Unit 5 长句(Long Sentences) 语法讲义 2024-2025学年人教版高二英语选择性必修第三册 学生版+教师版 7-5-3

Unit 5 长句(Long Sentences) 语法讲义 2024-2025学年人教版高二英语选择性必修第四册 英语24字整体教学 整体掌握 学生版 7-5-3 目 录 长句(Long Sentences) · 思维导图 整体掌握 · 语法精讲 规律探析 · 基础巩固 透析语法 · 能力提升 突破考点 长句(Long Sentences) · 思维导图 整体掌握 · 语法精讲 规律探析 长句(long sentences)多因含有较多较长的修饰成分或包含多个并列句或从句而使得整个句子变长。 I. 长句的主要类型 1. 含有较多成分的简单句(同位语、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语、状语、插入语); 2. 含有多个简单句的并列句; 3. 并列句和主从复合句并存。 *The average number of days with heavy pollution in cities at county level and above has dropped from 10 to 6. (主语: number 谓语: has dropped ) 县级及以上城市重度污染的平均天数从10天下降到6天。 *Since 2013, China has rolled out a series of State-level regional development strategies to create new economic growth poles, push forward integrated and coordinated development, and explore ways of sustainable development for future generations. (主语: China 谓语: has rolled out 宾语: strategies) 自2013年以来, 中国推出一系列国家级区域发展战略, 着力打造新的经济增长极, 推进一体化协调发展, 探索子孙后代可持续发展之路。 　【即学活用】 找出下列句中的主语、谓语和宾语。 (1) Holding the 3rd China International Import Expo during COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control shows China’s determination to further open up its market and to continue to contribute to world economic recovery and development. 主语: ____________________________________________________________________________ 谓语: ________________宾语: ________________ (2)Noted oil painter Zhao Peizhi, born in Northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, was exposed to the rich history and cultures of various nationalities living in the area during childhood. 主语: ________________谓语: ________________宾语: ________________ II. 句子的三种基本类型 如果按照句子的结构分类, 英文句子可分为三个类别: 简单句(Simple Sentence)、并列句(Compound Sentence)和复合句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构, 主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的关系。 1. 简单句(Simple Sentence) 简单句只有一个主谓结构。句子可能有两个或更多的主语, 也可能有两个或更多的谓语, 但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。简单句还可以有定语、状语等句子成分。 *The people in the meeting room remained silent. 会议室里的人保持沉默。 *Many young artists are advised to learn by copying the masters. 许多年轻艺术家们被建议通过临摹大师们的作品来学习。 2. 并列句(Compound Sentence) 并列句有两个或两个以上存在并列、对等关系的主谓结构。从语法上讲, 这些主谓结构都能独立地表达意思, 没有从属关系。但是它们在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系, 使它们有必要构成并列句。在并列句中, 并列连词用来连接两个或几个主谓结构, 即连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。 *Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress. 现在计算机在大多数国家被广泛使用, 它们是进步的标志。 *She is tall, while her elder sister is short. 她很高, 而她姐姐很矮。 3. 复合句(Complex Sentence) 复合句由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause) 构成, 即有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分, 如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句, 主句是全句的主体, 通常可以独立存在, 从句则只用作句子的一个成分, 不能独立。 (1)主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that, whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how, when, where, why等词引导。that在句中无词义, 只起连接作用; 连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用, 在从句中充当从句的成分。有时为避免句子头重脚轻, 常用形式主语it代替主语从句放于句首, 而把主语从句置于句末。 *What the doctor is uncertain about is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生不能确定的是我母亲是否会很快从这个严重的疾病中康复。 *It is recommended that the project not be started until all the preparations have been made. 建议在所有准备工作完成后再开始这项工程。 (2)宾语从句 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词与主语从句、表语从句大致一样, 在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 that引导宾语从句时, that在句中不担任任何成分, 在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去, 但如从句是并列句时, 最后一个分句前的that不可省。 在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后, 宾语从句常用“(should+) 动词原形”。 who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句, 但句子语序要用陈述语序。 (3)表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句的引导词与主语从句大致一样, 表语从句位于系动词后, 有时用as if引导。其基本结构为: 主语 + 系动词 +从句(若用that引导从句时, 不能省略)。 (4)同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。后跟同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that引导定语从句, 充当句子成分, 在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时, 没有实际意义, 不充当句子成分, 一般不能省略。 如: *I had no idea that you were here. (that引导同位语从句, 不能省略)我不知道你在这里。 *Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? (that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略)你明白这本书让你了解古希腊的生活了吗? (5)定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语, 修饰一个名词或代词, 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 (6)状语从句 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 指起副词作用的句子。可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其意义可分为。状语从句一般由从属连词引导, 也可以由词组(如the moment等)引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开, 位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 　【即学活用】在空白处填入适当的引导词 (1)Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and buy only ________________ they need. (2)She’d like to offer money to ________________ needs it to continue his or her study. (3)Yesterday he sold out all his stamps at ________________ he thought was a reasonable price. (4)After three days’ waiting, there was a little doubt in the mother’s mind ________________ the police could find her lost child. (5)Our school is no longer ________________ it was 10 years ago, when it was not well equipped. (6)Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ________________ other more well-informed experimenters failed. (7) You should keep those old jam bottles ----you never know ________________ you might need them. (8)What makes the school famous is ________________ more than 90% of the students have been admitted to universities. (9)________________ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. (10)The road is covered with snow. I can’t understand ________________ they insist on going by motorbike. (11)________________fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.   (12)________________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 基础巩固 透析语法 Ⅰ. 分析下面的长难句并翻译 1. Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less. 【分析】　本句为复合句。if引导的是________句，表示对过去的虚拟，所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been；主句使用would have done结构。 【句意】 ________________________________________________ 2. By translating the rich and humorous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. 【分析】　在本句中，By translating. . . BSL为________状语，第二个and连接creates和aims两个动词，作并列谓语。 【句意】 ________________________________________________ 3. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. (同位语从句、让步状语从句) 【分析】　本句的主干是“The friendship had its root in the fact. ”。其中，grew out of. . . later为that引导的________从句，修饰先行词friendship；后面的although there was. . . live TV为that引导的________从句，解释说明fact的内容。此外，同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的________从句。 【句意】　 ________________________________________________ 4. We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. (同位语从句、条件状语从句、定语从句) 【分析】　本句中，that引导________从句，解释说明belief的内容；同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的________从句；破折号后出现了一个who引导的________从句，修饰先行词kids。 【句意】 ________________________________________________ 5. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet. 【分析】　本句中a requirement为________语，是对前面的内容作补充说明，pilots would find relatively easy to meet是________从句，省略了充当宾语的关系代词that或which，修饰先行词requirement。 【句意】________________________________________________ Ⅱ. 完成句子 1. 穿过屋顶矗立着太阳之塔，在里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之树。 Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, ________________ stands a 160­foot­tall Tree of Life. 2. 这对老年夫妇结婚40年了，两人从来没有争吵过一次。 The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________________. 3. 我希望住在空气新鲜、人们友好的地方。 I hope to live ________________. 4. 她将自己置于危险的境地，而且很有可能丢掉性命。 She's got herself into a dangerous situation _______________________________________________. 5. 是否要举行会议仍然是一个问题。 ________________ is still a problem. 【答案】 能力提升 突破考点 Ⅰ. 写出下列句中的画线部分是什么从句 1. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not. ( )  2. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. ( )  3. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all. ( )  4. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing. ( )  5. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about. ( )  6. I wonder why she refused my invitation. ( ) 7. Could you advise me which book I should read first? ( )  8. Whatever you have picked up, you must give it back to whoever it belongs to. ( )  9. Many people think it possible that a trade war between EU and the States will happen. ( )  10. —I drove to Qingdao to meet my friend last week. —Is that why you had one day off? ( )  Ⅱ. 把下列句子合并成复合句 1. He did it in this way. It was different from what we were used to. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   2. I was surprised by her words. Her words made me recognize what silly mistakes I had made. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   3. Dave lost his job and was short of money. What he did was to sell his flat and move out with his brother. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Whether man can go back to the old days with time machine? It still remains to be a question. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is she going to be when she grows up? Lily has some idea. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 6. He made another wonderful discovery. I think this discovery is of great importance to science. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 7. You should put the dictionary in a place. You can find it easily there. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   8. Recently I bought a second-hand computer. Its price was very reasonable. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   III. 用复合句翻译下列句子并连句成篇。 1. 我想将来当记者, 但我父母建议我当医生。 2. 他们认为, 比起记者来, 医生的待遇更好。 3. 老师建议我做一个职业能力倾向测验。 4. 不管检测的结果怎样, 我现在都要努力学习。 5. 我现在要做的是学好知识, 为未来做好准备。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅠV. 句型转换 1. The situation is dangerous. There is still one possible way to keep away from the danger. (改为含状语从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. We’ll organize all kinds of activities in our English club. We can not only practice but also learn more English in the activities. (改为含定语从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 3. I don’t like the job. It is boring and needs much patience. (改为含定语从句的复合句) __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. When did you enter the room? The police wants to know it. (改为含名词性从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Several weeks had passed. I knew the painting was lost. (改为含状语从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How can people solve all kinds of social problems? It is not clear. (改为含名词性从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ V. 