专题八 非谓语动词 课件 2025届高考英语二轮复习讲练测合集

高考英语 二轮复习讲练测合集 专题八 非谓语动词 1 考情分析 01 ENGLISH 高频考点: 1. 非谓语动词的形式 2. 非谓语动词的句法功能 3. 非谓语动词的时态和语态 01 考情分析 非谓语动词是历年高考常考的知识点。近几年新高考对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在语法填空,以非谓语动词的基本用法和固定搭配为主。 知识点讲解 02 02 知识点讲解 一、非谓语动词的形式 类别 基本形式 一般式 进行式 完成式 不定式 to do;to be done to be doing to have done;to have been done 动词-ing形式 doing;being done having done;having been done 过去分词 done The actor wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being recognized. 这位演员戴着太阳镜。因此,他可以在购物的时候不被别人认出来。 For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected. 对那些同家庭成员相隔甚远的人来说,个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面起着重要的作用。 (一)不定式 1. 不定式的主动表被动 (1)不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时 If you want to make even greater progress in your studies, you still have many difficulties to overcome. 如果你想在学业上取得更大的进步,那么你还需要克服许多困难。 (2)在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,如easy,hard,difficult,safe,interesting,heavy,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous,impossible 等 He is not easy to get along with. 他不易相处。 The book is very interesting to read. 这本书读一读是很有趣的。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 (3)不定式与疑问代词连用时。hard,difficult,safe,interesting,heavy,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous,impossible等 I don't know which to choose because there isn't any difference between the two. 两者之间毫无差别,所以我真不知道该选哪个。 (4)某些动词不定式与be连用时,如to blame,to seek,to let等 He is to blame for this. 他因这件事该受责备。 The answer is not hard to seek. 答案不难寻找。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 2. 不定式的被动语态 (1)当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,一般要用被动语态 A lot of graduates ask to be sent to work where they are most needed every year. 每年都有毕业生要求被派往最需要他们的地方工作。 (2)不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来的动作 The topic to be discussed tomorrow is about climate change 明天要讨论的主题是关于气候变化的。 (3)不定式的被动语态完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 The novel is said to have been translated into several languages. 这部小说据说被翻译成了种语言。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 (二)现在分词 1. 现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生 Walking down the street, he hears someone calling him. 在街上走着,他听到有人叫他。 2. 现在分词的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前 Having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel. 我们几乎花光了所有的钱,没有钱住宾馆了。 3. 现在分词的主动形式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者 Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 由于不知道她的住址,我们无法和她取得联系。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 Recently a survey comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused a heated debate among citizens. 近来,一个把两家不同超市里的相同商品的价格做比较的调查引发了市民的激烈讨论。 4. 现在分词的被动形式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者 The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是给老师们的。 The area being studied is called an archeological site. 正在被研究的那个地方被称作考古地。 Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. 那天晚上我因被要求加班而错过了一场好看的电影。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 (三)动名词 1. 一般式:doing表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或异时发生 being done表示被动动作,逻辑主语承受动作 In 1993, China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and generating electricity. 1993年中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。 2. 完成式:having done发生在谓语动词的动作之前 having been done 发生在谓语动词的动作之前,“已经被……” I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you. 我不知道他竟然会干出这种事情来与你对抗。 注意: 在口语中,一般不用动名词的被动完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子显得累赘 I remember once being taken /having been taken to the museum. 我记得曾被带去过这家博物馆。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 3. 动名词的复合结构 当动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,在动名词前加上形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。有时也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格代替 Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有的人。 Jane's being careless caused so much trouble. Jane这么粗心,惹了不少麻烦。 