内容正文:
专题12 特殊句式
目录
1 .考情分析 2
2. 必备知识
考点一 倒装句
知识点1 完全倒装………………………………………………………………………………………3
知识点2 部分倒装……………………………………………………………………………………………5
考点二 强调句
知识点1 强调句型…………………………………………………………8
知识点2 do型强调结构…………………………………………………….10
考点三 省略句
知识点1状语从句的省略 10
知识点2不定式的省略 11
知识点3 定语从句中的省略 ……………………………………………………………………13
知识点4 宾语从句中的省略…………………………………………………………………………………….14
考点四 反意疑问句
知识点1 反意疑问句的构成………………………………………………………………..16
知识点2 反意疑问句的答语…………………………………………………………………………..16
知识点3 变反意疑问句时注意的问题…………………………………………………………….17
考点五 祈使句
知识点1 祈使句的形成………………………………………………………………..20
知识点2 祈使句表示假设的情况……………………………………………………………….22
考点六 感叹句
知识点1 what型感叹句………………………………….23
知识点2 how型感叹句…………………………………….24
考点七 There be 句型
知识点1 There be 句型中的be………………………………………24
知识点2 There be 句型的变体……………………………………………………….24
知识点3 There be 句型中的非谓语形式……………………………………………….25
知识点4含There be 结构的固定句型………………………………………………….25
3.真题练习
1.名校模拟……………………………………………………………………………27
1.考情分析
1.掌握倒装的必备条件及倒装的具体应用。
2.熟知强调句的基本结构及其一般疑问句句式、特殊疑问句句式,注意其与结构相似的主从复合句的区别。
3.掌握省略的一些基本原则,在行文中正确地使用省略。
4.掌握祈使句、感叹句的基本形式及用法。
5.掌握反意疑问句的构成和用法。
2.必备知识
考点一 倒装
知识点1 完全倒装
把谓语完全放在主语之前的现象叫完全倒装。
英语中完全倒装的常见情况:
(1)here,there等方位副词及now,then等时间副词位于句首,句子谓语动词为be, come , go, leave , run等表示动作趋向或状态(be)的动词,且句子的主语不是人称代词时,用完全倒装。
例Here is Mr. Wang.
这是王先生。
例 Now comes your turn.
现在该你了。特别提醒
当句子的主语是人称代词时,即使here,there, then, now等位于句首,句子谓语动词为be,come,go,leave等动词时,句子主谓也不倒装。
如: Here she comes.
她来了。
(2)表示方位的介宾短语位于句首,句子谓语是表示存在意义的动词(如lie,stand,live, sit, exist等)时,句子主谓常完全倒装。
例 On her left sat her husband.
她左边坐着她的丈夫。
例Beyond the river lives an old fisherman.
有个老渔夫住在河对岸。
例Among the guests was standingMary.
玛丽站在客人之中。
(3)为了生动地描写动作,当in, out, away, up, down, off 等表示趋向的副词位于句首,句子谓语动词为go, fly,rush, run 等表示动作的动词,且句子主语不是人称代词时,句子主谓完全倒装。
例 Away flew the bird.
鸟飞走了。
例Down went the boat.
船沉了。
例Up went the rocket into the air.
火箭升空了。
(4)"There be"句型属于完全倒装结构,该句型中be 还可用 appear , lie, live, stand, remain, exist等动词替换。
例 There was a small shop at the corner of the playground.
游乐场的角落里曾经有一家小商店。
例 There lived a cruel king in the castle.
那座城堡里住着一位残忍的国王。
(5)为保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,可把介宾短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首,并把句子的全部谓语放在主语前。
例On the ground lay an old sick goat, which had gone into the cave to die.
地上躺着一只有病的老山羊,它是到洞里等死的。(主语较长,为保持句子平衡,介宾短语提前,并把主语后置)
例 Folded in the card was a piece of paper; written on the card was a message under the printed "Happy Birthday".生日贺卡里夹着一张折起来的纸,贺卡上印有"生日快乐"的字样,字下面还写着一句附言。(为使上下文衔接紧密,将过去分词提至句首,并将be动词前置)
(6)so/such...that...结构中,主句谓语动词为be 动词,且so/ such...位于句首时,主句完全倒装。
例So cold was it that I stayed at home for the whole day.
天太冷了,我一整天都没出门
典例1 Now look, Henry. There__(come) our teacher,Mr. Smith, along with his fellow teachers.
知识点2 部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的现象叫部分倒装。部分倒装的常见情况:
(1)表示否定意义或半否定意义的词或短语(如hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, in no way, at no time, by nomeans等)位于句首时。
例John talked with me for about an hour yesterday. Never had I heard him talk so much.
约翰昨天和我谈了约一个小时。我以前从未听过他说那么多话。
By no means should you lose heart.你无论如何都不应该失去信心。
典例2Never for a second," the boy says, ____I doubt that my father would come to my rescue."
(2)"only+状语(从句)"置于句首时,句子/主句一般须部分倒装。
例Only when I got there did I know the truth.
我只有到那里时才知道事情的真相。
例Only in the morning can you meet him.
你只有在早晨才能见到他。
典例3 ___by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the patients be treated properly in this hospital.
(3)as引导让步状语从句时,状语从句必须部分倒装;though引导让步状语从句时,从句可部分倒装,也可不倒装。
例Old as/though he is, he works like a young man.
尽管他很老了,但他工作起来却像个年轻人。
Hard as/though he was working, he didn't pass the exam.
虽然他一直在努力学习,但他没有通过那次考试。
(4) hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than ..., not only... but ( also ) ... 等固定结构中,当hardly/scarcely .., no sooner..., not only...位于句首时,when/than/but(also)前的句子要部分倒装,其后的句子不倒装。
例Hardly/Scarcely had we reached home when it began pouring.
我们刚到家就开始下大雨了。
例No sooner had she gone out than the telephone rang.
她刚出去电话就响了。
Not only did he make a promise, but also he kept it.
他不仅许了诺言,而且也遵守了这个诺言。
例Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.
我们不仅不应害怕困难,而且要尽全力克服它们。
典例4 -How was the weather then?
一Hardly ____I stepped off the plane when it started to rain.
(5)当虚拟条件句的条件从句中含有were, had, should 时,可将if 省略,而将 were, had, should提到句首构成部分倒装结构。
Were he here, we would have no difficulty with it.
要是他在这儿的话,我们就不会有难处了。
Had you worked hard, you would have finished the task early.
要是你工作努力的话,你将早就完成这项任务了。
(6) " so/neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be动词+另一主语"属于部分倒装结构。"so+助动词/情态动词/be动词+另一主语"意为"……也是如此",表示前面所述的肯定情况也适用于后者。"neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be动词+另一主语"意为"……也不这样",表示前面所述的否定情况也适用于后者。
例一Tom can speak Chinese.
汤姆会讲汉语。
一So can Mary.
玛丽也会讲汉语。
例 -Mr. Li has gone to America.
李先生去美国了。
-So has Mrs.Li.
李夫人也去美国了。
(7)so...that...和 such...that...结构中,当so/such 提到句首,且主句谓语动词不是be动词时,主句须部分倒装。
例So well did she dance that everyone applauded warmly.
她舞跳得非常好,所以大家都热烈地鼓了掌。
(7) may用来表示祝愿时,句子一般用部分倒装结构。例May you have a good journey!祝你旅途愉快!
例May you succeed!
祝你成功!