分析下列长句，并翻译成汉语 1. According to most calculations，race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour，which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking，although fewer than running，which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. [句式分析]　此句是复合句，主句是______________________________________，moving at a pace of six miles per hour作定语修饰名词race walkers，第一个which引导________________从句，修饰about 800 calories per hour，第二个which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰________________。 [自主翻译]　_______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up— and out—the side of the hole. [句式分析]　此句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为________________句；so that引导________________状语从句，从句是and连接的并列句。 [自主翻译]　_______________________________________________________________________________ 3. If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily. [句式分析]　此句为主从复合句。if引导的是________________从句，因表示与过去事实相反的假设，所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外，从句中包含了一个由that引导的________________从句。 [自主翻译]　_______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Priority has also been shifted from middle schools to primary schools，while more teachers who teach music，art and information technology have joined the team. [句式分析]　此句是并列句，并列连词________________连接两个并列句，第一个分句是________________结构，第二个分句是________________结构，其中含有who引导的________________从句，修饰先行词________________。 [自主翻译]　_______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self-growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements. [句式分析]　此句为复合句，句中Whether引导________________从句，as 引导________________从句，how well 引导的从句作介词of 的________________。 [自主翻译]　_______________________________________________________________________________ VI. 阅读理解 Workers are returning to their careers，or starting new ones，after the age of 65. More than ever，work is where many of us derive our sense of purpose. That doesn’t end at the age of 65. After being retired for only three months，Sue Ellen King returned to work at the University of Florida Health in Jacksonville，Florida，where she had been a care nurse and nursing educator for 38 years. She is now working part-time in a position created just for her. “It’s perfect，”she told The New York Times. “I get the satisfaction of having people appreciate what I do. ” With the average life span for those who reach age 64 now stretching all the way to 84 years old，those who reach retirement age still have many potential years of work to go. Job sites connected toward part-timers，temporary positions，and some can also turn up opportunities that may lead to longer-term work. Fred Dodd tried a part-time job after his unemployment as a risk analyst for large banks at age 63. He’d thought about retiring then. “But part of me just wanted to keep working—partly for the money，but more just because I felt I wanted to do more in my career，”he said. The retired have the advantage of not needing to focus on the earnings potential of whatever jobs they take on，so these older workers are attracted to more meaningful work. And since they are voluntarily putting their skills and experience to good use，they may well have more flexibility than their mid-career colleagues. Two-thirds of retirees who’d come back to the work world were doing meaningful work they enjoyed. Legal work and community service were popular choices，as was teaching—all areas in which older workers might have an opportunity to make their own schedules. Earning more money rarely seems like a bad idea，but it can cause issues for retirees，including effects when they claim social security(申请社会保障) benefits early. 1. How does Sue Ellen King like her work? A. Interesting. B. Satisfying. C. Boring. D. Encouraging. 2. What does the second paragraph mainly tell us? A. Why many retirees return to work. B. Why Sue Ellen King found a nursing job. C. What real purpose our work has. D. What the average life span is. 3. Why did Fred have another job? A. He was out of work. B. Job sites helped him. C. He had financial difficulty. D. He liked continuing working. 4. Why do the retired like meaningful jobs? A. These jobs have more flexibility. B. These jobs have lots of potential. C. The retired don’t care much for salary. Ⅳ. 完形填空 Over the past 38 years，Mr Wang has pretended to be someone else many times，and has even learned to 1 different dialects(方言)，leading to him being described as an “Oscar-winning actor”. The 60-year-old is not an actor，but a 2 . However，he is more devoted to his “ 3 ” than any real actor. In the 1990s，a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beggars. To look into the 4 ，Wang disguised(伪装) himself and 5 the beggars. Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the 6 of a real beggar and his convincing dialect soon won him the 7 of the beggars. “I often 8 them to drink alcohol. Once they were 9 ，they began to talk a lot，” Wang said. “I’d then 10 myself to use the toilet， 11 what the beggars said，and send the 12 to my teammates. ” Wang，who is often in 13 situations，is also a judo(柔道) master. “As long as I get close enough，no criminal can 14 from me，”he said. Wang’s 15 won him several honors，including a National May Day Labor Medal and 11 Citations of Merit Paris. 