2025年高考英语语法复习专题五讲义定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句

定语从句（讲义） 考点精讲（一）关系代词引导的定语从句 课前导入： A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self，not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which/that④ matter most to us.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which/that④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person. [规则感悟]　①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。 1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。 (1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。 (2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。 Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。 I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to. 我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。 My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。 2．that和which引导的定语从句 that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点： (1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。 ①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，the one等不定代词时。 ②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。 ③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。 ④先行词被the only，the very (正是，恰是), the last修饰时。 ⑤先行词既有人又有物时。 ⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 (2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。 ①引导非限制性定语从句时。 ②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。 ③先行词本身是that时。 ④关系代词后有插入语时。 3．as引导的定语从句 as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。 4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别 关系词 位置不同 表意不同 as 既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等 As anybody can see，the elephant is like a snake. 正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。 She married again，which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。 5．定语从句中的主谓一致 (1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。 The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。 (2)“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。 He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 He is the only one of the students who has made great progress. 他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。 典例分析 1．A true friend is a person ________ reaches for your hand and touches your heart. A．who B．whom C．which D．whose 【答案】A 【详解】句意：一个真正的朋友是一个可以援手帮助并感动你心扉的人。 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是人，引导词在从句中作主语，故选A。 2．The woman astronaut ________ gave us a lesson on space is Liu Yang. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 【答案】C 【详解】句意：给我们在太空上上了一课的女宇航员叫刘洋。 考查定语从句。先行词是The woman astronaut，是人，且在从句中作主语，用who引导定语从句。故选C。 3．Lots of Chinese young people ___________ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time. A．that B．those C．which D．/ 【答案】A 【详解】句意：为了节省时间，很多95后的中国年轻人都采用上门做饭的方式。 考查定语从句引导词。that引导定语从句时，先行词是人/物，在句中作主语或宾语；those那些，指示代词；which引导定语从句时，先行词是物，在句中作主语或宾语；/不填。空后“...were born after 1995”在句中作定语修饰名词，先行词Chinese young people，指人，且空处在句中作主语，所以用who引导，故选A。 4．If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing ________ can’t be achieved. A．who B．that C．whom 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果我们怀着远大的梦想努力学习，没有什么是不能实现的。 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是nothing，引导词在从句中作主语，只能用that引导。故选B。 5．— Tom, what kind of stories do you prefer? — The ones ________ have a happy ending. A．that B．who C．those D．whom 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——汤姆，你喜欢什么样的故事？——那些有着幸福结局的故事。 考查定语从句。that用于某些动词、形容词和名词后，引出从句；who谁；those那些；whom谁，宾格。根据“The ones …have a happy ending.”可知，此处空后为定语从句修饰ones，ones指代stories“故事”，为物，使用关系代词that引导定语从句。故选A。 只使用 which，不能用that的情况 　（1）在非限制性定语从句中。如： 　　　　I will take this one, which was exactly what we wanted. 我想买这个，它确实是我想要的。 　 　(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。如： 　　　　The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他在谈论的那个事是很重要的。 　 　(3) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似。如： 　 He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 他在比赛中成功了，这使他父母很高兴。 典例分析 1．We stopped for something of great use, ________ we shouldn’t be lost in. A．who B．that C．which D．what 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们为了一些有用的东西停下来，一些我们不应该沉迷其中的东西。 考查定语从句。who先行词指人；that先行词指人或物；which先行词指物；what不引导定语从句。分析句子结构可知，本句是非限制性定语从句，且先行词“something of great use”指物，故用which引导。故选C。 2．Do you know the city, Kunming, __________ is the capital city of Yunan? A．where B．which C．who D．whose 【答案】B 【详解】句意：你知道云南的首都昆明吗？ 考查定语从句。where，关系副词，指地点，在从句中作地点状语；which关系代词，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who关系代词，指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whose关系代词，who的所有格，在从句中作定语。分析句子可知，is前缺少主语，先行词“Kunming”是物，且在句中作主语。故选B。 3．He seems not to have grasped ________ I meant, ________ greatly upsets me. A．what; who B．that; that C．what; which D．how; which 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他似乎没有领会我的意思，这让我非常难过。 考查从句。what什么；who谁；that那个；which哪一个；how怎么样。根据“He seems not to have grasped...I meant,...greatly upsets me.”可知grasped 之后是宾语从句且从句中meant后面缺少宾语,空处需填一个引导词what；逗号后面为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，需填一个引导词指代前面整个句子，用which。故选C。 4．Beijing, __________ is the capital of China, is a city with a long history. A．that B．where C．when D．which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：北京，是中国的首都，是一个有着悠久历史的城市。 考查定语从句。that关系代词，指物/人，在从句中作主语或宾语，不能引导非限制性定语从句；where关系副词，指地点，在从句中作状语；when关系副词，指时间，在从句中作状语；which关系代词，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。句子是非限制性定语从句，先行词在从句中作主语，此处应用which引导定语从句，故选D。 5．He was very rude to the customs officer, ________ of course made things even worse. A．who B．whom C．what D．which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：他对海关官员非常粗鲁，这当然使事情变得更糟。 考查定语从句。分析句子可知“...of course made things even worse”说明了主句事件的影响，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句，关系词用which，故选D。 只能用that,不用which 的情况 　(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。如： All that he said is true. 所有他说的都是真的。 　(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, few, much, no, some, only, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which。如： This is the only book that the old woman is interested in. 这是仅有的一本老妇人感兴趣的书。 (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。如： It was the second house that I bought.这是我买的第二个房子。 　(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。如： 如：This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的书。 　(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。如： He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论他记起得的人和事。 典例分析 1．I like the farm ________ I visited last week. A．where B．that C．who D．whom 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我喜欢我上周参观的那个农场。 考查定语从句关系词。根据“the farm ... I visited last week”可知此处是定语从句，先行词the farm指地点，但在从句中作宾语，用that引导定语从句。故选B。 2．When I have difficulty in learning English, my teacher Miss Chen always gives me some advice ________ can be useful. A．that B．what C．who D．whose 【答案】A 【详解】句意：当我学习英语有困难时，我的老师陈女士总是给我一些有用的建议。 考查定语从句。that引导定语从句，先行词为人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语；what不引导定语从句；who引导定语从句，先行词为人，在从句中作主语；whose引导定语从句，先行词为人或物，在从句中作定语。根据句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为some advice，在从句中作主语，所以用that引导定语从句。故选A。 3．The earth is the planet ________ provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our duty to protect it. A．whose B．who C．what D．that 【答案】D 【详解】句意：地球为我们提供了我们所需要的一切，新鲜空气，清洁的水等等。保护它是我们的责任。 考查定语从句。句子是定语从句，先行词是planet，关系词在从句中作主语，用that引导定语从句。故选D。 4．—Mom is waiting. Can we set off now? —Just a minute. I can’t find the shoes ________ I bought last week. A．that B．who C．what D．who 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——妈妈在等待。我们现在可以出发了吗？——等一下。我找不到我上周买的鞋了。 考查定语从句。此处是定语从句，先行词是“the shoes”，指物，引导词在从句中作宾语，所以用that或which，结合选项，故选A。 5．The app “MAYI” encourages people to give away the clothes ________ they don’t need to the poor. A．what B．whom C．who D．that 【答案】D 【详解】句意：这款名为“MAYI”的应用鼓励人们把自己不需要的衣服送给穷人。 考查定语从句关系词。根据“the clothes ... they don’t need”可知此处是定语从句，先行词“the clothes”指物，且在从句中作宾语，用that引导定语从句。故选D。 定语从句中的主谓一致易错情况 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与先行词保持一致。其中，“one of+复数名词” 作先行词时，谓语动词用复数形式。”the one of/the only one of+复数名词”时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：He is the man who / that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个男人。 He is one of the students in his class who have been to Germany.他是班上去过德国的学生之一。 典例分析 1．In my opinion, of all the books, this is the only one ______ is well worth reading. A．who B．that C．whom D．what 【答案】B 【详解】句意：在我看来，在所有的书中，这是唯一值得一读的。 考查定语从句关系词。根据“of all the books, this is the only one”可知先行词the only one指物，先行词用the only修饰时，只能用that引导限制性定语从句。故选B。 2．The girl ________ is reading under the tree ________ my sister. A．which; is B．whom; was C．who; is D．who; was 【答案】C 【详解】句意：在树下看书的那个女孩是我妹妹。 考查定语从句和be动词。which引导定语从句，先行词为物，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom引导定语从句，先行词为人，在从句中作宾语；who引导定语从句，先行词是人，在从句中作主语或宾语。第一空，分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，先行词“The girl”指人，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who来引导从句，排除A和B；第二空，根据“is reading under the tree”可知，句子陈述现在的情况，时态应用一般现在时，主语“The girl”为第三人称单数，谓语be动词用is，排除D。故选C。 3．Hemingway（海明威）is the only one of the most famous writers with many wonderful works ________ born in America. A．that were B．who was C．who were 【答案】B 【详解】句意：海明威是唯一一位在美国出生的有着许多精彩作品的著名作家。 考查定语从句。分析句子可知，先行词指人，且先行词被the only修饰，谓语应用单数was。故选B。 4．Mr. Lang is a great Chinese pianist ________ become popular with many people around the world. A．who have B．who has C．whom has D．that have 【答案】B 【详解】句意：郎先生是一位伟大的并深受世界人民欢迎的中国钢琴家。 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处使用定语从句，先行词是“ a pianist”，引导词可使用“who或that，又因为先行词是第三人称单数，助动词应使用has。故选B。 5．He is one of my friends who ________ working hard. A．is B．was C．are D．were 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他是我的一个努力工作的朋友。 考查主谓一致。“one of+名词复数”后如果有定语从句修饰，那么定语从句的谓语动词用复数；结合句子可知是一般现在时，be动词用are。故选C。 考点精讲（二）关系副词引导的定语从句 课堂导入： A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to fall asleep，some wake up in the middle of the night，and others simply do not get enough sleep.One of the reasons why① people fail to get a good night’s sleep is pressure from school or work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the short term，people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long term，they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory，being overweight and suffering a heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing，and night is the time when② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where③ body development slows down，and their health suffers. So，if you have trouble getting a good night’s sleep，it might be time to make some changes in your lifestyle. [规则感悟]　①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。 ②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。 1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time，day，year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which 表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。 The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。 The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice. 他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。 2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。 They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health. 我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。 Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge. 在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。 4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，in which或省略关系词。 It’s not what you say；it’s the way(that/in which) you say it. 问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。 5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。 选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。 考点精讲（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 课前导入： As is universally known，high school life is an important turning point and high school campus is an important place in which① students study and live.Here there are many kind teachers to whom② we can turn for help when we are in trouble.My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion，we agreed on making a video with which③ we could record our experiences at school. Material collecting took us a whole week，during which④ we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.Some compromises were unavoidable，but the video turned out perfect.That day on which⑤ the video was played，it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time，which surely gave us a great sense of achievement. [规则感悟]　“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。 1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。 He is the person on whom you can depend. 他是你可以信赖的人。 He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag. 他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。 2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定： (1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved. 我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。 (2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定 The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。 3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。 The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。 特别提醒　定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别 (一)定语从句与并列句的区别 两个句子之间若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。 1．She has written many novels，some of __________ are interesting. 分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。] 2．