考点二 强调
知识点1强调句型
(1)强调句型概览
①基本结构:Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分
②框架构成因素:itis/was,that/who。用于构成强调句型的基本框架,不可用其他词替换。强调"人"时,可用that/ who,强调其他时均用that
③is/was:根据时态选用is/was
④强调成分:主语、宾语、地点状语、时间状语等(谓语、表语、定语、补足语、让步状语从句除外)
例;It is my brother, not I, who/that likes jazz.
喜欢爵士乐的是我弟弟,而不是我。(强调主语)
It was her that/who we met at the school gate.
我们在学校门口遇到的是她。(强调宾语)
It was before he went to London that he had learned English for three years.
他在去伦敦之前已经学了三年英语。(强调时间状语从句)
1.强调句型用于强调主语时,要注意谓语动词(原句)与该主语在人称和数上的一致性。
2.强调句型的考点主要集中在用于构成强调句型的基本元素 that/who 上,我们要明确的一点是,这两个词是不作成分的。
3.强调句型不用于强调谓语、表语和让步状语从句;强调谓语时要用"助动词do/did/does+动词原形";强调表语时可考虑使用倒装结构。
注意区分强调句型与结构相似的含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句(It is...that...);区分的方法也很简单,就是看 that 是不是在句中作成分,作成分则不是强调句型。
典例5 It was with the help of the local guide ____the mountain climber was rescued.
(2)强调句型的特殊形式
①强调句型的一般疑问式:Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that who...?
②强调句型的特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+is/was it that...?
③not until 强调句式:It is/was not until...that...
例Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
他是昨天见的李萍吗?
例When was it that you called me yesterday?
你昨天是什么时候给我打电话的?
例Who was it that wanted to see me just now?
刚才是谁想见我?
例Why is it that electricity plays an important part in our daily life?
为什么电在我们的日常生活中发挥着重要的作用?
例It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.
直到母亲把一切都告诉他,杰克才明白母亲为什么生他的气。
典例6 Was it because Jack came late for school____ Mr. Smith got angry?
(3)强调句型的判断方法
判断一个句子是否是强调句型可采用还原法,即把it is/was和that/who 去掉,如果剩下的部分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,该句就是强调句型,否则就不是。
例It was Wei Fang that/who met me in the park yesterday.
昨天在公园见我的人是魏芳。
(把 It was 和 that/who去掉并调整顺序可以得到句子:Wei Fang met me in the park yesterday.此句句意和结构均完整,故原句为强调句)
It is a pity that we missed the wonderful film.
遗憾的是我们错过了那部好电影。
(把It is和 that 去掉之后,无论是将apity放在句首还是句末,句子均不合理:Apity we missed the wonderful film. /We missed the wonderful film a pity.很显然原句不是强调句。it作形式主语,that 引导主语从句)
典例7 It was April 29,2011___Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
知识点2 do型强调句型
①基本构成:do/does/did+动词原形
②用于强调谓语动词
③句子是肯定句
④do/does 用于一般现在时,did用于一般过去时
⑤do用于第一、第二人称和第三人称复数,does用于第三人称单数,did用于各个人称
例He does know the place well.
他的确很熟悉这个地方。
例He did come here yesterday.
他昨天的确来过这里。
例Do write to me when you get there.
你到那儿后务必给我写信。
考点三 省略
省略是英语学习中非常重要的语法现象,在此,我们根据高考对省略的考查情况对其进行了总结,其中状语从句的省略、不定式的省略、定语从句中的省略和宾语从句中的省略是重点。
知识点1状语从句的省略
1.适用从句:时间、地点、让步、条件、方式等状语从句
2.省略条件:从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it,且从句谓语含有be动词的某种形式
3.省略成分:从句主语及be动词
4.省略后从句的形式:连词+分词/不定式/介宾短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词
例 Work hard when ( you are) young, or you'll regret.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
While walking along the street, I heard my name called.
走在大街上时,我听见有人叫我的名字。
例He looked around as if (he were) in search of something.
他四处张望,好像在找什么东西。
例You shouldn't come to his party unless ( you are) invited.
你不应该参加他的聚会,除非被邀请。
例Whenever ( it is) possible, he will come to my help.
他一有可能就来帮助我。
典例8 Anyone,once( test)____ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
知识点2 不定式的省略
(1)省略不定式符号to 的情况
①当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可省略to。
The only thing you have to do is ( to) press the button.
你唯一要做的事情就是按按钮。
②不定式作介词but,except的宾语,前面有实义动词do的某种形式时,不定式常省略to。
Brian had nothing to do but play computer games this afternoon.
今天下午布赖恩除了玩电脑游戏外无事可做。
③当两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,后面的不定式符号to可省略,但表示对比关系时则不能省略。
例I’m really puzzled what to think of and express.
我真的不知道想什么和说什么。
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
制订计划比执行计划更容易。
④在 see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词及使役动词let,make,have后作宾语补足语的不定式不加to,但当宾语补足语变为主语补足语时,不定式要加上 to。
例She saw him walk into the house.
她看到他走进了那座房子。
He was seen to walk into the house.
有人看到他走进了那座房子。
例 He had two boys wash his car.
他让两个男孩给他洗车。
典例9 I noticed my little son___(read) those words written on his small blackboard.
⑤cannot but, cannot choose but, do nothing but, can't help but, would rather, had better后接不带to的不定式。
I cannot but admire his courage.
我不得不佩服他的勇气。
We can do nothing now but wait.
除了等待,我们现在什么也做不了。
⑥why,why not 后跟不带to的不定式。
Why talk so much about it?
关于此事你为什么说了那么多?
Why not try it again?
为什么不再试试?
(2)省略动词,只保留不定式符号to的情况
①不定式在like,love,care,want, hope, wish,expect, prefer, refuse,decide,mean,intend,try,promise等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复,常采用省略形式,即省去不定式中的动词及其后的内容,仅保留不定式符号to。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
我请他看电影,但是他不想去。
例 Did you get a ticket?
你买到票了吗?
No, I meant to, but there weren't any left.
没有。我想买,可是卖完了。
②不定式在ask,warn,tell,advise,force,wish, expect, allow, permit, invite,persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常承前省略动词。
例Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to ( touch them)
不要触摸任何东西,除非你的老师让你那样做。
The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to ( enter the lab).
学生们都想进实验室,但班长建议他们别进去。
③动词不定式在happy, glad, eager,anxious, willing, ready等形容词后作状语时,动词可以承前省略。
-Will you join us in a walk?跟我们一块儿散步,好吗? -I'll be happy to.非常愿意。
知识点3 定语从句中的省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的关系代词who,whom, which, that 可省略。但在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词不能省略。
例 The girl ( who, whom, that) the teacher spoke to is Lit Ying.
跟老师说话的那个女孩是刘颖。
Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. ( whom 不可省略)
汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
(2)先行词为way,且引导词在定语从句中作状语,用that/in which引导定语从句,that/in which亦可省略。如果关系词在定语从句中作宾语,则用that/which来引导定语从句,且关系词可省略。
I don't like the way ( that/in which ) she speaks to Mother.
我不喜欢她对妈妈说话的方式。
The way ( that/which ) you thought of to solve the problem was good.
你想出的解决问题的办法很好。
典例10The wayhe thought of to do the experiment was similar to the way _____you carried it out.
知识点4宾语从句中的省略
(1)及物动词后接宾语从句时,连接词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后接两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。
例 I think ( that) it will clear up this afternoon.
我想下午天会转晴。
例He said ( that) the text was very important and that we should keep it in mind.
他说这篇课文很重要,我们应该将之牢记在心。
典例11The report says the Internet is developing rapidly,and___the world's information superhighway is already beginning to take shape.
