内容正文:
主谓一致
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一、两大原则
主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致,通常应遵循两大原则:语法一致原则和意义一致原则。
1.语法一致原则
一般来说,如果主语是复数形式,谓语动词应用复数形式;
如果主语是单数形式,谓语动词应用单数形式。
The students are very smart.学生们都很聪明。
The picture looks beautiful.这幅画看起来很漂亮。
2.意义一致原则
有时主语在语法形式上是单数,但含有复数意义,其后的谓语动词应用复数形式;
有时主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上是单数,其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。
People here are very friendly.这里的人很友好。
Ten years is just a moment in history.十年在历史上只是一瞬间。
二、常考用法
1.单数名词、单数代词或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式
My bike is under the tree.我的自行车在树下。
He wants to buy a car.他想买一辆轿车。
The weather is good today.今天天气不错。
Their present house _______near a museum.
A.was B.is C.were D.are
二、常考用法
2.复数名词、只有复数形式的名词或复数代词作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式
常见的只有复数形式的名词有clothes(衣服),belongings(财物),earnings(薪水,收入),savings(积蓄,存款),sales(销售量),surroundings(环境),odds(可能性,概率),remains(剩余物,残留物),goods(商品,货品),fireworks(烟花表演),thanks(感谢)等。常见的复数代词有they(他们,她们,它们),these(这些),those(那些)等。
The clothes are not suitable for everyday wear.
这些衣服不适合平时穿。
They have to stay at home.他们不得不待在家里。
二、常考用法
3.表示双数意义的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式
常见的这类名词有glasses(眼镜),sunglasses(太阳镜),scissors(剪刀),shoes(鞋),socks(短袜),gloves(分指手套),trousers(裤子),pants(裤子),jeans(牛仔裤),shorts(短裤)等。
His glasses were broken by his son last night.昨天晚上他的眼镜被他儿子弄坏了。
Your trousers are in the wardrobe.你的裤子在衣柜里。
二、常考用法
4.both...and...或“名词+and+名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式
注意:“名词+and+名词”表示同一个人、物、概念或一个不可分割的整体时,谓语动词应用单数形式。
Water and air are very important to us.水和空气对我们很重要。
A writer and a teacher are talking to our principal.(作家和老师是两个人)
一位作家和一位老师正在和我们校长谈话。
A writer and teacher is talking to our principal.(作家和老师是同一个人)
一位作家兼老师正在和我们校长谈话。
二、常考用法
“名词+and+名词”结构表示同一个人、物、概念或一个不可分割的整体的常见短语有bread and butter(黄油面包片),a watch and chain(一块带链的表),law and order(社会秩序),a knife and fork(一副刀叉),a cup and saucer(一套杯碟)等。
知识拓展
二、常考用法
5.“no/every/each+单数名词+and(+no/every/each)+单数名词”作主语时,
谓语动词应用单数形式
Every boy and (every) girl has a new book. 每个男孩儿和女孩儿都有一本新书。
二、常考用法
6.“a number of+复数名词/复数代词”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式:中心词是短语中的复数名词/复数代词,所以谓语动词应用复数形式;
“the number of+复数名词/复数代词”作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式:中心词是number,所以谓语动词应用单数形式。
A number of students are waiting for the bus.许多学生正在等公共汽车。
The number of students in the class is 35.这个班的学生人数是35人。
A number of workers_____agreed with that plan, and the number of them ______78.
A.has;is B.have;are C. has;are D.have;is
二、常考用法
7.就近原则和就远原则
“就近原则”是指谓语动词应与最靠近它的主语在人称和数上保持一致;
“就远原则”是指谓语动词应与某些单词或短语前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致
就近原则:
there be句型
or连接名词和代词
neither...nor...连接名词和代词
either...or...连接名词和代词
not only...but also...连接名词和代词
就远原则:
with/together with/along with/as well as引出的短语
but/except/besides/in addition to引出的短语
like/unlike引出的短语
including/instead of引出的短语
rather than/more than/no less than引出的短语
There is an apple and seven oranges in the box.
箱子里有一个苹果和七个橙子。
Either she or you are wrong.要么她错,要么你错。
The teacher, together with his students, has seen the film.
