内容正文:
第12讲 句子成分
一、考情分析
(一)考情分析
1.重要考点
句子成分是中考英语语法中的基础且重要的部分,近三年各地中考均有涉及,且是理解句子结构和正确运用语法的关键,对于其他语法知识的学习和语言综合能力的提升有重要影响。
2.考查形式多样
既会在单项选择题、填空题等基础题型中考查对句子成分的基本理解和判断,也会在完型填空、阅读理解等题型中渗透对句子成分相关知识的运用,要求学生能够准确分析句子结构,理解句子含义,从而正确答题。
3.注重语境理解
单纯考查句子成分定义和概念的题目较少,更多的是将句子成分的知识融入到具体的语境中,让学生根据上下文来判断句子中各个成分的作用和相互关系,突出对学生语言运用能力和逻辑思维能力的考查。
(二)常见题型
1.单项选择题
给出一个句子,要求考生从四个选项中选出对句子成分分析正确的一项,或根据句子成分的相关知识选择合适的单词、短语或句式等。
例题:I visited the zoo last Sunday. “visited” 在句中充当的成分是 ( )
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 状语 D. 宾语
答案:B 。
The food in the restaurant is delicious. “delicious” 在句中充当的成分是 ( )
A. 表语 B. 宾语 C. 主语 D. 谓语
答案:A
2.填空题
一般是根据所给的提示词,结合句子的语境和语法要求,将其转换为适当的词性或形式,填入句子中合适的位置,以确保句子成分完整、语法正确。
例题:He is so ______ (care) that he always makes mistakes in his homework. 答案:careless 。
The ______ (develop) of our country is becoming faster and faster. 答案:development 。
3.句子改错题
要求考生找出句子中某一处关于句子成分的错误,并进行改正,通常涉及到词性误用、成分残缺、搭配不当等问题。
例题:He speaks English as good as his teacher does. 答案:good 改为 well 。题源:2024 年初中英语中考句子成分专项练习难点突破题 。
例题:Tom didn't know how work out the problem in class. 答案:how 后加 to 。题源:2024 年初中英语中考句子成分专项练习难点突破题 。
4.句型转换题
如将陈述句改为感叹句、一般疑问句等,需要考生根据不同句式的句子成分结构特点进行转换,从而考查对句子成分和句式结构的掌握程度。
例题:He is a clever boy. 改为感叹句:______ a clever boy he is!
答案:What 。
例题:She goes to school by bus every day. 改为一般疑问句:______ she ______ to school by bus every day?
答案:Does;go 。
5.完型填空题
在一篇短文中,根据上下文的语境和句子成分的相关知识,选择合适的单词或短语填入空白处,使文章通顺、语法正确,考查学生在语篇中综合运用句子成分知识的能力。
例题:I like reading books ______ make me happy. 答案:that/which 。
He worked hard ______ he could get good grades. 答案:so that 。
6.阅读理解题
在阅读理解文章中,会有一些长难句,需要考生准确分析句子成分来理解句子的含义,从而回答与文章内容相关的问题,间接考查了学生对句子成分的理解和运用能力。
例题:The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.
问题:What does “which I bought yesterday” refer to?
答案:The book 。
In order to improve my English, I practice speaking it every day.
问题:What's the purpose of the author's practicing speaking English every day?
答案:To improve his/her English.
二、考点分析
(一)句子成分的定义和种类
1.定义
句子成分是句子中起不同作用的部分,它们相互组合构成完整的句子,用于表达一个完整的意思。
2.种类
主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
(二)句子成分划分
1.主语
(1)定义和功能
主语是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般位于句首。它通常执行句子的动作或者是句子所描述的对象。
(2)名词作主语
The book is interesting.(这本书很有趣。)
book 是主语,它是句子描述的对象。
(3)代词作主语
He likes playing football.(他喜欢踢足球。)
He 指代人,作为句子的主语,是动作 likes 的执行者。
(4)不定式作主语
To learn English well is not easy.(学好英语不容易。)
To learn English well 是一个不定式短语,在句子中作主语,表示一件事情。
(5)动名词作主语
Swimming is a good way to keep fit.(游泳是保持健康的好方法。)
Swimming 是动名词,在句子中充当主语,表示一种行为。
2.谓语
(1)定义和功能
谓语说明主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词短语构成,在主语之后。它是句子的核心部分,体现句子的时态、语态等变化。
(2)简单动词作谓语
She sings beautifully.(她唱歌很好听。)
sings 是谓语动词,说明主语 she 的动作。
(3)动词短语作谓语
They are watching TV.(他们正在看电视。)
are watching 是一个动词短语,作为谓语,表示主语正在进行的动作。
3.宾语
(1)定义和功能
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词或介词之后。它可以帮助完整地表达句子的意思,使动作有明确的指向。
(2)名词作宾语
I bought a book yesterday.(我昨天买了一本书。)
book 是及物动词 bought 的宾语,是动作的对象。
(3)代词作宾语
He helped me with my homework.(他在我的作业方面帮助我。)
me 是及物动词 helped 的宾语。
(4)不定式作宾语
She wants to learn dancing.(她想要学习跳舞。)
to learn dancing 是不定式短语,作为动词 wants 的宾语,表示想要做的事情。
(5)动名词作宾语
He enjoys reading novels.(他喜欢读小说。)
reading novels 是动名词短语,作为及物动词 enjoys 的宾语,表示喜欢的行为。
4.表语
(1)定义和功能
表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等内容的句子成分,它位于系动词之后,和系动词一起构成复合谓语。
(2)名词作表语
My brother is a student.(我的兄弟是一名学生。)
student 是表语,通过系动词 is 说明主语 my brother 的身份。
(3)形容词作表语
The flower looks beautiful.(这朵花看起来很漂亮。)
beautiful 是表语,和系动词 looks 一起说明主语 the flower 的特征。
(4)代词作表语
- Whose book is this?