(2)when,where, how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don't know when ( he will come to our city ).
我知道一个电影明星要到我们市,但我不知道他什么时候来。
(3)suggest(建议),advise,propose,insist(坚持主张),demand, desire,request,require,decide,order,command等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,从句谓语形式为"should+动词原形",其中 should 可以省略。
例 The teacher suggested that we ( should ) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后擦黑板。
例The students requested that the teachers sing a song at the party.
学生请求老师在聚会上唱一支歌。
与上面所列动词及其派生词有关的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的谓语动词用
"should+动词原形",should 可以省略。
如:It's suggested that we (should) go to see the film.
有人建议我们应该去看这部电影。
5.简单句中主语、谓语、宾语或主语和谓语的省略
(1)在生活交流中,尤其在祈使句中,动作的执行者明了,因此主语常被省略。
例 Bcg your pardon.
请再说一遍。(括号内为省略的词语.下同)
(It ) Doesn't matter.没关系
例(You)Shut up!住嘴!
(2)省略谓语:在某些特定的环境中,由于语意清楚,为了避免重复,常将谓语动词省略,留下主语和其他成分;如果谓语部分全部省略,只留下主语,主语用代词的宾格形式。
例Jack will go to Shanghai next week.
杰克下周要去上海。
Me, too.
我也是。
(3)省略宾语:当上、下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时,下句或后句常省略宾语。
例Do you know Miss Gao?
你认识高女士吗?
I don't know (her)
.不认识。
(4)省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分):在某些具体的场合中,主语和谓语都很明确,此时为了简单或显得亲切等,可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略,只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。
例(You come) This way,please.
请这边走。(省略了主语和谓语)
(Have you) Got any ink?
你有墨水吗?(省略了主语和谓语的一部分)
在英语中,进行省略时有时需要使用so, not, do, do so, do it,do that等替代词。so/not常与动词hope, think, suppose, expect , believe , guess等连用。
如:
Is he going to study abroad?
他要去国外学习吗?
I believe so.
我想是的。
Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting?
你认为他会去参加会议吗?
I suppose not.
我想不会。
考点四 反意疑问句
知识点1 反意疑问句的构成
反意疑问句由两部分组成,即"陈述句+简短问句",如前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式,前一部分为否定形式,后一部分通常用肯定形式,两部分的时态一般要一致。
lt is a fine day today, isn't it?
今天是个好天气,是吗?
He isn't a teacher, is he?
他不是老师,对吗?
知识点2反意疑问句的答语
在回答反意疑问句时.应根据事实来回答,如果事实是肯定的,回答时要用yes,否则要用no。简短问句为否定形式时要特别注意,这时英语回答和汉语回答是不一致的,yes要译成"不",no要译成"是的"。
例He likes playing football, doesn't he?
他喜欢踢足球,是吗?
Yes, he does.
是的,他喜欢。
/No,he doesn't.
不,他不喜欢。
例You haven't seen the film, have you?
你没有看过这部电影,是吗?
No, I haven't.
是的,我没有看过。
Yes,I have.
不,我看过。
典例12 You won't listen to him, will you? No,I.____ I don't think he is right.
知识点3变反意疑问句时注意的问题
(1)陈述部分含有情态动词must 时
①must 作"必须,有必要"解时,简短问句用mustn't 或needn`t;当陈述部分的谓语含有mustn't(不允许,禁止)时,简短问句用must或 may。
They must clean the floor, mustn't/needn't they?
他们必须擦地板,是吗?
We mustn't be late for the meeting,must/may we?
我们一定不能迟到,是吗?
②must 意为"准是,一定是",表示推测时,简短问句应根据 must后的动词及句中有无具体的时间状语选用be动词或助动词的形式。
例 You must be hungry now, aren't you?
你此刻一定很饿,对吧?
He must be watching TV now, isn't he?
他现在一定在看电视,对吗?
例Tom must have lived here for a long time, hasn't he?
汤姆一定在这儿生活了很久,对吗?
She must have arrived yesterday, didn't she?
她昨天一定到了,对吗?(句中有具体的时间状语yesterday,故用 didn’t)
典例13 You must have watched the total lunar eclipse on the night of December 10th,____you?
(2)陈述部分含有used to 和 ought to时
①陈述部分谓语含有usedto时,简短问句通常用didnt或usedn't。
He used to get up late, didn't/usedn't he?
他过去常常起床很晚,是吗?
②陈述部分谓语含有ought to 时,简短问句用oughtnt或shouldn't。
例The boy ought to be punished, oughtn't/shouldn't he?
这个男孩应该被惩罚,是吗?
(3)当陈述部分含有need,dare时,简短问句有两种形式: need 和dare作情态动词时,简短问句中用need或dare ;need和dare作实义动词时,简短问句中应用助动词do/does/ did。
例You needn't go there, need you?
你不必去那里,是吗?( need 作情态动词)
He needs to start at once, doesn't he?
他需要立刻出发,是吗?(need 作实义动词)
She dare not go out alone at night, dare she?
她晚上不敢一个人出去,是吗?(dare作情态动词)
例 The little girl doesn't dare to go alone at night , does she?
这个小女孩晚上不敢一个人走,是吗?(dare 作实义动词)
(4)当陈述部分含有have to,had to时,简短问句通常用 do的某种形式。
例You had to take the early bus, didn't you?
你不得不乘坐早班车,是吗?
We have to do it, don't we?
我们不得不做那件事,是吗?
(5)当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时,简短问句应用肯定形式。
例 She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
她很少去看电影,是吗?
例 Few people know him, do they?
没几个人认识他,是吗?
例He has never been to London, has he?
他从没去过伦敦,是吗?
例They can hardly understand it, can they?
他们几乎不能理解,是吗?
典例14 Mary never does harm to others,______she?
(6)当陈述部分中表示否定意义的词为含有im-, in-, dis-, un-等否定前缀或-less等否定后缀的词时,应把陈述部分视为肯定句,简短问句要用否定式。
He was unsuccessful, wasn't he?
他没成功,是吗?
Your mother dislikes seeing you with me, doesn't she?
你母亲不喜欢看到你和我在一起,是吗?
(7)陈述部分为含有宾语从句的主从复合句时
①一般情况:当陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,简短问句的谓语动词和主语通常和主句中的谓语动词和主语分别保持一致。
They know that he is from England, don't they?
他们知道他来自英国,是吗?
He told me he would go there, didn't he?
他告诉我他要去那里,是吗?
典例15 I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did._____1?
②特殊情况:
a.若陈述部分为"I/Wethink/believe/suppose/consider/... +宾语从句",简短问句的谓语和主语与宾语从句的谓语和主语分别保持一致,且简短问句用否定形式。
例1 suppose that she is careful, isn't she?
我认为她很认真,是吗?
例We believe she can do it better,can't she?
我们相信她能做得更好,是吗?
典例16 We believe that good learning starts with curiosity,_____ it?
b.若陈述部分为"1/We don't think/believe/suppose/ consider/ ...+宾语从句",简短问句的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致.且简短问句用肯定形式。
I don't think that you can do it, can you?
我认为这件事你做不了,是吗?
例We don't believe that the news is true, is it?
我们认为消息不实,是吗?
c.若陈述部分为"主语(非第一人称)+think/believe/ suppose/consider/...+宾语从句",简短问句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语保持一致,而且简短问句是用肯定形式还是否定形式由主句决定。
例They all think that English is very useful, don't they?
他们都认为英语很重要,是吗?
例He doesn't think that I can make it, does he?
他认为我办不到,是吗?