注意: 动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时,逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格 His being late again made the boss angry. 他又一次迟到令老板很生气。 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 4. 不定式、动词-ing形式的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,就用完成式;否则,用一般式。不定式、动词-ing形式与其逻辑主语之间若是主动关系,就用主动式;否则,用被动式 注意: 此处的完成式并不等同于谓语动词的现在完成时,现在完成时强调相对于现在已经完成,非谓语动词的完成式只强调动作的先后关系 They worked day and night, sending supplies to the flood areas. 他们夜以继日地工作,为洪灾地区发送物资。 (虽然send动作已经完成,但相对于work来说却是同时发生的,不是发生在它之前,因此不能用having sent) 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 I'm sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让您久等了。(先等待,然后说对不起) There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 在我们准备好长期待在月球上之前仍有许多问题要去解决。(问题要被解决) Having spent the past year as an exchange student in China, Linda appears more mature than those of her age. 作为交换生在中国待了一年,琳达看上去要比她的同龄人更成熟。 (先在中国待过一年,然后才有看起来成熟的状态) 02 知识点讲解 二、非谓语动词的时态和语态 5. being done所表示的时间概念并非全是正在进行 Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin. 暴露在阳光下很长时间会对我们的皮肤有害。 (只强调动作是被动,并不表示动作正在进行) 6. 判断语态时学会找非谓语的逻辑主语 (1)作定语时,被修饰的词是其逻辑主语 (2)作状语时,句子的主语是其逻辑主语 (3)作补足语时,句子的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语。 若是系动词则一定用主动式,非谓语形式后面接宾语也多为主动式 The teacher came in, following our monitor. 老师进来了,跟在我们班长后面。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 1. 不定式作主语 不定式表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作,不定式(短语)作主语,表示某一具体的,尤其是未发生的动作。可位于句首,也可用it作形式主语,而把不定式置于后面。不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数 常见表达: It + be + 名词 to do sth. It takes/ took sb. + some time to do sth. It be difficult/ easy/ important/ impossible/ necessary…+ for sb. to do sth. It + be + careless/ clever/ foolish/ honest/ kind/ lazy/ silly/ stupid/ wise... + of sb. to do sth. To complete the program needs much effort. 完成这项计划需要很大的努力。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 It's not easy to learn English well. Reading as much as possible is necessary. 学好英语不容易。广泛阅读是有必要的。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 2. 动名词作主语 ① 动名词多指抽象的、概念性的动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为 Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火会很危险。 Predicting the future can be difficult. (作主语) 预测未来可能很难。 Cloning plants is straightforward but the cloning of animals is more complicated. 克隆植物简单直接,但克隆动物却要复杂得多。 ② 常用It作形式主语,把动名词置于句尾的常用句式有: It is a waste of time doing... 做……是浪费时间的 It is/ was + worth/ worthwhile + doing sth. 做……是值得的 It is/ was + no use/ good + doing sth. 做……是没有用/没有好处的 It is fun playing computer games. 玩电脑游戏很有趣 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (二)非谓语动词作表语 1. 不定式作表语 不定式作表语表示一般的概念时,不定式、动词 ing形式可以互换,而表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时,一般用不定式 My wish is to become a good teacher. 我的愿望就是要当个好老师。 What she likes is watching/to watch children play. 她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 注意:下列情况下不定式作表语通常省略to: (1)主语是all其后有that引导的定语从句或what引导的从句,且从句中含有do的某种形式时 (2)主语是the only,the first,the last,形容词最高级或被这些词修饰,主语后有定语从句,且定语从句中含有do的某种形式时 The only thing to do now is go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。 All you need to do now is complete the form. 你现在要做的是把这张表填好。 What I want to do most in senior high school is improve my English. 我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 2. 动名词作表语时,句子的主语通常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句,表语与主语通常是对等关系 His favorite sport is swimming. 他最喜欢的运动是游泳。 Her first delight was going to the Tower. 她最想参观的地方就是伦敦塔。 My favorite part was seeing the grizzly bear in the mountains. 我最喜欢的一段旅程就是在山里看到灰熊。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 3. 现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别 (1)现在分词作表语具有形容词的性质,说明主语的性质、特征,意为“令人……的” The film is exciting. 这部电影激动人心。 He's really amusing and tells jokes when he thinks we're getting bored. 他的确和风趣,而且当他认为我们感到厌烦时,就会给我们讲笑话。 (2)过去分词作表语,大多数是已经形容词化的,而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词,表示主语所处的状态或感受。过去分词多用来修饰人、人的声音或表情,表心理状态,意为“(人)感到……的” He was excited at the news. 听到这则消息,他激动不已。 Her voice sounded excited. 她的声音听起来很兴奋。 She is interested in the story. 