内容正文:
译林版高考英语定语从句复习
1. 基本概念:
· 定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。它的作用相当于一个形容词,用来对先行词进行限定或描述。
· 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。先行词前一般用 “the”,但在指 “一个” 概念时也可用 “a”, “an”。
· 关系词:连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三个作用,即代指先行词、引导定语从句、在从句中作句子成分。
2. 关系代词的用法:
· who:指人,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如:“The man who is standing there is my teacher.”(站在那里的人是我的老师,“who” 在从句中作主语);“The girl who (m) I met yesterday is very kind.”(我昨天遇到的那个女孩很善良,“who (m)” 在从句中作宾语,此处 “whom” 也可省略)。
· whom:指人,在从句中作宾语,在口语和非正式文体中常可省略。
· which:指物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如:“The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.”(我昨天买的书很有趣,“which” 在从句中作宾语);“The house which is near the river is very beautiful.”(河边的那座房子很漂亮,“which” 在从句中作主语)。
· that:既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。在很多情况下,“that” 可以与 “which” 互换,但有些情况只能用 “that”4:
4. 先行词是不定代词,如: “all”“anything”“everything”“nothing”“something”“little”“few”“much” 等;
4. 先行词被 “all”, “every”, “any”, “the very”, “the only”, “the just” 等修饰;
4. 先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰;
4. 先行词既有人又有物;
4. 在 “who”, “which” 引起的疑问句中;
4. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
· whose:既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作定语,修饰后面的名词。例如:“The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.”(那个父亲是医生的男孩学习很努力,“whose” 修饰 “father”);“The room whose windows face south is very bright.”(窗户朝南的房间很明亮,“whose” 修饰 “windows”)。
3. 关系副词的用法:
· when:先行词是表示时间的名词,在从句中作时间状语。例如:“I still remember the day when I first met her.”(我仍然记得我第一次见到她的那一天,“when” 指代 “the day”,在从句中作时间状语)。
· where:先行词是表示地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语。例如:“This is the place where we met last time.”(这是我们上次见面的地方,“where” 指代 “the place”,在从句中作地点状语)。
· why:先行词是表示原因的名词,在从句中作原因状语。例如:“I know the reason why he was late.”(我知道他迟到的原因,“why” 指代 “the reason”,在从句中作原因状语)。
4. 非限制性定语从句:
· 非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用,去掉后不影响主句的意思。它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开9。例如:“My father, who is a doctor, works very hard.”(我父亲是一名医生,他工作非常努力,“who is a doctor” 是对 “my father” 的补充说明)。
· 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用 “that”,“which” 可以指代整个主句的内容4。例如:“As we all know, Taiwan is part of China.”(众所周知,台湾是中国的一部分,“As we all know” 是一个非限制性定语从句,“As” 指代整个主句的内容)。
5. “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句:在这种结构中,“介词” 的选择通常取决于先行词与从句中动词、形容词或名词的搭配。例如:“The house in which I live is very old.”(我住的房子很旧,“in which” 相当于 “where”,“in” 与 “live” 搭配)。
6. 关系代词在从句中作宾语时的省略规则
· 指人的关系代词
· 在限定性定语从句中,如果关系代词 “who”, “whom”, “that” 在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略。例如:
1. The boy (who/whom/that) I talked to yesterday is my cousin.(我昨天和他交谈的那个男孩是我的表弟。)这里 “who/whom/that” 在从句 “I talked to” 中作宾语,可以省略。
· 但在非限定性定语从句中,即使关系代词作宾语也不能省略,因为非限定性定语从句与主句的关系相对松散,并且起着补充说明的重要作用。例如:My father, who I respect very much, is a hard - working man.(我的父亲是个勤劳的人,我非常尊敬他。)此句中的 “who” 不能省略。
· 指物的关系代词
· 在限定性定语从句中,关系代词 “which”, “that” 在从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如:The book (which/that) I bought last week is very interesting.(我上周买的那本书非常有趣。)“which/that” 在从句 “I bought” 中作宾语,可省略。
特殊情况的省略规则
· “介词 + 关系代词” 结构中关系代词的省略
· 一般情况下,“介词 + 关系代词” 结构中的关系代词不能省略。例如:This is the house in which I lived for five years.(这是我住了五年的房子。)这里 “in which” 不能省略。
· 但是,当 “介词 + 关系代词” 在从句中作状语,且介词在从句末尾时,如果关系代词是 “whom” 或 “which”,可以省略。例如:The person (whom) you were talking about just now is my teacher.(你刚才谈论的那个人是我的老师。)此句中 “(whom)” 可省略,原句变为 “The person you were talking about just now is my teacher.”