老师和他的学生们一起看了这部电影。
Nobody but two students is in the classroom.除了两名学生,教室里没有人。
They, rather than Jane,are to blame.他们,而不是简,应该承担责任。
二、常考用法
1. Not only my parents but also my elder sister ______passed the driving test.
A.have B.has C.having D. being
2. Jack as well as l ______ interested in painting.
A.is B.are C.am D.have
二、常考用法
8."one of+复数名词/复数代词+定语从句”结构中,从句的谓语动词应用复数形式
注意:当one之前有the, the only,the mere,the very 等修饰时,从句一般是修饰one的,所以从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。
She is one of those passengers who are willing to lend a hand.
她是那些愿意帮忙的乘客之一。
She is the only one of those passongers who is willing to lend a hand.
她是那些乘客中唯一愿意帮忙的人。
He is one of the boys who ____praised, and he is also the only one of them who____ never late for school.
A.is;is B.is;are C.are;is D. are;are
二、常考用法
知识拓展
定语从句中的关系代词作从句的主语时,从句谓语动词的数要与先行词保持一致
先行词 从句谓语动词的数
单数名词/单数代词/不可数名词 单数形式
复数名词/复数代词 复数形式
整个主句 单数形式
The girl who has long hair is my younger sister.留着长发的那个女孩儿是我的妹妹。
Those people who are wrong should apologize to him,那些有错的人应该向他道歉。
They are talking loudly in the library, which is rather impolite.
他们在图书馆大声说话,这相当不礼貌。
二、常考用法
9.从句作主语时,主句的谓语动词通常用单数形式
注意:若主句为系表结构,主句谓语动词的数通常由作表语的名词或代词的数决定。
When they will go fishing depends on the weather.他们什么时候去钓鱼取决于天气。
What we need is a qualified teacher.我们需要的是一名合格的教师。
What we need are qualified teachers.我们需要的是合格的教师。
What we want _______ some good textbooks.
A. is B. are C.be D.being
二、常考用法
10.“the+形容词/分词”作主语,表示一类人或物时,谓语动词应用复数形式;
表示个别人、不可数的事物或抽象概念时,谓语动词应用单数形式
The young are more active than the old.年轻人比老年人更活跃。
The injured in the accident is a friend of mine.事故中的这名伤者是我的一个朋友。
二、常考用法
11.以-ics结尾表示学科的名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式
常见的这类名词有 physics(物理学),economics(经济学),electronics(电子学),mathematics(数学),ethics(伦理学),politics(政治学),statistics(统计学)等。
注意:当economics,electronics,ethics,politics,statistics表示学科以外的其他含义时,可作复数名词用,作主语时谓语动词应用复数形式。
Mathematics is her favorite subject.数学是她最喜欢的科目。
Statistics is not difficult to learn.统计学不难学。
Statistics in his report are not accurate.他报告中的统计数字不准确。
In fact, economics ___________very useful.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
二、常考用法
12.集体名同作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语所表达的含义
集体名词的含义 谓语动词的数 示例
为不可数名词 单数形式 furniture,equipment, merchandise(商品),baggage(行李),machinery(机器),clothíng
表示同类的全部个休 常用复数形式 youth(青年),police,people,personnel(全体人员),cattle
表示整体概念 单数形式 army, class, committee, company, crowd, couple, group, party,
population, team,public,family,faculty,audience,staff
表示集体中的个体成员 复数形式
All the furniture is made of wood.所有家具都是木制的。
The police are looking into the case.警方正在调查这起案件。
The family is small.(The family 指“这个家庭”,表示整体概念)这个家庭很小。
All my family enjoy skiing.(AIl my family 指“我们全家人”,表示集体中的个体成员)
我们全家人都喜欢滑雪
二、常考用法
youth和people分别意为“小伙子”和“民族”时,为可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词应与其单复数形式保持一致。
A youth sits alone in the corner. 一个小伙子独自坐在角落里。
The native peoples of Central and South America have different beliefs.