考点五 祈使句
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)。有时也可用 everybody , someone, anybody等不定代词。
例(You) Put on more clothes. It's cold outside.
多穿点儿衣服。外面冷。
例Someone answer the phone!
谁去接一下电话!
知识点1祈使句的形式
(1)祈使句的肯定形式
①Do型:动词原形(+宾语)+其他。
例Come in,please!请进来!
②Be 型:Be +表语(名词/形容词) +其他。
Be a good boy!
要做一个好孩子!
③1 型:Let +宾语 +动词原形+其他。
Let me have a look.
让我看一看吧。
例Let us play basketball.
我们去打篮球吧。
例 Let's sit down to have a rest.
咱们坐下来歇一会儿吧。
典例17___( tum) down the radio - the baby's asleep in the next room.
(2)祈使句的否定形式
①Do型祈使句和Be型祈使句的否定式是"Don’t/Never +祈使句"。
例Never do it like that.
千万不要那样做。
例Don't be late for school.
上学不要迟到。
②Let型祈使句有两种否定形式:
a. Let +宾语(第一人称)+not +动词原形+其他。
Let's not waste time.咱们不要浪费时间了。
b. Don't + let +宾语(第三人称)+动词原形+其他。
Don't let her go there.别让她去那儿。
例Don't let the water run into the room.
别让水流进房间里。
③No +v.-ing/n.禁止做某事。
Nosmoking!
禁止吸烟!
例Nfshing!
禁止钓鱼!
(3)祈使句的强调形式:Do+动词原形+其他。
Do tell her about it.
务必将此事告诉她。
Do be careful next time!
下次一定要细心!
知识点2祈使句表示假设的情况
(1)"祈使句+and+陈述句(一般将来时)"。
它的两种特殊形式:
1 名词词组+and +陈述句
名词词组中通常含有more,another,further,earlier等词。
例One step further and you'll fall down.
再多走一步,你就会摔倒。
Just a little patience and we'll look into it soon.
耐心点儿,我们很快就会调查此事。
2 祈使句+破折号+陈述句
Try some of this juice - perhaps you'll like it.
尝尝这种果汁,也许你会喜欢它的。
典例18____( look ) at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.
(2)"祈使句+or/otherwise+陈述句"。相当于" if... not +主句"。
Hurry up or we'll be late for the meeting.
=If we don't hurry up, we'll be late for the meeting.
快点儿,不然我们开会就迟到了。
考点六 感叹句
知识点1 what型感叹句
1.what 型感叹句:what修饰名词
(1 ) What +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
例 What a wonderful time we had yesterday!
昨天我们玩得多开心呀!
(2)What +形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)!
例What beautiful flowers (they are)!多漂亮的花儿啊!
(3)What +形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!
例What fine weather (it is)!
多好的天气啊!
2.how 型感叹句:how修饰形容词、副词或动词
(1)How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语)!
例How clever she is!
她多么聪明呀!
知识点2 how型感叹句
(2)How +形容词+a/an +可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
例How wonderful an idea (it is)!
多奇妙的主意啊!
(3)How+主语+谓语!
例 How he worked!
他多么肯干啊!
How I missed you!
我多么想念你啊!
典例19The little boy came riding at full speed down the motorway on his bicycle._____a dangerous scene it was!
三招破解 what/how型感叹句
第一招:找不定冠词a/an
如果句中出现了不定冠词a/an,且冠词位于形容词之前,那么这个感叹句通常由what引出;若不定冠词位于形容词之后,则用how。第二招:找形容词
如果句中有形容词,且这个形容词后直接跟名词,那么这个感叹句通常由what引出。第三招:找副词/动词
如果被修饰词是副词/动词,那么感叹句就要由how来引出了。
考点七 There be 句型
There be 句型表示"有……”,there 本身没有词义,be是谓语动词,be后面的名词/代词是主语。be可以有不同的形式,而且可以和情态动词连用。
知识点1 There be句型中的be
1. There be句型中的be
(1)There be句型中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。
例 There is a flower in the bottle.
瓶中有一朵花。
例 There are five books on the desk.
桌上有五本书。
(2)若There be句型中主语为并列结构,be的数和人称遵循就近原则。
例There is a boy,a girl and two women in the house.
房子里有一个男孩,一个女孩和两个妇女。
There are ten students and a teacher in the office.
办公室里有十个学生和一个老师。
知识点2 There be 句型的变体
There be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用remain, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live,come,occur等替换。
例Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。
知识点3 There be 句型的非谓语形式
There be句型也可以以不定式(there to be)、动名词(there being)和现在分词(therebeing)的形式出现在句子中,在句中作主语、宾语或状语。
例There being a bus stop near the school is a great convenience.
学校附近有一个公交站点非常便利。(主语)
例I want there to be a vase with fresh flowers on the table.
我希望桌子上有一个装有鲜花的花瓶。(宾语)
例There being nothing else to do,we went home.
没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。(状语)
典例20 There(be)_____ nothing more to discuss, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.
知识点4 含There be 结构的固定句型
There be +名词或代词+to do.有某事要做。
There is some/no trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth./with sth.做某事有/没困难。
There is no sense/use/good/point (in) doing sth.做某事没有道理/用处/好处/意义。
There is no need (for sb. ) to do sth.(某人)没必要做某事。
There is no doubt about/that...毫无疑问……
1. 3.真题练习
1. 名校模拟
1.(23-24高三·福建·模拟试题)We wouldn’t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold (offer) us a ride home.
【答案】had offered
【解解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果哈罗德让我们搭车回家,我们昨天就不会叫出租车了。offer“提供,表示愿意”。由前文wouldn’t have called可知,此处是对过去的虚拟,时态应用过去完成时。故填had offered。
2.(24-25高三·全国·专题练习)Luckily, we’d brought a road map without which we (lose) our way.
【答案】would have lost
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:幸运的是,我们带了一张路线图,如果没有它,我们就迷路了。without意为“要是没有……,如果没有……”,可表示条件,引出虚拟语气。根据“we’d brought a road map”可知,此处表示的是与过去事实相反的假设,谓语动词应用would + have+过去分词。故填would have lost。
3.(24-25高三·全国·专项训练)When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it (break).
【答案】were broken
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:当一支铅笔的一部分放在一杯水里时,它看起来好像断了。根据句意及所给句子可知,此处表示与现在事实相反的情况,应用一般过去时,be动词使用were,“中断的”使用形容词broken。故填were broken。
4.(24-25高三·全国·专项训练)The teacher agreed to the suggestion that students (give) two weeks to prepare for the exam.
【答案】(should) be given
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:老师同意给学生两周时间备考的建议。分析可知,that引导的同位语从句对名词suggestion进行解释说明,因此用虚拟语气,谓语部分为“should+ 动词原形”,又主语students与give是被动关系,故应用被动语态。综上,故填(should) be given。
5.(24-25高三·全国·专题练习)The disheartened girl listened as if she (turn) into a stone.
【答案】had been turned
【解析】考查虚拟语气用法和动词短语。句意:那个沮丧的女孩听着,好像她已经变成了一块石头。分析句子可知,此处为as if引导的方式状语从句,从句需用虚拟语气用法,由主句动词listened为过去时可知,表示与过去事实相反的假设,此处从句动词应为过去完成时;表示“被变成”应为动词短语be turned into。故填had been turned。
6.(24-25高三·全国·专题练习)My husband is always talking about the economy, but I’d rather he (focus) more on our children’s education.