她对那个故事感兴趣。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 3. 非谓语动词作remain的表语 (1)主语 + remain be done意为“仍需被做” Much remains to be done. 许多事仍需去做。 (2)主语 + remain doing/ done意为“仍然是”(remain = be still…) She remained standing (= was still standing) though we repeatedly asked her to sit down. 虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下,但她还是站着。 The true author of the book remains unknown (= is still unknown) 这本书真正的作者依然不详。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (三)非谓语动词作宾语 1. 只接不定式作宾语的常用动词 hope,wish,expect,learn,want,decide,determine,manage,refuse,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,fail,ask,beg,decide,agree,help,afford,happen She closed her eyes and pretended to be asleep. 她闭上眼睛,假装睡着了。 注意: 有些动词后常接“疑问词+不定式”短语作宾语,如discover,explain,wonder等 I wonder how to deal with the colourful apples. 我想知道怎样处理这些五彩的苹果。 He has no choice but to leave. 他除了离开别无选择。(作介词to的宾语) 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 2. 只接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词 mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practice,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,keep,avoid,resist,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,risk,allow等 We don't allow diving in the pool. 游泳池内不准跳水。 3. 只接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用短语 can't help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engaged in,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be afraid of,be tired of,look forward to,devote oneself to,be worth,be busy,pay attention to,stick to,give up,keep on,put off,get down to,have difficulty/trouble (in),have a good/ wonderful/ hard time (in),have fun I had great difficulty (in) finding the house. 找到那所房子我遇到了很大的困难。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 4. 介词后一般要接动名词作宾语。但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时,如前面有实义动词do,不定式就要省略to He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep. 无事可做,他只能躺下睡觉。 Upon arriving at the airport, he delivered an important speech. 一到机场,他就发表了重要演讲。 5. 既可接不定式也可接动词-ing形式的情况 (1)意义基本相同 ① 接不定式多指具体的动作,接动词-ing形式多指一般或习惯行为 begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue ② 接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式 need,want,require,deserve 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)意义不同 stop to do(停下手中正在做的事,去做另一件事) stop doing(停止正在做的事) remember to do(记得去做) remember doing(记得做过) forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过) regret to do(后悔去做) regret doing(后悔做过) go on to do(接着去做另一件事) go on doing(接着做同一件事) try to do(努力去做) try doing(尝试去做) mean to do(打算做) mean doing(意味着) 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 I regret not having accepted your advice. 我后悔没听你的劝告。 I regret to say I haven't given you enough help. 我很遗憾没有给你充分的帮助。 I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. 我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺,并记得在那里所看到的事物。 After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, she went on to thank all the people who had helped in her career. 获得奥斯卡最佳女配角奖之后,她接下来感谢了所有在事业上帮助过她的人。 注意: 动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语或宾语时,可以用it作形式主语或者形式宾语 It's no use arguing with him. 与他争吵没有用。 I think it easy to have done so much in only one day. 我认为仅在一天之内做这么多很容易。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (四)非谓语动词作定语 1. 不定式作定语 不定式作定语,往往表示未发生的动作,通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系 (1)不定式一般式的主动形式(to do)作定语,表示将要发生的主动动作。不定式一般式的被动形式(to be done)作定语,表示将要发生的被动动作 I have a lot of things to do. 我有许多事要做。 I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. 我借了一些假期读的书。 We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday. 我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 他下个月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需要加相应的介词 I'm not sure which restaurant to eat. 我不确定要在哪家餐馆吃饭。 He has no pen to write with. 他没有钢笔写字。 注意: 如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后的介词习惯上会被省略掉 He had no place to live (in). 他没有安身之处。