She has written many novels，and some of ________ are interesting. 分析　them　[此句为and连接的并列句。] (二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别 定语从句有谓语动词，所以需要引导词，而独立主格结构不是句子，没有谓语动词，所以不需要再填引导词。 1．She has collected many old stamps，most of ________ are worth thousands of dollars. 分析　which　[which引导定语从句，修饰先行词stamps，“most of which”在从句中作主语，后边有谓语动词are。] 2．She has collected many old stamps，most of ________ worth thousands of dollars. 分析　them　[逗号后面没有谓语动词，是独立主格结构，不需要引导词，故填them。] (三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。 1．We young people should go to the place ________ is in need of help. 分析　which/that　[关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。] 2．We young people should go ____________ we’re most needed. 分析　where　[where引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。] (四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。 1．I will always remember the days ____________ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside. 分析　when　[when引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。] 2．I always remember the days in the countryside __________ I see the photo of my grandparents. 分析　when　[when引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。] (五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别 在the same...as...与such...as...结构中，as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中，that在从句中不作成分。 1．This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like. 分析　as　[as引导定语从句，as在从句中作like的宾语。] 2．This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like it. 分析　that　[such...that...引导结果状语从句。] (六)定语从句与主语从句的区别 定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。 1．____________ is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　As　[as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整句话的内容。] 2．____________ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　It　[it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。] 3．____________ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析　What　[what在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。] (七)定语从句与强调句型的区别 强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起连接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分，去掉以后结构就不完整了。 1．It was on the morning of May 1st ____________ I met Liang Wei at the airport. 分析　that　[将句子改为： I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然，这句话是完整的，故为强调句。] 2．It is the factory ____________ Mr Wang works. 分析　where　[此句是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in，故填where。] 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·山东·三模）—Do you know ________ will direct the new movie? —Cohen, ________ short films won awards, was chosen to direct the movie. A．whom; whose B．who; whose C．whose; who D．whom; who 【答案】B 【详解】考查宾语从句，定语从句。句意：——你知道谁将导演这部新电影吗?——科恩的短片曾获奖，他被选为这部电影的导演。分析第一句中位于动词know之后，因此需要填入，所以需要填入宾语从句的引导词，此处 指的是“导演电影”，所以是指人，且在从句中作主语，所以用who。第二空为定语从句的关系词，且在从句中作定语，所以用whose。故选B。 2．（2024·天津南开·二模）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________ his employees enjoy their work. A．where B．which C．when D．that 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：公司老板正在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，让他的员工在其中享受工作。根据句意及主句谓语动词is和空后谓语动词enjoy可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere“氛围”，先行词表地点或环境，空处表工作的环境或氛围，在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where来引导定语从句。故选A。 3．（2024·天津·二模）After ten hours’ drive, we came to a green house, through ______ glass wall we saw lots of green plants. A．what B．that C．whose D．which 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：开车十小时后，我们来到了一所温室，透过它的玻璃墙我们看到了许多绿色的植物。此处是“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句，先行词是house，关与空格后的glass wall是所属关系，关系词在从句中作定语，应用关系代词whose，故选C。 4．（2024·天津和平·二模）Our defeat, _______ some players blame themselves, was caused by bad luck. A．for what B．for which C．to whom D．on which 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们的失败是运气不好造成的，一些球员为此自责。分析句子可知，这里考查blame sb for sth表“为某事责怪某人”，为固定搭配，且这里考查非限制性定语从句，先行词为Our defeat，作介词for后面宾语，所以应用关系代词which。故选B项。 5．（2024·天津河西·二模）John is so selfish that he has reached a point ______ no one in our team wants to talk with him. A．where B．why C．that D．which 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：约翰是如此自私，以至于他达到了一个我们团队里没有人想和他说话的地步。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词point，先行词表示抽象地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导从句。故选A项。 6．（2024·天津河东·二模）Recent accidents, ________ fifty people lost their lives, are mainly due to the heavy fog. A．as B．which C．whose D．where 【答案】D 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：最近的事故中有50人丧生，主要是由于大雾造成的。分析句子可知，此处为关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词accidents“事故”在从句中作地点状语成分。故选D项。 7．（2024·天津·二模）The masterpiece in the exhibition absolutely showed us a vivid scene __________ our ancestors went hunting and resisted the wild beast. A．when B．why C．which D．where 【答案】D 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这次展出的这幅杰作向我们生动地展示了我们的祖先去狩猎和抵抗野兽的情景。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为scene，为抽象地点名词，从句中不缺少主语或宾语，应用关系副词where引导，作地点状语。故选D。 8．（2024·天津·二模）There are hundreds of such scenes in movies, ______ the heavy rain reflects the sad feelings of the characters. A．when B．which C．where D．of which 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句引导词。句意：电影中有数百个这样的场景，其中瓢泼大雨映射出了角色们的悲伤情绪。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词为scenes，先行词在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导从句。故选C。 9．（2024·天津·二模）It is the way ________ you apply your body language to your address that greatly determines whether the listeners are engaged and convinced. A．how B．that C．which D．where 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正是你将肢体语言运用到演讲中的方式，在很大程度上决定了听众是否参与并信服。由句子结构可知，此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the way，关系词替代先行词在定语从句中作状语，关系词可用that、in which或省略。故选B项。 10．（2024·天津河西·三模）After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the village ______ it used to be. A．that B．where C．what D．how 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：毕业回到家乡后，珍妮发现它不再是以前的那个村庄了。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导限制性定语从句，village是先行词，从句中缺少表语，因此使用关系代词that引导定语从句，故选A项。 11．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）True equality and excellent education are timeless issues ______ we should strive for and gain further insights into. A．where B．why C．when D．which 【答案】D 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：真正的平等和卓越的教育是我们应该努力追求并进一步深入了解的时代课题。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词issues。先行词指物，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词which引导该从句。故选D。 12．（2024·天津南开·一模）Hate and anger are felt only for those ________ we care deeply. A．for which B．with which C．for whom D．with whom 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：憎恨和愤怒只会发生在我们深切关心的人身上。care for“关心”。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是those，指人，关系词代替先行词在从句中作for的宾语，应用介词for+whom引导。故选C。 13．（2024·天津·一模）I admire my English teacher greatly as he always tries his best to create an atmosphere ______ students’ interest can be actively aroused. A．where B．that C．which D．when 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我非常钦佩我的英语老师，因为他总是尽力营造一种可以积极激发学生兴趣的氛围。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是atmosphere，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选A。 14．（2024·天津和平·一模）I know I’ve put my passport in a place ______ I thought it would be safe, but now I can’t remember it. A．which B．that C．where D．what 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我知道我把护照放在了一个我认为安全的地方，但现在我记不起来了。分析句子结构可知，本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是place，关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C。 15．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The president stood by a window inside the room, ______, looking over the square. A．where I entered B．into which I entered C．which I entered D．that I entered 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我走进去时，总统站在房间的一扇窗旁，俯瞰着广场。分析句子可知，空处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是room，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词which引导，动词enter是及物动词，后接宾语时无需加介词into，故选C。 16．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The engineers made two big plans for the dam, ______ was never put in force. A．one of them B．which C．one of which D．every one of which 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：工程师们为大坝制定了两个大计划，其中一个从未付诸实施。分析句子可知，句中无连词，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，排除A项，先行词是“plans”，从句中的“was”表明从句主语表示单数意义，排除B项，关系词在从句中作介词of的宾语，应用one of which引导，every用于三者及三者以上，排除D项。故选C。 17．（2023·天津和平·二模）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them. A．of whom B．about which C．from which D．by whom 【答案】C 【详解】考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意：威廉·海斯蒂曾提出，历史告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中吸取教训，而不必重蹈覆辙。分析句子可知，空处及之后的句子为定语从句，先行词为mistakes，句子表示“我们可以从错误中吸取教训，而不是重蹈覆辙”，所以空处用“from which”，故选C。 18．（2022·山东·二模）Every student likes the woman teacher ______ temper is very gentle. A．whose B．who C．that D．whom 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：每个学生都喜欢那个脾气很温和的女老师。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是teacher，指人，关系词在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系，意为“……的”，所以空处需用whose引导定语从句。故选A。 19．（2020·江苏南通·二模）An interviewee should be good at grasping every opportunity _____he is supposed to show his best self to others. A．when B．where C．that D．which 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一个应聘者应该抓住每一个向别人展示最好自己的机会。先行词opportunity在从句中是抽象地点，其后所跟的定语从句往往是陈述这些活动或情况中所发生的事情，应用关系副词where引导该定语从句。故选B。 20．（2013·重庆·一模）______ is surprising to us is that Tom, for _______ English was once boring, can speak English fluently as though he were a native speaker. A．As; whom B．What; whose C．It; whose D．What; whom 【答案】D 【详解】考查主语从句和定语从句。句意：令我们吃惊的是汤姆对于他来说以前的英语是很烦人的，而现在他的英语讲地如此流利好像他是在说本民族的语言的人。第一空缺少主语从句的主语，故填what。第二空是作介词的宾语，先行词是Tom，故用whom。故选D。 二、翻译 21．（2024·上海·模拟预测）我们历时三年时间，开发了一款体育器材，既强身健体，又促进心理健康。(commit) 【答案】We have committed three years to developing / manufacturing a sports device / a kind of sports equipment that strengthens body / enhances physical health and boosts mental well-being. 【详解】考查定语从句。表示“我们”应用代词we作主句的主语；表示“历时”应用动词commit，根据句意应用现在完成时have committed，作主句的谓语；表示“三年时间”应用three years，作主句的宾语；表示“开发了一款体育器材”应用不定式短语 to developing / manufacturing a sports device / a kind of sports equipment，作状语；表示“既强身健体，又促进心理健康”应用定语从句that strengthens body / enhances physical health and boosts mental well-being修饰先行词equipment，其中关系代词that在从句中作主语指代先行词equipment，表示“强身健体，又促进心理健康”应用动词短语strengthens body / enhances physical health and boosts mental well-being，作并列的谓语和宾语。故翻译为：We have committed three years to developing / manufacturing a sports device / a kind of sports equipment that strengthens body / enhances physical health and boosts mental well-being. 22．（2024·上海金山·二模）值得一提的是，这个城市的权力部门迅速而有效地解决游客的投诉，这被认为是成功的危机管理。(address) 【答案】It is worth mentioning that the city authorities quickly and effectively addressed tourists’ complaints, which is regarded/considered/seen as successful crisis management. 【详解】考查动词。“值得一提的是”可以用句型“It is worth mentioning that…”，It为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。“这个城市的权利部门”可以翻译为“the city authorities”，该名词短语在句中作that从句中的主语。“解决”用动词“address”，该动词在从句中作谓语动词。that从句描述过去的事实，所以用一般过去时态。“迅速而有效地”可以翻译为“quickly and effectively”，两个并列副词修饰谓语动词。“游客的投诉”可以翻译为“tourists’ complaints”，该名词短语作address的宾语。后面接which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰“the city authorities quickly and effectively addressed tourists’ complaints”整个句子。“被认为是……”可用动词短语“be regarded/considered/seen as…”，该短语在定语从句中作谓语动词。该从句中是对一般事实的描述，所以用一般现在时态。which指代整个句子，在从句中做主语，所以be动词用is。“成功的危机管理”可以翻译为“successful crisis management”。故翻译为It is worth mentioning that the city authorities quickly and effectively addressed tourists’ complaints, which is regarded/considered/seen as successful crisis management. 23．（2024·上海黄浦·二模）受到优秀运动员们为梦想和荣誉全力以赴的可贵精神的影响，很多年轻人喜欢上了看乒乓球比赛，并开始学习打乒乓。(fond) 【答案】Influenced by the valuable spirit of outstanding athletes who give their all for dreams and honor, many young people have grown fond of watching table tennis matches and have started to learn to play it. 【详解】考查非谓语动词和时态。表示“受到影响”应用过去分词短语influenced by，作状语；表示“可贵精神”短语为the valuable spirit，与“优秀运动员们”outstanding athletes为所属古关系，后跟who引导定语从句，表示“为梦想和荣誉全力以赴”短语为give their all for dreams and honor，为一般现在时；主语为many young people；表示“喜欢上”用grow fond of doing sth.；表示“看乒乓球比赛”应用动名词短语watching table tennis matches；表示“开始学习打乒乓”翻译为start to learn to play it，为现在完成时。故翻译为Influenced by the valuable spirit of outstanding athletes who give their all for dreams and honor, many young people have grown fond of watching table tennis matches and have started to learn to play it. 24．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）农村地区正在逐步过渡到使用节能型电动汽车，其创新设计颇受年轻消费者的青睐。（transition） 【答案】Rural areas are gradually transitioning to energy-saving electric vehicles, whose innovative designs are gaining favor among young consumers. 【详解】考查动词、名词、短语和定语从句。“农村地区”为“rural areas”，“逐步”为“gradually”，“过渡到”为“transition to”，“节能型电动汽车”为“energy-saving electric vehicles”，“创新设计”为“innovative designs”，“受某人青睐”为“gain favor among sb”，“年轻消费者”为“young consumers”，“节能型电动汽车”和“创新设计”为所属关系，则使用whose引导的定语从句，“农村地区正在逐步过渡到使用节能型电动汽车”使用现在进行时，为“Rural areas are gradually transitioning to energy-saving electric vehicles.”，定语从句部分为“whose innovative designs are gaining favor among young consumers”，故翻译为Rural areas are gradually transitioning to energy-saving electric vehicles, whose innovative designs are gaining favor among young consumers. 