- It's mine.( - 这是谁的书? - 是我的。)
mine 是表语,通过系动词 is 表明所属关系,说明主语 it 指代的事物所属。
(5)不定式作表语
Her dream is to become a singer.(她的梦想是成为一名歌手。)
to become a singer 是不定式短语,作为表语,说明主语 her dream 的内容。
5.定语
(1)定义和功能
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分,用于限定、说明名词或代词的特征、数量、所属等信息,使名词或代词的意义更加明确。
(2)形容词作定语
The red flower is very beautiful.(这朵红花非常漂亮。)
red 是形容词,作定语修饰名词 flower,说明花的颜色。
(3)名词所有格作定语
Tom's book is on the desk.(汤姆的书在桌子上。)
Tom's 是名词所有格,作定语修饰名词 book,表明书的所属。
(4)介词短语作定语
The book on the table is mine.(桌子上的那本书是我的。)
on the table 是介词短语,作定语修饰名词 book,说明书的位置。
(5)定语从句作定语
I like the movie that is very interesting.(我喜欢那部非常有趣的电影。)
that is very interesting 是定语从句,修饰名词 movie,对电影进行进一步的描述。
6.状语
(1)定义和功能
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的句子成分,用于说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等情况。
(2)时间状语
I get up early in the morning.(我早上起床很早。)
in the morning 是时间状语,说明动作 get up 发生的时间。
(3)地点状语
He played football on the playground.(他在操场上踢足球。)
on the playground 是地点状语,表明动作 played football 发生的地点。
(4)原因状语
She didn't come because she was ill.(她没来因为她生病了。)
because she was ill 是原因状语,解释主语 shedidn't come 的原因。
(5)方式状语
He drives carefully.(他开车很小心。)
carefully 是方式状语,修饰动词 drives,说明开车的方式。
(6)程度状语
The movie is very interesting.(这部电影非常有趣。)
very 是程度状语,修饰形容词 interesting,表示有趣的程度。
7.补语
(1)定义和功能
补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的状态、特征、身份等内容的句子成分,分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。
(2)主语补足语
He was found sleeping in the classroom.(他被发现正在教室里睡觉。)
sleeping in the classroom 是主语补足语,用于补充说明主语 he 被发现时的状态。
(3)宾语补足语
We made our classroom clean.(我们使我们的教室变干净了。)
clean 是宾语 our classroom 的补足语,补充说明教室在动作 made 后的状态。
(三)中考考查重点
1.句子成分的辨析
(1)在选择题、完形填空等题型中考查对不同句子成分的理解和判断
例如:The tall boy ______ a book in his hand is my brother.
A. with B. has
答案是 A,因为句子已经有谓语动词 is,这里需要一个介词短语 with a book in his hand 作定语来修饰名词 boy,而不是另一个谓语动词 has。
(2)通过句子翻译考查句子成分的正确运用
例如:我看见他正在公园里跑步。
翻译为 I saw him running in the park. 其中 running in the park 是宾语补足语,用于补充说明宾语 him 的动作状态。
2.句子成分与语法结构的综合考查
(1)在语法填空、改写句子等题型中考查句子成分与句子类型、时态、语态等语法知识的结合运用
例如:______ (write) in a hurry, this letter is full of mistakes.(由于写得匆忙,这封信满是错误。)
答案是 Written,这里考查过去分词短语作原因状语,过去分词 Written 与句子主语 this letter 构成被动关系,表示信是被匆忙写就的。
(2)句子成分与词性的关联考查
例如在句子 His ______ (care) led to the accident.(他的粗心导致了这场事故。) 中,需要将名词 care 转换为形容词 careless 来作主语,这里就涉及到句子成分(主语)与词性转换的综合知识。
三、课后练习
(一)单项选择题
In the sentence “The boy is reading a book.”, “reading a book” is the ______.
A. subject B. object C. predicate D. complement
The subject of the sentence “My mother cooks delicious food every day.” is ______.
A. My mother B. cooks C. delicious food D. every day
In “We found the movie very interesting.”, “very interesting” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. attribute C. adverbial D. object complement
The object of the sentence “He gave me a book.” is ______.
A. He B. me C. a book D. gave
In “The cat under the table is sleeping.”, “under the table” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
The predicate verb in “She looks beautiful.” is ______.
A. She B. looks C. beautiful D. looks beautiful
In the sentence “I saw him running in the park.”, “running in the park” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
The subject complement in “The story sounds interesting.” is ______.
A. The story B. sounds C. interesting D. sounds interesting
In “They sent the letter to my father.”, “to my father” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
The object of the sentence “He enjoys listening to music.” is ______.
A. He B. enjoys C. listening to music D. music
In “The book on the shelf is mine.”, “on the shelf” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
The predicate in “The students are playing football on the playground.” is ______.
