknown city. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分) 阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 An earthquake happens when two plates rub together. The earth plates travel in different directions and at different speeds. 36 In other words, earthquakes are the shaking of the earth’s surface caused by the earth’s rocky outer layer. The energy stored within is suddenly released. The damage an earthquake causes depends on where it is and when it is happening. If an unpopulated region is struck, there will be low loss of life or property. 37 Many of the areas at risk are largely populated now. Major earthquakes hitting those areas today could produce terrible damage. 38 Fortunately, however, most of them are unnoticed to the public because of the small Richter scale (震级). But large earthquakes such as the 1964 Alaskan quake that measured 9.2 on the Richter scale, can cause millions of dollars in damage. 39 In 1972, a series of severe earthquakes struck Managua, Nicaragua. Fifteen years later, the city still looked the way it had a week after the earthquake hit, because the city was in such a mess that it didn’t have the money necessary to rebuild it. The shaking of the earth is sometimes not the greatest disaster. 40 In the 1906 earthquake, it was the fires caused after it that did the majority of the damage. An earthquake can also destroy dams high above a city or valleys, causing floods to sweep away everything in their path. A．Actually, there are several million small earthquakes every year. B．It is in the fires and floods that often the greatest damage occurs. C．Throughout history, there are numerous destructive big earthquakes. D．If it hits a large city, there may be many injuries and much destruction. E．So it is of great importance to predict the movements of the earth plates. F．If one plate is slowly forced under the other, pressure builds up until the plates break apart. G．The destructive damage of an earthquake can continue for years after the first shake. 第三部分　语言运用(共两节,满分30分) 第一节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分) 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 I live in a town, about half a mile from the banks of a river, It had been raining buckets that week and there were 41 warnings for nearby areas, but not where I was. As a precaution (预防), I’d 42 sandbags outside my garden door just in case water managed to flow through. As I fell asleep, I was 43 by the sound of rushing water.When I swung my legs off the bed, I was 44 to feel cold water already up to my kneesand rising fast. Trembling, I 45 my phone on the table and 46 the flashlight. Water was coming from the garden door. The river must have 47 burst its banks and broke the sandbags. And now I had to get out--fast! With the water up to my waist, in bare feet I started to paddle (蹚水) to my only 48 the door leading to outdoors. Finally, I made it to that door and 49 to pull it open, but the water’s 50 was high. Anyhow, with great efforts, I made a 51 of about 30 centimeters, enough for me to get through. Rushing down outside, I 52 that if I hadn’t woken up in time, I would have drowned. Many houses around us were 53 , including a home for the disabled. I learned to be grateful through the experience and determined to live each day to its 54 .I will remember a famous saying: “Don’t remember the day when you lost everything. Remember the day you 55 .” 41．A．flood B．earthquake C．drought D．sandstorm 42．A．cleaned B．lifted C．discovered D．placed 43．A．deafened B．awakened C．impressed D．amused 44．A．annoyed B．shocked     C．embarrassed D．relieved 45．A．grabbed B．examined C．recognized D．dropped 46．A．showed off B．threw  away C．switched on D．set aside 47．A．accidentally B．violently C．temporarily D．