新概念英语第三册Lesson 38 The first calendar 课堂笔记

Lesson 38 The first calendar 最早的日历 1、Future historians will be in a unique position （when they come to record the history of our own times.时间状语从句）They will hardly know （which facts to select from the great mass of evidence [that steadily accumulates.宾语从句）定语从句] 未来的历史学家在写我们这一段历史的时候会别具一格。对于逐渐积累起来的庞大材料，他们几乎不知道选取哪些好。 · historian (n.) 历史学家 history (n.) 历史 historical (adj.) 历史学的 · unique (adj.) 独一无二的，唯一的，独特的 词根uni-: “一”的意思 eg. unite （v.） 团结 uniform (n.) 制服 · come to do sth. 开始做某事 · hardly (adv.) 几乎不（否） · mass (n.) 团，块，堆 eg. a mass of books 一堆书 a mass of cloud 一朵云 masses of clouds 云堆 a mass of people 大批人（a mass of 大量的） · steadily (adv.) 稳定地 steady （adj.） 稳定的，匀速的 eg. a steady wind 匀速的风 a steady speed 匀速 a steady increase 稳定增长 = increase steadily make steady progress 取得稳定进步 2、What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information (they will have.定语从句) 而且，也不必完全依赖文字材料。电影、录像、光盘和光盘驱动器只是能为他们提供令人眼花缭乱的大量信息的几种手段。 · What is more 再者，而且，此外（表并列） = Besides = Apart from · rely on/upon 依靠，依赖 = depend on/upon · solely (adv.) 仅仅地，只有 = only = merely eg. 我买这本书只是为了那个目的。 I bought that book solely for that purpose. · bewilder (v.) 使…迷茫、迷惑 bewildered bewildered eg. 你把我搞糊涂。 You bewildered me! 大城市的交通使我晕头转向。 The traffic of the big city bewildered me. · bewildered (adj.) 感到困惑的 · bewildering (adj.) 令人困惑的 3、They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian （attempting to reconstruct the distant past）is always faced with a difficult task. 他们能够身临其境般地观看我们做事，倾听我们讲话。但是，历史学家企图重现遥远的过去可是一项艰巨的任务。 · be able to 能够 · as it were 仿佛，如同，就好像（用于比喻句，虚拟语气，插入语） eg. 他是我的好朋友，就如同第2个我自己。 He is my good friend, as it were, my second self. 我就好像被雷击中了似的。 As it were, I was struck by the thunder. · attempt (v./n.)企图，试图 · attempt to do sth. = try to do sth. 企图做某事 = make an attempt to do sth. · construct (v.) 建设 = build reconstruct (v.) 重建 = rebuild · be faced with 面对（被动语态） = face （主动语态） eg. when we are faced with difficulties 当我们面对困难 = when we face difficulties · 非谓语动词attempting 作定语，修饰名词historian 4、He has to deduce （what he can from the few scanty clues available.宾语从句） Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man. 他们必须根据现有的不充分的线索进行推理。即使看起来微不足道的遗物，也可能揭示人类早期历史的一些有趣的内容。 · deduce (v.) 演绎，推理 eg. If a=b, and b=c, we can deduce that a=c. 假设a=b, b=c, 可推断出a=c. eg. 我推断出他儿子至少有40岁了。 I deduced his son must be at least 40 years old. · scanty (adj.) 不足的，缺乏的 反：ample (adj.) 充足的 · insignificant (adj.) 不重要的 反：significant (adj.) 重要的 · shed (n.) 棚 (v.) 使脱落，褪皮 · shed light on sth. 搞清楚，弄清楚 eg. 调查者希望弄清什么引起了火灾。 Investigator hope to shed light on what started the fire. 最近的研究弄清了这种疾病的起因。 The recent research shed light on the cause of this kind of the disease. 5、Up to now, historians have assumed （that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture,宾语从句） （for the man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.原因状语从句） Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate （that this assumption is incorrect.宾语从句） 历史学家迄今认为日历是随农业的问世而出现的，因为当时人们面临着了解四季的实际需要，但近期科学研究发现，好像这种假设是不正确的。 · up to now = up to the present = so far = up till now 迄今为止 （现在完成时态） · assume (v.) 自认为 = presume assumption (n.) 认为 · come into being 开始存在，诞生 · advent (n.) = arrival 到来，出现 · the advent of sth./sb. (重要的人物、时刻)来临 eg. 随着新老板的到来，这个公司慢慢开始兴旺起来。 With the advent of the new boss, this company became prosperous. 6、Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols （which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusks of mammoths.定语从句） The nomads (who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age [which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.定语从句)定语从句] 长期以来，历史学家一直对雕刻在墙壁上、骨头上、古代长毛象的象牙上的点、线和形形色色的符号感到困惑不解。这些痕迹是游牧人留下的，他们生活在从公元前约35，000年到公元前10，000年的冰川期的末期，以狩猎、捕鱼为生。 · be puzzled by 被迷惑 = be bewildered/confused by · engrave (v.) 雕刻 eg. 把我的座右铭刻在石头上。 Engrave my motto on the stone. = Engrave the stone with my motto. 7、By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found （that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon.宾语从句） 历史学家通过把世界各地留下的这种痕迹放在一起研究，终于弄懂了这种费解的代码。他们发现代码与昼夜更迭和月亮圆缺有关。 · correlate (v.) 把…联系在一起 词根：co- ：共同的 eg. co-worker 同事 colleage 同事 cooperation 合作 coincidence 巧合 · relate A to B 把A和B联系在一起 = connect A with B eg. 他把他的爱好和职业联系在一起。 He relates his hobby with his job. · passage (1) (书、讲话、音乐)中的一段，一节 eg. a passage of the article 文章中的一段 (2) 通路，通道 eg. 她的办公室正好沿着过道。 Her office is just along the passage. (3) （时间）经过 eg. With the passage of time, things began to look more hopeful. 随着时间的推移，事情看起来更有希望了。 · phase (n.) 阶段，时期[c] eg. a phase of history 历史时期 the phase of the moon 月相 8、It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known （that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression.主语从句） 事实上是一种最原始的日历。大家早就知道，画在墙上的狩猎图景并不是单纯的艺术表现形式。 · in fact 事实上（表递进） = as a matter of fact · primitive (adj.) 原始的 反：advanced (adj.) 先进的 · depict (v.) 描述，描绘（书面） = describe (v.) （书面、口语） eg. 他的小说描绘了在原始部落的生活。 His novels depict the life in primitive tribes. 9、They had a definite meaning, （for they were as near as early man could get to writing.） It is possible （that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them.主语从句） It seems （that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.宾语从句） 它们有着一定的含义，因为它们已接近古代人的文字形式。有时，这种图画与墙壁上的刻痕共存，它们之间可能有一定的联系。看来人类早就致力于探索四季变迁了，比人们想像的要早20,000年。 · definite (adj.) 明确的 eg. a definite decision/opinion/result 一个明确的决定/建议/结果 · definition (n.) 定义 · as near as 和…一样近（原级比较） · make an effort to do sth. 努力做某事 = try to do sth. Supplementary exercises: · Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy, from which most of present-day science arose. A. that B. all C.which D.what 解析：正确答案 D 物理学今天相当于过去所谓的自然哲学，今天的学科多起源于自然哲学。 equivalent of后，而应接一个介词of的宾语从句，而该从句需要一个主语，what = the thing that用于引出名词性从句。 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$