A. The students B. are playing football C. football D. on the playground
In “I made my sister happy.”, “happy” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
The subject of the sentence “To learn English well is important.” is ______.
A. To learn English well B. is C. important D. English
In “The tall boy with glasses is my brother.”, “with glasses” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
The predicate verb in “He has visited many countries.” is ______.
A. He B. has visited C. many countries D. visited
In “She painted the wall white.”, “white” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
The subject complement in “The cake tastes delicious.” is ______.
A. The cake B. tastes C. delicious D. tastes delicious
In “They arrived at the station early.”, “early” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
The object of the sentence “She showed me her new dress.” is ______.
A. She B. me C. her new dress D. showed
In “The man standing there is my teacher.”, “standing there” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
The predicate in “My father works in a factory.” is ______.
A. My father B. works in a factory C. works D. in a factory
In “I heard her singing in the bathroom.”, “singing in the bathroom” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
The subject complement in “The weather gets warmer.” is ______.
A. The weather B. gets C. warmer D. gets warmer
In “He put the book on the desk.”, “on the desk” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
The object of the sentence “We should help the poor.” is ______.
A. We B. should help C. the poor D. help
In “The girl with long hair is dancing.”, “with long hair” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
The predicate verb in “The train has left.” is ______.
A. The train B. has left C. left D. has
In “I find it difficult to learn math.”, “difficult to learn math” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
The subject of the sentence “Listening to music makes me happy.” is ______.
A. Listening to music B. makes C. me D. happy
In “The dog running after the cat is mine.”, “running after the cat” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
The predicate in “She is reading an interesting book.” is ______.
A. She B. is reading an interesting book C. is reading D. an interesting book
In “He told us a funny story.”, “a funny story” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
The subject complement in “The flowers smell sweet.” is ______.
A. The flowers B. smell C. sweet D. smell sweet
In “They went to school in a hurry.”, “in a hurry” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
(二)句子成分划分
划分句子 “They are playing basketball happily on the playground.” 的成分。
划分句子 “The beautiful girl with a smile on her face greeted us.” 的成分。
划分句子 “I found the movie really exciting.” 的成分。
划分句子 “To see is to believe.” 的成分。
划分句子 “He made his mother very proud.” 的成分。
四、真题模拟
【2024 年山东济南】In the park, we saw many beautiful flowers. In this sentence, In the park is a(n) ______.
【2024 年江苏南京】The book on the table is mine. In this sentence, on the table is a(n) ______.
【2024 年广东深圳】She looks happy today. In this sentence, happy is a(n) ______.
【2024 年四川成都】My mother bought me a new dress. In this sentence, me is a(n) ______.
【2024 年湖北武汉】The tall boy with glasses is my brother. In this sentence, with glasses is a(n) ______.
【2024 年湖南长沙】To learn English well, we need to practice a lot. In this sentence, To learn English well is a(n) ______.
【2024 年浙江杭州】The exciting news made us excited. In this sentence, exciting modifies ______ and excited modifies ______.
【2024 年河南郑州】He runs fast in the playground. In this sentence, fast is a(n) ______.
【2024 年河北石家庄】I found the movie really interesting. In this sentence, really interesting is a(n) ______.
【2024 年辽宁沈阳】The man who is standing there is my teacher. In this sentence, who is standing there is a(n) ______.
【2023 年山东济南】We made him our monitor. In this sentence, our monitor is a(n) ______.
【2023 年江苏南京】The girl in a red dress is dancing. In this sentence, in a red dress is a(n) ______.
【2023 年广东深圳】His words made me very sad. In this sentence, very sad is a(n) ______.
【2023 年四川成都】The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. In this sentence, which I bought yesterday is a(n) ______.
【2023 年湖北武汉】
She seems to be happy. In this sentence, to be happy is a(n) ______.
【2023 年湖南长沙】He sent his mother a beautiful card. In this sentence, a beautiful card is a(n) ______.
【2023 年浙江杭州】The students are listening to the teacher carefully in the classroom. In this sentence, carefully is a(n) ______.
【2023 年河南郑州】The story told by my grandma is very moving. In this sentence, told by my grandma is a(n) ______.
【2023 年河北石家庄】I am reading an interesting novel in the library. In this sentence, in the library is a(n) ______.
【2023 年辽宁沈阳】The sun rises in the east every day. In this sentence, in the east is a(n) ______.
【2022 年山东】The boy called Tom is my best friend. In this sentence, called Tom is a(n) ______.
【2022 年湖北】She gave a wonderful speech at the meeting. In this sentence, at the meeting is a(n) ______.
【2022 年四川】We consider him a hard - working student. In this sentence, a hard - working student is a(n) ______.
【2022 年广东】The building being built now will be a hospital. In this sentence, being built now is a(n) ______.
【2021 年全国通用版】The man with a hat is my uncle. In this sentence, with a hat is a(n) ______.
【2021 年全国通用版】I saw a bird flying in the sky. In this sentence, flying in the sky is a(n) ______.