· 当先行词为 way 时的省略规则
· 当先行词为 “way”,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词 “that”“in which” 常省略。例如:I don't like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother.(我不喜欢他和他母亲说话的方式。)
存在形式主语 “it” 时的省略规则
· 在定语从句中,如果存在形式主语 “it”,且关系代词在从句中作真正的主语,关系代词和 “it” 同时省略。例如:
· That's the only thing (that) it is necessary to do.(这是唯一需要做的事。)此句省略了 “that” 和 “it”,原句完整形式为 “That's the only thing that it is necessary to do.”
7. 解题讲解
单项选择题
(1)The small town ________ I grew up has changed a lot over the years.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
答案:B
解析:先行词是 “the small town”,在定语从句 “I grew up” 中,“grew up” 是不及物动词短语,后面不需要接宾语,所以先行词在从句中作地点状语,用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。
(2)The friendship between China and Russia, _______ has endured tests of various kinds, remains strong and stable.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
答案:C
解析:先行词是 “The friendship between China and Russia”,在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词 which 可以指代前面的先行词,在从句中作主语,而 that 不能引导非限定性定语从句,it 和 what 不能用于引导定语从句。
(3)The Great Wall is a place _______ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to Beijing.
A. why B. which C. when D. where
答案:B
解析:先行词是 “a place”,在定语从句 “almost all tourists would like to visit” 中,“visit” 是及物动词,需要接宾语,先行词在从句中作宾语,所以用关系代词 which 或 that,但是当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only、the very 等修饰时,才用 that,这里没有这些情况,所以用 which。
语法填空
(1)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ___ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
答案:where
解析:先行词是 “a spot”,在定语从句 “it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth” 中,“send signals” 需要一个地点状语来表明发送信号的地点,所以用关系副词 where 引导定语从句,表示在那个地点。
(2)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ______ she opened with her late husband Les.
答案:which
解析:先行词是 “the pet shop”,在定语从句 “she opened with her late husband Les” 中,“opened” 是及物动词,需要宾语,先行词在从句中作宾语,所以用关系代词 which 引导定语从句。
(3)I'm not sure ______ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
答案:which
解析:分析句子结构可知,“______ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla” 是宾语从句,在这个宾语从句中,又包含一个定语从句 “that suddenly appears out of nowhere” 修饰先行词 “the female gorilla”。而在宾语从句中需要一个词来表示 “哪一个”,在两者(“me” 和 “the female gorilla”)之间进行比较,所以用 “which”。
(4)There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)______ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease - the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
答案:as
解析:先行词是 “a method of fighting heart disease”,“which was started by the medical community” 是定语从句修饰先行词 “trend”,“as” 在这里表示 “作为”,整个句子的意思是这种由医学界发起的作为一种对抗心脏病的方法的趋势产生了一些意想不到的副作用,所以用 “as” 符合语境。
(5)Then, after two and a half years, the mother drove the young panda away. It was time for her to have a new baby, ______ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
答案:and
解析:此句中 “It was time for her to have a new baby” 和 “it was also time for the young panda to be independent” 是两个并列的句子,它们之间是并列关系,不是定语从句,所以用 “and” 来连接。这一点提醒我们要注意区分句子之间的不同逻辑关系,不要误判为定语从句。
(6)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
答案:that
解析:先行词是 “the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River”,在定语从句 “are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings” 中,先行词既有人又有物,根据定语从句的语法规则,当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用 “that”。
(7)Maybe you have a habit ______ is driving your family crazy.
答案:that/which
解析:先行词是 “a habit”,在定语从句 “is driving your family crazy” 中,“habit” 在从句中作主语,所以可以用关系代词 “that” 或 “which” 来引导定语从句。
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