1. A. teach B. compare C. assess D. speak 2. A. lawyer B. doctor C. policeman D. businessman 3. A. role B. study C. family D. audience 4. A. minor B. case C. future D. question 5. A. interviewed B. joined C. arrested D. assisted 6. A. challenge B. experience C. appearance D. freedom 7. A. vote B. sympathy C. permission D. trust 8. A. invited B. forced C. helped D. expected 9. A. drunk B. deserted C. bored D. lost 10. A. guide B. persuade C. excuse D. allow 11. A. refer to B. note down C. ask about D. miss out 12. A. plan B. agreement C. direction D. information 13. A. awkward B. dangerous C. unfortunate D. strange 14. A. separate B. recover C. escape D. hear 15. A. courage B. honesty C. kindness D. optimism Ⅴ. 语法填空 One of the biggest themes at this year’s CES tech show was electric and autonomous transportation—cars，trucks，bikes，boats. And，it turns out，tractors. Farm-equipment giant Deere showed a new autonomous tractor with 1. attached tillage(耕作) tool at CES. For those not familiar 2. farm life，Julian Sanchez，Deere’s director of emerging technologies，says that tillage is an 3. (importance)，time-consuming，and tiring process of preparing the soil for next season’s planting. If you don’t do it fast，the ground could freeze. And 4. (effective) tilling means some seeds won’t take and yield(产量) 5. (drop). While automatic driving has been on tractors for several 6. (year)，Deere’s autonomous tractor can operate without a driver in the cab. The tractor can detect obstacles 7. _______ might damage the attached tiller. And，he says，it can run around the clock，saving time and labor，and improving productivity by as much as 20%. If the tilling is too shallow，you don’t break up the straw too deep，and the tractor moves too 8. (slow)，increasing fuel costs. This system includes six cameras to detect holes，rocks，or other materials,9. (inform) the farmer when an issue needs to be addressed. Eventually，Deere expects 10. (add) other tasks to the autonomous tractor. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 5 长句(Long Sentences) 语法讲义 2024-2025学年人教版高二英语选择性必修第四册 英语24字整体教学 整体掌握 教师版 7-5-3 目 录 长句(Long Sentences) · 思维导图 整体掌握 · 语法精讲 规律探析 · 基础巩固 透析语法 · 能力提升 突破考点 长句(Long Sentences) · 思维导图 整体掌握 · 语法精讲 规律探析 长句(long sentences)多因含有较多较长的修饰成分或包含多个并列句或从句而使得整个句子变长。 I. 长句的主要类型 1. 含有较多成分的简单句(同位语、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语、状语、插入语); 2. 含有多个简单句的并列句; 3. 并列句和主从复合句并存。 *The average number of days with heavy pollution in cities at county level and above has dropped from 10 to 6. (主语: number 谓语: has dropped ) 县级及以上城市重度污染的平均天数从10天下降到6天。 *Since 2013, China has rolled out a series of State-level regional development strategies to create new economic growth poles, push forward integrated and coordinated development, and explore ways of sustainable development for future generations. (主语: China 谓语: has rolled out 宾语: strategies) 自2013年以来, 中国推出一系列国家级区域发展战略, 着力打造新的经济增长极, 推进一体化协调发展, 探索子孙后代可持续发展之路。 　【即学活用】 找出下列句中的主语、谓语和宾语。 (1) Holding the 3rd China International Import Expo during COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control shows China’s determination to further open up its market and to continue to contribute to world economic recovery and development. 主语: ____________________________________________________________________________ 谓语: ________________宾语: ________________ (2)Noted oil painter Zhao Peizhi, born in Northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, was exposed to the rich history and cultures of various nationalities living in the area during childhood. 主语: ________________谓语: ________________宾语: ________________ 【答案】 （1）Holding the 3rd China International Import Expo(动名词短语)  shows determination (2)painter was exposed to history and cultures  II. 句子的三种基本类型 如果按照句子的结构分类, 英文句子可分为三个类别: 简单句(Simple Sentence)、并列句(Compound Sentence)和复合句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构, 主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的关系。 1. 简单句(Simple Sentence) 简单句只有一个主谓结构。句子可能有两个或更多的主语, 也可能有两个或更多的谓语, 但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。简单句还可以有定语、状语等句子成分。 *The people in the meeting room remained silent. 会议室里的人保持沉默。 *Many young artists are advised to learn by copying the masters. 许多年轻艺术家们被建议通过临摹大师们的作品来学习。 2. 并列句(Compound Sentence) 并列句有两个或两个以上存在并列、对等关系的主谓结构。从语法上讲, 这些主谓结构都能独立地表达意思, 没有从属关系。但是它们在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系, 使它们有必要构成并列句。在并列句中, 并列连词用来连接两个或几个主谓结构, 即连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。 *Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress. 现在计算机在大多数国家被广泛使用, 它们是进步的标志。 *She is tall, while her elder sister is short. 她很高, 而她姐姐很矮。 3. 复合句(Complex Sentence) 复合句由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause) 构成, 即有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分, 如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句, 主句是全句的主体, 通常可以独立存在, 从句则只用作句子的一个成分, 不能独立。 (1)主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that, whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how, when, where, why等词引导。that在句中无词义, 只起连接作用; 连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用, 在从句中充当从句的成分。有时为避免句子头重脚轻, 常用形式主语it代替主语从句放于句首, 而把主语从句置于句末。 *What the doctor is uncertain about is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生不能确定的是我母亲是否会很快从这个严重的疾病中康复。 *It is recommended that the project not be started until all the preparations have been made. 建议在所有准备工作完成后再开始这项工程。 (2)宾语从句 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词与主语从句、表语从句大致一样, 在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 that引导宾语从句时, that在句中不担任任何成分, 在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去, 但如从句是并列句时, 最后一个分句前的that不可省。 在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后, 宾语从句常用“(should+) 动词原形”。 who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句, 但句子语序要用陈述语序。 (3)表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句的引导词与主语从句大致一样, 表语从句位于系动词后, 有时用as if引导。其基本结构为: 主语 + 系动词 +从句(若用that引导从句时, 不能省略)。 (4)同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。后跟同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that引导定语从句, 充当句子成分, 在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时, 没有实际意义, 不充当句子成分, 一般不能省略。 如: *I had no idea that you were here. (that引导同位语从句, 不能省略)我不知道你在这里。 *Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? (that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略)你明白这本书让你了解古希腊的生活了吗? (5)定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语, 修饰一个名词或代词, 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 (6)状语从句 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 指起副词作用的句子。可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其意义可分为。状语从句一般由从属连词引导, 也可以由词组(如the moment等)引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开, 位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 　【即学活用】在空白处填入适当的引导词 (1)Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and buy only ________________ they need. (2)She’d like to offer money to ________________ needs it to continue his or her study. (3)Yesterday he sold out all his stamps at ________________ he thought was a reasonable price. (4)After three days’ waiting, there was a little doubt in the mother’s mind ________________ the police could find her lost child. (5)Our school is no longer ________________ it was 10 years ago, when it was not well equipped. (6)Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ________________ other more well-informed experimenters failed. (7) You should keep those old jam bottles ----you never know ________________ you might need them. (8)What makes the school famous is ________________ more than 90% of the students have been admitted to universities. (9)________________ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. (10)The road is covered with snow. I can’t understand ________________ they insist on going by motorbike. (11)________________fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.   (12)________________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 【答案】 (1) what (2) whoever (3) what (4) whether (5) what (6) where (7) when (8) that (9) As (10) why (11) That (12) Whether 基础巩固 透析语法 Ⅰ. 分析下面的长难句并翻译 1. Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less. 【分析】　本句为复合句。if引导的是________句，表示对过去的虚拟，所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been；主句使用would have done结构。 【句意】 ________________________________________________ 2. By translating the rich and humorous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. 【分析】　在本句中，By translating. . . BSL为________状语，第二个and连接creates和aims两个动词，作并列谓语。 【句意】 ________________________________________________ 3. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. (同位语从句、让步状语从句) 【分析】　本句的主干是“The friendship had its root in the fact. ”。其中，grew out of. . . later为that引导的________从句，修饰先行词friendship；后面的although there was. . . live TV为that引导的________从句，解释说明fact的内容。此外，同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的________从句。 【句意】　 ________________________________________________ 4. We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. (同位语从句、条件状语从句、定语从句) 【分析】　本句中，that引导________从句，解释说明belief的内容；同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的________从句；破折号后出现了一个who引导的________从句，修饰先行词kids。 【句意】 ________________________________________________ 5. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet. 【分析】　本句中a requirement为________语，是对前面的内容作补充说明，pilots would find relatively easy to meet是________从句，省略了充当宾语的关系代词that或which，修饰先行词requirement。 【句意】________________________________________________ Ⅱ. 完成句子 1. 穿过屋顶矗立着太阳之塔，在里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之树。 Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, ________________ stands a 160­foot­tall Tree of Life. 2. 这对老年夫妇结婚40年了，两人从来没有争吵过一次。 The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________________. 3. 我希望住在空气新鲜、人们友好的地方。 I hope to live ________________. 4. 她将自己置于危险的境地，而且很有可能丢掉性命。 She's got herself into a dangerous situation _______________________________________________. 5. 是否要举行会议仍然是一个问题。 ________________ is still a problem. 【答案】 Ⅰ. 分析下面的长难句并翻译 1. 虚拟条件　相反，如果有任何交谈，那会导致我们学到较少的东西。 2. 方式　通过把《爱的徒劳》那丰富、幽默的文本翻译成手语，Deafinitely剧院创造了一种对莎士比亚喜剧新的解释，通过向失聪人群和听力健全人群演出，旨在在失聪和有声世界之间搭建一座桥梁。 3. 定语　同位语　让步状语　拍电影和四年后出演The Sting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实：尽管我们存在年龄差距，但我们都源自戏剧和直播电视的传统。 4. 同位语　条件状语　定语　我们有着这样的信念——如果你足够幸运获得成功，就应该有所回馈。他成立了Newman's Own食品公司和为病重的孩子成立了Hole in the Wall夏令营，而我成立了圣丹斯协会和电影节。 5. 同位　定语　Terrafugia说机主需要通过测试并且完成20个小时的飞行时间才能驾驶Transition，这一要求对于飞行员来说相对容易满足。 Ⅱ. 完成句子 1. inside which 2. have they quarreled with each other 3. where the air is fresh and people are friendly 4. where/in which she's likely to lose her life 5. Whether the meeting will be held 能力提升 突破考点 Ⅰ. 