原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$
第12讲 句子成分
一、考情分析
(一)考情分析
1.重要考点
句子成分是中考英语语法中的基础且重要的部分,近三年各地中考均有涉及,且是理解句子结构和正确运用语法的关键,对于其他语法知识的学习和语言综合能力的提升有重要影响。
2.考查形式多样
既会在单项选择题、填空题等基础题型中考查对句子成分的基本理解和判断,也会在完型填空、阅读理解等题型中渗透对句子成分相关知识的运用,要求学生能够准确分析句子结构,理解句子含义,从而正确答题。
3.注重语境理解
单纯考查句子成分定义和概念的题目较少,更多的是将句子成分的知识融入到具体的语境中,让学生根据上下文来判断句子中各个成分的作用和相互关系,突出对学生语言运用能力和逻辑思维能力的考查。
(二)常见题型
1.单项选择题
给出一个句子,要求考生从四个选项中选出对句子成分分析正确的一项,或根据句子成分的相关知识选择合适的单词、短语或句式等。
例题:I visited the zoo last Sunday. “visited” 在句中充当的成分是 ( )
A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 状语 D. 宾语
答案:B 。
The food in the restaurant is delicious. “delicious” 在句中充当的成分是 ( )
A. 表语 B. 宾语 C. 主语 D. 谓语
答案:A
2.填空题
一般是根据所给的提示词,结合句子的语境和语法要求,将其转换为适当的词性或形式,填入句子中合适的位置,以确保句子成分完整、语法正确。
例题:He is so ______ (care) that he always makes mistakes in his homework. 答案:careless 。
The ______ (develop) of our country is becoming faster and faster. 答案:development 。
3.句子改错题
要求考生找出句子中某一处关于句子成分的错误,并进行改正,通常涉及到词性误用、成分残缺、搭配不当等问题。
例题:He speaks English as good as his teacher does. 答案:good 改为 well 。题源:2024 年初中英语中考句子成分专项练习难点突破题 。
例题:Tom didn't know how work out the problem in class. 答案:how 后加 to 。题源:2024 年初中英语中考句子成分专项练习难点突破题 。
4.句型转换题
如将陈述句改为感叹句、一般疑问句等,需要考生根据不同句式的句子成分结构特点进行转换,从而考查对句子成分和句式结构的掌握程度。
例题:He is a clever boy. 改为感叹句:______ a clever boy he is!
答案:What 。
例题:She goes to school by bus every day. 改为一般疑问句:______ she ______ to school by bus every day?
答案:Does;go 。
5.完型填空题
在一篇短文中,根据上下文的语境和句子成分的相关知识,选择合适的单词或短语填入空白处,使文章通顺、语法正确,考查学生在语篇中综合运用句子成分知识的能力。
例题:I like reading books ______ make me happy. 答案:that/which 。
He worked hard ______ he could get good grades. 答案:so that 。
6.阅读理解题
在阅读理解文章中,会有一些长难句,需要考生准确分析句子成分来理解句子的含义,从而回答与文章内容相关的问题,间接考查了学生对句子成分的理解和运用能力。
例题:The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.
问题:What does “which I bought yesterday” refer to?
答案:The book 。
In order to improve my English, I practice speaking it every day.
问题:What's the purpose of the author's practicing speaking English every day?
答案:To improve his/her English.
二、考点分析
(一)句子成分的定义和种类
1.定义
句子成分是句子中起不同作用的部分,它们相互组合构成完整的句子,用于表达一个完整的意思。
2.种类
主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
(二)句子成分划分
1.主语
(1)定义和功能
主语是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般位于句首。它通常执行句子的动作或者是句子所描述的对象。
(2)名词作主语
The book is interesting.(这本书很有趣。)
book 是主语,它是句子描述的对象。
(3)代词作主语
He likes playing football.(他喜欢踢足球。)
He 指代人,作为句子的主语,是动作 likes 的执行者。
(4)不定式作主语
To learn English well is not easy.(学好英语不容易。)
To learn English well 是一个不定式短语,在句子中作主语,表示一件事情。
(5)动名词作主语
Swimming is a good way to keep fit.(游泳是保持健康的好方法。)
Swimming 是动名词,在句子中充当主语,表示一种行为。
2.谓语
(1)定义和功能
谓语说明主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词短语构成,在主语之后。它是句子的核心部分,体现句子的时态、语态等变化。
(2)简单动词作谓语
She sings beautifully.(她唱歌很好听。)
sings 是谓语动词,说明主语 she 的动作。
(3)动词短语作谓语
They are watching TV.(他们正在看电视。)
are watching 是一个动词短语,作为谓语,表示主语正在进行的动作。
3.宾语
(1)定义和功能
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词或介词之后。它可以帮助完整地表达句子的意思,使动作有明确的指向。
(2)名词作宾语
I bought a book yesterday.(我昨天买了一本书。)
book 是及物动词 bought 的宾语,是动作的对象。
(3)代词作宾语
He helped me with my homework.(他在我的作业方面帮助我。)
me 是及物动词 helped 的宾语。
(4)不定式作宾语
She wants to learn dancing.(她想要学习跳舞。)
to learn dancing 是不定式短语,作为动词 wants 的宾语,表示想要做的事情。
(5)动名词作宾语
He enjoys reading novels.(他喜欢读小说。)
reading novels 是动名词短语,作为及物动词 enjoys 的宾语,表示喜欢的行为。
4.表语
(1)定义和功能
表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等内容的句子成分,它位于系动词之后,和系动词一起构成复合谓语。
(2)名词作表语
My brother is a student.(我的兄弟是一名学生。)
student 是表语,通过系动词 is 说明主语 my brother 的身份。
(3)形容词作表语
The flower looks beautiful.(这朵花看起来很漂亮。)
beautiful 是表语,和系动词 looks 一起说明主语 the flower 的特征。
(4)代词作表语
- Whose book is this?