originally 48．A．stage B．partner C．shelter D．escape 49．A．happened B．agreed C．attempted D．hesitated 50．A．quality B．pressure C．standard D．surface 51．A．gap B．depth C．height D．mark 52．A．regretted B．promised C．predicted D．realized 53．A．restored B．established C．preserved D．destroyed 54．A．fullest B．easiest C．fastest D．coolest 55．A．recovered B．mattered C． survived D．matured 第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In late August, 2005, Hurricane Katrina, one of the most 56 （destroy）hurricanes in American history, hit the south-eastern parts of the country. It began on August 23, 57 （cause）only slight damage in the beginning. But it soon grew to be a Category5hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and caused severe damage along 58 （it）paths. New Orleans, a city 59 was built largely below sea level, was worst hit. In reaction to the coming hurricane, the city government gave 60 order to clear the city 61 all residents. However, some of them chose to stay because they believed that the city’s defense system would keep them safe and sound, 62 others were unable to leave because they have no access 63 （transport）. The defense system finally failed. As a result, 80% of the city was flooded for weeks. People 64 （stick）in the city without power, food or drinking water, waiting for rescue with anxiety. The hurricane died away on August 31. Hurricane Katrina, which caused nearly 2,000 deaths, 65 （leave）millions of people homeless. 第四部分　写作(满分40分) 第一节、书信写作 66．假定你是李华,你的美国笔友Peter看见了中国某地发生特大洪水的新闻,给你写邮件询问政府和人民是如何应对自然灾害的。请你用英语给他回一封邮件,内容包括: 1.政府组织救援及医护人员救灾,并及时运送救援物资； 2.人民群众自发捐款捐物。 注意:1.写作词数应为80左右； 2.邮件的开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数； 3.请在相应位置作答。 Dear Peter, I’m grateful because you’re concerned about the flood in China. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ That is how we face natural disasters as a big family. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 第二节 读后续写 67．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Thomas and Christine Noctor have lived and raised their family in the home for three decades. They and their 12-year-old grandson Dean, who lives with them, had most of their personal belongings damaged or destroyed after a fire broke out in Thomas’ home office on Saturday evening. Ally Noctor was in the home with her mother, father, nephew Dean, and brother James when the incident happened. “My mom has COPD (慢性阻寒性肺病) so I said ‘just get out the back’, and she took the dog out the back,” Ally recalled. “My brother came running down looking for a fire extinguisher (灭火器), and my dad was screaming, ‘Fire !’” The fire started in the box room It’s Thomas home office. He’d just done it up. It was clearly an electrical fault but no one thought at the time to turn off the electricity. The room started filling with smoke quickly and they had to leave immediately. The house is located just a short walk away from the fire station. But when neighbors called, the available trucks were already out — so nearly 20 minutes had passed before the fire crew arrived. Thankfully, they managed to prevent the fire from spreading to the attic (阁楼) or to any more homes in the community. The family then went back inside the house to investigate what had happened and survey the damage caused. Dean’s gaming PC was melted, toys were melted, and even the shower was melted. All their clothes couldn’t be taken out. “The downstairs is okay, but there is smoke damage and water damage. And all of the upstairs is completely damaged. My mom is still in shock. She’s just staring into space,” Ally said. But Ally was quick to praise her community, who were right there to help the Noctors get out of the house the moment they sensed trouble and every one of the family got timely help. 