25．（2024·上海金山·一模）这个国家不顾人民的安危将废水排入大海，这个行为受到了当地渔民和邻国人民的强烈抗议。(which) 【答案】This country ignored the safety of people dumping wastewater into the sea, which sparked strong protest from local fishermen and people in neighbouring countries. 【详解】考查定语从句、时态和非谓语。表示“这个国家”应用this country；表示“忽视”应用ignore；表示“人们的安危”应用the safety of people；表示“将废水排入大海”应用dump wastewater into the sea，dump和this country为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式作状语；表示“受到了强烈抗议”应用spark strong protest；表示“来自当地渔民和邻国人民”应用from local fishmen and people in neighbouring countries；句子陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，ignore和spark的过去式分别是ignored和sparked；“这个行为受到了当地渔民和邻国人民的强烈抗议”处理为非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。故翻译成：This country ignored the safety of people dumping wastewater into the sea, which sparked strong protest from local fishermen and people in neighbouring countries。 26．（2024·上海金山·一模）凡今天购买这款手机的顾客可享七折优惠。(discount) 【答案】Customers who purchase this mobile phone today can enjoy a 30% discount. 【详解】考查定语从句和时态。主语为复数名词customers，后跟who引导的定语从句，表示“今天购买这款手机”翻译为purchase this mobile phone today；表示“可享七折优惠”翻译为can enjoy a 30% discount。为一般现在时。故翻译为Customers who purchase this mobile phone today can enjoy a 30% discount. 27．（2024·上海长宁·一模）中美领导人在旧金山会晤，意义非凡，吸引了世界的关注，推动了中美关系的发展。(importance) 【答案】The meeting between Chinese and American presidents/leaders in San Francisco was of significant importance, which attracted the worldwide attention and promoted the Sino-US relation./The meeting between Chinese and American presidents/leaders in San Francisco was of significant importance, attracting the worldwide attention and promoting the Sino-US relation. 【详解】考查名词短语、动词短语、定语从句和非谓语动词。“中美领导人在旧金山会晤”是主语，使用名词短语the meeting between Chinese and American presidents/leaders in San Francisco，为单数，“意义非凡”为系表结构，用be of significant importance，此处是过去发生的事情，时态宜用一般过去式，be动词用was，“吸引了世界的关注，推动了中美关系的发展”可用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，对前面的句子进行补充说明，which在从句中作主语，“吸引了世界的关注”可用动词短语attracted the worldwide attention，“推动了中美关系的发展”可用动词短语promoted the Sino-US relation，或用现在分词形式作结果状语，动词attract和promote用现在分词形式。故译为：The meeting between Chinese and American presidents/leaders in San Francisco was of significant importance, which attracted the worldwide attention and promoted the Sino-US relation. 28．（2024·上海闵行·一模）她梦想记录祖国的壮丽风景, 这激励她去探索自然中尚未被发现的角落，并通过摄影来保留那份美丽。(which) 【答案】She dreams of capturing the magnificent landscapes of her homeland, which motivates her to explore the untouched corners of nature and preserve its beauty through (with) her photography. 【详解】考查动词短语、形容词、名词以及定语从句。表示“梦想做某事”应用动词短语dream of doing sth；表示“记录”应用动词capture；表示“壮丽”应用形容词magnificent；表示“激励”应用动词motivate；表示“探索”应用动词explore；表示“摄影”应用名词photography。分析句子可知，表示“这……”应用which引导非限定性定语从句。故翻译为：She dreams of capturing the magnificent landscapes of her homeland, which motivates her to explore the untouched corners of nature and preserve its beauty through (with) her photography. 29．（23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末）我们都没有想到，那个曾经腼腆的男孩竟然能在演讲比赛中一举夺魁。 (It) 【答案】It never occurred to us that the boy who used to be/was shy should win the first prize in the speech contest. 【详解】考查时态、固定句型、定语从句。it occurs to sb that “（某人）想到……”为固定句型，结合句意“我们都没有想到”可知，事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，故用It never occurred to us that，其中It为形式主语，that引导主语从句。主语从句中，表示“那个男孩竟然能在演讲比赛中一举夺魁”用the boy should win the first prize in the speech contest。表示“曾经腼腆的”用定语从句who used to be/was shy，先行词是the boy，关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词who引导。故翻译为It never occurred to us that the boy who used to be/was shy should win the first prize in the speech contest. 30．（21-22高三下·上海·阶段练习）这位忧心忡忡的母亲直到成功为她一周没吃过蔬菜的儿子在送餐应用上抢到了2公斤 卷心菜，才感到如释重负。(Not until …) 【答案】Not until this anxious/worried/concerned mother succeeded in ordering two kilograms of cabbage on the food-delivery app for her son, who hadn’t eaten vegetables for a week, did she feel relieved. 【详解】考查短语、时态、定语从句和倒装。not until直到……才……，位于句首，主句要部分倒装。 succeeded in doing sth.成功做某事； two kilograms of 两公斤； on the food-delivery app 在送餐应用上；for a week(持续)一星期。句中先行词为her son，在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。根据句意，故翻译为Not until this anxious/worried/concerned mother succeeded in ordering two kilograms of cabbage on the food-delivery app for her son, who hadn’t eaten vegetables for a week, did she feel relieved. 名词性从句（讲义） 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 课前导入： Many students don’t know what they should do①，but what Xiao Meng wants to do② is earn money.The reason is that she wants to lessen her parents’ burden③.It is said that many small companies need graduates to do part-time jobs②.Xiao Meng has applied for two jobs but she is not sure whether she will be employed①.She also wonders when she will be admitted to a college① and which city she will go①.She is anxious for the news that she is admitted to a good university④. [规则感悟]　①位于及物动词或形容词之后的从句是宾语从句。②谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句。此外，该从句可以用it作形式主语。③位于be动词之后的从句是表语从句。④位于抽象名词之后，解释该名词内容的从句为同位语从句。 1．名词性从句的引导词如下表所示 引导词 功能 从属连词 that 在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义 whether，if 在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否” because，as if/though 在从句中不作任何成分，分别意为“因为”“好像” 连接代词 who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which-(ever) who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语； whom(ever)在从句中作宾语； which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语； whose在从句中作定语 连接副词 when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever) 在从句中作状语 2.名词性从句的语序是陈述语序 Do you know where will the party be held？(×) Do you know where the party will be held？(√) 3．名词性从句的时态 (1)当主句是现在时态(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)时， 从句可根据实际情况使用各种时态。 It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase. 他打碎了我最喜欢的花瓶，这令我很生气。 Do you know when and where he bought the book？你知道他什么时候在哪里买的这本书吗？ I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow.我听说我们的老师明天就回来了。 (2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。 I asked her if she would allow me to interview her，and she readily agreed. 我问她是否允许我采访她，她欣然同意了。 My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 老师说太阳从东方升起西方落下。 (客观真理) 4．what与that的用法 that是从属连词，在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意义。而what是连接代词，在名词性从句中充当成分，通常充当主语、宾语或表语。 I believe that I will succeed if I study hard. 我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。 I believe what he said because he is an honest man.我相信他说的话，因为他是个诚实的人。 5．whether与if的用法 (1)用whether或if均可的情况 ①引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可使用。 ②it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。 (2)用whether而不用if的情况 ①引导主语从句置于句首时； ②引导表语从句和同位语从句时； ③引导介词的宾语从句时； ④引导词与or not连用时； ⑤引导词后接to do时； ⑥有些动词如discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。 6．what，who，which与whatever，whoever，whichever引导名词性从句的区别 (1)what引导名词性从句意为“什么”，带有疑问意味；意为“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”，带有疑问意味；which意思是“哪一个”，带有疑问意味。 Do you know who broke the window? 你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗？ (2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等，并且充当成分，相当于anything that，anyone who等。 She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.＝She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life. 她是我的至亲，我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价救她的命。 7．that不可省略的情况 (1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时；that引导表语从句时；that引导同位语从句时；当it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语时。 (2)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省略。 She said (that) her ambition was to enter a key university，that she would study hard to make her dream come true，and that she would live up to her parents’ expectations. 她说她的志向是考上一所重点大学，她会努力学习，实现自己的梦想，不辜负父母的期望。 8．同位语从句位于表示概念或思维的抽象名词之后，对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用 常见的抽象名词有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。 At first many people were astonished at the conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the universe.起初很多人对地球不是宇宙中心这一结论感到惊讶。 9．why与because 引导表语从句的区别 why与because 引导表语从句时，前者强调结果，后者强调原因。 I had a cold.That was why I didn’t attend school.我感冒了，因此我没去上学。 I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.我没去上学，那是因为我感冒了。 注意：(1)句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 (2)由why引导的从句作主语时，表语从句用that引导。 Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。 10．as if/though引导的表语从句 as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面，从句中既可以用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。 It sounds as if somebody is knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。 11．同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句是用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，而定语从句是对作先行词的名词的限制、描绘或说明。that在同位语从句中只是连接主从句，没有任何意义，不在从句中充当句子成分；that在定语从句中是关系代词，不但连接主从句，而且指代被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词)，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 I had no idea that Brisbane has so many people! (that引导同位语从句，不能省略) The idea (that) he put forward at the meeting is very reasonable.(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略) 名词性从句易错题剖析 易错陷阱1：主语从句连接词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【分析】 1.that引导主语从句时，无词义，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2. whether引导的主语从句可放在句首，if引导主语从句在句尾，且用it作形式主语。 3. It作形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句。 4. What引导主语从句时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，若表语是复数，则谓语用复数。 易错陷阱2：宾语从句引导词及介词后接宾语从句易混易错点 【分析】1.doubt用于肯定句时，宾语从句用whether，doubt用于否定句时，宾语从句用that引导。 2. 介词后跟宾语从句时只能用wh-类连接词引导；如：I’m surprised at what he said. 3. 介词后如果跟that从句，要先加it作形式宾语，再加that从句。 如：depend on it that...; rely on it that...; see to it that...等。 4. 宾语从句的时态：主句是现在时或将来时，从句用句意的各种时态。主句是过去时， 从句用相应的过去时态。 从句表示客观事实或真理，从句都用现在时。 易错陷阱3：表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【分析】1. as if/as though 引导时，从句可用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。 2. That is why+结果，表示“那就是.....的原因”。 3. That is because+原因，表示“那是因为......”。 4. The reason why/for... is that ..., 表示“......的原因是......”。 易错陷阱4：同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【分析】that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不作句子成分；that引导定语从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。同位语经常修饰的名词有：fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等。 主语从句引导词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【例1】 Huawei withstood strict sanctions from the US govt. and now able to produce their own 5G phones, a great victory! does not kill you will make you stronger! 易错分析：谓语动词判断错误容易易引起句子结构的误判，两个动词时需先判断主句谓语动词。 【答案】what 【解析】考查主语从句。句意：杀不死你的，会让你更强大！引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指“……的东西”应用what。故填what。 __________ people in western countries think we Muslim women are oppressed and controlled by men is wrong. 易错分析：长难句结构分析失误，主句谓语动词容易找错。 【答案】That 【解析】考查主语从句。这是一个复合句。主句谓语动词是is。句意：西方国家的人认为我们穆斯林妇女被男性所压迫是错误的。主语是一个主语从句，且在主语从句中谓语动词think后又跟了一个宾语从句we Muslim women are oppressed and controlled by men。主语从句中并不缺少句子成分，故用That。 It is possible _________ caffeine may cause birth defects in humans, too. 易错分析：对形式主语it的用法掌握不牢。 【答案】that 【解析】考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，It作形式主语，真正的主语是设空处所引导的从句，且该空在从句中不作任何成分，故填that。句意：咖啡因也可能导致人类的先天缺陷。 For example, Mary-Jo Saunders is learning a Chinese poem today. ___________ is special is that she is able to recite it without an accent. 【答案】What 【解析】考查主语从句。句意：特别的是，她能毫无口音地背出来。空格处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，“什么”的意思，用连词what，位于句首，首字母大写。故填What。 宾语从句引导词及介词后跟宾语从句易混易错点 【例2】 These words of her give us a look into the heart of this amazing woman, and ___________ carried her through a life of hard choices. 易错分析：本题因为句子成分判断错误引起句意理解不当，从而影响并列连词and之后的句子成分和句意。 【答案】 what 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：她的这些话让我们看到了这位了不起的女人的内心，以及是什么让她度过了艰难的人生选择。分析句子可知，空处引导名词性从句作介词into的宾语，从句中缺少主语，且结合句意可知，主语指物，应用连接代词what作引导词。故填what。 On the first day of the Start of Autumn, usually people will weigh themselves and compare their weight to ___________ it was at the Start of Summer. 【答案】what 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：在立秋的第一天，人们通常会称自己的体重，并与立夏时的体重进行比较。句子分析可知，“___________it was at the Start of Summer”为名词性从句作介词to的宾语，设空处引导名词性从句，在句中作表语，表示“立夏时的体重”，此宾语从句用连接代词what引导。故填what。 Many love to find out ___________ the pictures were originally taken. 易错分析：只关注句子成分而忽略句意则容易误填that。句法和句意结合是解题必不可少的。 【答案】where 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：许多人喜欢找出这些照片最初是在哪里拍摄的。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格处引导宾语从句，从句基本成分完整，上下文需要表示地点的连词，所以用where。故填where。 Phrases like “replace weapons of war with gifts of jade and silk” and “gentle as jade” perfectly show___________jade symbolizes in the minds of Chinese people. 【答案】what 【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：“化干戈为玉帛”、“温柔如玉”等短语，完美地展现了玉在中国人心目中的象征。引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。 表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【例3】This is___________they need an English trainer. 易错分析：表语从句三大易混句式掌握不牢，且句意理解不清。 【答案】 why 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用连接副词连接，前文提到需要培训师的原因，此处是表达“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”之意，应用why引导表语从句。故填why。 The fresh thin air, snow-covered mountains and graceful animals running on the plains are ___________we’re here-to observe Tibetan antelopes, which are being hunted, legally, for their valuable fur. 易错分析：表语从句中往往涉及长句，则句子结构分析和句意都不可忽视。 【答案】why 【解析】考查表语从句连接词。句意：清新稀薄的空气，白雪覆盖的山脉和优雅的动物在平原上奔跑，这就是我们来到这里的原因——观察藏羚羊，它们被非法猎杀，以获取宝贵的皮毛。