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,a,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系 He is always the first one to arrive at the school and the last one to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。 (4)被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语,如chance,need,promise,ability,way,opportunity,right,attempt,plan,evidence,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise等,常表同位关系 Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 你有用英语读和写的能力吗? The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。 And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit. 增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (5)在表示有要做的事情时,通常用不定式作定语,不定式与被修饰词之间为被动关系 I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多活要干。(动作由主语发出) -Do you have anything to be typed, sir? —先生,你有东西要打印吗? -No, thanks. —没有,谢谢。 注意: (1)若不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则要在该动词后加适当的介词 I have no pen to write with. 我没有写字用的钢笔。 He had no money and no place to live in. 他没钱,也没地方住。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式 Do you have anything to take to your son? 你有什么东西要(自己)带给你儿子吗?(you是take的逻辑主语) Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 你有什么东西要(让别人)带给你儿子吗?(you不是take的逻辑主语) 辨析: (3)done,being done,to be done都表示被动,都可作后置定语,区别在于: 过去分词所表示的动作具有完成意义;现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的动作;不定式的被动式表示未来的动作 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 2. 分词作定语 (1)及物动词分词形式作定语 ① v.-ing 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系,v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征 I have never seen a more moving movie. 我从未看过更动人的电影了。 ② being done 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行 The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 ③ done 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系,表示动作已经完成或表状态 Look at the broken glasses. 看看这些碎了的玻璃杯。 "Things lost never come again!" I couldn't help talking to myself. 我不禁自言自语道:“失去的东西不会再来!” (2)不及物动词分词形式作定语 ① v.-ing表示动作正在进行 ② 过去分词一般作前置定语,不表示被动,只表示完成 boiling water 正沸腾的水;boiled water 白开水 falling leaves 正在下落的叶子;fallen leaves 落叶 developing countries 发展中国家;developed countries 发达国家 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (3)英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人……的”,过去分词形式表示“感到……的” an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音 a puzzling expression 令人困惑的表情 a puzzled expression 困惑的表情 注意: 现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作,二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。现在分词形式作定语相当于一个定语从句,强调经常性状态或动作的进行。单个词通常要前置,短语要后置 John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offering him it. 约翰的确得到了这份工作,因为他给我看了提供他工作的正式信函。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 3. 动名词作定语 动名词作定语,用来说明被修饰词的用途,在意义上相当于“名词+for+doing”,此时动名词常置于被修饰的词的前面 a fishing net 渔网 a swimming pool 游泳池 reading room 阅览室 a sleeping car 卧铺车厢 a washing machine 洗衣机 a walking stick 拐杖 There are many people in the waiting room. 候车室有很多人。 In sight of Shackleton's landing place, our boat hit rock. 在能看到沙克尔顿的登陆点时,我们的船触礁了。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 No flying machine will fly from New York to Paris. 没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。 注意: 动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性能,二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。动名词作定语只能置于被修饰词的前面,而现在分词作定语有时可前置,有时可后置,尤其是现在分词短语作定语时要后置 a swimming boy=a boy who is swimming 一个正在游泳的男孩(现在分词作定语) a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 游泳池(动名词作定语) 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 4. to be done,being done和done作定语的区别 (1)to be done 表被动、将来 The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。 (2)being done 表被动、正在进行 Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students. 听!正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。 (3)done 表被动、完成 Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗? 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (五)非谓语动词作状语 1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则 不定式、分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式、分词作状语,必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。 2. 不定式作状语 (1)目的状语 不定式作目的状语可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。