注意：1.续写词数应为150左右； 2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置上作答。 Ally ran out the door without shoes on when escaping. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The temporary house is OK but New Year may be difficult. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．B 【原文】W: There’s certainly going to be flooding right after the heavy rain. M: I wonder if the government will take measures to prevent it. W: I’m sure they will. 2．A 【原文】W: This has been the worst flood in the past 20 years. It has caused so much damage. M: Look at the prices of fruits and vegetables. No wonder they are so expensive! 3．C 【原文】W: A 6.5-magnitude earthquake hit central Italy on Sunday, causing no victims, but destroying precious historic buildings. M: It was the fourth strongest event ever since late August, and the most powerful quake in the country since 1980. 4．C 【原文】W: Jim, did you feel the earthquake last night? M: Oh yeah, of course. W: Are you prepared for a bigger one? M: No, not really. W: Well, you should have something ready, just in case, like a portable radio, a flashlight, a rope, and some candles and matches. M: Oh, I just have a flashlight. 5．B 【原文】M: Did you hear about the volcano eruption? It’s all over the news. W: I don’t watch TV. But I saw many relevant pictures and videos posted online. It’s frightening to think about the ruins and the impact on the people living nearby. M: I hope the locals stay safe and that the rescue workers can manage the situation effectively. 6．A 7．B 8．B 【原文】M: Anna, there was a strong earthquake in Japan. W: When did it take place? M: It happened near the northeast coast of Japan on Wednesday night. There was a tsunami warning but it was lifted the next morning. No large waves appeared. W: I hope it hasn’t caused any deaths. M: Unfortunately, the quake killed four people and left at least 140 people injured. Also, a train carrying about 100 people went off the rails because of the quake. And two major highways are being carefully inspected before they can reopen. W: That’s very bad. So I think it’s necessary to know how to survive an earthquake. Do you know how to do that? M: Oh, I’ve read an article about it. Are you interested? W: Yes, I’m all ears. 9．B 10．B 11．A 【原文】M: Have you got any information about your husband from Philippines? W: Yes, he phoned me yesterday. M: Could you tell me why he went there? W: Sure. He went there together with his seven members, helping the people suffering from the floods. M: Do you know when he will be back? W: He said he would be back the next week. M: How long has he stayed there? W: Two weeks, but he told me that he would stay there another two days. M: I will see him when he is back. W: OK. I will inform you. 12．A 13．B 14．C 【原文】W: Oh, Steven, have you heard the news? M: You mean the floods? Yes, I’m just reading the paper. It is reported that there was a heavy rain in some places in the south. W: I got the news on the radio while driving to the office just now. The news says it was raining hard for several days and the streets in many cities were covered with deep water. M: What’s horrible is that the rainwater flooded into many houses. Many families could not run away in time and had to wait for people to help them from danger. W: The broadcast says soldiers arrived in time, set them free and helped settle them down in safe places. And many volunteers also took part in it. M: If we were there, we would be volunteers, too. Do you think so? W: Yes. How about donating some money? M: That’s a good idea. But where can we donate money? W : Just find the answer through the Internet. M: Yes, let’s do it now. 15．C 16．A 17．