中关洲和南美洲的各本土民族有不同的信仰
知识拓展
二、常考用法
13.单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应与其表达的具体意义保持一致
常见的这类名词有 aircraft,deer,fish,means(方法,手段),sheep,species,series,headquarters(总部)等。
Every possible means has been tried,每一种可能的方法都试过了。
All possible means have been tried.所有可能的方法都试过了。
A sheep is eating grass on the bank of the river.一只绵羊正在河岸边吃草。
Some sheep are eating grass on the bank of the river.一些绵单正在河岸边吃草。
二、常考用法
14.表示“许多,大量,少量”的短语后跟名词作主语时,谓语动词的数有不同形式这类短语作主语的具体用法
结构 谓语动词的数
a quantity of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of...+不可数名词/复数名词 与of后名词的数保持一致
a great(good) deal of/a large amount of/a bit of+不可数名词 单数形式
quantítis of+不可数名词/复数名词 复数形式
large/incrcasing/small amounts of+不可数名词 复数形式
A quantity of beer was sold yesterday.昨天卖出了大量的啤酒。
A quantity of trees are being planted along the road.沿路正在种许多树。
A large amount of electricity was consumed last month.上个月消耗了大量的电。
Large quantities of water have been polluted.大量的水已经被污染了。
Large amounts of electricity were consumed last month.上个月消耗了大量的电。
二、常考用法
15.“分类词+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数与分类词的数保持一致
常用的分类词有 sort,kind,form,pair,piece,portion,series,species,section,type等。
That kind of cloth is very expensive.那种布很贵。
Those kinds of books are worth reading.那些种类的书值得一读。
二、常考用法
16.“分数/百分数/all/half/some/most/the rest...+of+名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词的数应与of后面的名词或代词的数保持一致
Two thirds of the food has been sent to that area.三分之二的食物已经被送往那个地区了。
Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam.百分之九十的学生通过了考试。
Most of the bottles have been recycled.大多数瓶子都被回收利用了。
Three fourths of my homework ______been finished.
A.have B.are C.has D.is
在“all/half/some/most/the rest...+of+名词/代词”结构中,若没有“of+名词/代词”,也可以根据上下文来决定谓语动词的数:如果指代复数名词或复数代词,那么谓语动词应用复数形式;如果指代单数名词、单数代词或不可数名词,那么谓语动词应用单数形式。
I have eaten some of the fruits. The rest (of them) are left to you.
我已经吃了一些水果。(它们中)剩下的是留给你的。
二、常考用法
17.表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时,若表示整体概念,谓语动词应用单数形式
Three years seems a long time.三年似乎是很长的一段时间。
Twvo hundred miles is a long distance.两百英里是很长的一段距离。
Five million dollars is vital to the success of this plan.五百万美元对这一计划的成功至关重要。
二、常考用法
18.“many a(n)+单数名词”或“more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式
Many a student has been to Beijing before.许多学生以前去过北京。
More than one student has been to Beijing before,不止一名学生以前去过北京。
二、常考用法
19.不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或“疑问词/whether+不定式(短语)”作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式
To do this job well needs a lot of effort.要把这项工作做好需要许多努力。
Sometimes doing things without plans gains nothing.做事没有计划有时会一事无成。
What to do next means a lot to us.接下来要做什么对我们来说意义重大。
二、常考用法
知识拓展
主谓一致的一些其他情况如下:
(1)在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语保持一致。
Under these books is a notebook.
这些书下面是一个笔记本。
(2)在“It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who..”强调句型中,如果被强调的部分是主语,that或who后的谓语动词应与被强调部分的人称和数保持一致。
It is I that/who am going to be a pilot.正是我即将成为一名飞行员。
(3)有一些名词虽然看起来像复数形式,但实际上用作单数或为不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。
The news has not been confirmed yet.
这个消息还没有被证实。
巩固练习
1.Linda,together with her brothers,was spending (spend) the holiday in Chile when the strong earthquake broke out.
2.Not everyone who goes rock climbing is as crazy as Alex. Many a person does (do) it safely or on special indoor walls.
3.Present at the meeting yesterday were (be) Prof. White, Prof.Smith and many other guests.
4.During the last two years, an examination of national dietary regulations has concluded (conclude) that a day without breakfast is bad for our health.
5.There is (be) typically a professional scientist or organization that works together with the community.
6.Eating a lot of fish and meat keeps (keep) our bodies strong so that we can fight the cold.
7.As a result, as the number of qubits(量子比特)increases(increase),the computing ability of quantum computers rises too.
8.Last year alone, 818 projects related to the AI industry were launched (launch) in Anhui Province.
9.John, as well as his parents was having (have) dinner with his friends at eight last night, so he didn't know the crash.
10.A survey shows that 80% of the middle-aged in this city are (be) in favor of the proposal for health care reform.
巩固练习
THANK YOU !
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