但用在句中表目的时前面不能用逗号,强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to/so as to+动词原形替换,意为“为了;想要”,但so as to不用于句首 To make friend s easily, you need to be very kind. 要想很容易地交朋友,你需要友善。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)结果状语 ① 不定式作结果状语时多表示出乎意料的结果,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式,为了表示强调可在不定式前加上only,only to do表示意外结果或事与愿违的结果 I rushed to the station, only to find the train had already gone. 我匆忙赶到火车站,却发现火车已经开走了 How often do you have something you want to achieve—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress? 你多久会遇到你想得到一些东西,结果却被摆在你面前的选择所困惑然后停滞不前这样的情况? 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 ② 不定式用于so…as to…(如此……以至于……),such...as to...(如此……以至于……),enough to do…(足够做……),too…to do...(太……而不能……)等结构中表示结果 She was so late as to miss half of the lecture. 她来得如此晚以至于错过了一半的演讲。 The house is large enough to hold two hundred people. 这座房子足够大,可以容纳两百人。 She is such a good teacher as to be respected by all her students. 她是个如此好的老师,以至于受到她所有学生的尊敬。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (3)原因状语 ① 不定式与情感类形容词连用时,说明产生这种情感的原因,如easy,happy,kind,frightened,shocked,glad,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive, fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous, surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointed等 They were surprised to find that he'd already left. 他们惊奇地发现他已经走了。 They were surprised to be informed of the news. 被告知这一消息他们感到吃惊。 She was very happy to hear that her son had been promoted. 得知儿子升职了,她很高兴。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 ② 动词不定式跟在一些作表语的形容词easy,hard,difficult,pleasant,good,fit,comfortable等后面作状语,构成“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构,表示主语的特征、性质等 The picture is pleasant to look at. 这张画很好看。 The book is very hard to understand. 这本书很难理解。 注意:在“主语+系动词+形容词+ to do sth.”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,此时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。在该结构中,不定式中的动词必须是及物动词,若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。 When I told her the air would be hard to breathe (=the air would be hard for us to breathe) and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. 当我告诉她会难以呼吸而且天气会非常寒冷时,她说那将是一次有趣的经历。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (4)不定式的主动形式表被动意义 ① 用法 在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 ② 常用词 easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous This question is easy to answer. 这个问题容易回答。 This book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 3. 分词作状语 (1)分词作状语的形式 ① v.-ing (doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生 ② having + v.-ed (having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生 ③ v.-ed (done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成 ④ being + v.-ed (being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生 ⑤ having been + v.-ed (having been done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)分词作状语的句法功能 现在分词在句中作结果、时间、原因、伴随、方式、条件、让步等状语;过去分词短语作状语时可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果等,也可以改为相应的从句或并列句 ① 时间状语 When reading the novel, I heard the telephone ring. 看小说时,我听到电话响了。 When offered help, one often says "Thank you" or "It's kind of you". 当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说"Thank you"或"It's kind of you". 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 ② 原因状语 Living far from the school, he has to get up early every morning. 由于住的离学校远,他必须每天早起。 Given enough money, I'd buy that car at once. =If I am given enough money, I'd buy that car at once. 如果有足够的钱,我会马上买下那辆车。 Frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom. 由于受到外面噪音的惊吓,小女孩不敢在卧室里睡觉了。 Having been separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world. 和其他大陆分离了数百万年,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 ③ 条件状语 Generally speaking, if taken according to the instructions,the drug has no side effects. 一般来说,如果按照用法说明服用,这种药没有副作用。 ④ 结果状语 It hasn't rained for a month, making the crops hard to grow. 一个月没下雨了,庄稼很难生长。 He glanced at her, noticing that though she was tiny, she seemed very well. 