- It's mine.( - 这是谁的书? - 是我的。)
mine 是表语,通过系动词 is 表明所属关系,说明主语 it 指代的事物所属。
(5)不定式作表语
Her dream is to become a singer.(她的梦想是成为一名歌手。)
to become a singer 是不定式短语,作为表语,说明主语 her dream 的内容。
5.定语
(1)定义和功能
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分,用于限定、说明名词或代词的特征、数量、所属等信息,使名词或代词的意义更加明确。
(2)形容词作定语
The red flower is very beautiful.(这朵红花非常漂亮。)
red 是形容词,作定语修饰名词 flower,说明花的颜色。
(3)名词所有格作定语
Tom's book is on the desk.(汤姆的书在桌子上。)
Tom's 是名词所有格,作定语修饰名词 book,表明书的所属。
(4)介词短语作定语
The book on the table is mine.(桌子上的那本书是我的。)
on the table 是介词短语,作定语修饰名词 book,说明书的位置。
(5)定语从句作定语
I like the movie that is very interesting.(我喜欢那部非常有趣的电影。)
that is very interesting 是定语从句,修饰名词 movie,对电影进行进一步的描述。
6.状语
(1)定义和功能
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的句子成分,用于说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等情况。
(2)时间状语
I get up early in the morning.(我早上起床很早。)
in the morning 是时间状语,说明动作 get up 发生的时间。
(3)地点状语
He played football on the playground.(他在操场上踢足球。)
on the playground 是地点状语,表明动作 played football 发生的地点。
(4)原因状语
She didn't come because she was ill.(她没来因为她生病了。)
because she was ill 是原因状语,解释主语 shedidn't come 的原因。
(5)方式状语
He drives carefully.(他开车很小心。)
carefully 是方式状语,修饰动词 drives,说明开车的方式。
(6)程度状语
The movie is very interesting.(这部电影非常有趣。)
very 是程度状语,修饰形容词 interesting,表示有趣的程度。
7.补语
(1)定义和功能
补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的状态、特征、身份等内容的句子成分,分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。
(2)主语补足语
He was found sleeping in the classroom.(他被发现正在教室里睡觉。)
sleeping in the classroom 是主语补足语,用于补充说明主语 he 被发现时的状态。
(3)宾语补足语
We made our classroom clean.(我们使我们的教室变干净了。)
clean 是宾语 our classroom 的补足语,补充说明教室在动作 made 后的状态。
(三)中考考查重点
1.句子成分的辨析
(1)在选择题、完形填空等题型中考查对不同句子成分的理解和判断
例如:The tall boy ______ a book in his hand is my brother.
A. with B. has
答案是 A,因为句子已经有谓语动词 is,这里需要一个介词短语 with a book in his hand 作定语来修饰名词 boy,而不是另一个谓语动词 has。
(2)通过句子翻译考查句子成分的正确运用
例如:我看见他正在公园里跑步。
翻译为 I saw him running in the park. 其中 running in the park 是宾语补足语,用于补充说明宾语 him 的动作状态。
2.句子成分与语法结构的综合考查
(1)在语法填空、改写句子等题型中考查句子成分与句子类型、时态、语态等语法知识的结合运用
例如:______ (write) in a hurry, this letter is full of mistakes.(由于写得匆忙,这封信满是错误。)
答案是 Written,这里考查过去分词短语作原因状语,过去分词 Written 与句子主语 this letter 构成被动关系,表示信是被匆忙写就的。
(2)句子成分与词性的关联考查
例如在句子 His ______ (care) led to the accident.(他的粗心导致了这场事故。) 中,需要将名词 care 转换为形容词 careless 来作主语,这里就涉及到句子成分(主语)与词性转换的综合知识。
三、课后练习
(一)单项选择题
In the sentence “The boy is reading a book.”, “reading a book” is the ______.
A. subject B. object C. predicate D. complement
答案:C
解析:在这个句子中,“is reading” 是谓语动词(predicate),“a book” 是宾语,“reading a book” 整体构成谓语部分,表示主语 “the boy” 正在进行的动作,所以答案是 C。
The subject of the sentence “My mother cooks delicious food every day.” is ______.
A. My mother B. cooks C. delicious food D. every day
答案:A
解析:句子的主语是执行动作的人或事物,在这个句子中 “cooks” 是谓语动词,“My mother” 是执行 “做饭” 这个动作的人,所以主语是 “My mother”,答案是 A。
In “We found the movie very interesting.”, “very interesting” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. attribute C. adverbial D. object complement
答案:D
解析:在这个句子中,“found” 是谓语动词,“the movie” 是宾语,“very interesting” 是用来补充说明宾语 “the movie” 的状态的,是宾语补足语(object complement),所以答案是 D。
The object of the sentence “He gave me a book.” is ______.