【答案】focused
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:我丈夫总是谈论经济,但我宁愿他多关注一下我们孩子的教育。分析句子结构可知,此处应为“would rather+从句”结构,从句中的谓语动词通常使用虚拟语气,根据并列句的谓语动词is always talking可知,此处表示的是现在的情况,所以谓语动词应使用一般过去时,focus与句子主语he之间为主动关系。故填focused。
7.(24-25高三·全国·专项训练)My suggestion was that he (go) to the cinema with us.
【答案】should go/go
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:我的建议是他和我们一起去看电影。根据句意和句中的名词suggestion可知,该题是考查虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用:suggestion, requirement等名词后接表语从句,从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形,且should可以省略。故填(should) go。
8.(24-24高三·全国·专项训练)It is time that we (take) measures to stop pollution.
【答案】took/should take
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:是我们采取措施制止污染的时候了。It is time后that引导的从句中要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去式或用should(不可省略)加动词原形,表示“是时候……”。故填took/should take。
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专题12 特殊句式
目录
1 .考情分析 2
2. 必备知识
考点一 倒装句
知识点1 完全倒装………………………………………………………………………………………3
知识点2 部分倒装……………………………………………………………………………………………5
考点二 强调句
知识点1 强调句型…………………………………………………………8
知识点2 do型强调结构…………………………………………………….10
考点三 省略句
知识点1状语从句的省略 10
知识点2不定式的省略 11
知识点3 定语从句中的省略 ……………………………………………………………………13
知识点4 宾语从句中的省略…………………………………………………………………………………….14
考点四 反意疑问句
知识点1 反意疑问句的构成………………………………………………………………..16
知识点2 反意疑问句的答语…………………………………………………………………………..16
知识点3 变反意疑问句时注意的问题…………………………………………………………….17
考点五 祈使句
知识点1 祈使句的形成………………………………………………………………..20
知识点2 祈使句表示假设的情况……………………………………………………………….22
考点六 感叹句
知识点1 what型感叹句………………………………….23
知识点2 how型感叹句…………………………………….24
考点七 There be 句型
知识点1 There be 句型中的be………………………………………24
知识点2 There be 句型的变体……………………………………………………….24
知识点3 There be 句型中的非谓语形式……………………………………………….25
知识点4含There be 结构的固定句型………………………………………………….25
3.真题练习
1.名校模拟……………………………………………………………………………27
1.考情分析
1.掌握倒装的必备条件及倒装的具体应用。
2.熟知强调句的基本结构及其一般疑问句句式、特殊疑问句句式,注意其与结构相似的主从复合句的区别。
3.掌握省略的一些基本原则,在行文中正确地使用省略。
4.掌握祈使句、感叹句的基本形式及用法。
5.掌握反意疑问句的构成和用法。
2.必备知识
考点一 倒装
知识点1 完全倒装
把谓语完全放在主语之前的现象叫完全倒装。
英语中完全倒装的常见情况:
(1)here,there等方位副词及now,then等时间副词位于句首,句子谓语动词为be, come , go, leave , run等表示动作趋向或状态(be)的动词,且句子的主语不是人称代词时,用完全倒装。
例Here is Mr. Wang.
这是王先生。
例 Now comes your turn.
现在该你了。特别提醒
当句子的主语是人称代词时,即使here,there, then, now等位于句首,句子谓语动词为be,come,go,leave等动词时,句子主谓也不倒装。
如: Here she comes.
她来了。
(2)表示方位的介宾短语位于句首,句子谓语是表示存在意义的动词(如lie,stand,live, sit, exist等)时,句子主谓常完全倒装。
例 On her left sat her husband.
她左边坐着她的丈夫。
例Beyond the river lives an old fisherman.
有个老渔夫住在河对岸。
例Among the guests was standingMary.
玛丽站在客人之中。
(3)为了生动地描写动作,当in, out, away, up, down, off 等表示趋向的副词位于句首,句子谓语动词为go, fly,rush, run 等表示动作的动词,且句子主语不是人称代词时,句子主谓完全倒装。
例 Away flew the bird.
鸟飞走了。
例Down went the boat.
船沉了。
例Up went the rocket into the air.
火箭升空了。
(4)"There be"句型属于完全倒装结构,该句型中be 还可用 appear , lie, live, stand, remain, exist等动词替换。
例 There was a small shop at the corner of the playground.
游乐场的角落里曾经有一家小商店。
例 There lived a cruel king in the castle.
那座城堡里住着一位残忍的国王。
(5)为保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,可把介宾短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首,并把句子的全部谓语放在主语前。
例On the ground lay an old sick goat, which had gone into the cave to die.
地上躺着一只有病的老山羊,它是到洞里等死的。(主语较长,为保持句子平衡,介宾短语提前,并把主语后置)
例 Folded in the card was a piece of paper; written on the card was a message under the printed "Happy Birthday".生日贺卡里夹着一张折起来的纸,贺卡上印有"生日快乐"的字样,字下面还写着一句附言。(为使上下文衔接紧密,将过去分词提至句首,并将be动词前置)
(6)so/such...that...结构中,主句谓语动词为be 动词,且so/ such...位于句首时,主句完全倒装。
例So cold was it that I stayed at home for the whole day.
天太冷了,我一整天都没出门
典例1 Now look, Henry. There__(come) our teacher,Mr. Smith, along with his fellow teachers.
解析句意:亨利,你看!我们的老师史密斯先生和他的同事一起过来了。本空在句中作谓语,副词There放在句首,此时这个句子用完全倒装,句子主语是单数名词our teacher,后面接了同位语和介词短语,本空填提示词的一般现在时的第三人称单数形式comes。
答案comes
知识点2 部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的现象叫部分倒装。部分倒装的常见情况:
(1)表示否定意义或半否定意义的词或短语(如hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, in no way, at no time, by nomeans等)位于句首时。
例John talked with me for about an hour yesterday. Never had I heard him talk so much.
约翰昨天和我谈了约一个小时。我以前从未听过他说那么多话。
By no means should you lose heart.你无论如何都不应该失去信心。
典例2Never for a second," the boy says, ____I doubt that my father would come to my rescue."
解析考查部分倒装和动词时态。
句意:那个男孩说,"我爸爸会来救我的,我片刻也没有怀疑过。"表示否定意义的词 never 位于句首,句子主谓部分倒装;结合句中的Idoubt及that my father would come to my rescue 中的 would 可知,直接引语中的主句应用一般过去时态,因此助动词用 did。
答案did
(2)"only+状语(从句)"置于句首时,句子/主句一般须部分倒装。
例Only when I got there did I know the truth.
我只有到那里时才知道事情的真相。
例Only in the morning can you meet him.
你只有在早晨才能见到他。
典例3 ___by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the patients be treated properly in this hospital.
解析句意:只有把医生的人数增加50%,该院的病人才能得到适当的治疗。由句中的情态动词can提到了主语之前可知此句采用了部分倒装结构。"only +状语"位于句首时,句子主谓部分倒装,故此处填 Only。
答案 Only
(3)as引导让步状语从句时,状语从句必须部分倒装;though引导让步状语从句时,从句可部分倒装,也可不倒装。
例Old as/though he is, he works like a young man.
尽管他很老了,但他工作起来却像个年轻人。
Hard as/though he was working, he didn't pass the exam.
虽然他一直在努力学习,但他没有通过那次考试。
(4) hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than ..., not only... but ( also ) ... 等固定结构中,当hardly/scarcely .., no sooner..., not only...位于句首时,when/than/but(also)前的句子要部分倒装,其后的句子不倒装。
例Hardly/Scarcely had we reached home when it began pouring.
我们刚到家就开始下大雨了。
例No sooner had she gone out than the telephone rang.