他匆匆看了一下她,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。 ⑤ 让步状语 Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 ⑥ 伴随状语 The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。 ⑦ 现在分词的一般式,即doing表示动作和谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生,与句子的主语是主动关系 Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. 看到没人在家,她决定给他们留个便条。 ⑧ 现在分词的完成式,即having done表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前 Having waited for an hour, he realized he had left his wallet at home. 等了一个小时后,他意识到他把钱包落在了家中。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 注意:在when,while,if,as if,though,as,until,once,whether,unless,where等连词连接的状语从句中,常省略跟主句主语相同的主语和be动词,形成“连词+分词短语”结构。 When treated with kindness, he was very lovely. 当友好地对待他时,他很可爱。 (2)部分过去分词来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示被动关系,其前不用being。常见的过去分词及短语有seated,hidden,stationed,lost/absorbed in,born in,dressed in,tired of ,faced with以及表示心理状态的动词,如interested,surprised,satisfied,moved等 Absorbed in his book,he didn't notice me enter the room. 专心于读书,他没注意到我进入房间。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 Faced with a gradual rise of seawater, some nations in the Pacific are considering moving in the near future. 面对海水不断上涨的情况,有些位于太平洋的国家正考虑在不久的将来搬迁。 (3)选择分词作状语时,主要分辨该动词与句子主语之间的关系:如果两者间存在主动关系则用现在分词;如果两者间存在被动关系则用过去分词;兼顾注意动作的先后关系。 Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful. 从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park之间存在被动关系) Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主动关系) 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 4. 独立成分作状语 (1)定义 有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,被称为独立成分 (2)常见独立成分 seeing… 考虑到 given… 考虑到 to be frank 坦白地说 to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest 诚实地说 to put it briefly 前言之 to begin/start with 首先 to put it in a nutshell 简而言之 to make things/matters worse 更糟糕的是 frankly speaking 坦白地说 generally speaking 一般来说 compared to/ with 与……相比 judging from/ by… 根据……来判断 considering.../ taking...into consideration 考虑到…… 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 5. 独立主格结构作状语 独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。其中的名词或代词与其后的成分等构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句前、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语 其构成形式主要有: (1)名词/ 代词 + 现在分词/ 过去分词/ 不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 介词短语,名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 All the students having sat down, the lecture began. 所有学生坐好之后,讲座开始了。 Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天去海滨郊游。(表条件) He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。(表伴随) The girl staring at him (=As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 那个女孩两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的花草树木后,我们新建的校园看上去将会更美。(表原因) 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)名词/主格代词+过去分词,过去分词与名词/主格代词之间存在被动关系 Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。 The problems solved(=As the problems were solved), the quality of the products has improved a lot. 随着问题的解决,产品质量已经提高了许多。 (3)名词/主格代词+不定式,名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,且不定式表示将要发生的动作 Lots of work to do, I have to work extra hours. 由于有很多工作要做,我只得加班。 He is going to make a plane model, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (4)with/ without + 名词/ 代词+宾语补足语 with/ without+宾语+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。独立主格结构的情况都适用于此结构 With time passing by, he almost forgot everything in the past. 随着时间的流逝,他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可以参观,小孩很激动。 He lay on his back, with his teeth set and his eyes closed. 他仰卧着,咬着牙、闭着眼。(teeth与set,以及eyes 与close之间为被动关系) 注意:在with/ without的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但without不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (六)非谓语动词作补语 1. 不定式作补语 有些动词(短语)后跟带不定式作宾补:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,wish,warn,remind,wait for,call on,depend on等。 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她让我在她不在时接电话。 Our teacher encourages us to face difficulty bravely. 我们老师鼓励我们勇敢地面对困难。