写出下列句中的画线部分是什么从句 1. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not. ( )  2. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. ( )  3. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all. ( )  4. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing. ( )  5. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about. ( )  6. I wonder why she refused my invitation. ( ) 7. Could you advise me which book I should read first? ( )  8. Whatever you have picked up, you must give it back to whoever it belongs to. ( )  9. Many people think it possible that a trade war between EU and the States will happen. ( )  10. —I drove to Qingdao to meet my friend last week. —Is that why you had one day off? ( )  【答案】 1． 主语从句 2． 同位语从句 3． 主语从句 4． 定语从句 5． 宾语从句 6． 宾语从句 7． 宾语从句 8． 状语从句 9． 宾语从句 10． 表语从句 Ⅱ. 把下列句子合并成复合句 1. He did it in this way. It was different from what we were used to. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   2. I was surprised by her words. Her words made me recognize what silly mistakes I had made. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   3. Dave lost his job and was short of money. What he did was to sell his flat and move out with his brother. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Whether man can go back to the old days with time machine? It still remains to be a question. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is she going to be when she grows up? Lily has some idea. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 6. He made another wonderful discovery. I think this discovery is of great importance to science. →__________________________________________________________________________________ 7. You should put the dictionary in a place. You can find it easily there. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   8. Recently I bought a second-hand computer. Its price was very reasonable. →__________________________________________________________________________________.   【答案】 1． The way he did it was different from what we were used to 2． I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize what silly mistakes I had made 3． Dave lost his job and was short of money, so what he did was to sell his flat and move out with his brother.   4． It still remains to be a question whether man can go back to the old days with time machine.   5． Lily has some idea what she’s going to be when she grows up.   6． He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.   7． You should put the dictionary where you can find it easily 8． Recently I bought a second-hand computer, whose price was very reasonable III. 用复合句翻译下列句子并连句成篇。 1. 我想将来当记者, 但我父母建议我当医生。 2. 他们认为, 比起记者来, 医生的待遇更好。 3. 老师建议我做一个职业能力倾向测验。 4. 不管检测的结果怎样, 我现在都要努力学习。 5. 我现在要做的是学好知识, 为未来做好准备。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 　　I want to be a journalist in the future, but my parents suggest that I should be a doctor. They argue that doctors are better paid than journalists. My teacher suggests that I should take a career aptitude test. No matter what the test results are, I will study hard now. What I need to do now is to learn knowledge well and prepare myself for the future.   ⅠV. 句型转换 1. The situation is dangerous. There is still one possible way to keep away from the danger. (改为含状语从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. We’ll organize all kinds of activities in our English club. We can not only practice but also learn more English in the activities. (改为含定语从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 3. I don’t like the job. It is boring and needs much patience. (改为含定语从句的复合句) __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. When did you enter the room? The police wants to know it. (改为含名词性从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Several weeks had passed. I knew the painting was lost. (改为含状语从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How can people solve all kinds of social problems? It is not clear. (改为含名词性从句的复合句) →__________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1． Although the situation is dangerous，there is still one possible way to keep away from the danger. 2． We’ll organize all kinds of activities in our English club in which we can not only practice but also learn more English. 3． I don’t like the job which/that is boring and needs much patience. 4． The police wants to know when you entered the room. 5． Several weeks had passed before I knew the painting was lost. 6． How people can solve all kinds of social problems is not clear. /It is not clear how people can solve all kinds of social problems. V. 分析下列长句，并翻译成汉语 1. According to most calculations，race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour，which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking，although fewer than running，which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. [句式分析]　此句是复合句，主句是______________________________________，moving at a pace of six miles per hour作定语修饰名词race walkers，第一个which引导________________从句，修饰about 800 calories per hour，第二个which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰________________。 [自主翻译]　_________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up— and out—the side of the hole. [句式分析]　此句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为________________句；so that引导________________状语从句，从句是and连接的并列句。 [自主翻译]　_________________________________________________________________________________ 3. If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping，I would have laughed heartily. [句式分析]　此句为主从复合句。if引导的是________________从句，因表示与过去事实相反的假设，所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外，从句中包含了一个由that引导的________________从句。 [自主翻译]　_________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Priority has also been shifted from middle schools to primary schools，while more teachers who teach music，art and information technology have joined the team. [句式分析]　此句是并列句，并列连词________________连接两个并列句，第一个分句是________________结构，第二个分句是________________结构，其中含有who引导的________________从句，修饰先行词________________。 [自主翻译]　_________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self-growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements. [句式分析]　此句为复合句，句中Whether引导________________从句，as 引导________________从句，how well 引导的从句作介词of 的________________。 [自主翻译]　_________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1. race walkers would burn about 800 calories per hour 定语 非限制性定语 running 根据大多数计算结果，以每小时6英里的速度行走的竞走者，每小时会消耗约800卡路里，消耗的热量大约是步行者的两倍，但是比跑步者要少，跑步者每小时大概可以消耗1 000卡路里，甚至更多。 2. 祈使 目的 接着把管子放在恰当的位置，使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延伸到洞的外部。 3. 条件状语 宾语 如果三年前有人告诉我，我会用大部分的周末时间来野营，我会狂笑不已。 4. while 主谓 主谓宾 定语 more teachers 重点也已从中学转到小学了，而更多的教音乐、艺术和信息技术的老师已经加入这个团队了。 5. 主语 原因状语 宾语 你与教授相处是否融洽对你的自身发展有很大的影响，因为这是衡量你尊重权威和服从要求的程度如何的标准。 VI. 阅读理解 Workers are returning to their careers，or starting new ones，after the age of 65. More than ever，work is where many of us derive our sense of purpose. That doesn’t end at the age of 65. After being retired for only three months，Sue Ellen King returned to work at the University of Florida Health in Jacksonville，Florida，where she had been a care nurse and nursing educator for 38 years. She is now working part-time in a position created just for her. “It’s perfect，”she told The New York Times. “I get the satisfaction of having people appreciate what I do. ” With the average life span for those who reach age 64 now stretching all the way to 84 years old，those who reach retirement age still have many potential years of work to go. Job sites connected toward part-timers，temporary positions，and some can also turn up opportunities that may lead to longer-term work. Fred Dodd tried a part-time job after his unemployment as a risk analyst for large banks at age 63. He’d thought about retiring then. “But part of me just wanted to keep working—partly for the money，but more just because I felt I wanted to do more in my career，”he said. The retired have the advantage of not needing to focus on the earnings potential of whatever jobs they take on，so these older workers are attracted to more meaningful work. And since they are voluntarily putting their skills and experience to good use，they may well have more flexibility than their mid-career colleagues. Two-thirds of retirees who’d come back to the work world were doing meaningful work they enjoyed. Legal work and community service were popular choices，as was teaching—all areas in which older workers might have an opportunity to make their own schedules. Earning more money rarely seems like a bad idea，but it can cause issues for retirees，including effects when they claim social security(申请社会保障) benefits early. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章首先讲述了许多退休者喜欢重新走向工作岗位的现象，然后分析了其中的原因。 1. How does Sue Ellen King like her work? A. Interesting. B. Satisfying. C. Boring. D. Encouraging. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“It’s perfect”和“I get the satisfaction”可知，Sue Ellen King认为自己的工作是令人满意的。故选B。 2. What does the second paragraph mainly tell us? A. Why many retirees return to work. B. Why Sue Ellen King found a nursing job. C. What real purpose our work has. D. What the average life span is. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。第二段主要是讲述许多退休的人重新回到工作中的原因，比如可以获得满足感以及平均寿命的延长。故选A。 3. Why did Fred have another job? A. He was out of work. B. Job sites helped him. C. He had financial difficulty. D. He liked continuing working. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句中的“but more just because I felt I wanted to do more in my career”可知，喜欢在职业中做更多的事情是Fred在自己63岁时重新找工作的原因。故选D。 4. Why do the retired like meaningful jobs? A. These jobs have more flexibility. B. These jobs have lots of potential. C. The retired don’t care much for salary. D. The unretired can’t do very hard jobs. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句特别是其中的“have the advantage of not needing to focus on the earnings potential”可知，退休的人不太注重工作收入是他们喜欢做有意义的工作的主要原因。故选C。 Ⅳ. 完形填空 Over the past 38 years，Mr Wang has pretended to be someone else many times，and has even learned to 1 different dialects(方言)，leading to him being described as an “Oscar-winning actor”. The 60-year-old is not an actor，but a 2 . However，he is more devoted to his “ 3 ” than any real actor. In the 1990s，a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beggars. To look into the 4 ，Wang disguised(伪装) himself and 5 the beggars. Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the 6 of a real beggar and his convincing dialect soon won him the 7 of the beggars. “I often 8 them to drink alcohol. Once they were 9 ，they began to talk a lot，” Wang said. “I’d then 10 myself to use the toilet， 11 what the beggars said，and send the 12 to my teammates. ” Wang，who is often in 13 situations，is also a judo(柔道) master. “As long as I get close enough，no criminal can 14 from me，”he said. Wang’s 15 won him several honors，including a National May Day Labor Medal and 11 Citations of Merit Paris. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了警察王先生在过去的38年里，多次假扮别人，甚至学会了说不同的方言，不顾危险混入犯罪团伙，成功破案的故事。 1. A. teach B. compare C. assess D. speak 答案　D 解析　teach 教授； compare 比较； assess评估； speak讲话。根据前文“Mr Wang has pretended to be someone else many times”可知，王先生能扮成别人，还会讲不同的方言。故填D。 2. A. lawyer B. doctor C. policeman D. businessman 答案　C 解析　lawyer 律师； doctor医生； policeman 警察； businessman 商人。根据下文“To look into the ，Wang disguised(伪装) himself”可知，王先生是一名警察。故填C。 3. A. role B. study C. family D. audience 答案　A 解析　role 角色； study学习； family 家庭； audience观众 。根据后文“than any real actor”可知，王投身于演员的角色中。故填A。 4. A. minor B. case C. future D. question 答案　B 解析　minor 未成年人，辅修； case 情况，案件； future 未来； question问题 。根据上文“In the 1990s，a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beggars. ”可知，这是一起犯罪案件。故填B。 5. A. interviewed B. joined C. arrested D. assisted 答案　B 解析　interview采访； join加入； arrest逮捕； assist协助。根据前文“Wang disguised(伪装) himself”可知，他混入了乞丐中。故填B。 6. A. challenge B. experience C. appearance D. freedom 答案　C 解析　challenge 挑战； experience 经历； appearance出现，外表； freedom自由。根据前文“Dirty shorts and old shoes”可知，这是描述外表。故填C。 7. A. vote B. sympathy C. permission D. trust 答案　D 解析　vote 投票； sympathy 同情； permission 批准； trust 信任。根据前文“his convincing dialect soon won him the”可知，他的方言讲得好，赢得了乞丐们的信任。故填D。 8. A. invited B. forced C. helped D. expected 答案　A 解析　invite邀请；force强迫； help帮助； expect期待。根据后文“them to drink alcohol”可知，为了套话，王先生请他们喝酒。故填A。 9. A. drunk B. deserted C. bored D. lost 答案　A 解析　drunk喝醉的； deserted抛弃的； bored 无聊的； lost失去的 。根据前文“them to drink alcohol”可知，讲很多的话是在喝醉后。故填A。 10. A. guide B. persuade C. excuse D. allow 答案　C 解析　guide 引导； persuade劝说； excuse 找借口； allow允许。根据下文“and send the to my teammates. ”可知，为了发送出信息，王借口去厕所。故填C。 11. A. refer to B. note down C. ask about D. miss out 答案　B 解析　refer to指的是； note down做记录； ask about询问； miss out错过，遗漏。根据后文“what the beggars said”可知，王把乞丐的醉后真言记下来。故填B。 12. A. plan B. agreement C. direction D. information 答案　D 解析　plan 计划； agreement 同意； direction 指导；information 信息。根据上文“what the beggars said”可知，这是重要信息。故填D。 13. A. awkward B. dangerous C. unfortunate D. strange 答案　B 解析　awkward 尴尬的； dangerous危险的； unfortunate 不幸的； strange奇怪的。根据下文“no criminal can from me”可知，经常处于犯罪分子中，这是很危险的情况。故填B。 14. A. separate B. recover C. escape D. hear 答案　C 解析　separate 分离； recover恢复； escape 逃避； hear 听到。根据上文“ is also a judo(柔道) master. ”可知，身为柔道大师，没有罪犯可以从他身边逃走。故填C。 15. A. courage B. honesty C. kindness D. optimism 答案　A 解析　courage 勇气； honesty 诚实； kindness 善良； optimism 乐观。根据上文“Wang disguised(伪装) himself”可知，王乔装打扮混入罪犯团伙，勇气可嘉。故填A。 Ⅴ. 语法填空 One of the biggest themes at this year’s CES tech show was electric and autonomous transportation—cars，trucks，bikes，boats. And，it turns out，tractors. Farm-equipment giant Deere showed a new autonomous tractor with 1. attached tillage(耕作) tool at CES. For those not familiar 2. farm life，Julian Sanchez，Deere’s director of emerging technologies，says that tillage is an 3. (importance)，time-consuming，and tiring process of preparing the soil for next season’s planting. If you don’t do it fast，the ground could freeze. And 4. (effective) tilling means some seeds won’t take and yield(产量) 5. (drop). While automatic driving has been on tractors for several 6. (year)，Deere’s autonomous tractor can operate without a driver in the cab. The tractor can detect obstacles 7. _______ might damage the attached tiller. And，he says，it can run around the clock，saving time and labor，and improving productivity by as much as 20%. If the tilling is too shallow，you don’t break up the straw too deep，and the tractor moves too 8. (slow)，increasing fuel costs. This system includes six cameras to detect holes，rocks，or other materials,9. (inform) the farmer when an issue needs to be addressed. Eventually，Deere expects 10. (add) other tasks to the autonomous tractor. 1. 答案　an 解析　考查冠词。此处修饰单数可数名词 tool表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且 attached为元音音素开头。故填an。 2. 答案　with 解析　考查介词。固定短语be familiar with“对于……熟悉”。故填with。 3. 答案　important 解析　考查形容词。设空处修饰名词process，设空处应用形容词形式。故填important。 4. 答案　ineffective 解析　考查形容词。根据后文“some seeds won’t take and yield (产量) (drop)”可知，设空处指的是无效耕作，设空处后为名词，设空处应为形容词形式。故填ineffective。 5. 答案　will drop 解析　考查时态。设空处在句中作谓语，and是并列连词，前后时态一般保持一致，根据and前面 won’t take 的提示可知，设空处为一般将来时。故填will drop。 6. 答案　years 解析　考查名词复数。空前several“一些”，后跟可数名词复数，故此空需用复数形式。故填years。 7. 答案　that/which 解析　考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知，设空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是obstacles，指物，作从句的主语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that或which。 8. 答案　slowly 解析　考查副词。设空处应用副词形式，修饰谓语动词。故填slowly。 9. 答案　informing 解析　考查非谓语动词。空格处所填单词与主语之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填informing。 10. 答案　to add 解析　考查非谓语动词。固定搭配expect sb. to do sth. “期待某人做某事”。故填to add。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$