A. He B. me C. a book D. gave
答案:C
解析:在 “give sb. sth.” 这个结构中,“give” 是谓语动词,“sb.”(me)是间接宾语,“sth.”(a book)是直接宾语,句子的宾语通常是动作的对象,这里的直接宾语是 “a book”,所以答案是 C。
In “The cat under the table is sleeping.”, “under the table” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
答案:B
解析:“under the table” 是用来修饰主语 “The cat” 的,说明猫的位置,在句子中作定语(attribute),所以答案是 B。
The predicate verb in “She looks beautiful.” is ______.
A. She B. looks C. beautiful D. looks beautiful
答案:B
解析:谓语动词是表示主语动作或状态的动词,在这个句子中 “looks” 是系动词,和 “beautiful” 一起构成谓语部分,但谓语动词是 “looks”,所以答案是 B。
In the sentence “I saw him running in the park.”, “running in the park” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“saw” 是谓语动词,“him” 是宾语,“running in the park” 是用来补充说明宾语 “him” 的动作状态的,是宾语补足语,所以答案是 B。
The subject complement in “The story sounds interesting.” is ______.
A. The story B. sounds C. interesting D. sounds interesting
答案:C
解析:在这个句子中,“sounds” 是系动词,“interesting” 是用来补充说明主语 “The story” 的特征的,是主语补足语,所以答案是 C。
In “They sent the letter to my father.”, “to my father” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“sent” 是谓语动词,“the letter” 是宾语,“to my father” 表示动作的对象,在句子中作状语(adverbial),说明信件被寄往的方向,所以答案是 B。
The object of the sentence “He enjoys listening to music.” is ______.
A. He B. enjoys C. listening to music D. music
答案:C
解析:在 “enjoy doing sth.” 这个结构中,“enjoy” 是谓语动词,“doing sth.”(listening to music)是宾语,所以答案是 C。
In “The book on the shelf is mine.”, “on the shelf” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
答案:B
解析:同第 5 题,“on the shelf” 是用来修饰主语 “The book” 的,说明书的位置,是定语(attribute),所以答案是 B。
The predicate in “The students are playing football on the playground.” is ______.
A. The students B. are playing football C. football D. on the playground
答案:B
解析:谓语是句子中表示主语动作或状态的部分,在这个句子中 “are playing football” 表示主语 “The students” 正在进行的动作,是谓语部分,所以答案是 B。
In “I made my sister happy.”, “happy” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“made” 是谓语动词,“my sister” 是宾语,“happy” 是用来补充说明宾语 “my sister” 的状态的,是宾语补足语,所以答案是 B。
The subject of the sentence “To learn English well is important.” is ______.
A. To learn English well B. is C. important D. English
答案:A
解析:句子的主语是 “To learn English well”,这是一个不定式短语,在句子中作主语,表示一件事情,所以答案是 A。
In “The tall boy with glasses is my brother.”, “with glasses” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
答案:B
解析:“with glasses” 是用来修饰主语 “The tall boy” 的,说明男孩的特征,是定语(attribute),所以答案是 B。
The predicate verb in “He has visited many countries.” is ______.
A. He B. has visited C. many countries D. visited
答案:B
解析:在这个句子中,“has visited” 是谓语动词,表示主语 “He” 完成的动作,所以答案是 B。
In “She painted the wall white.”, “white” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“painted” 是谓语动词,“the wall” 是宾语,“white” 是用来补充说明宾语 “the wall” 被漆后的颜色状态的,是宾语补足语,所以答案是 B。
The subject complement in “The cake tastes delicious.” is ______.
A. The cake B. tastes C. delicious D. tastes delicious
答案:C
解析:“tastes” 是系动词,“delicious” 是用来补充说明主语 “The cake” 的味道特征的,是主语补足语,所以答案是 C。
In “They arrived at the station early.”, “early” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“arrived at” 是谓语动词和介词短语构成的谓语部分,“the station” 是宾语,“early” 是用来修饰动词 “arrived” 的,说明到达的时间状态,在句子中作状语(adverbial),所以答案是 B。
The object of the sentence “She showed me her new dress.” is ______.
A. She B. me C. her new dress D. showed
答案:C
解析:在 “show sb. sth.” 这个结构中,“show” 是谓语动词,“sb.”(me)是间接宾语,“sth.”(her new dress)是直接宾语,句子的宾语通常是动作的对象,这里的直接宾语是 “her new dress”,所以答案是 C。
In “The man standing there is my teacher.”, “standing there” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
答案:B
解析:“standing there” 是用来修饰主语 “The man” 的,说明男人的状态,在句子中作定语(attribute),所以答案是 B。
The predicate in “My father works in a factory.” is ______.
A. My father B. works in a factory C. works D. in a factory
答案:B
解析:谓语是句子中表示主语动作或状态的部分,在这个句子中 “works in a factory” 表示主语 “My father” 的工作地点和动作,是谓语部分,所以答案是 B。
In “I heard her singing in the bathroom.”, “singing in the bathroom” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“heard” 是谓语动词,“her” 是宾语,“singing in the bathroom” 是用来补充说明宾语 “her” 的动作状态的,是宾语补足语,所以答案是 B。
The subject complement in “The weather gets warmer.” is ______.
A. The weather B. gets C. warmer D. gets warmer
答案:C
解析:“gets” 是系动词,“warmer” 是用来补充说明主语 “The weather” 的变化状态的,是主语补足语,所以答案是 C。
In “He put the book on the desk.”, “on the desk” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“put” 是谓语动词,“the book” 是宾语,“on the desk” 表示动作的地点,在句子中作状语(adverbial),所以答案是 B。
The object of the sentence “We should help the poor.” is ______.
