2024年中考英语定语从句讲义

第一节 先行词 定语从句的先行词可以是指人、物、时间、地点、原因等的名词或代词,也可以是整个主句。 【例】The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的那些男孩是一班的。(指人) Basketball is a game which is liked by most boys. 篮球是一项大多数男孩子都喜欢的运动。(指物) I still remember the day when I first met her. 我还记得第一次见她的那一天。(指时间) Mozart’s birthplace and the house where he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now. 莫扎特的出生地和他创作歌剧《魔笛》的房子现在都是博物馆了。(指地点) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天看上去不高兴的原因。(指原因) The naughty boy upstairs always makes much noise, which makes me very annoyed. 楼上那个调皮的小男孩总是弄出很大动静,这让我很烦。(指整个主句) 第二节 关系词引导 一、关系代词 引导词 指代对象及在从句中充当的成分 例句 关系代词 that 指人或物,充当主语、宾语或表语 The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.你昨天错过的会议很重要。 which 仅指物,充当主语、宾语或表语 I like the cake which you bought yesterday. 我喜欢你昨天买的蛋糕。 who 仅指人,充当主语或宾语 He is the teacher who helped me. 他就是那个帮助过我的老师。 whom 仅指人,仅做宾语 She is the girl whom I met at the party. 她就是我在宴会上遇见的女孩。 whose 指人或物,充当定语,相当于先行词的所有格 The old lady whose legs are disabled was my teacher. 这个双腿残疾的老太太是我曾经的老师。 as 指人或物或整句话,充当主语、宾语或表语 As we all know, he studies very hard. 众所周知,他学习很努力。 (一)定语从句中的关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which, as)有三个作用: 1. 连词的作用,把主句和从句连接起来; 2. 代词的作用,指代所修饰的先行词; 3. 语法作用,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 【例】He is a man (who/whom/that) I respect most. 他是我最尊敬的人。 A man was shouting at the driver whose car was blocking the street. 一个男人正对着司机大喊大叫,这位司机的小汽车挡住了街道。 The apartments that/which have terraces and face south cost more. 那些有露台且朝南的公寓价格更高。 As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. 正如我在电话里解释的那样,下次开会将考虑你的请求。 (二)关系代词that和which在用法上的区别主要有以下几点: 1.当指物的先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing, much, little, none等不定代词或被这些不定代词修饰时,关系代词一般要用that。在从句中充当宾语时,that可以省略。 【例】The government officers promised to do all (that) they could do to relieve the hardships of people. 政府官员承诺尽他们最大努力来减轻人民的困苦。 Please tell me anything (that) you know about the director of the film. 请告诉我你知道的有关这部电影的导演的任何事情。 2.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词,以及the only, the very, the right, the last等修饰时,关系代词只能用that。在从句中充当宾语时,that可以省略。 【例】This is the most touching story (that) I have ever read. 这是我读过的最感人的故事。 The first thing (that) we need to do is to find a hotel to have a rest. 我们需要做的第一件事就是找一家宾馆休息一下。 The painting is the only thing that appeals to Jack. 那幅油画是唯一吸引杰克的东西。 This is the very book ( that) he has been looking for these days. 这就是他这些天一直在寻找的书。 3.当先行词指物,关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,且介词在关系代词之前时,关系代词应用which,且which不可省略;介词在从句句末时用which或that均可,which/that常可省略。 【例】We have an active team with which we work every day. 我们拥有一个活跃的团队,我们每天一起共事。 I have problems of my own (which/that) you know nothing of. 我有我自己的问题,对此你一无所知。 4.当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时,定语从句要用that引导,而不能用which。 【例】The writer and his novel that you have just talked about interest me greatly. 我对你刚才谈到的那位作家以及他的小说很感兴趣。 二、“介词+which(whom)”引导的定语从句 如果which或whom在定语从句中充当介词的宾语,那么这个介词可以提到which/whom之前,构成“介词+which(whom)”引导的定语从句。注意,当介词和从句中的谓语构成固定的动词短语(如look after, look for, look forward to等)时,一般不能将其拆开并提前。 【例】Sound is a tool by which people communicate with each other. 声音是人们彼此交流的一种工具。 The expert with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company. 我们所有人都熟悉的那个专家将访问我们公司。 I’ll never forget the policeman, by whom l was saved from the lake. 我永远不会忘记从湖中救下我的那个警察。 易混辨析 “介词+which(whom)”有两种常见结构: 1. “the+名词+of which/whom”和“ of which/whom the+名词”。 这种结构可以用“whose+名词”代替。whose既可指人,也可指物,“whose+名词”在从句中可作主语、动词或介词的宾语。 【例】The river the banks of which/of which the banks/whose banks are covered with trees is a good place for relaxation. 这条两岸树木葱郁的河流是一个休闲的好去处。 There are thirty students in this class, the backgrounds of whom/of whom the backgrounds/whose backgrounds are different.这个班有30名学生,背景各不相同。 2. 表示部分的词语+of which( whom)。 常见的表示部分的词语有:不定代词all, both, none, either, some, any, most, few, several等;数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数);数词+名词;the+最高级/比较级。 【例】Present at the meeting were experts on psychology, most of whom came from the US. 出席会议的是心理学方面的专家,其中大多数来自美国。 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 可引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why。 关系副词 所修饰的先行词 关系副词在从句中所作成分 when 表示时间的名词(day, time, moment, minute等) 作时间状语,相当于“介词+which” where 表示地点的名词(place, village等);或case, point, situation等 作地点状语,相当于“介词+which” why 表示原因的名词(reason) 作原因状语,相当于for which (一)关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间,地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。 【例】We are living in an age when we can make comments freely. 