她刚出去电话就响了。
Not only did he make a promise, but also he kept it.
他不仅许了诺言,而且也遵守了这个诺言。
例Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.
我们不仅不应害怕困难,而且要尽全力克服它们。
典例4 -How was the weather then?
一Hardly ____I stepped off the plane when it started to rain.
解析句意:"当时的天气怎么样?""我刚下飞机天就开始下雨了。"由题干中的关键词Hardly和 when及句意不难判断出题干中的答语属于Hardly...when...结构,从句用了一般过去时,那么主句要用过去完成时;又因hardly位于句首,所以主句用部分倒装结构。
答案had
(5)当虚拟条件句的条件从句中含有were, had, should 时,可将if 省略,而将 were, had, should提到句首构成部分倒装结构。
Were he here, we would have no difficulty with it.
要是他在这儿的话,我们就不会有难处了。
Had you worked hard, you would have finished the task early.
要是你工作努力的话,你将早就完成这项任务了。
(6) " so/neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be动词+另一主语"属于部分倒装结构。"so+助动词/情态动词/be动词+另一主语"意为"……也是如此",表示前面所述的肯定情况也适用于后者。"neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be动词+另一主语"意为"……也不这样",表示前面所述的否定情况也适用于后者。
例一Tom can speak Chinese.
汤姆会讲汉语。
一So can Mary.
玛丽也会讲汉语。
例 -Mr. Li has gone to America.
李先生去美国了。
-So has Mrs.Li.
李夫人也去美国了。
(7)so...that...和 such...that...结构中,当so/such 提到句首,且主句谓语动词不是be动词时,主句须部分倒装。
例So well did she dance that everyone applauded warmly.
她舞跳得非常好,所以大家都热烈地鼓了掌。
(7) may用来表示祝愿时,句子一般用部分倒装结构。例May you have a good journey!祝你旅途愉快!
例May you succeed!
祝你成功!
考点二 强调
知识点1强调句型
(1)强调句型概览
①基本结构:Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分
②框架构成因素:itis/was,that/who。用于构成强调句型的基本框架,不可用其他词替换。强调"人"时,可用that/ who,强调其他时均用that
③is/was:根据时态选用is/was
④强调成分:主语、宾语、地点状语、时间状语等(谓语、表语、定语、补足语、让步状语从句除外)
例;It is my brother, not I, who/that likes jazz.
喜欢爵士乐的是我弟弟,而不是我。(强调主语)
It was her that/who we met at the school gate.
我们在学校门口遇到的是她。(强调宾语)
It was before he went to London that he had learned English for three years.
他在去伦敦之前已经学了三年英语。(强调时间状语从句)
1.强调句型用于强调主语时,要注意谓语动词(原句)与该主语在人称和数上的一致性。
2.强调句型的考点主要集中在用于构成强调句型的基本元素 that/who 上,我们要明确的一点是,这两个词是不作成分的。
3.强调句型不用于强调谓语、表语和让步状语从句;强调谓语时要用"助动词do/did/does+动词原形";强调表语时可考虑使用倒装结构。
注意区分强调句型与结构相似的含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句(It is...that...);区分的方法也很简单,就是看 that 是不是在句中作成分,作成分则不是强调句型。
典例5 It was with the help of the local guide ____the mountain climber was rescued.
解析考查强调句型的基本结构。句意:那位登山者是在当地向导的帮助下获救的。题干为强调句型,判断方式是将题干中的It was和空格去掉,然后看剩余部分在结构和意义上是否完整。显然题干满足强调句型的特征,此处强调的是状语,所以空格处应用that构成强调句型的基本框架。
答案that
(2)强调句型的特殊形式
①强调句型的一般疑问式:Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that who...?
②强调句型的特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+is/was it that...?
③not until 强调句式:It is/was not until...that...
例Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
他是昨天见的李萍吗?
例When was it that you called me yesterday?
你昨天是什么时候给我打电话的?
例Who was it that wanted to see me just now?
刚才是谁想见我?
例Why is it that electricity plays an important part in our daily life?
为什么电在我们的日常生活中发挥着重要的作用?
例It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.
直到母亲把一切都告诉他,杰克才明白母亲为什么生他的气。
典例6 Was it because Jack came late for school____ Mr. Smith got angry?
句意:史密斯先生是因为杰克上学迟到了而发脾气吗?解析从句子结构看,本句使用了强调句的一般疑问句形式,被强调的是原因状语从句,因此本空填强调句中的that。
答案that
(3)强调句型的判断方法
判断一个句子是否是强调句型可采用还原法,即把it is/was和that/who 去掉,如果剩下的部分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,该句就是强调句型,否则就不是。
例It was Wei Fang that/who met me in the park yesterday.
昨天在公园见我的人是魏芳。
(把 It was 和 that/who去掉并调整顺序可以得到句子:Wei Fang met me in the park yesterday.此句句意和结构均完整,故原句为强调句)
It is a pity that we missed the wonderful film.
遗憾的是我们错过了那部好电影。
(把It is和 that 去掉之后,无论是将apity放在句首还是句末,句子均不合理:Apity we missed the wonderful film. /We missed the wonderful film a pity.很显然原句不是强调句。it作形式主语,that 引导主语从句)
典例7 It was April 29,2011___Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
解析看到It was,考生很容易往强调句型上想,索性把 that 填入空格,把题干当作强调句型,当考生把It was 和 that去掉并调整语序后,得到Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony April 29,2011,显然 April前缺少介词on。其实本题考查的是when 引导的定语从句,修饰 April 29,2011。
答案when
知识点2 do型强调句型
①基本构成:do/does/did+动词原形
②用于强调谓语动词
③句子是肯定句
④do/does 用于一般现在时,did用于一般过去时
⑤do用于第一、第二人称和第三人称复数,does用于第三人称单数,did用于各个人称
例He does know the place well.
他的确很熟悉这个地方。
例He did come here yesterday.
他昨天的确来过这里。
例Do write to me when you get there.
你到那儿后务必给我写信。
考点三 省略
省略是英语学习中非常重要的语法现象,在此,我们根据高考对省略的考查情况对其进行了总结,其中状语从句的省略、不定式的省略、定语从句中的省略和宾语从句中的省略是重点。
知识点1状语从句的省略
1.适用从句:时间、地点、让步、条件、方式等状语从句
2.省略条件:从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it,且从句谓语含有be动词的某种形式
3.省略成分:从句主语及be动词
4.省略后从句的形式:连词+分词/不定式/介宾短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词
例 Work hard when ( you are) young, or you'll regret.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
While walking along the street, I heard my name called.
走在大街上时,我听见有人叫我的名字。
例He looked around as if (he were) in search of something.
他四处张望,好像在找什么东西。
例You shouldn't come to his party unless ( you are) invited.
你不应该参加他的聚会,除非被邀请。
例Whenever ( it is) possible, he will come to my help.
他一有可能就来帮助我。
典例8 Anyone,once( test)____ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
解析句中 once(一旦)为连词,用于引导状语从句。分析句子可知,从句主语应为he(与Anyone对应),test与Anyone为动宾关系,显然从句的完整形式应为once he is tested positive for H7N9 flu virus,而 he is可以省略,结合语法填空的特点可知此处应填tested。
知识点2 不定式的省略
(1)省略不定式符号to 的情况
①当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可省略to。
The only thing you have to do is ( to) press the button.
你唯一要做的事情就是按按钮。
②不定式作介词but,except的宾语,前面有实义动词do的某种形式时,不定式常省略to。
Brian had nothing to do but play computer games this afternoon.