A. We B. should help C. the poor D. help
答案:C
解析:在这个句子中,“should help” 是谓语部分,“the poor”(穷人)是动作 “help” 的对象,是宾语,所以答案是 C。
In “The girl with long hair is dancing.”, “with long hair” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
答案:B
解析:“with long hair” 是用来修饰主语 “The girl” 的,说明女孩的头发特征,是定语(attribute),所以答案是 B。
The predicate verb in “The train has left.” is ______.
A. The train B. has left C. left D. has
答案:B
解析:在这个句子中,“has left” 是谓语动词,表示火车已经完成的动作,所以答案是 B。
In “I find it difficult to learn math.”, “difficult to learn math” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. object complement C. adverbial D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“find” 是谓语动词,“it” 是形式宾语,“difficult to learn math” 是用来补充说明 “it” 所指代内容的状态的,是宾语补足语,所以答案是 B。
The subject of the sentence “Listening to music makes me happy.” is ______.
A. Listening to music B. makes C. me D. happy
答案:A
解析:句子的主语是 “Listening to music”,这是一个动名词短语,在句子中作主语,表示一件事情,所以答案是 A。
In “The dog running after the cat is mine.”, “running after the cat” is a(n) ______.
A. adverbial B. attribute C. object D. subject
答案:B
解析:“running after the cat” 是用来修饰主语 “The dog” 的,说明狗的动作状态,在句子中作定语(attribute),所以答案是 B。
The predicate in “She is reading an interesting book.” is ______.
A. She B. is reading an interesting book C. is reading D. an interesting book
答案:B
解析:谓语是句子中表示主语动作或状态的部分,在这个句子中 “is reading an interesting book” 表示主语 “She” 正在进行的动作,是谓语部分,所以答案是 B。
In “He told us a funny story.”, “a funny story” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
答案:A
解析:在 “tell sb. sth.” 这个结构中,“tell” 是谓语动词,“sb.”(us)是间接宾语,“sth.”(a funny story)是直接宾语,句子的宾语通常是动作的对象,这里的直接宾语是 “a funny story”,所以答案是 A。
The subject complement in “The flowers smell sweet.” is ______.
A. The flowers B. smell C. sweet D. smell sweet
答案:C
解析:“smell” 是系动词,“sweet” 是用来补充说明主语 “The flowers” 的气味特征的,是主语补足语,所以答案是 C。
In “They went to school in a hurry.”, “in a hurry” is a(n) ______.
A. object B. adverbial C. object complement D. attribute
答案:B
解析:“went to school” 是谓语部分,“in a hurry” 是用来修饰动词 “went” 的,说明去学校的方式状态,在句子中作状语(adverbial),所以答案是 B。
(二)句子成分划分
划分句子 “They are playing basketball happily on the playground.” 的成分。
答案:
They(主语)
are playing basketball(谓语)
happily(状语,修饰动词 play,表示方式)
on the playground(状语,修饰动词 play,表示地点)
划分句子 “The beautiful girl with a smile on her face greeted us.” 的成分。
答案:
The beautiful girl with a smile on her face(主语,其中 “with a smile on her face” 是定语,修饰 “the girl”,“beautiful” 也是定语,修饰 “girl”)
greeted(谓语动词)
us(宾语)
划分句子 “I found the movie really exciting.” 的成分。
答案:
I(主语)
found(谓语动词)
the movie(宾语)
really exciting(宾语补足语,用来补充说明宾语 “the movie” 的状态)
划分句子 “To see is to believe.” 的成分。
答案:
To see(主语,不定式短语作主语)
is(谓语动词)
to believe(表语,不定式短语作表语)
划分句子 “He made his mother very proud.” 的成分。
答案:
He(主语)
made(谓语动词)
his mother(宾语)
very proud(宾语补足语,用来补充说明宾语 “his mother” 的状态)
四、真题模拟
【2024 年山东济南】
In the park, we saw many beautiful flowers. In this sentence, In the park is a(n) ______.
答案:adverbial(状语)
解析:In the park 在句子中表示地点,用来修饰动词 saw,说明动作发生的地点,在句子成分中属于状语。
【2024 年江苏南京】
The book on the table is mine. In this sentence, on the table is a(n) ______.
答案:post - modifier(后置定语)
解析:on the table 用来修饰名词 book,说明这本书的位置,在句子中作后置定语,用于限定 book 的范围。
【2024 年广东深圳】
She looks happy today. In this sentence, happy is a(n) ______.
答案:predicative(表语)
解析:在主系表结构的句子中,looks 是系动词,happy 跟在系动词后,用于说明主语 she 的状态,所以 happy 是表语。
【2024 年四川成都】My mother bought me a new dress. In this sentence, me is a(n) ______.
答案:indirect object(间接宾语)
解析:句子中有双宾语,a new dress 是直接宾语,表示买的东西,me 是间接宾语,表示动作的对象(妈妈为我买裙子)。
【2024 年湖北武汉】The tall boy with glasses is my brother. In this sentence, with glasses is a(n) ______.
答案:attributive(定语)
解析:with glasses 用来修饰名词 boy,描述男孩的特征(戴眼镜),在句子中作定语。
【2024 年湖南长沙】To learn English well, we need to practice a lot. In this sentence, To learn English well is a(n) ______.