我们正生活在一个可以自由发表评论的时代。 The bookstore where she works is the largest one in Beijing. 她工作的书店是北京最大的书店。 They are in a difficult situation where all efforts seem to be in vain. 他们的处境很困难,一切努力似乎都是徒劳。 I don’t know the reason why Jack didn’t come to the meeting yesterday. 我不知道杰克昨天为什么没有来参加会议。 (二)在表示时间、地点、原因等的先行词之后,可用that代替关系副词when, where, why等,相当于“介词+which”,修饰的先行词常为the time, the place, the reason等,此时引导词一般可以省略。 【例】I will never forget the day (that/when/on which) we met. 我永远不会忘记我们见面的那一天。 That’s the place (that/where/in which) the contest takes place every two years. 那就是每两年举行一次比赛的地方。 The reason (that/why/for which) he missed the flight was that he overslept. 他没赶上飞机的原因是他睡过头了。 第三节 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 【对比】 类型 例句 对比解析 限制性 定语从句 She has a son who works in a hospital. 句意为:她有一个在医院工作的儿子(她不一定只有一个儿子,可能有多个,其中一个在医院上班),从句who works in a hospital对先行词son进行了修饰和限定 非限制性 定语从句 She has a son, who works in a hospital. 句意为:她有一个儿子,在医院工作(强调他只有一个儿子,在医院工作只是补充说明),从句who works in a hospital对先行词只进行一个补充修饰 一、限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分。如果去掉从句,句意就不完整或不明确。从句和主句之间不用逗号隔开。 【例】This is the student for whom I bought the book. 这是我为他买书的那个学生。 Thanks are due to all those who worked so hard for so many months. 应向这么多月来辛勤工作的所有人表示感谢。 二、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉从句,句子的意思仍然完整。从句和主句之间常用逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句的引导词有:which, who, whom, where, when, as等。另外,“介词+which(whom)”也可以引导非限制性定语从句。 【例】Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still after the earthquake. 她的房子是100年前建造的,在地震后依然屹立不动。 I like London, where I spent my summer holiday last year. 我喜欢伦敦,去年我在那里度过了暑假。 I called her by the wrong name, for which I apologized. 我叫错了她的名字,为此我道了歉。 易混辨析 as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,二者主要有以下区别: 1.as和which都可以指代整个主句,并在从句中作主语、宾语等成分但which也可以指代主句中的词(组)所包含的内容,先行词指物。 【例】As was planned, we finished our project before the holiday. 正如计划的那样,我们在假期前完成了项目。 Jane told me she had apologized to Lucy for her mistake, which was a lie. 简告诉我她已经为自己的错误向露西道歉了,这是一个谎言。 He started the car, which hummed smoothly. 他发动了轿车,轿车平稳地发出嗡嗡声。 2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前或之后,甚至可以插入主句中间;which引导的非限制性定语从句通常只能放在先行词之后,另外as有“正如,正像”的意思。 【例】As she hoped, she won the championship. 如她所愿,她赢得了冠军。 I advised my younger sister, as was my duty, not to go out on her own at night. 我劝妺妺在夜间不要一个人出去,这是我的职责。 3.as引导的很多非限制性定语从句都可以当作固定搭配,如as is often the case(情况常常如此),as often happens(正如经常发生的那样),as is known to all(众所周知),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as has been said before(如前所述),as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的那样)。 【例】Children, as is often the case, love their parents. 情况常常如此,孩子爱自己的父母。 As often happens, things don’t work out exactly as planned. 正如经常发生的那样,事情并不会完全按照计划进行。 知识巩固 一、单项选择 1.I saw a man shouting at a driver _ car was blocking the street. A.whom B.that C.whose D.which 2.In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _ she should turn for help. A.to which B.into which C.into whom D.to whom 3.I still remember the name of the village _ we visited last year. A.what B./ C.where D.in which 4.They thanked Tom, without _ they wouldn’t have succeeded. A.which B.them C.whom D.who 5.One of the astronauts is called Johnson, _ parents were born in China. A.where B.which C.when D.whose 6.This is the most exciting film _ I have ever seen in my life. A.whom B.which C.who D.that 7.This is one of the most exciting football games _ I have ever seen. A.when B.why C.which D.that 8.This is the reason _ he didn’t come to the meeting. A.when B.why C.that D.who 9.Miss Xiang is a great teacher _ always makes her classes lively. A.which B.who C.what D.whom 10.I want to know the place _ I was born. A.that B.which C.when D.where 11.Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police. A.which B.that C.whatever D.whichever 12.This novel, _ I have read three times, is very touching. A.that B.which C.whose D.who 13.He enjoyed himself so much in the countryside _ the amazing scenery impressed him a lot. A.that B.which C.when D.where 14.The house _ Lu Xun used to live is now a museum. A.which B.where C.there D.what 15.The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people _ were asleep. A.which B.that C.whom D.where 16.Tom passes the exam, _ surprised us all. A.who B.whom C.that D.which 17.I bought a great many books, _ I spent all my money that I saved. A.which B.what C.on which D.at which 18.Laughter is the best medicine, _ means keeping a good mood is helpful to our health. A.what B.which C.that D.it 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$