A 【原文】W: Steven, why are you so depressed? M: I’m feeling very sad. I just read the newspaper. W: What’s the news ? M: According to the newspaper, the town was hit by an earthquake and about 3 thousand people got injured and more than 10 thousand people died in the earthquake. W: It’s horrible. M: Yeah, we have to do something to help the people in the stricken area. W: But how can we help these people? M: It said that there are two ways to help them. We can either donate money or send relief supplies to the area. W: How about donating some money? M: It’s a good idea. But where can we donate it? W: Just find the answer through Internet. M: Yes, let’s do it now. 18．A 19．B 20．B 【原文】 W: American researchers say dust clouds from dry African deserts may be a threat to human health in the United States. They say the dust may contain many small organisms that could be dangerous to some people. Each year, huge storms form in the Sahara desert of Northern Africa. Winds carry the dust across the Atlantic Ocean. The movement of dust has been increasing in recent years because of longer periods without rain in Africa. From February to April, the dust settles in South America. From June to October, the winds change and transport the dust to North America, Central America and the Caribbean. More than half of the dust that reaches the United States settles in the state of Florida. For many years, it has caused the skies there to turn red. There is probably a link between the dust storms and the higher rates of breathing problems in people in this area. 21．B 22．D 23．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要讲的是在遇到自然灾害时应该如何挽救自己的生命。 21．细节理解题。根据Flood部分“Once you hear the evacuation warning, leave for safer higher grounds with your important papers in a waterproof container. (一旦你听到疏散警告，把重要文件放在防水容器里，转移到更安全的高地)”可知，被困洪水中时，一旦听到疏散警告，要转移到更安全的高地。可知B项正确。 22．细节理解题。根据Wildfire部分的“Try to stay upwind of the fire at all times and get close to a pond or river. (尽量始终保持在火堆的逆风处，靠近池塘或河流)”可知，被困野火时需要逆风跑。故选D。 23．细节理解题。根据Typhoon部分的“Typhoons occur in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, particularly in exposed regions like the Caroline Islands, the Philippines, and Japan. (台风多发于太平洋西北部，特别是在卡罗琳群岛、菲律宾和日本等暴露在外的地区)”可知，A选项“Typhoons occur only in the exposed regions in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.( 台风只发生在西北太平洋的暴露区域。)”与原文信息不符，不是仅仅只发生在西北太平洋；同时根据Flood部分的“Floods occur more often than any other natural disaster and change the landscape dramatically. (洪水比其他自然灾害发生得更频繁，并极大地改变了地貌)” 可知，在上述灾害中，洪水比其他自然灾害发生得更频繁，并极大地改变了地貌，B项“Floods cause the most frequent damage among the disasters mentioned.(在上述灾害中，洪水造成的破坏最为频繁。)”与原文信息相符。根据Avalanche部分的“Wait for the rescue team to find you and don’t waste your energy shouting or digging frantically. (等待救援队找到你，不要浪费精力大喊大叫或疯狂地挖掘)”可知，遇到雪崩，不要浪费精力大喊，而是要等待救援，C项“Those who meet with avalanches are advised to call out the minute they’re trapped.(遇到雪崩的人在被困的那一刻应该立即报警。)”与原文信息不符。根据Wildfire部分的“Stay low and cover yourself with wet clothing, a blanket, or soil until the fire passes. (蹲下身子，用湿衣服、毯子或泥土盖住自己，直到火过去)”可知，在遇到野火时，最重要的是保证生命安全。因此D项“Getting clean air matters most in the case of wildfires, despite the difficulty.(尽管困难重重，但在森林大火的情况下，获得清洁空气是最重要的。)”与原文信息不符，故是错误选项。故选B。 24．B 25．C 26．D 27．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了关于一种地震前兆信号的新研究，给地震预测带来了希望。并主要介绍了这项研究的过程，价值以及阻碍。 24．细节理解题。根据第一段“Decades of searching for a better warning sign-changes in the geochemistry of groundwater, electromagnetic effects in the upper atmosphere, and even changes in animal behavior-have failed. Many question whether such a precursor (先兆) even exists. (几十年来，人们一直在寻找更好的预警信号——地下水地球化学的变化、高层大气的电磁效应，甚至动物行为的变化——但都以失败告终。许多人甚至质疑这样的前兆是否存在。)”可知，科学家们仍然面临的难题是找到早期阶段监测地震的方法，故选B。 25．细节理解题。 