内容正文:
2012暑期课程
非谓语动词(上)
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动词现在分词和过去分词三种结构。顾名思义,这三种结构在句中不能充当谓语成分。因而,不定式(to do …)、现在分词(doing…)和过去分词(done…)能在句中充当主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语这六种成分。
高考重点要求:
1、 掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用
2、 区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同
3、 掌握不定式、动名词作宾语,不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构
4、 注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系,以确定非谓语动词的时态形式
5、 弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,以确定非谓语动词的语态形式
第一节 知识梳理
非谓语动词(一)——动词不定式
1. 动词不定式概述:
构成:“to+ 动词原形”,如:to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。
2. 动词不定式的形式变化:
语态式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主 动
to build
to have built
to be building
to have been building
被 动
to be build
to have been build
时态:
1) 一般式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.他好像知道这。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
3) 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.他似乎在吃东西。
4) 完成进行式:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
她知道已处于这个问题很多年了。
语态:
动词不定式的被动语态用法:如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.
1. 动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形
例如: He asked me not to make such a mistake.
2. 动词不定式的基本用法
一、作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
常用的动词如下所示:afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish.
例句:
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2) 动词+宾语+不定式
常用的动词如下所示:
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
例句:
a. I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
b. I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你能使每件东西都保持整洁。
c. I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
d. I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式
常用的动词如下所示:
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
例句:
a. Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
b. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
c. The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
(注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。)
二、作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
常用的动词如下所示: advise,allow,appoint,believe,cause,challenge,command,compel,consider,declare,drive,enable,encourage,find,forbid,force,guess,hire,imagine,impel,induce,inform,instruct,invite,judge,know,like,order,permit,persuade,remi-nd,report,request,require,select,send,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,warn…
例句:
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
例句:
a. I found him lying on the ground.
b. I found it important to learn.
c. I found that to learn English is important.
2) to + be 的不定式结构
常用的动词如下所示:Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为)
例句:
a. We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
3) to be +形容词
Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…
例句:
a. The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
例句:
a. We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
三、作主语
常用于it is/was+adj+to do sth句型中:
常用形容词如下:
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough, Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate, silly, selfish等。
例句:
a. It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了
b. It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
b. It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
c. It's very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
d. It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
e. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:
1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型。
2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
四、作表语
不定式可以在句中作表语,起名词的作用。
例如:My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
五、作定语
· 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
① To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
② My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③ What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
· 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果
(例①)当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组
(例②)以what引导的名词性分句
(例③)不定式说明主语的内容。
六、作状语
1)目的状语
To… only to, in order to, so as to, so (such)… as to…
例句:
①He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
②I come here only to say good-bye to you.
我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
①What have I said to make you angry.
②He searched the room only to find nothing.
3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.
非谓语动词(二)——动词-ing形式
1. 动词-ing概述:如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
2. 动词-ing的形式(时态和语态)变化
动词 语态
形式
及物动词make
不及物动词go
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
making
being made
going
完成式
having made
having been made
having gone
时态:
1) 一般式:它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,或在其前发生。如:
I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下,我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。
2) 完成式:它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:
I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。
语态:
动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者,动名词用被动语态。如:I like being given harder work我喜欢接受难点的工作。
3. 动词-ing的基本用法
动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
一、作主语
Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.
在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
· 动名词作主语,在动词的基础上加ing,使该动词或动词短语,有名词的各种特征,可作名词灵活使用。如:
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况:
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
· 动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
· 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)
No parking. (禁止停车)
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(——这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6. 例词
shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词
动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较:
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意:
1) 在口语中,用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。
2) 在“It is no use...”,“It is no good...”,“It is fun...”,“It is a waste of time...”等句型中,通常用动名词作真实主语:
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3) 在疑问句中,通常用动名词的复合结构,而不用不定式的复合结构作主语:
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4) 在“There be”句型中,只能用动名词,而不能用不定式作主语:
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5) 当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则,主语和表语在形式上要求统一:
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.
二、作宾语
1. 作动词的宾语
· 某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, understand, keep on, mind, report, risk, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can't help, feel like, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, escape 等。如:
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走,说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
· 有些动名词之后既可接动词不定式,又可接动名词,可把这类动词分为三种类型:两种形式所表达的含义基本相同,可以互换。这类动词有:
attempt ,begin,cease,continue,intend,omit,start,cannot bear,decline,disdain,loathe,neglect,commence。例如:
They ceased talking/to talk. 他们停止说话。
Prices will continue to rise/rising. 物价将继续上扬。
What do you intend to do/doing next? 你下一步打算干什么?
· 宾语用不定式和动名词所表达的含义略有变化。用不定式作宾语时,表示特定的一次性的未来动作;用动名词则表示一般的行为,或者是目前正在进行的行为。也可以说,动名词表示泛指的动作,而不定式表示特指的动作。常这样用的动词有:
hate,like,love,prefer,dread等。例如:
Woula you like to go with me? 你想跟我一起走吗?
