2025届高三英语高考基础句子成分及结构复习 讲义

学员编号： 年 级： 高三 课时数： 3 学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师： 课 题 句子成分及结构学习 授课日期及时段 教学目的 1、摸底了解学生英语基础 2、复习句子基本成分及结构， 确立英语语法基本体系。 教学内容 学生信息： 这份讲义适合知识结构不是很清晰，基础较弱的学生。 本次讲义中所选练习都是2010年上海高考卷，中等难度的题，通过老师的分析讲解，让学生感觉高考试题是可以攻克的，树立学习英语的信心。 Step1：Greetings & Warming up （学科教师提前了解学生信息，选取学生感兴趣的topic跟学生交流对话） Step2：Diagnostic test 1. - Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday. - Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustn't C. should D. shouldn't 2. I had great difficulty the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. A. find B. found C. to find D. finding 3. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused 4. you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge. A. However a serious problem B. What a serious problem C. However serious a problem D. What serious a problem 5. the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.[来源:Z§xx§k.Com] A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 6. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. A. that B. how C. what D. why 7. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering 8. Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which 9. our manager objects to Tom's joining the club, we shall accept him as a member. A. Until B. Unless C If D. After 10. That is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce **************************************************************************************************** 答案：1、CDACA 6、ABCBB 重点解析： 考查非谓语动词的有 2、3、5、10 考查复合句的有6、7、8、9 2、have difficulty in doing 做某事有困难 4、However+形容词\副词引导让步状语从句 6、表语从句是一个完整的句子，不缺成分，所以用that Step3：Grammar focus （我选择的典型例句较多供老师们参考，教师需要知道这些例句，但在讲解过程中，不要过分强调语法专业术语，不要把全部例句列举给学生听，可以通过口头提问、翻译的方式进行分析讲解。） 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 注意：（形容词化的分词）My watch is gone / missing / lost. （不定式） To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （表语从句） The question is whether they will come. 特殊结构：系动词后面的成分也是表语，常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, go，become， get，turn， prove ...，turn out) （四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） （五）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women who wear the company’s uniform.（定语从句） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （六）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） （七）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） 总结： 1、学生需要在心中牢记这个表格，并且知道“定语、状语、补语”不是一个句子中不可缺少的成分 主语 谓语 宾语 主语 系动词 表语 定语 状语 补语 2、重点分析蓝体字部分，其中包含了名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句，帮助学生确立复合句的概念。 Step4：Have a test (翻译句子并指出句子成分) 1、 He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 2、We need a place twice larger than this one. 3、Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 4、There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him． 5、We have found that the power of the male heart falls by 20--25 percent between 18 and 70 ears of age。 6、The latest research makes it known that the reason could be that men's hearts go into rapid decline when they reach middle age. Step5：Reading comprehension A The elephant was lying heavily on its side, fast asleep. A few dogs started barking at it. The elephant woke up in a terrible anger: it chased the dogs into the village where they ran for safety. That didn't stop the elephant. It destroyed a dozen houses and injured several people. The villagers were scared and angry. Then someone suggested calling Parbati, the elephant princess. Parbati Barua's father was a hunter of tigers and an elephant tamer. He taught Parbati to ride an elephant before she could even walk. He also taught her the dangerous art of the elephant round-up -- how to catch wild elephants. Parbati hasn't always lived in the jungle. After a happy childhood hunting with her father, she was sent to boarding school in the city. But Parbati never got used to being there and many years later she went back to her old fife. "Life in the city is too dull. Catching elephants is an adventure and the excitement lasts for days after the chase," she says. But Parbati doesn't catch elephants just for fun. "My work," she says, "is to rescue man from the elephants, and to keep the elephants safe from man." And this is exactly what Parbati has been doing for many years. Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back. Whenever wild elephants enter a tea garden or a village, Parbati is called to guide the animals back to the jungle before they can kill. The work of an elephant tamer also involves love and devotion. A good elephant tamer will spend hours a day singing love songs to a newly captured elephant. "Eventually they grow to love their tamers and never forget them. They are also more loyal than humans," she said, as she climbed up one of her elephants and sat on the giant, happy animal. An elephant princess indeed! 1. For Parbati, catching elephants is mainly to . A. get long lasting excitement B. keep both man and elephants safe C. send them back to the jungle D. make the angry elephants tame 2. Before Parbati studied in a boarding school, . A. she spent her time hunting with her father B. she learned how to sing love songs C. she had already been called an elephant princess D. she was taught how to hunt tigers 3. Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because __________. A. they are caught and sent for heavy work B. illegal hunters capture them and kill them C. they are attacked and their land gets limited D. dogs often bark at them and chase them 4. The passage starts with an elephant story in order to explain that in India _________. A. people easily fall victim to elephants' attacks B. the man-elephant relationship is getting worse C. elephant tamers are in short supply D. dogs are as powerful as elephants B Phys ed (physical education) is making a comeback as a part of the school core curriculum(核心课程)， but with a difference. While group sports are still part of the curriculum, the new way is to teach skills that are useful beyond gym class. Instead of learning how to climb a rope, children are taught to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance. In this way，kids are given the tools and skills and experiences so they can lead a physically active life the rest of their life. Considering that 15 percent of American children 6 to 18 are overweight, supporters say more money and thought must be put into phys ed curriculum. In many cases, that may mean not just replacing the old gym-class model with fitness programs but also starting up phys ed programs because school boards often "put P.E. on the chopping block, cutting it entirely or decreasing its teachers or the days it is offered," says Alicia Moag-Stahlberg, the executive director of Action for Health Kids. The difference in phys ed programs is partly due to the lack of a national standard. "Physical education needs to be part of the core curriculum," she added. The wisdom of the new approach has some scientific support. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin have demonstrated how effective the fit-for-life model of gym class can be. They observed how 50 overweight children lost more weight when they cycled and skied cross-country than when they played sports. The researchers also found that teaching sports like football resulted in less overall movement, partly because reluctant students were able to sit on the bench. Another problem with simply teaching group sports in gym class is that only a tiny percentage of students continue playing them after graduating from high school. The new method teaches sells that translate to adulthood. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 5. In the new P.E. program, children learn to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance rather than 6. As for P.E., some school boards either 7. What are the two problems with simply teaching group sports? 