根据谓语动词“are”可知，空处引导表语从句，在句中作状语；根据句意，应用连接副词why，表示“我们为什么来到这里”。故填why。 It has rich cultural tourism resources as it is___________ Mount Tai rises, the Yellow River flows into the sea, and Confucius was born. 【答案】where 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：这里是泰山的所在地、黄河入海口、孔子诞生地，文化旅游资源丰富。分析句子，设空处引导的是表语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，表示“在山东省这里”用where。故填where。 In my case this is___________ happened—my parents turned in to me and my needs and the shyness all but disappeared completely over time. 【答案】what 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：就我而言，事情就是这样：我的父母向我求助，随着时间的推移，我的需求和害羞几乎完全消失了。分析句子结构，这是一个包含表语从句的复合句，空白处在表语从句中做主语，表示内容，使用what连接表语从句，故填what。 同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【例4】Therefore our findings raise an exciting possibility___________ we may be able to promote health and  happiness by developing positive attitudes such as optimism.” 易错分析：同位语从句经常修饰的名词记忆不牢，而且句子较长容易引起句意理解错误。 【答案】that 【解析】考查连接词。句意：因此，我们的发现提出了一种令人兴奋的可能性，即我们可以通过培养乐观等积极态度来促进健康和幸福。本句为同位语从句修饰possibility，且从句中不缺少成分，故用that引导。故填that。 Despite the fact ___________ a skywell’s size and design vary from region to region, it is almost always rectangular (长方形) and located in the core of a house. 【答案】that 【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：尽管天井的尺寸和设计因地区而异，但它几乎总是矩形的，位于房屋的核心。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格处引导同位语从句，对前面的名词fact进行解释和说明，从句基本成分完整，上下文意思连贯，用连词that引导。故填that。 My question ___________ I shall get in touch with him has not been answered. 易错分析：同位语从句引导词不仅用that，还可用其他连词如，whether, who, what, when, where等。 【答案】how 【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：我如何与他保持联系的问题还没有得到答复。分析句子结构，可知question后从句为同位语从句，根据从句结构及被修饰词question可知应使用连接副词。由句意可知填how，表示方式。 Catching sight of the sunrise and sunset, Kua Fu suddenly hit upon an idea___________he wanted to race against the sun to see who ran faster! 【答案】that 【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：看到日出和日落，夸父突然有了一个主意，他想和太阳赛跑，看谁跑得更快！idea后面接同位语从句，从句不缺少成分，且句意完整，应用that。故填that。 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·天津河北·二模）Visiting the Forbidden City, I was amazed by ______ ancient Chinese architects accomplished such impressive design and construction. A．that B．what C．which D．how 【答案】D 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：游览紫禁城时，我对中国古代建筑师如何完成如此令人印象深刻的设计和建造感到惊讶。分析句子可知，介词by后接一个宾语从句，空白处在从句中作状语，表示“如何”，故应用how引导该宾语从句。故选D项。 2．（2024·天津南开·二模）This ancient vase is very special and I will do _________ I can to restore it. A．that B．which C．whatever D．whichever 【答案】C 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：这个古代花瓶非常特别，我会尽我所能来修复它。do后接宾语从句，从句中can后省略了动词do，设空处需填宾语从句引导词，且在从句中作宾语表示内容，whatever“任何一切”符合题意。故选C。 3．（2024·山东·三模）______ I have got a full mark is good news for me. A．As B．If C．Whether D．That 【答案】D 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：我得了满分这个消息对我来说是个好消息。空处引导主语从句。主语从句中不缺成分，句意完整，所以用that引导该从句。故选D。 4．（2024·山东·三模）He spends a lot of time on Tik Tok. That’s ______ his sight get worse and worse. A．because B．why C．how D．what 【答案】B 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：他在Tik Tok上花费了很多时间。这就是为什么他的视力越来越差的原因。空处需要引导表语从句。根据“He spends a lot of time on Tik Tok.”可知，表语从句需要连接副词why引导，表示“这就是为什么视力越来越差的原因”。而because引导表语从句时表示原因，how引导表语从句时表示方式，what引导表语从句时在从句中作主语或宾语等，所以A，C，D均不正确。故选B。 5．（2024·天津河西·二模）Didn’t it ever occur to you ______ the English poem was about? Understanding its theme is the most important thing. A．that B．when C．how D．what 【答案】D 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：你难道没有想到这首英文诗是关于什么的吗？理解它的主题是最重要的。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里it是形式主语，空格处引导的从句是真正的主语成分，从句缺少介词about的宾语，上下文需要“什么”的意思，用连词what引导。故选D。 6．（2024·天津河东·二模）In communicating with others, ________ works best of all, I suppose, is a smile. A．what B．that C．which D．how 【答案】A 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：在与他人交流时，我认为最有效的是微笑。此处为连接词引导的主语从句，结合句子结构可知，此处为连接代词what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语成分，意为“最有效的事情”。故选A项。 7．（2024·天津·二模）The scientist is conducting a research on __________ there is a relationship between sleep and memory. A．that B．what C．how D．whether 【答案】D 【详解】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：这位科学家正在研究睡眠和记忆之间是否存在关系。A. that(无意义)；B. what什么，……的事；C. how如何，怎样；D. whether是否。根据后文there is a relationship between sleep and memory可知，此处表示“有关睡眠和记忆之间是否存在关系的研究”，用whether引导。故选D。 8．（2024·天津·二模）I have come from Mr. Wang with a message ______ he was invited to attend the WISA 2023 held in Chengdu. A．that B．which C．what D．when 【答案】A 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：我从王先生那里得知一个消息，他被邀请参加在成都举行的2023年世界智能制造大会。分析句子结构可知，“______ he was invited to attend the WISA 2023 held in Chengdu”是同位语从句，解释说明message的内容，且从句中不缺少成分，句意完整，故用that引导，that在同位语从句中不作成分，无词义，只起引导作用，且不可省略。故选A项。 9．（2024·天津·一模）It remains to be seen __________ the traffic regulations will adapt to the actual situation after they are released. A．whether B．which C．that D．what 【答案】A 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：交通法规发布后是否能适应实际情况还有待观察。A. whether是否；B. which哪个；C. that那个；D. what什么。分析句子可知，It作形式主语，真正主语是后面的句子，空格处为主语从句连接词，从句不缺成分，缺“是否”含义，A项whether符合句意。故选A项。 10．（2024·天津武清·一模）If you spend equal time studying each subject, the chances are ______ you may fail in the exam. A．how B．what C．when D．that 【答案】D 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：如果你花同样的时间学习每门科目，你可能会在考试中不及格。are是系动词，“you may fail in the exam”是表语从句，从句句意完整，成分齐全，用连接词that引导，故选D。 11．（2024·天津和平·三模）How long do you think ______ the conflict between Russia and Ukraine comes to an end? A．it will be since B．will it be until C．it will be before D．will-it be when 【答案】C 【详解】考查插入语及固定句式的用法。句意：你认为俄罗斯和乌克兰之间的冲突要多久才能结束？do you think是插入语，它用疑问句的形式，后面应该用陈述语气，故排除BD；这里固定句式it will be +some time before +…表示“还要过多久才能……”。故选C。 12．（2024·天津北辰·三模）______ counts now is not to blame anyone but to make a united effort to solve the problem. A．How B．What C．That D．Which 【答案】B 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：现在重要的不是责怪任何人，而是团结一致解决问题。分析句子结构可知，该空引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代事物，用连接代词What。故选B项。 13．（2024·山东泰安·一模）The question is ________ the film is worth seeing. A．where B．that C．whether D．what 【答案】C 【详解】考查表语从句。句意：问题是这部电影是否值得一看。分析句子结构可知，本空引导表语从句，从句缺少“是否”含义，应用whether引导。故选C。 14．（2024·天津河东·一模）With the high-quality development, Tianjin has taken a new look. It isn’t ______it used to be. A．what B．how C．that D．which 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：随着高质量的发展，天津面貌一新。它不是以前的样子了。分析句子可知，空处引导表语从句，从句缺少表语成分，描述事物，用连接代词what引导从句。故选A项。 15．（2024·天津和平·一模）Can you fill me ______ has happened? A．in on what B．in that C．with which D．on what 【答案】A 【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：你能告诉我发生了什么吗？fill sb. in on sth.为固定短语，表示“告诉某人某事件的细节”，设空处应用连接代词what (什么)引导的宾语从句，在从句中作主语，故选A项。 16．（23-24高三下·天津·一模）Dr. Hart says ______ he really admires is the way ______ she has acknowledged good health not only makes her more beautiful, but happier too. A．which, that B．that, what C．what, that D．that, which 【答案】C 【详解】考查主语从句和定语从句。句意：Hart博士说他真正钦佩的是，她认可健康的身体不仅使她更美丽，而且更快乐。分析句子可知，第一空引导主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，指物，应用连接代词what引导；第二空引导定语从句，先行词是way，关系词替代先行词在从句中作状语，用关系代词that引导，是固定用法。故选C。 17．（23-24·上海·三模）It was widely confirmed by scientists that that was exactly ________ global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible. A．why B．how C．when D．whether 【答案】A 【详解】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：科学家们普遍认为，这正是需要尽快解决全球温室气体排放问题的原因。A. why为什么，……的原因；B. how如何，怎样；C. when什么时候；D. whether是否。句子分析可知，“________ global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible”在that引导的主语从句中作表语，设空处在表语从句中作状语，根据句中“It was widely confirmed by scientists”以及空后“global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible”可知设空处表示“……的原因”用连接副词why。故选A。 18．（23-24·广东广州·三模）The manager put forward a suggestion ______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. A．whether B．that C．which D．why 【答案】B 【详解】考查同位语从句。句意：经理建议我们应该有一个助手。有太多的工作要做。分析句子可知，空处引导同位语从句，补充说明suggestion的内容，从句中结构、意义完整，应用that引导，故选B。 19．（2024·山东·一模）—__________he will want to do is nothing. —Really? It may sometimes become quite a problem. A．That B．Whether C．How D．What 【答案】D 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：——他什么也不想做。——真的？有时这可能会成为一个相当大的问题。分析句子可知，此处为连接代词what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作do的宾语，意为“做的事情”。故选D项。 20．（23-24高三上·天津二模）________ is often the case, I assume, is the fact that when looking back, the bittersweet senior life is always one’s highlight in pursuit of dream. A．As B．Which C．That D．What 【答案】D 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：我认为，往往的情况是，当回首往事时，苦乐参半的老年生活总是人们追求梦想的亮点。分析句子结构可知，I assume是插入语，“________is often the case”是主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，应用what引导主语从句，故选D。 二、翻译 21．（23-24高三·上海宝山·三模）不管他怎么辩解，也无法说服在场的人认同他是无辜的。(persuade) 【答案】However he tried to find an excuse for himself, he couldn’t persuade the people present to believe that he was innocent. 【详解】考查状语从句，宾语从句和动词。分析所给中文句子，“不管他怎么辩解”应该用however引导的让步状语从句，主语是“他”，译为“he”，“辩解”作谓语，可翻译为“try to find an excuse for himself”描述的是已发生的事，用一般过去时，“也无法说服在场的人认同他是无辜的”作主句，主语是“他”，译为“he”，“无法说服”作谓语，根据题干要去用persuade，译为“couldn’t persuade”，“在场的人”作宾语，译为“the people present”，“认同”为不定式作宾语补足语，译为“to believe”，“他是无辜的”为that引导的宾语从句，译为“he was innocent”。故译为：However he tried to find an excuse for himself, he couldn’t persuade the people present to believe that he was innocent. 22．（23-24高三·上海宝山·二模）坦白说，你昨天在会上表达的观点还是有争议的。(controversial) 【答案】Frankly speaking, what you said at the meeting yesterday is still controversial. 【详解】考查主语从句、固定短语和时态。“坦白说”作状语，用固定短语frankly speaking，位于句首，首字母大写。主语“你昨天在会上表达的观点”用主语从句，根据“昨天”可知从句用一般过去时，故用what you said at the meeting yesterday，其中what引导主语从句，且在从句中作said的宾语。“还是有争议的”理解为“目前还是有争议的”故主句用一般现在时，故用is still controversial表示。故翻译为：Frankly speaking, what you said at the meeting yesterday is still controversial. 23．（23-24高三·上海普陀·一模）我们要关注的不是孩子们的言语，而是他们在创造性地解决问题的情况下的行动。(not...but) 【答案】What we need to focus on is not what children say, but what action they take to creatively solve problems. 【详解】考查主语从句和固定短语。此处第一个主语从句，从句缺少宾语，指事物用what；主语为we，表示“要”短语need to do sth.；表示“关注”应用focus on；表示“不是……而是……”句型为not…but…；表示“孩子们的言语”应用what children say，what引导表语从句；表示“他们在创造性地解决问题的情况下的行动”翻译为what action they take to creatively solve problems。陈述事实，时态为一般现在时。故翻译为What we need to focus on is not what children say, but what action they take to creatively solve problems. 24．（23-24高三·上海松江·二模）球员个人是否拥有出色的得分能力固然重要，但场上取胜的关键在于团队合作。(matter) 【答案】Whether a player has excellent scoring ability matters, but the key to winning on the field lies in teamwork. 【详解】考查句子结构。本句描述一般规律，用一般现在时。表示“球员个人是否拥有出色的得分能力”用whether引导主语从句，为whether a player has excellent scoring ability，表示谓语“固然重要”用动词matter的第三人称单数形式matters；表示“场上取胜的关键在于团队合作”为the key to winning on the field lies in teamwork，主语the 可以后的to是介词，介词短语to winning on the field作后置定语，动名词winning作介词宾语，动词短语lie in“在于”是固定搭配。句首字母大写，故翻译为Whether a player has excellent scoring ability matters, but the key to winning on the field lies in teamwork。 25．（2024·上海崇明·二模）毫无疑问，这个历史小镇已成为了很多游客追捧的旅游胜地。(doubt) 【答案】There’s no doubt that the historic town has become a popular tourist attraction for many tourists. 【详解】考查固定句型、名词短语和形容词。“毫无疑问”可用固定句型there’s no doubt that…，that引导同位语从句，从句描述过去发生的行为现在产生的结果，时态应用现在完成时，主语“这个历史小镇”可用名词短语the historic town，为单数，谓语“已成为了”可用动词has become，表语“很多游客追捧的旅游胜地”可用名词短语a popular tourist attraction for many tourists，其中形容词popular作修饰tourist attraction的定语。故可译为：There’s no doubt that the historic town has become a popular tourist attraction for many tourists. 状语从句（讲义） 考点精讲（一）时间状语从句 课堂导入： One Saturday morning，when I was listening to my favorite songs①，my mother asked me to do my homework first.However，as soon as she left②，I turned on my MP3 again.I didn’t start to do my homework until I heard somebody opening the door.③Hardly had I taken out my pen when my mother came back.④ My mum said angrily，“Every time I go out⑤，you will do other things instead of doing your homework.It has been two hours since I left⑥.How much homework had you finished by the time I entered the room⑦？ You began to do other things the moment I stepped out of the room⑧，didn’t you？” It was half an hour before she stopped scolding me⑨.I hope I will get rid of the bad habits as time goes by⑩.I promise I will not do the same thing when she goes out next time①. [规则感悟]　①when当……时候 ②as soon as 一……就…… ③not...until...直到……才…… ④一……就…… ⑤every time后面直接跟句子，相同用法的还有the first time，next time等 ⑥since 自从……起，主句用现在完成时 ⑦by the time 到……时候为止，主句常常与完成时连用 ⑧the moment 后面直接跟句子，意为“一……就……”，相同用法的还有the minute，the instant，directly，immediately，instantly ⑨before到……为止，在……之前 ⑩as随着 1．“by＋过去的时间”引导的时间状语从句：主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；主句用将来完成时，从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。 I had remembered about 2,000 words by the time I graduated from junior high school. 到初中毕业为止，我已经记了大约两千个单词了。 By the time you come back，we will have finished the job.到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。 2．before的特殊用法。 (1)It will be＋时间段＋before从句(一般现在时) It will be four hours before his flight arrives. 要过四个小时之后，他的航班才会抵达。 (2)It＋was＋时间段＋before从句(一般过去时) It was ten years before the couple met again. 十年之后，这对夫妇才再次相见。 3．since引导时间状语从句，表示“自从……以来”，常用结构为“It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...”(从句用一般过去时)。 It is four years since the war broke out. 自战争爆发以来已有四年了。 4．till/until的用法。 till/until用于肯定句，表示“直到……为止”，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词；not...until/till...表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until 可用于句首，而till 不能用于句首。 