He preferred to do this rather than do that. 他宁愿做这件事,而不愿做那件事。
2.作介词的宾语
· 动词+介词+动名词
例如:The rain prevented us from completing the work. 下雨妨碍我们完成工作。
She complains of the book being too difficult. 她抱怨这本书太难。
· 形容词+介词+动名词
例如:I know who is responsible for breaking the window. 我知道窗户是谁打开的。
· 名词+介词+动名词
例如:There are many ways of doing it. 有许多方法可以做这件事。
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?
3. 作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
非谓语动词(三)——动词-ed形式
1. 过去分词概述:由主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done) 构成
2. 过去分词的用法:
一、作表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。
注意:过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作)
2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语)
注意:过去分词表示被动或完成,V-ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词,如:interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.。
3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。
二、作定语
作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
3. 过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
三、作状语
1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作。
1) Written in a hurry,this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。
注意:written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦)。
2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought,he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致;
1) Given another hour,I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I,即 I 被再给一个小时。)
2) Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮。(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市。)
注意:如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。
1) The signal given,the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了。(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语。
2) Her head held high,she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语。)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
1) Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
2) Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
注意:状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语。
When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。
四、作宾语补主语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
2) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大。(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
2. 表示“致使”意义的动词。如:have,make,get,keep,leave等。
1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。
2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。
3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。
3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider, know, think等后。如:
1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。
2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain.
我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。
4. 表示爱憎,意愿的动词如want, wish, like, hate等后。如:
1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。
2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。
注意:过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。 (自己的经历)
第二节 近5年高考真题回顾
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
【答案】 C
【解析】 lead to这个词组中to是介词,后面跟名词,于是B被排除,the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名词的复合结构,与catch之间应是被动关系,故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有:(get) be used to, look forward to,look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。
例2、Though _________ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
【答案】 C
【解析】 lack是及物动词,后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系,要用现在分词作状语。译文:虽然缺钱,他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。
例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _________ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
【答案】 B
【解析】 risk后面只能带动名词做宾语,含义为“冒……之险”。
例4、_________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
【答案】 C
【解析】 在非谓语动词中,用动名词或不定式来作主语,而分词和介词短语不能作主语,因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中,will do是谓语,缺少主语,要用动名词作主语。expose与one's skin是动宾关系,所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文:在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。
例5、_________ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
【答案】 A
【解析】 put sth. into use “让……投入使用”。显然,put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系,所以用表示被动的过去分词。
例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _________ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
【答案】 C
【解析】 动词不定式充当目的状语。
例7、With a lot of difficult problems _________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
【答案】 C
【解析】 动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题;过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题,现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题。
例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
【答案】A
【解析】 take advantage of (利用)和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系,且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生,所以选择A。
例9、Sandy could do nothing but _________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
【答案】A
【解析】 该句中的but是介词,后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do,does或did时,后接不带to的不定式;是其他动词时,后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing,要填动词原形admit。译文:山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。
例10、He sent me an e-mail, _________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
【答案】B。
【解析】 现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时,句子的正确形式是:He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一词,如果要选择“hoped”时,句子的正确形式是:He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。
第三节 巩固练习
1. There _________ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall.
A. was B. being
C. were D. had been
2. The policeman rushed into the room only _________ an old lady lying on the ground.
A. found B. find
C. finding D. to find
3. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes _________ and his hands _________.
A. closing; trembling B. closed; trembling
C. closed; trembled D. closing; trembled
4. _________, the girls raced on to the second runners.
A. Stick in hand B. With a stick in her hand
C. Sticks in hand D. Sticks in hands
5. Each of them got up early _________ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hoping
C. so that D. and
6. How pleased the Emperor was _________ what the cheats said!
A. hearing B. heard
C. hear D. to hear
7. We should prevent pollution _________ happily.
A. from living B. living
C. to living D. to live
8. I am busy now, so I can’t help _________ the machine.
A. repair B. to have repaired
C. repairing D. fixing
9. Jane came very close _________ a gold medal for Britain in the Olympics.
A. to win B. winning
C. to winning D. to be won
10. The boy seated himself in the corner with his back _________ to his father.
A. turning B. to turn
C. to be turned D. turned
11. -By the way, when did you get your bedroom _________? -Last week.
A. to paint B. painted
C. painting D. to be painted
12. He likes _________, but he doesn’t like _________ today because it is too cold.
A. to swim; to swim B. swimming; swimming
C. to swim; swimming D. swimming; to swim
13. There is _________ what the weather will be like.
A. not knowing B. no knowing
C. not know D. no known
14. The novel is said _________ into many languages.
A. to translate B. being translated
C. to have been translated D. having been translated
15. I’m examining the composition he has just finished _________ the possible mistakes in it.
A. correcting B. to correct
C. corrected D. correct
16. They would not allow him _________ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go
C. for risk to go D. risk going
17. He spent as much time as he could _________ the child.
A. teaching B. to teach
C. teach D. for teaching
18. -Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
-I _________, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would
C. was going to D. did
19. How pleased the Emperor was _________ what the cheats said!
A. hearing B. to hear
C. heard D. hear
20. _________ the room, a letter was laid on the ground.
A. Entering B. Having entered
C. He entered D. Mrs Green entering
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快乐英语——高中部分
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