8. What is the long-term benefit of the new P.E program? **************************************************************************************** 答案：1-4 ： BACC 5、learning how to climb a rope. 6、cutting it entirely or decreasing its teachers or time. 7、less overall movement and students' quiting playing after graduation. 8、It can give children a physically active life. 重点解析：3、本题为细节题，在文章的第四段的Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back.中找到答案。 4、本题是逻辑推理题。文章的第一段讲了一个大象和人的故事，大象很野蛮，造成了人力的伤亡和资源的破坏，以这个为开头，给人的印象是不好的，说明人和大象的关系也是糟糕的 6、从文章中的第二段的because school boards often "put P.E. on the chopping block, cutting it entirely or decreasing its teachers or the days it is offered,"中可以找到答案，本道试题需要稍微总结一下 。 8、在文章的第一段中的In this way，kids are given the tools and skills and experiences so they can lead a physically active life the rest of their life.和文章的最后一段中可以概括出这道试题的答案。这道试题更需要对整篇文章进行理解分析。 Step6：Translation 1、这本杂志花了我20多元。（cost） 2、雨天我总是比平时起得晚。（than） 3、看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。(turn) 4、乍一看，这块手表没有什么特别之处，但实际上它是一部手机。（there be） 5、我们一致同意一旦得出调查结论，就尽早让公众知晓。（once） ****************************************************************************************************** 答案：1、The magazine cost me over than 20 yuan. 2、I always get up later than usual on rainy days. 3、Seeing granny a little sleepy, he drew the curtain and turned the TV down. 4、At first sight, there is nothing special about the watch, but actually it is a mobile phone. 5、We all agree that once the conclusion of the investigation is drawn, it should be made known to the public as soon as possible. 重点解析：1、掌握固定词组cost sb. sth 2、掌握固定词组 than usual 3、注意非谓语动词的用法 seeing, 掌握词组：有些睡意 a little sleepy 4、掌握固定词组： 乍一看 at first sight 某物没什么特别之处there be nothing special about 5、once引导状语从句，表示“一旦” 掌握固定词组：be made known to the public Step7：To have a summary 1、 What have you got from this period? 2、 What would you like to learn next period? Step 8: Assignments 1． 记忆重要句型 2． 完成课后作业 A F . Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24,1896, an American novelist, w as once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton. University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her. His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary : “ My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary. ” This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel the Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Thales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was The Great Gatsby, published in 1925,which quick brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection lf short stories All the Sad Young Men. However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife www. ks5u. com Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the last Tycoon in 1940. while his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism. 56. How many novels written by Fitzgerald are mentioned in the passage ? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 57. Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgerald’s life according to the passage?高考 a. He became addicted to drinking. b. He studied at St. Paul Academy. c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise. d. The Great Gatsby won high praise. e. He failed to reorder his life. f. He joined the army and met Zelda. A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-d C. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a 58. We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald . A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama. B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital 59. The passage is probably followed by a concluding paragraph about . A. Zelda’s personal life B. Zelda’s illness and treatment C. Fitzgerald’s friendship with Graham D. Fitzgerald’s contributions to the literary world B Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions（地区）of the world, it remains the next big thing——finally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better. Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U. S. ,where are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV, I in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013——pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families. Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages, women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl. They were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education. In the Indian state of Gujarat, Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Bollywood songs with words in Gujarati on the screen. Within six months, viewers had made a small but significant（有意义的）improvement in their reading skills. Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide. 60. The underlined word “outlawed” in paragraph 2 probably means “ ”. A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused 61. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Americans used to get access to the Internet easily. B. The world’s TV sets will total 150million by 2013. C. 45% of families in the developing countries had a TV in 2005. D. Over two thirds of families in the world will have a TV by 2013. 62. The author intends to . A. stress the advantages of TV to people’s lives B. persuade women to become more independent C. encourage people to improve their reading skills D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google 63. What would be the best title for the passage? A. TV Will Rule the World B. TV Will Disturb the World C. TV Will Better the World D. TV Will Remain in World C Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers’ desire to go green . However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns. Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy. This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the companies should still make efforts to become more environmentally friendly. Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a company’s environmental reputation was not good enough. Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Carbon Trust, sympathizes：“I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is ticking—we don’t have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand. ” Larger companies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions（排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers. The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing. “When companies are granted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（标识）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,”Mr. Morrison said. 64. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers. B. Companies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions. C. Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home. D. Firms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppers’ environmental awareness. 65. The underlined word“inform”in Paragraph 2 probably means“ ”. A. affect B. change C. disturb D. reject 66. According to Harry Morrison, businesses . A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissions B. should buy carbon allowances for shoppers C. are required to make up for their carbon emissions D. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere 67. We can learn from the passage that businesses will . A. have a strong desire to reduce costs B. use the same logo in their marketing C. gain advantages by taking early action D. attract more shoppers by storing goods ***************************************************************************************************** 答案：56. A 57. D 58. C 59. D 60. B 61. D 62. A 63. C 64. D 65. A 66. A 67. C 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$