根据第三段“They noticed that, in the first 46 hours, the records showed no significant features. However, during the 2 hours before the earthquake, they noticed signs of increasing movement along the fault zones (断层带). (他们注意到，在最初的46个小时里，记录没有显示出明显的特征。然而，在地震发生前的2小时内，他们注意到沿断裂带移动增加的迹象。)”可知，研究人员通过数据分析发现地震发生前2小时前兆的存在。故选C。 26．词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“While this precursor signal won't be used for warnings anytime soon, officials from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) admit that this new study provides valuable insights into how to improve their warning systems- (虽然这种前兆信号短期内不会用于预警，但美国地质调查局(USGS)的官员承认，这项新研究为如何改进他们的预警系统提供了有价值的见解)”故推测下文意思是GPS数据可以推动早期地震预警的进展，所以grease the wheels of意思是推动进展，故选D。 27．细节理解题。 根据最后一段“The researchers admit they're still a number of steps away from putting this precursor signal into use, particularly since detecting subtle signals at individual faults requires more GPS stations. But the biggest problem is that many of the world's earthquake regions have no instrumentation. “We can't realize the detection at the scale of one earthquake, so we cannot make predictions,” Bletery said. (研究人员承认，他们距离将这种前兆信号投入使用还有很长的路要走，特别是因为在单个断层处检测细微信号需要更多的GPS站。但最大的问题是，世界上许多地震地区没有仪器。“我们无法在一次地震的规模上实现探测，所以我们无法做出预测，”布莱里说。)”由此可知因为很多地震地区没有仪器，所以我们很难监测前兆信号，也就是前兆信号的不可接近性阻碍了新发现的实际应用，故选A。 28．C 29．D 30．B 31．D 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了飓风伊恩（Ian）袭击佛罗里达州时，约翰尼（Johnny）游了四个街区去救自己因为缺少一条腿而坐轮椅的母亲凯伦·劳德（Karen Lauder）的故事。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“When Hurricane Ian hit Florida, Karen Lauder refused to leave her home because she was wrong about the intensity(强度) of the storm. (飓风伊恩袭击佛罗里达州时，凯伦·劳德拒绝离开家，因为她对风暴强度的判断有误。)”可知，凯伦不愿意离开家是因为她对飓风的强度判断失误。故选C。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“As he made his way through the water, Johnny stopped periodically to snap selfies(自拍) to show his worried family that he was okay. (当他穿过水面时，约翰尼不时停下来自拍，向忧心忡忡的家人表示他没事。)”可知，当约翰尼穿过水面时还不时停下来自拍，是为了向忧心忡忡的家人报告他的安全状况。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段“As he made his way through the water, Johnny stopped periodically to snap selfies(自拍) to show his worried family that he was okay. (当他穿过水面时，约翰尼不时停下来自拍，向忧心忡忡的家人表示他没事。)”可知，约翰尼是通过手机和家人联系的。故选B。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段“The sound of Karen shouting inside was music to his ears! (凯伦在里面叫喊的声音对他来说简直是音乐！)”可知，当儿子约翰尼听到母亲凯伦的叫喊时他感到很安慰，因为他的母亲还活着。故选D。 32．D 33．B 34．C 35．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章详细描述了1871年芝加哥大火和Peshtigo大火的背景、影响和原因，同时联系到现在全球气候变化导致的森林更易燃烧、人们更易受到气候变化的伤害。 32．词句猜测题。根据前文“Like the Great Fire of London in 1666, the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Great Chicago Fire reminds us that big cities can still be frail.(就像1666年的伦敦大火、1906年的旧金山地震和2005年的卡特里娜飓风一样，芝加哥大火提醒我们，大城市仍然可能frail)”可知，前文列举了几个有名的城市灾难，结合选项应是“大城市仍然可能Easily damaged(容易损坏)”符合文意，推知frail意为“容易损坏”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 33．推理判断题。根据第二段“But that same night, about 250 miles north of Chicago, more than 1,200 people died in and around Peshtigo. It was the deadliest wildfire in U.S. history.(但就在同一天晚上，在芝加哥以北约250英里处，佩什提戈及其周边地区有1200多人死亡。这是美国历史上最致命的野火)”以及第三段“Chicago’s fire came to be seen as a disaster that also led to the invention of steel skyscrapers, raised up on the city’s ashes. It has overshadowed the Peshtigo Fire. And for years, the two were seen as separate disasters. However, many of those houses and sidewalks that burned in Chicago had been built with trees grown around Peshtigo.(芝加哥的大火被视为一场灾难，也导致了钢铁摩天大楼的发明，在城市的灰烬上拔地而起。它盖过了佩什提戈大火。多年来，这两场灾难被视为不同的灾难。然而，在芝加哥被烧毁的许多房屋和人行道都是用佩什蒂戈周围生长的树木建造的)”可知，作者通过比较芝加哥大火和佩什提戈大火来介绍佩什提戈大火。故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“What we understand better today was that the Midwest was historically dry in the summer of 1871. When a low-pressure front with cooler temperatures rolled in, it produced winds, which can fan sparks (火星) into wildfires. The fires themselves generated more winds. Several parts of nearby Michigan also burned during the same few days ; at least 500 people were killed there.