If you don’t understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until you figure it out. 如果你有不懂的东西，你可以研究、学习以及和其他人进行交谈，直到你把它弄明白。 She didn’t start the lesson until the pupils settled down. 直到学生们安静下来后，她才开始上课。 5．表示“一……就……”的连词(短语)。 (1)as soon as，the moment，the minute，the instant，immediately，directly，instantly等。 The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work，she was filled with joy. 我姑姑苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。 (2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，when或than所在的从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once. 我一到办公室，妻子就打电话让我马上回家。 考点精讲（二）其他状语从句 课前导入： I failed to pass the exam yesterday because I was careless①.I was so sad that tears came out of my eyes.② My teacher noticed this and called me to her office.“Though you’re clever③，you didn’t perform as well as your deskmate did this time④.Why? He will make a mark where he makes a mistake⑤ and figure it out in his notebook.If you correct your mistakes⑥ as he does⑦ after the exam，you will make great progress next time.” I must learn from my deskmate so that I can pass the exam next time.⑧ [规则感悟]　①为原因状语从句 ②为结果状语从句 ③为让步状语从句 ④为比较状语从句 ⑤为地点状语从句 ⑥为条件状语从句 ⑦为方式状语从句 ⑧为目的状语从句 1．让步状语从句 (1)although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序；though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即将从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。 Although/Though he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face. 尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的笑脸。 Child as/though he is，he has helped me a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很多忙。 (2)although与though都可以与yet，still，nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 Although/Though it was raining hard，yet they went on playing football. 虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。 (3)while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。 While I admit that there are problems，I don’t agree that they cannot be solved. 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意这些问题不能解决。 (4)no matter who(what，when，which，how等)引导让步状语从句时，相当于“who(what，when，which，how等)＋-ever”，表示“无论何人(什么，何时，哪个/些，怎样等)”。 He keeps taking exercise no matter how cold it is.不管天气有多冷，他都坚持锻炼。 Whatever work we do，we should do our best. 不管做什么工作，我们都应尽全力。 (5)whether...or...引导让步状语从句时，意为“不管……，还是……”。 Whether he comes here or we go there，the topic of the discussion will remain unchanged. 不管他来这儿还是我们去那儿，讨论的话题都会保持不变。 (6)even if/though引导的让步状语从句 even if/though引导让步状语从句时，表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使，即便”。 Tim is in good shape physically even though/if he doesn’t get much exercise. 即使蒂姆不怎么锻炼，他的身体状况也很好。 2．目的状语从句 (1)in order that与so that引导的目的状语从句 in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后；而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。 Speak louder so that/in order that the people in the hall can all hear you. 大点声讲，以便大厅里的人都能听见。 In order that we get there on time，we should set out early. 为了准时赶到那里，我们应该早点出发。 (2)for fear that与in case引导的目的状语从句 for fear that表示“唯恐；生怕”；in case表示“以免，以防”。 Leave your key with your neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day.留一把钥匙给你的邻居，以防哪天你把自己锁在门外。 3．结果状语从句 (1)so＋＋that从句 He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family. 他挣如此少的钱，以至于养不起家。 (2)such＋＋that从句 He is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.＝He is so learned a person that we all admire him very much. 他是如此知识渊博的一个人，以至于我们都非常欣赏他。 注意：当“so＋adj./adv.”或“such＋n.”置于句首时，主句要部分倒装。 So anxious am I that I can’t sleep until deep into the night. 我是如此焦虑以至于直到深夜我才能睡着。 (3)so that也可以引导结果状语从句，从句中往往没有情态动词，而且主从句之间常用逗号隔开。 He didn’t obey the contract，so that he was fined.他没有遵守合约，因此他被罚了款。 4．条件状语从句 if，unless，so/as long as，in case，on condition that，supposing/suppose (that)等都可以引导条件状语从句。条件状语从句要注意“主将从现”的用法。 unless意义上等于if not，在应用时如果不把握可以用if not 替换一下，讲得通的话，才能使用unless。 You’ll fail the exam unless you study hard. 除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。 5．地点状语从句 where意为“在某个地方”；wherever意为“无论在哪里”。 You can sit wherever you like. 你喜欢坐哪儿都可以。 6．原因状语从句 because意为“因为”，语气强烈，表示事情发生的直接原因，常用来回答why的提问；since意为“既然，由于”，语气较弱，通常置于句首，表示说话双方都知道的原因；as表示双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，含义与since相同，但语气更弱；now that意为“既然，由于”，用已成事实的原因作为前提。 Now that you’ve grown up，you must learn to stand on your own feet. 你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。 状语从句易错题分析 误判并列句和状语从句 1. The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, preserving ecological buffer zones, ________ leaving behind precious natural assests (资产) for future generations”. 【答案】 and 【易错分析】句子较长，造成逻辑意思理解困难，误以为定语从句或状语从句。 【解题思路】考查并列连词。GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性（完整性）、保护生物多样性、保护生态缓冲区、_____为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然金鞘（资产）”的指导原则。 2. Guide dogs offer social, physical and mental benefits for some people who are blind， training them is an expensive and long process.  【答案】 and 【易错分析】句子较长，造成逻辑意思理解困难，误以为定语从句或状语从句。 【解题思路】考查并列连词。上下文之间为转折关系。句意：导盲犬为一些盲人提供了社会，身体和心理上的好处，但是训练他们是一个昂贵而漫长的过程。 【名师点津】并列句和状语从句中的连词是语法填空题中常考点之一。连词分为并列连词和从属连词，常考的并列连词有and，but，or，so，while，when等； 状语从句的省略 1. Though ________(defeat) , he still felt sad. 【答案】defeated 【易错分析】为熟练掌握状语从句的省略用法。 【解题思路】though是连词应当引导让步状语从句，从句中无主语，可知考查状语从句的省略。观察defeat与he是被动关系，故填defeated。 【名师点津】在时间，条件，让步状语从句中，从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，并且含有be动词时，可把从句中的主语和be动词同时省略。或只需考虑所给动词和主语的逻辑关系，主动用doing,被动则用done。 2. When ________ (compare) different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. 【答案】comparing 【易错分析】 为熟练掌握状语从句的省略用法, 没有仔细推断主语we和compare在本句中的逻辑主被动关系。 【解题思路】由连词when及动词可知本题考查省略句。句意：当我们比较不同的文化时，我们往往只注意到差异，而没有注意到许多相似之处。主语we与compare为主动关系，故填comparing。 状语从句类别判断失误 （改错) Whether you ride a bicycle, you don’t use petrol. 【答案】Whether改为If或When 【易错分析】分析长难句逻辑不清楚，单纯从语法角度看不出来，加强对句意的分析。 【解题思路】考查状语从句连接词。句意：当你骑自行车的时候你是不用汽油的，由句意可知，该句阐述的是一个事实，需用if或when引导，位于句首，首字母大写，故将whether改为If或When。 【名师点津】引导状语从句的从属连词 1. 时间状语从句 （1）when，while，as； (2) as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the instant，no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...和once表示“一……就……”。（3）before与since；(4)every time，each time，next time，the last time，any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当……；每次……；下次……”等。 2. 条件状语从句 （1）till，until和not...until ； (2) if，unless＝if...not，so/as long as，in case，on condition that(条件是)，suppose/supposing(假设，如果)，provided that(如果)等 3. 地点状语从句 where和wherever 4. 让步状语从句 While/Though/Although 5. 原因状语从句 because，as，since(既然)，now that，seeing that，considering that。 6. 方式状语从句 as，as if，as though 7. 结果状语从句 so...that...，such...that...。 8. 目的状语从句 （1）so that，in order that，for fear that，in case (that)/lest。 （1）in order that，so that （3）for fear that，in case (that)/lest 典例分析 1. Wang saw the lively scene ________ she was traveling in Aksu. 【答案】when/while/as 【解析】考查状语从句。句意：王在阿克苏旅游时看到了这热闹的一幕。引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”应用when/while/as引导。故填when/while/as。 2. The power rationing in Jiangsu also forced factories in the key manufacturing(制造业） industry to cut or even stop their operations________ the end of the month. 【答案】填until/till 【解析】考查连词。句意：江苏的限电还迫使关键制造业的工厂减产甚至停产，直到月底。根据语境可知，句子表示“江苏的限电还迫使关键制造业的工厂减产甚至停产，直到月底”，空格处意为“直到”，是until/till，故填until/till。 3．I always tell them when I’m going out clubbing ________ they know what I’m doing, they’re fine with it. 【答案】As long as 【解析】考查状语从句。句意：只要他们知道我在做什么，他们就不会介意。引导条件状语从句，表示“只要”应用as long as，句首单词首字母要大写。故填As long as。 4．Do foreigners not understand British humor or are the British just not so funny ________ they think they are? 【答案】as 【解析】考查连词。句意：是外国人不懂英式幽默，还是英国人真的不像他们自己认为的那样有趣？根据“just not so funny”和“they think they are”可知此处要用连词，短语so...as...意为“与……一样”。故填as。 5．Much ________ I like this book, I like others much better. 【答案】as/though 【解析】考查让步状语从句的倒装。句意：虽然我很喜欢这本书，但我更喜欢其他书。分析句子可知，句子为让步状语从句，空格处单词引导从句，句子为部分倒装，构成“强调对象+as/though+主语+其他部分”，故应用“as/though”引导从句，意为“虽然，尽管”。故填as/though。 6．______ the truth, Franklin did make contributions to the study of electricity. 【答案】Whatever 【解析】考查让步状语从句。句意：不管真相如何，富兰克林确实对电学的研究做出了贡献。由“Franklin did make contributions to the study of electricity”可知，句子表示“不管真相如何，富兰克林确实对电学的研究做出了贡献”，空格处意为“无论什么”，用whatever引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Whatever。 7．________ a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest’s food chain. 【答案】While/Although 【解析】考查连词和让步状语从句。句意：虽然大量的美洲虎在这里生存，但它们只是这片森林食物链中的一员。由“a significant number of jaguars survive here”可知，句子表示“虽然大量的美洲虎在这里生存，但它们只是这片森林食物链中的一员”，空格处意为“虽然，尽管”，是while/although，引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母大写，故填While/Although。 8．He didn’t formally retire ______ last December. Then he flew to Italy to visit his daughter. 【答案】until 【解析】考查连词。句意：他直到去年12月才正式退休，然后就飞往意大利去看望女儿了。not…until…直到……才……，是一个固定句型，引导时间状语从句，故填until。 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（2024·天津河北·二模）Scientists have discovered that it is hundreds of years ______ plastic breaks down, whereas for paper, the period is much shorter. A．when B．before C．since D．after 【答案】B 【详解】考查连词辨析。句意：科学家们发现塑料需要数百年才能分解，而纸的分解周期要短得多。A. when当……时候；B. before在……之前；C. since自从；D. after在……之后。空处引导时间状语从句，为连词词性；根据句意，塑料分解之前有数百年的时间，故应用before。故选B。 2．（2024·天津·二模）You should bring your jacket with you __________ the weather takes a turn and becomes cold later. A．so that B．as if C．in case D．even if 【答案】C 【详解】考查连接词词义辨析。句意：你应该带上一件夹克，以防过会儿变天，天气会冷。A. so that以至于；B. as if好像；C. in case以防万一；D. even if即使。根据句意，带上夹克的目的就是为了防止天气变冷，in case符合题意，故选C项。 3．（2024·天津·二模）With my father’s guidance and encouragement, I learned how to ride a bike ________ I knew it. A．when B．until C．as D．before 【答案】D 【详解】考查状语从句。句意：在父亲的指导和鼓励下，我不知不觉地学会了骑自行车。A. when当……时；B. until直到；C. as因为；D. before在……之前。分析句子结构可知，此处是时间状语从句。before sb. knew it表示“不知不觉中；在自知之前”。故选D项。 4．（2024·天津河北·一模）Please ensure you have a backup of all your documents ________ the system upgrade encounters unexpected issues. A．even if B．as if C．ever since D．in case 【答案】D 【详解】考查状语从句。句意：请确保您已备份了所有文件，以防系统升级遇到意外问题。A. even if即使；B. as if好像；C.ever since自从；D. in case以防。根据上文“Please ensure you have a backup of all your documents”可知备份文件是以防升级遇到意外问题，in case“以防”符合题意，引导目的状语从句。故选D。 5．（23-24·天津和平·三模）______the council has provided places for us to take our empty bottles for recycling, many of us still throw glass bottles into the ordinary dustbins. A．However B．Even though C．On account of D．Despite 【答案】B 【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：尽管委员会为我们提供了回收空瓶子的地方，但我们中的许多人仍然把玻璃瓶扔进了普通的垃圾箱。A. However然而；B. Even though即使，尽管；C. On account of由于；D. Despite不管。分析句子可知，空处应用连词even though“即使，尽管”引导让步状语从句。故选B。 6．（2024·山东·一模）—She is highly skilled at dealing with difficulties. —__________ she’s had special training, see? A．Because B．Because of C．As if D．As long as 【答案】A 【详解】考查连词和介词辨析。句意：——她非常善于处理困难。——因为她受过特殊训练，明白吗？A. Because因为；B. Because of因为；C. As if好像；D. As long as只要；根据语境和后文“see?”可知，此处说明“她善于处理困难的原因”，because of是介词短语，不接从句。故选A项。 7．（2024·天津·三模）_______ you form the habit of taking regular exercise and stick to it, you will be much healthier. A．As long as B．In case C．As if D．Even if 【答案】A 【详解】考查状语从句连接词辨析。句意：只要你养成定期锻炼的习惯并坚持下去，你就会健康得多。A. As long as只要；B. In case以防万一；C. As if仿佛，好像；D. Even if尽管。分析句子以及根据句意，此处引导的是条件状语从句，表示“只要你养成定期锻炼的习惯并坚持下去”，表示条件。故选A。 8．（2024·广东广州·二模）______hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. A．Whatever B．Whichever C．However D．Whenever 【答案】C 【详解】考查状语从句。句意：不减少进食，无论你怎么努力，要减肥都是困难的。A. Whatever无论什么；B. Whichever无论哪一个；C. However无论怎样；D. Whenever无论什么时候。分析句意可知，空处为让步状语从句的引导词，意思为“无论怎样”，however =no matter how无论怎么，引导让步状语从句。故选C。 9．（2024·上海·二模）________ in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown. A．Unpopular as has white been B．As unpopular white has been C．As white has been unpopular D．Unpopular as white has been 【答案】D 【详解】考查倒装结构和从句。句意：虽然白色过去不受欢迎，但目前它是婚纱的首选颜色。as是连词，引导让步状语从句时，往往使用部分倒装结构，构成“形容词+as+主语+谓语”结构。故选D。 10．（2024·天津和平·二模）You can learn enough first aid knowledge in a few minutes—________ it’s from reading a book, attending a course or watching videos online. A．when B．as C．whether D．once 【答案】C 【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：你可以在几分钟内学到足够的急救知识——无论是通过读书、参加课程还是在线观看视频。固定结构：whether...or...“不管……还是……”。引导让步状语从句。结合句意及选项可知，选项C符合题意，故选C。 11．（2024·重庆一模）________ my head had cleared, my brain was beginning to function much better. A．Now that B．Although C．Due to D．Despite 【答案】A 【详解】考查连词。句意：由于我的头脑清醒了，我的大脑开始运转得更好了。A. now that 既然；由于；B. although conj. 虽然；C. due to 由于；因为；D. despite prep. 尽管，虽然。根据句子结构和意思可知，这里需要连词，表示“因为，由于”的意思，引导原因状语从句。C选项的是介词短语。故选A。 12．（2024·湖南·三模）_____ the Internet is of great help. I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. A．If B．While C．Because D．As 【答案】B 【详解】考查状语从句连词。句意：尽管因特网很有帮助，但我并不认为在网上花太多时间是一个好主意。根据句意可知上下文表示转折关系，句中while相当于although/though。故B项正确。 13．（2024·北京石景山·一模）She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong. A．since B．when C．unless D．before 【答案】D 【详解】考查状语从句。句意：她是个如此骄傲的人以至于她宁愿死也不愿承认她是错的。这里用before，这个词翻译的时候很灵活，可以是“才…，就…，还没来得及…”，也可以像这题一样翻译成表示“宁愿…，决不…，与其…，毋宁…”常与will或would连用，所以选D。 14．（2024浙江·三模）　　　　 online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive. A．Since B．After C．While D．Unless 【答案】C 【详解】试题分析：句意：尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但是不是其所有的影响都是积极的。while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”；since既然，自从；after在……之后；unless除非。故选C。 15．（2024高三·天津·三模）______ more and more people may turn to the Internet for the latest news, it is unlikely that the newspaper will disappear． A．When B．Because C．Since D．While 【答案】D 【详解】考查连词。句意：虽然越来越多的人愿意上网看最新的新闻，但是报纸也不会消失。A.When 当……时；B. Because 因为； C. Since自从。D.While尽管。