今天下午布赖恩除了玩电脑游戏外无事可做。
③当两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,后面的不定式符号to可省略,但表示对比关系时则不能省略。
例I’m really puzzled what to think of and express.
我真的不知道想什么和说什么。
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
制订计划比执行计划更容易。
④在 see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词及使役动词let,make,have后作宾语补足语的不定式不加to,但当宾语补足语变为主语补足语时,不定式要加上 to。
例She saw him walk into the house.
她看到他走进了那座房子。
He was seen to walk into the house.
有人看到他走进了那座房子。
例 He had two boys wash his car.
他让两个男孩给他洗车。
典例9 I noticed my little son___(read) those words written on his small blackboard.
解析句意:我注意到我的小儿子读那些写在他的小黑板上的单词。notice属于感官动词,其后接不定式作宾补时,不定式不加 to; written on his small blackboard作后置定语,修饰 those words。
答案 read
⑤cannot but, cannot choose but, do nothing but, can't help but, would rather, had better后接不带to的不定式。
I cannot but admire his courage.
我不得不佩服他的勇气。
We can do nothing now but wait.
除了等待,我们现在什么也做不了。
⑥why,why not 后跟不带to的不定式。
Why talk so much about it?
关于此事你为什么说了那么多?
Why not try it again?
为什么不再试试?
(2)省略动词,只保留不定式符号to的情况
①不定式在like,love,care,want, hope, wish,expect, prefer, refuse,decide,mean,intend,try,promise等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复,常采用省略形式,即省去不定式中的动词及其后的内容,仅保留不定式符号to。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
我请他看电影,但是他不想去。
例 Did you get a ticket?
你买到票了吗?
No, I meant to, but there weren't any left.
没有。我想买,可是卖完了。
②不定式在ask,warn,tell,advise,force,wish, expect, allow, permit, invite,persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常承前省略动词。
例Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to ( touch them)
不要触摸任何东西,除非你的老师让你那样做。
The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to ( enter the lab).
学生们都想进实验室,但班长建议他们别进去。
③动词不定式在happy, glad, eager,anxious, willing, ready等形容词后作状语时,动词可以承前省略。
-Will you join us in a walk?跟我们一块儿散步,好吗? -I'll be happy to.非常愿意。
知识点3 定语从句中的省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的关系代词who,whom, which, that 可省略。但在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词不能省略。
例 The girl ( who, whom, that) the teacher spoke to is Lit Ying.
跟老师说话的那个女孩是刘颖。
Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. ( whom 不可省略)
汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
(2)先行词为way,且引导词在定语从句中作状语,用that/in which引导定语从句,that/in which亦可省略。如果关系词在定语从句中作宾语,则用that/which来引导定语从句,且关系词可省略。
I don't like the way ( that/in which ) she speaks to Mother.
我不喜欢她对妈妈说话的方式。
The way ( that/which ) you thought of to solve the problem was good.
你想出的解决问题的办法很好。
典例10The wayhe thought of to do the experiment was similar to the way _____you carried it out.
解析 句意:他想出的做这个实验的方法与你做这个实验所用的方法相似。_he thought of to do the experiment为定语从句,先行词为 The way,引导词在从句中作宾语,所以第一空可用that/which,且that/which可省略you carried it out 为定语从句,先行词为the way,引导词在从句中作状语,故引导词可用that/inwhich,且引导词可省略。
答案that/which/不填;that/in which/不填
知识点4宾语从句中的省略
(1)及物动词后接宾语从句时,连接词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后接两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。
例 I think ( that) it will clear up this afternoon.
我想下午天会转晴。
例He said ( that) the text was very important and that we should keep it in mind.
他说这篇课文很重要,我们应该将之牢记在心。
典例11The report says the Internet is developing rapidly,and___the world's information superhighway is already beginning to take shape.
解析 says 后接了两个宾语从句,第一个宾语从句省略了引导词that;第二个宾语从句的引导词仅起连接作用,无词义,故应用that ,且that 不能省略。
答案that
(2)when,where, how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don't know when ( he will come to our city ).
我知道一个电影明星要到我们市,但我不知道他什么时候来。
(3)suggest(建议),advise,propose,insist(坚持主张),demand, desire,request,require,decide,order,command等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,从句谓语形式为"should+动词原形",其中 should 可以省略。
例 The teacher suggested that we ( should ) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后擦黑板。
例The students requested that the teachers sing a song at the party.
学生请求老师在聚会上唱一支歌。
与上面所列动词及其派生词有关的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的谓语动词用
"should+动词原形",should 可以省略。
如:It's suggested that we (should) go to see the film.
有人建议我们应该去看这部电影。
5.简单句中主语、谓语、宾语或主语和谓语的省略
(1)在生活交流中,尤其在祈使句中,动作的执行者明了,因此主语常被省略。
例 Bcg your pardon.
请再说一遍。(括号内为省略的词语.下同)
(It ) Doesn't matter.没关系
例(You)Shut up!住嘴!
(2)省略谓语:在某些特定的环境中,由于语意清楚,为了避免重复,常将谓语动词省略,留下主语和其他成分;如果谓语部分全部省略,只留下主语,主语用代词的宾格形式。
例Jack will go to Shanghai next week.
杰克下周要去上海。
Me, too.
我也是。
(3)省略宾语:当上、下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时,下句或后句常省略宾语。
例Do you know Miss Gao?
你认识高女士吗?
I don't know (her)
.不认识。
(4)省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分):在某些具体的场合中,主语和谓语都很明确,此时为了简单或显得亲切等,可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略,只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。
例(You come) This way,please.
请这边走。(省略了主语和谓语)
(Have you) Got any ink?
你有墨水吗?(省略了主语和谓语的一部分)
在英语中,进行省略时有时需要使用so, not, do, do so, do it,do that等替代词。so/not常与动词hope, think, suppose, expect , believe , guess等连用。
如:
Is he going to study abroad?
他要去国外学习吗?
I believe so.
我想是的。
Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting?
你认为他会去参加会议吗?
I suppose not.
我想不会。
考点四 反意疑问句
知识点1 反意疑问句的构成
反意疑问句由两部分组成,即"陈述句+简短问句",如前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式,前一部分为否定形式,后一部分通常用肯定形式,两部分的时态一般要一致。
lt is a fine day today, isn't it?
今天是个好天气,是吗?
He isn't a teacher, is he?
他不是老师,对吗?
知识点2反意疑问句的答语
在回答反意疑问句时.应根据事实来回答,如果事实是肯定的,回答时要用yes,否则要用no。简短问句为否定形式时要特别注意,这时英语回答和汉语回答是不一致的,yes要译成"不",no要译成"是的"。
例He likes playing football, doesn't he?
他喜欢踢足球,是吗?
Yes, he does.
是的,他喜欢。
/No,he doesn't.
不,他不喜欢。
例You haven't seen the film, have you?
你没有看过这部电影,是吗?
No, I haven't.
是的,我没有看过。
Yes,I have.
不,我看过。
典例12 You won't listen to him, will you? No,I.____ I don't think he is right.
解析句意:"你不会听他的,是吗?""是的,我不会,我认为他不对。"根据后面的"I don't think he is right."可知填 won't,注意此处No应译为"是的"。
答案won’t
知识点3变反意疑问句时注意的问题
(1)陈述部分含有情态动词must 时
①must 作"必须,有必要"解时,简短问句用mustn't 或needn`t;当陈述部分的谓语含有mustn't(不允许,禁止)时,简短问句用must或 may。
They must clean the floor, mustn't/needn't they?