(如今我们更清楚地了解到，历史上1871年的夏天美国中西部非常干燥。当一股较冷的低气压锋面袭来时，便产生了风，风助长了火星并引发了野火。而火焰本身又会产生更多的风。在那几天里，密歇根州附近的几个地区也发生了火灾；至少有500人在那里丧生)”可知，低气压锋导致了芝加哥大火。故选C项。 35．推理判断题。根据最后一段“At present, all of those fires on an autumn night in 1871 might help us see even more clearly how rising global temperatures and severe droughts, from Australia to Algeria to California, have made forests easier to burn, and people more likely to be harmed by the climate changes we’ ve helped create.(目前，1871年秋夜发生的所有火灾可能帮助我们更清楚地看到，从澳大利亚到阿尔及利亚再到加利福尼亚，全球气温上升和严重干旱是如何使森林更易燃烧，以及人们如何更可能因我们引发的气候变化而受到伤害)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是警告人们森林大火的威胁。故选A项。 36．F 37．D 38．A 39．G 40．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了地震形成的原因、影响等。 36．由上文“An earthquake happens when two plates rub together. The earth plates travel in different directions and at different speeds. (当两个板块相互摩擦时，就会发生地震。地球板块以不同的方向和速度运动。)”可知，本空要说跟“运动导致地震”有关的话题，故F选项“If one plate is slowly forced under the other, pressure builds up until the plates break apart. (如果一个板块被慢慢压在另一个板块下面，压力就会积聚起来，直到板块破裂。)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选F。 37．由下文“Many of the areas at risk are largely populated now.  Major earthquakes hitting those areas today could produce terrible damage. (许多面临风险的地区现在人口众多。今天袭击这些地区的大地震可能会造成可怕的破坏。)”可知，本空要说跟“大地震袭击人口众多地区”有关的话题，故D选项“If it hits a large city, there may be many injuries and much destruction. (如果它袭击一个大城市，可能会有很多人受伤和造成很大破坏。)”能引起下文，也能与上文“If an unpopulated region is struck, there will be low loss of life or property.(如果一个无人居住的地区被袭击，生命或财产损失将很低)”形成对比。故选D。 38．由下文“Fortunately, however, most of them are unnoticed to the public because of the small Richter scale (震级). But large earthquakes such as the 1964 Alaskan quake that measured 9.2 on the Richter scale, can cause millions of dollars in damage. (然而，幸运的是，由于里氏震级较小，大多数地震都没有引起公众的注意。但是像1964年阿拉斯加9.2级地震这样的大地震会造成数百万美元的损失。)”可知，本空要说跟“小地震”有关的话题，故A选项“Actually, there are several million small earthquakes every year. (事实上，每年都有几百万次小地震。)”能引起下文，符合题意。故选A。 39．由下文“In 1972, a series of severe earthquakes struck Managua, Nicaragua. Fifteen years later, the city still looked the way it had a week after the earthquake hit, because the city was in such a mess that it didn’t have the money necessary to rebuild it. (1972年，尼加拉瓜的马那瓜发生了一系列强烈地震。15年后，这座城市仍然是地震发生后一周的样子，因为这座城市一团糟，没有必要的资金来重建它。)”可知，本空要说跟“地震后持续数年的影响”有关的话题，故G选项“The destructive damage of an earthquake can continue for years after the first shake. (地震的毁灭性破坏可能在第一次地震后持续数年。)”能引起下文，符合题意。故选G。 40．由下文“In the 1906 earthquake, it was the fires caused after it that did the majority of the damage. An earthquake can also destroy dams high above a city or valleys, causing floods to sweep away everything in their path. (在1906年的地震中，造成最大损失的是地震后引发的大火。地震还可以摧毁城市或山谷上方的大坝，引发洪水，席卷所到之处的一切。)”可知，本空要说跟“地震引发的火灾和洪水的破坏”有关的话题，故B选项“It is in the fires and floods that often the greatest damage occurs. (火灾和洪水往往造成最大的破坏。)”能引起下文，符合题意。故选B。 41．A 42．D 43．B 44．B 45．A 46．C 47．B 48．D 49．C 50．B 51．A 52．D 53．D 54．A 55．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的一次脱险经历。由于连下大雨，使得河流决堤，爆发了洪水，殃及到作者所居住的区域。尽管作者提前做好了“抗洪”准备，但是，洪水的破坏力还是使得作者的家，以及该区域一片狼藉。幸运的是，作者逃生并幸存了下来。 41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那个星期一直下着大雨，附近地区发布了洪水警报，但我住的地方没有。A. flood洪水；B. earthquake地震；C. drought干旱；D. sandstorm沙尘暴。根据“It had been raining buckets that week”可知，下大雨应是发布洪水警报。故选A。 42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为预防措施，我在花园门外放了沙袋，以防水流进来。A. cleaned打扫；B. lifted举起，（被）提起；C. discovered发现；D. placed放置。根据“ just in case water managed to flow through.”可知，此处指在花园门外放了沙袋作为预防措施。故选D。 