分析句子可知，逗号前后两句是转折关系，所以此处用while引导让步状语从句。故选D。 二、翻译 16．（2024·上海普陀·二模）人们常常抱怨飞机餐难吃，主要是因为在飞机上人们的味觉和嗅觉都会暂时失灵。(complain) （汉译英） 【答案】People often complain about airline food, mainly because people’s sense of taste and smell will be temporarily lost on the plane. 【详解】考查短语、时态和原因状语从句。“人们”翻译为people，在句中作主语；“常常”用副词often，所以用一般现在时；“抱怨”用短语complain about；“飞机餐”翻译为airline food；“主要是”用副词mainly；“因为”用连词because，引导原因状语从句；从句陈述将要发生的事情，用一般将来时；“人们的味觉和嗅觉”翻译为 people’s sense of taste and smell，在从句中作主语；“都会暂时失灵”翻译为be temporarily lost；“在飞机上”翻译为on the plane。故翻译为People often complain about airline food, mainly because people’s sense of taste and smell will be temporarily lost on the plane. 17．（2024·上海长宁·二模）比赛结束时，观众席上掌声雷动。(burst) 【答案】When the game was over, a burst of applause came from the audience. When the game was over, the audience burst into applause. 【详解】考查动词短语、时态和状语从句。“比赛结束时”是时间状语从句，用从属连词when引导，主语“比赛”用the game表示，“结束”用短语be over表示，讲述过去的事情用一般过去时态was over；“观众席上掌声雷动”是主句，可用“掌声”作主语，译为a burst of applause，“观众席上”理解为“来自观众席”，谓语“来自”用动词短语come from表示，讲述过去的事情用一般过去时态came from，宾语“观众席”用the audience表示，也可用“观众”作主语，译为the audience，“掌声雷动”理解为“爆发出掌声”，谓语“爆发”用动词短语burst into表示，讲述过去的事情用一般过去时态burst into，宾语“掌声”用applause表示。综上，全句可译为：When the game was over, a burst of applause came from the audience./When the game was over, the audience burst into applause. 18．（2024·上海长宁·二模）由于路面结冰，部分高速公路临时封闭，致使许多乘客困在路上，出门前最好留意天气预报。（trap） 【答案】As roads were frozen/covered with ice, some freeways/expressways/highways were closed temporarily, and many passengers were trapped on the roads. It’s better to listen to the weather broadcast before starting out/setting off/leaving/departure. 【详解】考查时态、原因状语从句、动词短语。分析句子结构，“由于路面结冰”为时间状语从句，使用连词as连接从句，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时，句子可以使用“主系表”结构或“主谓结构”，也即使用过去分词做表语或使用一般过去时的被动语态，翻译为：As roads were frozen或As roads were covered with ice；表示“高速公路”含义的表达为：freeway或expressway或highway，“部分高速公路临时封闭”为主谓结构，因主语与谓语之间为被动关系，使用被动语态，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时的被动语态，翻译为：some freeways/expressways/highways were closed temporarily；“致使许多乘客困在路上” 为主谓结构，因主语与谓语之间为被动关系，使用被动语态，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，谓语动词使用一般过去时的被动语态，翻译为：many passengers were trapped on the roads；表示“最好……”含义的表达为：It is better to do；表示“留意天气预报”含义的表达为：listen to the weather broadcast；表示“出门前”含义的表达为：before starting out或before setting off或before leaving或before departure，翻译为：It’s better to listen to the weather broadcast before starting out/setting off/leaving/departure，故翻译为：As roads were frozen/covered with ice, some freeways/expressways/highways were closed temporarily, and many passengers were trapped on the roads. It’s better to listen to the weather broadcast before starting out/setting off/leaving/departure. 19．（2024·上海浦东新·二模）由于大量接触到当地人的语言，约翰不知不觉就学会了当地口音。(before) 【答案】Through heavy exposure to/ Exposed a lot to local people’s speech/ language, John acquired/picked up their accent before he realized it. 【详解】考查介词短语、动词短语、名词、时间状语从句和时态。根据句意以及句子的提示词可知，表示“由于大量接触到当地人的语言”应为介词短语Through heavy exposure/Exposed a lot to local people’s speech；表示“学会，习得”应为动词短语pick up；表示“他们的口音”为名词短语their accent；后接连词before引导的时间状语从句，表示“意识到”为动词realize；结合句意可知，该句应为陈述过去发生的事情，所以为一般过去时。故翻译为：Through heavy exposure to/ Exposed a lot to local people’s speech/ language, John acquired/picked up their accent before he realized it. 20．（2024·上海浦东新·二模）当我们在互联网上发布信息时，必须考虑潜在的后果，因为某些细节可能会被媒体误解或夸大。(likely) (汉译英) 【答案】When we post information on the Internet, it’s essential to consider its potential consequences, as certain details are likely to be misinterpreted or overstated by the media. 【详解】考查状语从句、固定句型和时态。根据句中的“当……时”可知，这里应用when引导时间状语从句，根据句中的“因为……”可知，这里应用as引导原因状语从句。“在互联网上”可表示为on the Internet；“发布信息”可表示为post information；“必须……”可用固定句型it’s essential to do...表示；“考虑”可表示为consider；“潜在的”可表示为potential；“后果”可表示为consequences；“某些细节”可表示为certain details；“可能……”可用固定句型be likely to do...表示，主语为certain details，谓语应用复数形式；“媒体”可表示为the media；“误解”可表示为misinterpret；“夸大”可表示为overstate。根据句意可知，这里陈述的是一般情况，应用一般现在时。故本句可翻译为：When we post information on the Internet, it’s essential to consider its potential consequences, as certain details are likely to be misinterpreted or overstated by the media. 21．（23-24高三·上海·一模）自从他的小说在网络上走红之后，他便经历了一场“破天的富贵”，成为了文坛的新星。(since) 【答案】Since his novel went viral online, he has experienced a “sudden surge of fame and fortune”, becoming a new star in the literary world. 【详解】考查时态、时间状语从句、非谓语动词。表示“自从”用since，引导时间状语从句；表示“他的小说”用his novel，作主语；表示“走红”用固定短语go viral，根据语境可知事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，谓语用过去式went，表示“在网络上”用online，表示“自从他的小说在网络上走红之后”用时间状语从句Since his novel went viral online。在主句中：表示“他”用he，作主语；表示“经历”用experience，根据句意和句中Since可知，experience这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，句子应用现在完成时，又因主语是第三人称单数代词，所以助动词用has；表示“破天的富贵”用sudden surge of fame and fortune，其前用冠词a表示“一场”。表示“成为”用become，与he为主动关系，用现在分词作状语；表示“文坛的新星”用a new star in the literary world，作表语。故翻译为Since his novel went viral online, he has experienced a “sudden surge of fame and fortune”, becoming a new star in the literary world. 22．（2024·上海徐汇·一模）离职，不管是什么工作，是一个艰难的改变，即使对于那些期待退休的人来说也是如此。(no matter) 【答案】Quitting a job, no matter what it is, is a difficult change, and it is same even for those looking forward to retirement. 【详解】考查状语从句和非谓语动词。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时；表示“离职”应用quit a job，此处为动名词短语作主语；表示“不管是什么工作”应用no matter what it is，no matter what引导让步状语从句；表示“是”应用be，动名词作主语，be动词用is；表示“一个艰难的改变”应用a difficult change；表示“那些”应用those；表示“期待”应用look forward to，此处作定语修饰those，look forward to和those之间为主动关系，应用现在分词形式作后置定语，表示“即使对那些期待退休的人来说也是如此”应用it is same even for those looking forward to retirement；“离职，不管是什么工作，是一个艰难的改变”和“即使对于那些期待退休的人来说也是如此。”是并列关系，需用连词and连接。故翻译成：Quitting a job, no matter what it is, is a difficult change, and it is same even for those looking forward to retirement. 23．（23-24上海宝山·三模）在填写高考志愿时，如果你的意见和父母的意见相左时，你会怎样妥善处理？（agree） 【答案】While filling in the college entrance examination application, if your idea doesn’t agree on your parents’, how would you like to solve it properly? 【详解】 考查状语从句中的省略、状语从句和动词。表示“在填写高考志愿时”应为时间状语从句，引导词为while，表示“填写高考志愿”应为fill in the college entrance examination application，结合句意，该句描述的是动作在进行，从句主语和主句主语一致，且含有be动词，所以从句可以省去“主语+be动词”，应译为while filling in the college entrance examination application，位于句首时，while的首字母需大写；表示“如果你的意见和父母的意见相左时”应为if引导的条件状语从句，表示“你的意见”应为your idea，表示“你的父母的意见”可以使用所有格形式your parents’，表示“相左”也就是“不一致”应为agree on的否定形式，结合句意可知，条件状语从句描述的是客观事实，所以此处使用一般现在时，主语your idea为第三人称单数，所以表示“不一致”应为doesn’t agree on，所以条件状语从句译为if your idea doesn’t agree on your parents’；表示“你会怎样妥善处理”应为特殊疑问句，表示“怎样”应为how，表示“妥善处理”应为solve it properly，表示“你会……”应为you would like to do sth.，在疑问句中，将would提至主语之前，所以主句应译为how would you like to solve it properly。故翻译为While filling in the college entrance examination application, if your idea doesn’t agree on your parents’, how would you like to solve it properly? 24．（2024·上海杨浦·一模）他的古画修复水平如此之高，使得那幅尘封已久的画作重现光彩。（such） 【答案】His skill of restoring the ancient paintings has reached such a level that he has made the one covered under the dust for a long time/the long buried one regain/ return to its former glory. His skill of restoring the ancient paintings has reached such a level that he has restored the one covered under the dust for a long time to its former glamour. 【详解】考查名词短语、动词、结果状语从句和时态。根据句意以及句子的提示词可知，表示“他修复古画的技巧”应为名词短语His skill of restoring the ancient paintings；表示“达到”为动词reach；后接such…that…引导的结果状语从句，表示“水平”为名词level；在从句中，表示“使得”为动词make，表示“那幅尘封已久的画作”可译为the one covered under the dust for a long time，表示“回到，重回”应为动词短语return to或restore...to...；表示“昔日的辉煌”应为名词短语its former glory。结合句意可知，该句主句应为现在完成时，从句为一般过去时。故翻译为：His skill of restoring the ancient paintings has reached such a level that he has made the one covered under the dust for a long time return to its former glory. 25．（2024·上海徐汇·一模）只要这项研究的结果能够应用于新技术的开发，我们的努力就会得到回报。(so long as) 【答案】So long as the results of this research can be applied to the development of new technologies, our efforts will be rewarded. 【详解】考查状语从句和动词。表示“只要”用so long as，其引导条件状语从句，时态符合“主将从现”。表示“研究的结果”用the results of this research；表示“能够应用于新技术的开发”用can be applied to the development of new technologies，此处构成情态动词的被动语态；表示“我们的努力就会得到回报”用our efforts will be rewarded，此处表示将来发生的动作，故使用一般将来时，同时our efforts与reward之间是被动关系，故使用一般将来时的被动语态。故翻译为So long as the results of this research can be applied to the development of new technologies, our efforts will be rewarded. 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$定语从句(讲义) 考点精讲(一)关系代词引导的定语从句 课前导入: A real friend is someone who① walks in when the rest of the world walk out.A real friend is someone whose② support we can count on.A real friend is someone who① sees our true self,not just the face who/whom/that③ we show to the world.Yet these days,the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online,but these friendships can be quite shallow.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends who/whom/that③ we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which/that④ matter most to us.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which/that④ we share.To make friends a real part of our lives,we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person. [规则感悟] ①关系词指人作主语,可以用who,that引导。若先行词为someone,anyone,one等时,关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语,用whose引导,既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语,可以用who,whom,that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语,可以用which,that引导。 1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句。 (1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。 (2)whose指人的或物的,在定语从句中作定语,指物时可用of which代替,指人时可用of whom代替。 Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些成功的语言学习者,在其他领域常常会失败。 I have many friends (who/whom) I’m going to send postcards to. 我有很多朋友,我打算寄明信片给他们。 My eldest son,whose work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment. 我的大儿子目前在纽约,他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。 2.that和which引导的定语从句 that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物,但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点: (1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。 ①先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,something,little,much,none,few,the one等不定代词时。 ②先行词被all,any,few,every,no,little,much,some等修饰时。 ③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。 ④先行词被the only,the very (正是,恰是), the last修饰时。 ⑤先行词既有人又有物时。 ⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。 (2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。 ①引导非限制性定语从句时。 ②先行词为物,关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时。 ③先行词本身是that时。 ④关系代词后有插入语时。 3.as引导的定语从句 as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...,such...as...和so...as...结构中。 as既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。 4.引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别 关系词 位置不同 表意不同 as 既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中 意为“正如……”,后面的谓语动词多用see,know,expect,say,mention,report等 which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事”等 As anybody can see,the elephant is like a snake. 正如每个人所看到的一样,这头大象像一条蛇。 The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如报道的那样,吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。 She married again,which was unexpected. 她再婚了,这是始料未及的。 5.定语从句中的主谓一致 (1)关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致;先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数。 The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。 (2)“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词,且关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词常用复数,但当one前有the、the only、the very等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。 He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 He is the only one of the students who has made great progress. 他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。 典例分析 1.A true friend is a person _ reaches for your hand and touches your heart. A.who B.whom C.which D.whose 2.The woman astronaut _ gave us a lesson on space is Liu Yang. A.which B.whose C.who D.whom 3.Lots of Chinese young people _ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time. A.that B.those C.which D./ 4.If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing _ can’t be achieved. A.who B.that C.whom 5.— Tom, what kind of stories do you prefer? — The ones _ have a happy ending. A.that B.who C.those D.whom 只使用 which,不能用that的情况 (1)在非限制性定语从句中。如: I will take this one, which was exactly what we wanted. 我想买这个,它确实是我想要的。 (2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。如: The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他在谈论的那个事是很重要的。 (3) which 还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this相似。如: He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 他在比赛中成功了,这使他父母很高兴。 典例分析 1.We stopped for something of great use, _ we shouldn’t be lost in. A.who B.that C.which D.what 2.Do you know the city, Kunming, _ is the capital city of Yunan? A.where B.which C.who D.whose 3.He seems not to have grasped _ I meant, _ greatly upsets me. A.what; who B.that; that C.what; which D.how; which 4.Beijing, _ is the capital of China, is a city with a long history. A.that B.where C.when D.which 5.He was very rude to the customs officer, _ of course made things even worse. A.who B.whom C.what D.which 只能用that,不用which 的情况 (1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。如: All that he said is true. 所有他说的都是真的。 (2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, few, much, no, some, only, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which。如: This is the only book that the old woman is interested in. 