答案:adverbial(状语) of purpose(目的状语)
解析:To learn English well 在句子中表示目的,说明 we need to practice a lot 的目的是学好英语,所以是目的状语。
【2024 年浙江杭州】The exciting news made us excited. In this sentence, exciting modifies ______ and excited modifies ______.
答案:news;us
解析:exciting 是用来描述 news 的性质,说明消息是令人兴奋的,作定语修饰 news;excited 是用来描述 us 的感受,说明我们感到兴奋,作表语,修饰 us。
【2024 年河南郑州】He runs fast in the playground. In this sentence, fast is a(n) ______.
答案:adverb(副词),作状语
解析:fast 用来修饰动词 runs,说明跑的速度,在句子中是副词作状语。
【2024 年河北石家庄】I found the movie really interesting. In this sentence, really interesting is a(n) ______.
答案:object complement(宾语补足语)
解析:found 是谓语动词,the movie 是宾语,really interesting 用来补充说明宾语 the movie 的特征,所以是宾语补足语。
【2024 年辽宁沈阳】The man who is standing there is my teacher. In this sentence, who is standing there is a(n) ______.
答案:relative clause(定语从句),作定语
解析:who is standing there 是一个从句,用来修饰名词 man,说明是站在那里的男人,在句子中作定语。
【2023 年山东济南】We made him our monitor. In this sentence, our monitor is a(n) ______.
答案:object complement(宾语补足语)
解析:在句子中,him 是宾语,our monitor 用来补充说明 him 的身份,所以是宾语补足语。
【2023 年江苏南京】The girl in a red dress is dancing. In this sentence, in a red dress is a(n) ______.
答案:attributive(定语)
解析:in a red dress 用于修饰名词 girl,说明女孩穿着红色连衣裙,在句子中作定语。
【2023 年广东深圳】His words made me very sad. In this sentence, very sad is a(n) ______.
答案:object complement(宾语补足语)
解析:me 是宾语,very sad 用来补充说明宾语 me 的状态,是宾语补足语。
【2023 年四川成都】The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. In this sentence, which I bought yesterday is a(n) ______.
答案:relative clause(定语从句),作定语
解析:这个从句用来修饰名词 book,说明是我昨天买的书,在句子中作定语。
【2023 年湖北武汉】
She seems to be happy. In this sentence, to be happy is a(n) ______.
答案:predicative(表语)
解析:seems 是系动词,to be happy 跟在系动词后,用于说明主语 she 的状态,所以是表语。
【2023 年湖南长沙】He sent his mother a beautiful card. In this sentence, a beautiful card is a(n) ______.
答案:direct object(直接宾语)
解析:句子中有双宾语,his mother 是间接宾语,a beautiful card 是直接宾语,表示送的东西。
【2023 年浙江杭州】The students are listening to the teacher carefully in the classroom. In this sentence, carefully is a(n) ______.
答案:adverb(副词),作状语
解析:carefully 用来修饰动词 listening,说明听的方式,在句子中是副词作状语。
【2023 年河南郑州】The story told by my grandma is very moving. In this sentence, told by my grandma is a(n) ______.
答案:post - modifier(后置定语)
解析:told by my grandma 用来修饰名词 story,说明故事是奶奶讲的,在句子中作后置定语。
【2023 年河北石家庄】I am reading an interesting novel in the library. In this sentence, in the library is a(n) ______.
答案:adverbial(状语)
解析:in the library 在句子中表示地点,用来修饰动词 reading,说明动作发生的地点,是状语。
【2023 年辽宁沈阳】The sun rises in the east every day. In this sentence, in the east is a(n) ______.
答案:adverbial(状语)
解析:in the east 在句子中表示方向,用于修饰动词 rises,说明太阳升起的方向,是状语。
【2022 年山东】The boy called Tom is my best friend. In this sentence, called Tom is a(n) ______.
答案:post - modifier(后置定语)
解析:called Tom 用来修饰名词 boy,说明这个男孩被叫做汤姆,在句子中作后置定语。
【2022 年湖北】She gave a wonderful speech at the meeting. In this sentence, at the meeting is a(n) ______.
答案:adverbial(状语)
解析:at the meeting 在句子中表示地点,用于修饰动词 gave,说明演讲这个动作发生的地点,是状语。
【2022 年四川】We consider him a hard - working student. In this sentence, a hard - working student is a(n) ______.
答案:object complement(宾语补足语)
解析:him 是宾语,a hard - working student 用来补充说明 him 的身份,是宾语补足语。
【2022 年广东】The building being built now will be a hospital. In this sentence, being built now is a(n) ______.
答案:post - modifier(后置定语)
解析:being built now 用来修饰名词 building,说明建筑物正在被建造,在句子中作后置定语。
【2021 年全国通用版】The man with a hat is my uncle. In this sentence, with a hat is a(n) ______.
答案:attributive(定语)
解析:with a hat 用于修饰名词 man,说明这个男人戴着帽子,在句子中作定语。
【2021 年全国通用版】I saw a bird flying in the sky. In this sentence, flying in the sky is a(n) ______.
答案:post - modifier(后置定语)
解析:flying in the sky 用来修饰名词 bird,说明鸟正在天空飞,在句子中作后置定语。
原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$