43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我刚睡着，就被哗哗的水声吵醒了。A. deafened使变聋；B. awakened使醒来；C. impressed使印象深刻；D. amused使娱乐。根据“As I fell asleep”可知，作者正在睡觉，故此处指被水声吵醒。故选B。 44．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我把腿从床上甩下来时，我震惊地感到冷水已经没过我的膝盖，而且还在迅速上升。A. annoyed恼怒的；B. shocked震惊的；C. embarrassed尴尬地；D. relieved宽慰的。根据“to feel cold water already up to my knees and rising fast”可知，作者一觉醒来感到冷水已经没过膝盖，而且还在迅速上升，应是感到震惊。故选B。 45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我颤抖着抓起桌上的手机，打开手电筒。A. grabbed抓住；B. examined检查；C. recognized识别；D. dropped使落下。根据“my phone on the table”可知，此处应该是拿起，抓过手机。故选A。 46．考查动词短语辨析。句意同上。A. showed off炫耀；B. threw away扔掉；C. switched on打开；D. set aside留出，搁置。根据“As I fell asleep”和“Trembling”可知，作者之前正在睡觉，因此身处黑暗中，此处表示打开手电筒。故选C。 47．考查副词词义辨析。句意：河水一定猛烈地冲垮了堤岸，冲破了沙袋。A. accidentally意外地，偶然；B. violently猛烈地；C. temporarily暂时地；D. originally原来，起初。根据上文“Water was coming from the garden door”可知，家里遭遇洪水，此处河水猛烈地冲垮了河岸。故选B。 48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：水没过我的腰，光着脚，我开始划向我唯一的逃生口——通往室外的门。A. stage舞台，阶段；B. partner伙伴；C. shelter避难所；D. escape逃脱。根据空后“the door leading to upstairs”可知，水位已经到了腰部，作者应是上楼逃生。故选D。 49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最后，我到达了那扇门，试图把它打开，但水的压力很高。A. happened发生；B. agreed同意；C. attempted尝试；D. hesitated犹豫。根据下文“but the water’s 　　10　　 was high.”可知，水压很高，此处是努力尝试。故选C。 50．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. quality质量；B. pressure压力；C. standard标准；D. surface表面。根据上文“With the water up to my waist（现在水没到我的腰了）”可知，是水的压力很高。故选B。 51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不管怎样，我费了很大的劲，总算挖出了一个30厘米左右的缺口，足够我过去了。A. gap间隙，缺口；B. depth深度；C. height高度；D. mark记号，成绩。根据“enough for me to get through”可知，此处指使出浑身力气打开一个间隙挤过去。故选A。 52．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我冲到外面，意识到如果我没有及时醒来，我就会淹死。A. regretted后悔；B. promised承诺；C. predicted预测；D. realized意识到。结合空后“if I hadn’t woken up in time, I would have drowned”可知，此处指作者意识到形势的严峻，如果晚几分钟醒来可能就被淹死了。故选D。 53．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们周围的许多房屋被毁，包括一个残疾人之家。A. restored恢复；B. established建立；C. preserved保护；D. destroyed破坏。根据前文“ The river must ____7____ burst its banks and broke the sandbags.”可知，洪水很凶猛，很多房屋被破坏。故选D。 54．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过这次经历，我学会了感恩，并决心充实地过好每一天。A. fullest最满的；B. easiest最容易的；C. fastest最快的；D. coolest最凉爽的。to its fullest 为固定搭配，意思为“最大限度地”。故选A。 55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我会记住一句名言:“不要记住你失去一切的那一天，记住你活下来的那一天。”A. recovered恢复；B. mattered重要；C. survived生存；D. matured成熟。结合作者的经历以及上文“Don’t remember the day when you lost everything.”可知，作者从洪水中幸存，故此处指不要想自己失去了一切，而是要记得活下来的那一天。故选C。 56．destructive 57．causing 58．its 59．which##that 60．an 61．of 62．while##but 63．to transport 64．were stuck 65．left 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了2005年8月下旬，美国历史上最具破坏性的飓风之一卡特里娜飓风袭击了美国东南部。 56．考查形容词。句意：2005年8月下旬，美国历史上最具破坏性的飓风之一卡特里娜飓风袭击了美国东南部。由空后hurricanes为名词以及空前the most可知，此处为形容词构成最高级形式，修饰该名词，满足句意要求。故填destructive。 57．考查非谓语动词。句意：它始于8月23日，一开始只造成了轻微的损害。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，cause和逻辑主语It为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故填causing。 58．考查代词。句意：但它很快就在墨西哥湾温暖的水域上空发展成为五级飓风，并在其路径上造成了严重破坏。由空后paths为名词可知，此处为形容词性物主代词修饰该名词，满足句意要求。故填its。 59．考查定语从句。句意：新奥尔良是一个大部分建在海平面以下的城市，受灾最严重。分析句子可知，此处为关系代词which/that引导的定语从句，先行词a city在从句中作主语成分。故填which/that。 60．考查冠词。句意：为了应对即将来临的飓风，市政府下令疏散所有居民。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语give an order“下命令”，满足句意要求，所以此处为冠词an的填入。故填an。 61．考查介词。句意：为了应对即将来临的飓风，市政府下令疏散所有居民。clear sth of sth从……清除……、将……驱离某地。故填of。 62．考查连词。句意：然而，他们中的一些人选择留下来，因为他们相信城市的防御系统会保证他们的安全，而另一些人则无法离开，因为他们没有交通工具。根据上下句句意可知，此处为连词while/but表示“而，但是”，满足句意要求。故填while/but。 63．考查动词不定式。句意：然而，他们中的一些人选择留下来，因为他们相信城市的防御系统会保证他们的安全，而另一些人则无法离开，因为他们没有交通工具。分析句子可知，此处为动词短语have access to do“有权限做某事”，所以此处为动词不定式形式。