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 注意:(1)感官动词(短语)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel的宾语补足语主要有三种形式,重点看宾语和补语之间的逻辑关系 see sb. doing 看见某人正在做某事 see sb. do 看见某人做某事的全过程 see sth. done 看见某事被做 I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。(主动,正在进行) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible. 为了学好英语,我们应该找机会尽可能多地听英语。(被动,无时间性) 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)使役动词+宾语+宾补 make+宾语+do sth. 让……做某事(宾语与补语之间为主动关系) make+宾语+done 让……被做(宾语与补语之间为被动关系) have+宾语+do sth.(宾语与补语之间为主动关系) have+宾语+doing sth.(宾语与补语之间为主动关系) have+宾语+done(宾语与补语之间为被动关系) (3)在以上省去to的不定式作宾补的结构中,若变为被动语态,需将省去的不定式符号to补出来 He made his workers work 12 hours a day.(主动) His workers were made to work 12 hours a day. (被动) 他让工人们每天工作12小时。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 2. 分词作补语 (1)现在分词作补语 说明宾语的性质、特征或正在做的动作。一般在感官动词和使役动词后用现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义,变成被动语态时,宾语补足语变为主语补足语。 使役动词/感官动词+宾语+现在分词作宾补(意义主动或正在进行) I have two men working for me in the company. 我让两个人在公司为我工作。 I heard an English song being sung by a little girl at the English evening. 我在英语晚会上听见有个小女孩唱英文歌。 If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations peace keepers. 如果你看到戴着天蓝色头盔的士兵,他们就是联合国维和人员。 02 知识点讲解 三、非谓语动词的句法功能 (2)过去分词作补语 及物动词的过去分词作补足语,与宾语构成被动关系。有少数不及物动词的过去分词作补足语,表示完成或状态。变为被动语态时,宾语补足语变为主语补足语 A liar cannot make himself believed. 习惯于说谎的人无法让别人相信自己。 I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. 发现我的家乡变化很大后我感到十分惊讶。 Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed. 开车进入市区之前,你必修把车洗一洗。 典例剖析 03 03 典例剖析 1.【2024 新课标 卷】These sepals open on warm days _ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. 答案:to give 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:温室在温暖的日子里开放,利用液压系统为内部植物提供阳光和通风。本句已有谓语动词open,此处应用非谓语动词;此处表示目的,应用不定式。故填to give。 2.【2024 新课标 卷】Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, _ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace. 答案:inspired 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:两年后,一座六米高的亭子在非斯花园落成,该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程,其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。本句已有谓语动词,此处应用非谓语动词;动词inspire和主语a six-meter-tall pavilion是动宾关系,应用过去分词。故填inspired。 03 典例剖析 3.【2024 新课标 卷】_ (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, "It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang's play was being performed." 答案:Recalling 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:回忆起几年前在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧《理査三世》的中国版,并遇见前来斯特拉特福德表演《牡丹亭》部分片段的中国演员时,Edmondson说:“听到中文,看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何被表演的,非常激动人心。"非本句已有谓语动词said,此处应用非谓语动词;主语Edmondson和动词recall是主谓关系,应用现在分词。注意首字母大写。故填Recalling。 03 典例剖析 4.【2023 新课标 卷】Shanghai may be the _ (recognize) home of the soup dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace. 答案:recognized 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:上海可能是公认的小笼包之乡,但美食历史学家会告诉你,邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。此处修饰名词home,且和home是动宾关系,应用过去分词作定语。故填recognized。 03 典例剖析 5.【2022 新课标 卷】_ (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 答案:Covering 解析:考查非谓语动词。句意:中国政府最近敲定了建立大能猫国家公园的计划。该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍,将成为中国首批国家公园之一。此本句已有谓语动词will be,此处应用非谓语动词;主语the GPNP和动词cover是主谓关系,应用现在分词。注意首字母大写。故填Covering。 变式训练 04 Exercise 1. Among the items, there are 65 articles of bronze chime-bells _ (preserve) in good condition. 2. Although Wan has to stay up late _ (work) sometimes, she thinks it's all worthwhile when she sees her grandpa smile more and more. 3. The Philadelphia Orchestra, as the first American orchestra _ (visit) China, bridged the two nations in the field of culture. 4. With the New Year _ (arrive) in Northeast China, days and nights become extremely cold, but it's also a peak season for winter tourism. 5. Chinese machinery giant Xu-zhou Construction Machinery Group has assigned its branch in Turkey to join the relief efforts, with dozens of pieces of equipment _ (station) to help in the rescue work. preserved to work to visit arriving stationed 下节课再见! $$