这是仅有的一本老妇人感兴趣的书。 (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。如: It was the second house that I bought.这是我买的第二个房子。 (4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。如: 如:This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的书。 (5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。如: He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论他记起得的人和事。 典例分析 1.I like the farm _ I visited last week. A.where B.that C.who D.whom 2.When I have difficulty in learning English, my teacher Miss Chen always gives me some advice _ can be useful. A.that B.what C.who D.whose 3.The earth is the planet _ provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our duty to protect it. A.whose B.who C.what D.that 4.—Mom is waiting. Can we set off now? —Just a minute. I can’t find the shoes _ I bought last week. A.that B.who C.what D.who 5.The app “MAYI” encourages people to give away the clothes _ they don’t need to the poor. A.what B.whom C.who D.that 定语从句中的主谓一致易错情况 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与先行词保持一致。其中,“one of+复数名词” 作先行词时,谓语动词用复数形式。”the one of/the only one of+复数名词”时,谓语动词用单数形式。 如:He is the man who / that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个男人。 He is one of the students in his class who have been to Germany.他是班上去过德国的学生之一。 典例分析 1.In my opinion, of all the books, this is the only one _ is well worth reading. A.who B.that C.whom D.what 2.The girl _ is reading under the tree _ my sister. A.which; is B.whom; was C.who; is D.who; was 3.Hemingway(海明威)is the only one of the most famous writers with many wonderful works _ born in America. A.that were B.who was C.who were 4.Mr. Lang is a great Chinese pianist _ become popular with many people around the world. A.who have B.who has C.whom has D.that have 5.He is one of my friends who _ working hard. A.is B.was C.are D.were 考点精讲(二)关系副词引导的定语从句 课堂导入: A recent survey has found that many people suffer from sleep problems.Some are unable to fall asleep,some wake up in the middle of the night,and others simply do not get enough sleep.One of the reasons why① people fail to get a good night’s sleep is pressure from school or work.Noise pollution and light pollution in big cities may also contribute to sleep problems.In the short term,people with sleep problems often feel tired and have trouble concentrating.In the long term,they may be at increased risk of having a poor memory,being overweight and suffering a heart attack.Sleep problems are especially dangerous for teenagers.They are still growing,and night is the time when② their bodies grow faster.Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where③ body development slows down,and their health suffers. So,if you have trouble getting a good night’s sleep,it might be time to make some changes in your lifestyle. [规则感悟] ①先行词表示原因,关系词在从句中作状语,用关系副词why。 ②先行词表示时间,关系词在从句中作状语,用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况,关系词在从句中作状语,用关系副词where。 1.关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。 先行词 关系副词 在从句中的作用 与“介词+关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词:time,day,year等 when 作时间状语 =at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词:park,place,country,house等 where 作地点状语 =in/at/to/on which 表示原因的名词:reason why 作原因状语 =for which We live in an age when(in which) more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。 The school where(at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3 000米远。 The reason why(for which) he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice. 他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。 2.有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词,像activity,business,career,case,job,point,position,race,stage,situation等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。 They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 3.先行词occasion意为“时机”时,用关系副词when;意为“场合”时,用关系副词where。 I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health. 我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。 Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge. 在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。 4.当先行词way意为“方法、方式”,且在从句中作状语时,关系词可用that,in which或省略关系词。 It’s not what you say;it’s the way(that/in which) you say it. 问题不在于你说什么,而在于你怎么说。 5.关系副词与关系代词的选择。 选用关系代词与关系副词时,首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语,则定语从句需用关系代词引导;从句的谓语是及物动词,而其后无宾语,就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语;若为不及物动词,则从句中不需要宾语,需要用关系副词。 考点精讲(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 课前导入: As is universally known,high school life is an important turning point and high school campus is an important place in which① students study and live.Here there are many kind teachers to whom② we can turn for help when we are in trouble.My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion,we agreed on making a video with which③ we could record our experiences at school. Material collecting took us a whole week,during which④ we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.Some compromises were unavoidable,but the video turned out perfect.That day on which⑤ the video was played,it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time,which surely gave us a great sense of achievement. [规则感悟] “介词+关系词”可以引导定语从句,如果先行词是物,关系词用which,如:①③④⑤;如果先行词是人,关系词用whom,如:②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择,如:①③④⑤,也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择,如:②。 1.若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词+whose+名词”结构。 He is the person on whom you can depend. 他是你可以信赖的人。 He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag. 他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore,three of which were English novels.上周日我从书店买了一些书,其中三本是英文小说。 2.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的确定: (1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定 I bought a great many books,on which I spent all my money that I had saved. 我买了很多书,花光了所有的积蓄。 (2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定 The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。 3.whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时,“whose+名词”可以换为“the+名词+of which”;修饰人时,可以换为“the+名词+of whom”。 The newly built cafe,the walls of which(=whose walls) are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,especially after hard work. 这家新建成的咖啡馆,它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色,对我们来说,这真是一个安静的地方,特别是在辛苦工作后。 特别提醒 定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别 (一)定语从句与并列句的区别 两个句子之间若有and,but,so等并列连词或分号则为并列句,此时不需要再填引导词。 1.She has written many novels,some of _ are interesting. 分析 which [which引导定语从句,修饰先行词novels,“some of which”在从句中作主语。] 2.She has written many novels,and some of _ are interesting. 分析 them [此句为and连接的并列句。] (二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别 定语从句有谓语动词,所以需要引导词,而独立主格结构不是句子,没有谓语动词,所以不需要再填引导词。 1.She has collected many old stamps,most of _ are worth thousands of dollars. 分析 which [which引导定语从句,修饰先行词stamps,“most of which”在从句中作主语,后边有谓语动词are。] 2.She has collected many old stamps,most of _ worth thousands of dollars. 分析 them [逗号后面没有谓语动词,是独立主格结构,不需要引导词,故填them。] (三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有;定语从句修饰的是先行词,而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。 1.We young people should go to the place _ is in need of help. 分析 which/that [关系代词which/that引导定语从句,修饰先行词“the place”,且在从句中作主语。] 2.We young people should go _ we’re most needed. 分析 where [where引导地点状语从句,修饰主句谓语动词go。] (四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别 定语从句有表示时间的先行词,而时间状语从句则没有;定语从句修饰先行词,而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。 1.I will always remember the days _ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside. 分析 when [when引导定语从句,修饰先行词“the days”,且在从句中作状语。] 2.I always remember the days in the countryside _ I see the photo of my grandparents. 分析 when [when引导时间状语从句,修饰谓语动词remember。] (五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别 在the same...as...与such...as...结构中,as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分;such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中,that在从句中不作成分。 1.This is such an interesting work of art _ all of us like. 分析 as [as引导定语从句,as在从句中作like的宾语。] 2.This is such an interesting work of art _ all of us like it. 分析 that [such...that...引导结果状语从句。] (六)定语从句与主语从句的区别 定语从句是形容词性从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,在整个句子中作定语,用来修饰前面的名词或代词;而主语从句是名词性从句,其作用相当于一个名词,在整个句子中作主语。 1._ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析 As [as引导非限制性定语从句,修饰后面整句话的内容。] 2._ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析 It [it作形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的从句。] 3._ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 分析 What [what在此引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语,而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。] (七)定语从句与强调句型的区别 强调句的结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”,It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分,也不起连接作用,去掉后,句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分,去掉以后结构就不完整了。 1.It was on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport. 分析 that [将句子改为: I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport.显然,这句话是完整的,故为强调句。] 2.It is the factory _ Mr Wang works. 分析 where [此句是定语从句,用上述方法转换便知the factory前少介词in,故填where。] 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1.(2024 山东 三模)—Do you know _ will direct the new movie? —Cohen, _ short films won awards, was chosen to direct the movie. A.whom; whose B.who; whose C.whose; who D.whom; who 2.(2024 天津南开 二模)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work. A.where B.which C.when D.that 3.(2024 天津 二模)After ten hours’ drive, we came to a green house, through _ glass wall we saw lots of green plants. A.what B.that C.whose D.which 4.(2024 天津和平 二模)Our defeat, _ some players blame themselves, was caused by bad luck. A.for what B.for which C.to whom D.on which 5.(2024 天津河西 二模)John is so selfish that he has reached a point _ no one in our team wants to talk with him. A.where B.why C.that D.which 6.(2024 天津河东 二模)Recent accidents, _ fifty people lost their lives, are mainly due to the heavy fog. A.as B.which C.whose D.where 7.(2024 天津 二模)The masterpiece in the exhibition absolutely showed us a vivid scene _ our ancestors went hunting and resisted the wild beast. A.when B.why C.which D.where 8.(2024 天津 二模)There are hundreds of such scenes in movies, _ the heavy rain reflects the sad feelings of the characters. A.when B.which C.where D.of which 9.(2024 天津 二模)It is the way _ you apply your body language to your address that greatly determines whether the listeners are engaged and convinced. A.how B.that C.which D.where 10.(2024 天津河西 三模)After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the village _ it used to be. A.that B.where C.what D.how 11.(2024 天津滨海新 三模)True equality and excellent education are timeless issues _ we should strive for and gain further insights into. A.where B.why C.when D.which 12.(2024 天津南开 一模)Hate and anger are felt only for those _ we care deeply. A.for which B.with which C.for whom D.with whom 13.(2024 天津 一模)I admire my English teacher greatly as he always tries his best to create an atmosphere _ students’ interest can be actively aroused. A.where B.that C.which D.when 14.(2024 天津和平 一模)I know I’ve put my passport in a place _ I thought it would be safe, but now I can’t remember it. A.which B.that C.where D.what 15.(2024 陕西西安 三模)The president stood by a window inside the room, _, looking over the square. A.where I entered B.into which I entered C.which I entered D.that I entered 16.(2024 陕西西安 三模)The engineers made two big plans for the dam, _ was never put in force. A.one of them B.which C.one of which D.every one of which 17.(2023 天津和平 二模)William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes _ we can learn without repeating them. A.of whom B.about which C.from which D.by whom 18.(2022 山东 二模)Every student likes the woman teacher _ temper is very gentle. A.whose B.who C.that D.whom 19.(2020 江苏南通 二模)An interviewee should be good at grasping every opportunity _he is supposed to show his best self to others. A.when B.where C.that D.which 20.(2013 重庆 一模)_ is surprising to us is that Tom, for _ English was once boring, can speak English fluently as though he were a native speaker. A.As; whom B.What; whose C.It; whose D.What; whom 二、翻译 21.(2024 上海 模拟预测)我们历时三年时间,开发了一款体育器材,既强身健体,又促进心理健康。(commit) 22.(2024 上海金山 二模)值得一提的是,这个城市的权力部门迅速而有效地解决游客的投诉,这被认为是成功的危机管理。(address) 23.(2024 上海黄浦 二模)受到优秀运动员们为梦想和荣誉全力以赴的可贵精神的影响,很多年轻人喜欢上了看乒乓球比赛,并开始学习打乒乓。(fond) 24.(2024 上海杨浦 二模)农村地区正在逐步过渡到使用节能型电动汽车,其创新设计颇受年轻消费者的青睐。(transition) 25.(2024 上海金山 一模)这个国家不顾人民的安危将废水排入大海,这个行为受到了当地渔民和邻国人民的强烈抗议。(which) 26.(2024 上海金山 一模)凡今天购买这款手机的顾客可享七折优惠。(discount) 27.(2024 上海长宁 一模)中美领导人在旧金山会晤,意义非凡,吸引了世界的关注,推动了中美关系的发展。(importance) 28.(2024 上海闵行 一模)她梦想记录祖国的壮丽风景, 这激励她去探索自然中尚未被发现的角落,并通过摄影来保留那份美丽。(which) 29.(23-24高三上 上海青浦 期末)我们都没有想到,那个曾经腼腆的男孩竟然能在演讲比赛中一举夺魁。 (It) 30.(21-22高三下 上海 阶段练习)这位忧心忡忡的母亲直到成功为她一周没吃过蔬菜的儿子在送餐应用上抢到了2公斤 卷心菜,才感到如释重负。(Not until …) 名词性从句(讲义) 名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子,它的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语,因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 课前导入: Many students don’t know what they should do①,but what Xiao Meng wants to do② is earn money.The reason is that she wants to lessen her parents’ burden③.It is said that many small companies need graduates to do part-time jobs②.Xiao Meng has applied for two jobs but she is not sure whether she will be employed①.She also wonders when she will be admitted to a college① and which city she will go①.She is anxious for the news that she is admitted to a good university④. [规则感悟] ①位于及物动词或形容词之后的从句是宾语从句。②谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句。此外,该从句可以用it作形式主语。③位于be动词之后的从句是表语从句。④位于抽象名词之后,解释该名词内容的从句为同位语从句。 1.名词性从句的引导词如下表所示 引导词 功能 从属连词 that 在从句中不作任何成分,也没有词汇意义 whether,if 在从句中不作任何成分,意为“是否” because,as if/though 在从句中不作任何成分,分别意为“因为”“好像” 连接代词 who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),whose,which-(ever) who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语; whom(ever)在从句中作宾语; which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语; whose在从句中作定语 连接副词 when(ever),where,wherever,why,how(ever) 在从句中作状语 2.名词性从句的语序是陈述语序 Do you know where will the party be held?( ) Do you know where the party will be held?(√) 3.名词性从句的时态 (1)当主句是现在时态(一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时)时, 从句可根据实际情况使用各种时态。 It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase. 他打碎了我最喜欢的花瓶,这令我很生气。 Do you know when and where he bought the book?你知道他什么时候在哪里买的这本书吗? I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow.我听说我们的老师明天就回来了。 (2)当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。 I asked her if she would allow me to interview her,and she readily agreed. 我问她是否允许我采访她,她欣然同意了。 My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 老师说太阳从东方升起西方落下。 (客观真理) 4.what与that的用法 that是从属连词,在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,也没有任何意义。而what是连接代词,在名词性从句中充当成分,通常充当主语、宾语或表语。 I believe that I will succeed if I study hard. 我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。 I believe what he said because he is an honest man.我相信他说的话,因为他是个诚实的人。 5.whether与if的用法 (1)用whether或if均可的情况 ①引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时,两者均可使用。 ②it作形式主语,且主语从句在句末时,两者均可引导主语从句。 (2)用whether而不用if的情况 ①引导主语从句置于句首时; ②引导表语从句和同位语从句时; ③引导介词的宾语从句时; ④引导词与or not连用时; ⑤引导词后接to do时; ⑥有些动词如discuss,decide等后的宾语从句。 6.what,who,which与whatever,whoever,whichever引导名词性从句的区别 (1)what引导名词性从句意为“什么”,带有疑问意味;意为“……的事情”,表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”,带有疑问意味;which意思是“哪一个”,带有疑问意味。 Do you know who broke the window? 你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗? (2)whatever,whoever,whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等,并且充当成分,相当于anything that,anyone who等。 She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.=She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life. 她是我的至亲,我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价救她的命。 7.that不可省略的情况 (1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时;that引导表语从句时;that引导同位语从句时;当it作形式宾语,that引导的从句作真正的宾语时。 (2)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第一个that可省略,其他的that不可省略。 She said (that) her ambition was to enter a key university,that she would study hard to make her dream come true,and that she would live up to her parents’ expectations. 她说她的志向是考上一所重点大学,她会努力学习,实现自己的梦想,不辜负父母的期望。 8.同位语从句位于表示概念或思维的抽象名词之后,对该抽象名词起解释说明的作用 常见的抽象名词有news,idea,fact,promise,conclusion,theory,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word(消息),possibility,decision等。 At first many people were astonished at the conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the universe.起初很多人对地球不是宇宙中心这一结论感到惊讶。 9.why与because 引导表语从句的区别 why与because 引导表语从句时,前者强调结果,后者强调原因。 I had a cold.That was why I didn’t attend school.我感冒了,因此我没去上学。 I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.我没去上学,那是因为我感冒了。 注意:(1)句子的主语为the reason时,表语从句用that引导,表示原因,此时不用because。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 (2)由why引导的从句作主语时,表语从句用that引导。 Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。 10.as if/though引导的表语从句 as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look,seem,sound,be等后面,从句中既可以用虚拟语气,也可用陈述语气。 It sounds as if somebody is knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。 11.同位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句是用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,而定语从句是对作先行词的名词的限制、描绘或说明。that在同位语从句中只是连接主从句,没有任何意义,不在从句中充当句子成分;that在定语从句中是关系代词,不但连接主从句,而且指代被修饰的名词或代词(即先行词),在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 I had no idea that Brisbane has so many people! (that引导同位语从句,不能省略) The idea (that) he put forward at the meeting is very reasonable.(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) 名词性从句易错题剖析 易错陷阱1:主语从句连接词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【分析】 1.that引导主语从句时,无词义,只起连接作用,一般不能省略。what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2. whether引导的主语从句可放在句首,if引导主语从句在句尾,且用it作形式主语。 3. It作形式主语,that引导真正的主语从句。 4. What引导主语从句时,谓语动词一般用复数形式,若表语是复数,则谓语用复数。 易错陷阱2:宾语从句引导词及介词后接宾语从句易混易错点 【分析】1.doubt用于肯定句时,宾语从句用whether,doubt用于否定句时,宾语从句用that引导。 2. 介词后跟宾语从句时只能用wh-类连接词引导;如:I’m surprised at what he said. 3. 介词后如果跟that从句,要先加it作形式宾语,再加that从句。 如:depend on it that...; rely on it that...; see to it that...等。 4. 宾语从句的时态:主句是现在时或将来时,从句用句意的各种时态。主句是过去时, 从句用相应的过去时态。 从句表示客观事实或真理,从句都用现在时。 易错陷阱3:表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【分析】1. as if/as though 引导时,从句可用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气。 2. That is why+结果,表示“那就是.....的原因”。 3. That is because+原因,表示“那是因为......”。 4. The reason why/for... is that ..., 表示“......的原因是......”。 易错陷阱4:同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【分析】that引导同位语从句时,在从句中不作句子成分;that引导定语从句时,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。同位语经常修饰的名词有:fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等。 主语从句引导词what/that/whether/if易混易错点 【例1】 Huawei withstood strict sanctions from the US govt. and now able to produce their own 5G phones, a great victory! does not kill you will make you stronger! 易错分析:谓语动词判断错误容易易引起句子结构的误判,两个动词时需先判断主句谓语动词。 _ people in western countries think we Muslim women are oppressed and controlled by men is wrong. 易错分析:长难句结构分析失误,主句谓语动词容易找错。 It is possible _ caffeine may cause birth defects in humans, too. 易错分析:对形式主语it的用法掌握不牢。 For example, Mary-Jo Saunders is learning a Chinese poem today. _ is special is that she is able to recite it without an accent. 宾语从句引导词及介词后跟宾语从句易混易错点 【例2】 These words of her give us a look into the heart of this amazing woman, and _ carried her through a life of hard choices. 易错分析:本题因为句子成分判断错误引起句意理解不当,从而影响并列连词and之后的句子成分和句意。 On the first day of the Start of Autumn, usually people will weigh themselves and compare their weight to _ it was at the Start of Summer. Many love to find out _ the pictures were originally taken. 易错分析:只关注句子成分而忽略句意则容易误填that。句法和句意结合是解题必不可少的。 Phrases like “replace weapons of war with gifts of jade and silk” and “gentle as jade” perfectly show_jade symbolizes in the minds of Chinese people. 表语从句引导词及三个句式易混易错点 【例3】This is_they need an English trainer. 易错分析:表语从句三大易混句式掌握不牢,且句意理解不清。 The fresh thin air, snow-covered mountains and graceful animals running on the plains are _we’re here-to observe Tibetan antelopes, which are being hunted, legally, for their valuable fur. 易错分析:表语从句中往往涉及长句,则句子结构分析和句意都不可忽视。 It has rich cultural tourism resources as it is_ Mount Tai rises, the Yellow River flows into the sea, and Confucius was born. In my case this is_ happened—my parents turned in to me and my needs and the shyness all but disappeared completely over time. 同位语从句与定语从句易混易错点 【例4】Therefore our findings raise an exciting possibility_ we may be able to promote health and happiness by developing positive attitudes such as optimism.” 易错分析:同位语从句经常修饰的名词记忆不牢,而且句子较长容易引起句意理解错误。 Despite the fact _ a skywell’s size and design vary from region to region, it is almost always rectangular (长方形) and located in the core of a house. My question _ I shall get in touch with him has not been answered. 易错分析:同位语从句引导词不仅用that,还可用其他连词如,whether, who, what, when, where等。 Catching sight of the sunrise and sunset, Kua Fu suddenly hit upon an idea_he wanted to race against the sun to see who ran faster! 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1.(2024 天津河北 二模)Visiting the Forbidden City, I was amazed by _ ancient Chinese architects accomplished such impressive design and construction. A.that B.what C.which D.how 2.(2024 天津南开 二模)This ancient vase is very special and I will do _ I can to restore it. A.that B.which C.whatever D.whichever 3.(2024 山东 三模)_ I have got a full mark is good news for me. A.As B.If C.Whether D.That 4.(2024 山东 三模)He spends a lot of time on Tik Tok. That’s _ his sight get worse and worse. A.because B.why C.how D.what 5.(2024 天津河西 二模)Didn’t it ever occur to you _ the English poem was about? Understanding its theme is the most important thing. A.that B.when C.how D.what 6.(2024 天津河东 二模)In communicating with others, _ works best of all, I suppose, is a smile. A.what B.that C.which D.how 7.(2024 天津 二模)The scientist is conducting a research on _ there is a relationship between sleep and memory. A.that B.what C.how D.whether 8.(2024 天津 二模)I have come from Mr. Wang with a message _ he was invited to attend the WISA 2023 held in Chengdu. A.that B.which C.what D.when 9.(2024 天津 一模)It remains to be seen _ the traffic regulations will adapt to the actual situation after they are released. A.whether B.which C.that D.what 10.(2024 天津武清 一模)If you spend equal time studying each subject, the chances are _ you may fail in the exam. A.how B.what C.when D.that 11.(2024 天津和平 三模)How long do you think _ the conflict between Russia and Ukraine comes to an end? A.it will be since B.will it be until C.it will be before D.will-it be when 12.(2024 天津北辰 三模)_ counts now is not to blame anyone but to make a united effort to solve the problem. A.How B.What C.That D.Which 13.(2024 山东泰安 一模)The question is _ the film is worth seeing. A.where B.that C.whether D.what 14.(2024 天津河东 一模)With the high-quality development, Tianjin has taken a new look. It isn’t _it used to be. A.what B.how C.that D.which 15.(2024 天津和平 一模)Can you fill me _ has happened? A.in on what B.in that C.with which D.on what 16.(23-24高三下 天津 一模)Dr. Hart says _ he really admires is the way _ she has acknowledged good health not only makes her more beautiful, but happier too. A.which, that B.that, what C.what, that D.that, which 17.(23-24 上海 三模)It was widely confirmed by scientists that that was exactly _ global greenhouse gas emission needs to be addressed as soon as possible. A.why B.how C.when D.whether 18.(23-24 广东广州 三模)The manager put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. A.whether B.that C.which D.why 19.(2024 山东 一模)—_he will want to do is nothing. —Really? It may sometimes become quite a problem. A.That B.Whether C.How D.What 20.(23-24高三上 天津二模)_ is often the case, I assume, is the fact that when looking back, the bittersweet senior life is always one’s highlight in pursuit of dream. A.As B.Which C.That D.What 二、翻译 21.(23-24高三 上海宝山 三模)不管他怎么辩解,也无法说服在场的人认同他是无辜的。(persuade) 22.(23-24高三 上海宝山 二模)坦白说,你昨天在会上表达的观点还是有争议的。(controversial) 23.(23-24高三 上海普陀 一模)我们要关注的不是孩子们的言语,而是他们在创造性地解决问题的情况下的行动。(not...but) 24.(23-24高三 上海松江 二模)球员个人是否拥有出色的得分能力固然重要,但场上取胜的关键在于团队合作。(matter) 25.(2024 上海崇明 二模)毫无疑问,这个历史小镇已成为了很多游客追捧的旅游胜地。(doubt) 状语从句(讲义) 考点精讲(一)时间状语从句 课堂导入: One Saturday morning,when I was listening to my favorite songs①,my mother asked me to do my homework first.However,as soon as she left②,I turned on my MP3 again.I didn’t start to do my homework until I heard somebody opening the door.③Hardly had I taken out my pen when my mother came back.④ My mum said angrily,“Every time I go out⑤,you will do other things instead of doing your homework.It has been two hours since I left⑥.How much homework had you finished by the time I entered the room⑦? You began to do other things the moment I stepped out of the room⑧,didn’t you?” It was half an hour before she stopped scolding me⑨.I hope I will get rid of the bad habits as time goes by⑩.I promise I will not do the same thing when she goes out next time①. [规则感悟] ①when当……时候 ②as soon as 一……就…… ③not...until...直到……才…… ④一……就…… ⑤every time后面直接跟句子,相同用法的还有the first time,next time等 ⑥since 自从……起,主句用现在完成时 ⑦by the time 到……时候为止,主句常常与完成时连用 ⑧the moment 后面直接跟句子,意为“一……就……”,相同用法的还有the minute,the instant,directly,immediately,instantly ⑨before到……为止,在……之前 ⑩as随着 1.“by+过去的时间”引导的时间状语从句:主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;主句用将来完成时,从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。 I had remembered about 2,000 words by the time I graduated from junior high school. 到初中毕业为止,我已经记了大约两千个单词了。 By the time you come back,we will have finished the job.到你回来的时候,我们将已经完成了这项工作。 2.before的特殊用法。 (1)It will be+时间段+before从句(一般现在时) It will be four hours before his flight arrives. 要过四个小时之后,他的航班才会抵达。 (2)It+was+时间段+before从句(一般过去时) It was ten years before the couple met again. 十年之后,这对夫妇才再次相见。 3.since引导时间状语从句,表示“自从……以来”,常用结构为“It is/has been+一段时间+since...”(从句用一般过去时)。 It is four years since the war broke out. 自战争爆发以来已有四年了。 4.till/until的用法。 till/until用于肯定句,表示“直到……为止”,其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词;not...until/till...表示“直到……才……”,not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until 可用于句首,而till 不能用于句首。 If you don’t understand something,you may research,study,and talk to other people until you figure it out. 如果你有不懂的东西,你可以研究、学习以及和其他人进行交谈,直到你把它弄明白。 She didn’t start the lesson until the pupils settled down. 直到学生们安静下来后,她才开始上课。 5.表示“一……就……”的连词(短语)。 (1)as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly等。 The moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work,she was filled with joy. 我姑姑苦读四年之后获得了文凭,那一刻她欣喜万分。 (2)在hardly...when...,no sooner...than...结构中,主句用过去完成时,when或than所在的从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once. 我一到办公室,妻子就打电话让我马上回家。 考点精讲(二)其他状语从句 课前导入: I failed to pass the exam yesterday because I was careless①.I was so sad that tea