故填to transport。 64．考查动词时态语态。句意：人们被困在没有电力、食物和饮用水的城市里，焦急地等待救援。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，主语People和stick为被动关系，结合上下句时态可知，为过去时，所以此处为一般过去时的被动语态结构。故填were stuck。 65．考查动词时态。句意：卡特里娜飓风造成近2000人死亡，数百万人无家可归。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，结合上文时态可知，此处应为陈述过去发生的事情，为一般过去时。故填left。 66．Dear Peter, I’m grateful because you’re concerned about the flood in China. And I am writing to tell you what we do while facing disasters. As we all know, China is a vast country where natural disasters happen frequently. Whenever a disaster happens, the Chinese government will take many measures to save people and reduce losses. Firstly, rescuers as well as rescue materials will be sent to the disaster area. Secondly, soldiers and doctors will be organised to help rescue the people in the disaster area right after the disaster happens, and many medical rescue materials will be sent there, which will absolutely contribute a lot to the rescue work. Besides, various companies and people from all over the country will donate money and materials voluntarily to provide some help. That is how we face natural disasters as a big family. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给美国的笔友Peter写一封邮件，告知他中国政府和人民是如何应对某市发生的特大洪水这场自然灾害的。 【详解】1.词汇积累 对……担忧：be concerned about→be worried about 采取措施做某事：take measures to do sth.→take steps to do sth. 发生：happen→occur 除此之外：besides→in addition 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Besides, various companies and people from all over the country will donate money and materials voluntarily to provide some help. 拓展句：Besides, various companies and people that come from all over the country will donate money and materials voluntarily to provide some help. 【点睛】【高分句型1】 And I am writing to tell you what we do while facing disasters. （运用了what引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】 Secondly, soldiers and doctors will be organised to help rescue the people in the disaster area right after the disaster happens,and many medical rescue materials will be sent there,which will absolutely contribute a lot to the rescue work.（运用了which引导的非限定性定语从句） 67．Ally ran out the door without shoes on when escaping. A neighbour offered shoes to her within seconds. Her mom was given a blanket and a cup of tea by another neighbor. Two more neighbors came to help her dad and Ally didn’t even notice when they left. The following day, the family stayed in the next door’s house and all the other neighbors came over to comfort them. The family soon settled in a nearby temporary house. The temporary house is OK but New Year may be difficult. As the fire ruined almost everything in the house, the budget for New Year might be a little bit tighter. They have to save on anything they can and get it to the new house. But they are really lucky to live in a harmonious community. The neighbors come again with all that is needed for a simple family New Year celebration. The family are so grateful that they decide to throw a party for every neighbor when they are back in their house. 【导语】本文以火灾为线索展开，讲述了Ally Noctor家失火了，由于消防车迟到，损失惨重，但幸运的是，阻止了大火蔓延。楼上的东西都烧坏了，他们生活变得很艰难，但是得到邻居的好心救助的故事。 【详解】1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“Ally逃跑时没穿鞋就跑了出去。”可知，第一段可描写邻居帮助为Ally提供鞋子，并提供其他帮助。 ②由第二段首句内容“临时的房子还可以，但新年可能会很艰难。”可知，第二段可描写邻居社区热心帮助Ally一家度过难关，Ally家人表示深深感谢。 2.续写线索：提供鞋子——安慰——帮助——度过难关——感谢——感悟 3.词汇激活 行为类 ① 提供：offer/provide ② 帮助：help/aid/assist 情绪类 ① 安慰：comfort them/be relieved ② 感谢：be thankful/be grateful 【点睛】[高分句型1]. Two more neighbors came to help her dad and Ally didn’t even notice when they left.(运用了连接词when引导的宾语从句作notice的宾语) [高分句型2]. They have to save on anything they can and get it to the new house. (运用了省略关系代词的限制性定语从句) 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$null