他们必须擦地板,是吗?
We mustn't be late for the meeting,must/may we?
我们一定不能迟到,是吗?
②must 意为"准是,一定是",表示推测时,简短问句应根据 must后的动词及句中有无具体的时间状语选用be动词或助动词的形式。
例 You must be hungry now, aren't you?
你此刻一定很饿,对吧?
He must be watching TV now, isn't he?
他现在一定在看电视,对吗?
例Tom must have lived here for a long time, hasn't he?
汤姆一定在这儿生活了很久,对吗?
She must have arrived yesterday, didn't she?
她昨天一定到了,对吗?(句中有具体的时间状语yesterday,故用 didn’t)
典例13 You must have watched the total lunar eclipse on the night of December 10th,____you?
解析 句意:你一定看了12月10日晚上的月全食,是吗?陈述部分是肯定句,简短问句用否定形式,另外must have done是对过去情况的推测,且陈述部分有具体的表示过去的时间状语。故填 didn't。
答案 didn’t
(2)陈述部分含有used to 和 ought to时
①陈述部分谓语含有usedto时,简短问句通常用didnt或usedn't。
He used to get up late, didn't/usedn't he?
他过去常常起床很晚,是吗?
②陈述部分谓语含有ought to 时,简短问句用oughtnt或shouldn't。
例The boy ought to be punished, oughtn't/shouldn't he?
这个男孩应该被惩罚,是吗?
(3)当陈述部分含有need,dare时,简短问句有两种形式: need 和dare作情态动词时,简短问句中用need或dare ;need和dare作实义动词时,简短问句中应用助动词do/does/ did。
例You needn't go there, need you?
你不必去那里,是吗?( need 作情态动词)
He needs to start at once, doesn't he?
他需要立刻出发,是吗?(need 作实义动词)
She dare not go out alone at night, dare she?
她晚上不敢一个人出去,是吗?(dare作情态动词)
例 The little girl doesn't dare to go alone at night , does she?
这个小女孩晚上不敢一个人走,是吗?(dare 作实义动词)
(4)当陈述部分含有have to,had to时,简短问句通常用 do的某种形式。
例You had to take the early bus, didn't you?
你不得不乘坐早班车,是吗?
We have to do it, don't we?
我们不得不做那件事,是吗?
(5)当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时,简短问句应用肯定形式。
例 She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
她很少去看电影,是吗?
例 Few people know him, do they?
没几个人认识他,是吗?
例He has never been to London, has he?
他从没去过伦敦,是吗?
例They can hardly understand it, can they?
他们几乎不能理解,是吗?
典例14 Mary never does harm to others,______she?
解析当陈述部分含有few,little, hardly,never, seldom,nobody, nothing,none等表示否定意义的词时,简短问句用肯定形式,且此处陈述部分谓语动词为does。故填does。
答案does
(6)当陈述部分中表示否定意义的词为含有im-, in-, dis-, un-等否定前缀或-less等否定后缀的词时,应把陈述部分视为肯定句,简短问句要用否定式。
He was unsuccessful, wasn't he?
他没成功,是吗?
Your mother dislikes seeing you with me, doesn't she?
你母亲不喜欢看到你和我在一起,是吗?
(7)陈述部分为含有宾语从句的主从复合句时
①一般情况:当陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,简短问句的谓语动词和主语通常和主句中的谓语动词和主语分别保持一致。
They know that he is from England, don't they?
他们知道他来自英国,是吗?
He told me he would go there, didn't he?
他告诉我他要去那里,是吗?
典例1 I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did._____1?
解析 句意:我告诉他们并非每个人都可以跑得和你一样快,是吗?陈述部分是一个含有宾语从句的主从复合句,简短问句的主语和谓语一般要与主句的主语和谓语分别保持一致。题干主句为"I told them"。
答案didn’t
②特殊情况:
a.若陈述部分为"I/Wethink/believe/suppose/consider/... +宾语从句",简短问句的谓语和主语与宾语从句的谓语和主语分别保持一致,且简短问句用否定形式。
例1 suppose that she is careful, isn't she?
我认为她很认真,是吗?
例We believe she can do it better,can't she?
我们相信她能做得更好,是吗?
典例16 We believe that good learning starts with curiosity,_____ it?
解析在带有宾语从句的主从复合句中,如果主句的主语为第一人称,谓语是think, suppose, believe,consider等动词,简短问句的主语和谓语应分别与从句的主语和谓语保持一致,且主句是肯定句时,简短问句应用否定形式。
答案 doesn't
b.若陈述部分为"1/We don't think/believe/suppose/ consider/ ...+宾语从句",简短问句的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致.且简短问句用肯定形式。
I don't think that you can do it, can you?
我认为这件事你做不了,是吗?
例We don't believe that the news is true, is it?
我们认为消息不实,是吗?
c.若陈述部分为"主语(非第一人称)+think/believe/ suppose/consider/...+宾语从句",简短问句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语保持一致,而且简短问句是用肯定形式还是否定形式由主句决定。
例They all think that English is very useful, don't they?
他们都认为英语很重要,是吗?
例He doesn't think that I can make it, does he?
他认为我办不到,是吗?
考点五 祈使句
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)。有时也可用 everybody , someone, anybody等不定代词。
例(You) Put on more clothes. It's cold outside.
多穿点儿衣服。外面冷。
例Someone answer the phone!
谁去接一下电话!
知识点1祈使句的形式
(1)祈使句的肯定形式
①Do型:动词原形(+宾语)+其他。
例Come in,please!请进来!
②Be 型:Be +表语(名词/形容词) +其他。
Be a good boy!
要做一个好孩子!
③1 型:Let +宾语 +动词原形+其他。
Let me have a look.
让我看一看吧。
例Let us play basketball.
我们去打篮球吧。
例 Let's sit down to have a rest.
咱们坐下来歇一会儿吧。
典例17____( tum) down the radio - the baby's asleep in the next room.
解析破折号前的句子是祈使句,表示命令,所以空格处用动词原形。
答案Tum
(2)祈使句的否定形式
①Do型祈使句和Be型祈使句的否定式是"Don’t/Never +祈使句"。
例Never do it like that.
千万不要那样做。
例Don't be late for school.
上学不要迟到。
②Let型祈使句有两种否定形式:
a. Let +宾语(第一人称)+not +动词原形+其他。
Let's not waste time.咱们不要浪费时间了。
b. Don't + let +宾语(第三人称)+动词原形+其他。
Don't let her go there.别让她去那儿。
例Don't let the water run into the room.
别让水流进房间里。
③No +v.-ing/n.禁止做某事。
Nosmoking!
禁止吸烟!
例Nfshing!
禁止钓鱼!
(3)祈使句的强调形式:Do+动词原形+其他。
Do tell her about it.
务必将此事告诉她。
Do be careful next time!
下次一定要细心!
知识点2祈使句表示假设的情况
(1)"祈使句+and+陈述句(一般将来时)"。
它的两种特殊形式:
1 名词词组+and +陈述句
名词词组中通常含有more,another,further,earlier等词。
例One step further and you'll fall down.
再多走一步,你就会摔倒。
Just a little patience and we'll look into it soon.
耐心点儿,我们很快就会调查此事。
2 祈使句+破折号+陈述句
Try some of this juice - perhaps you'll like it.
尝尝这种果汁,也许你会喜欢它的。
典例18____( look ) at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.
解析 句意:看一下图片、注释、题目和主题,你就能猜出阅读材料是关于什么的了。结合句中的and(第二个)可知,该词前的部分是一个完整的句子,且表示条件,分析句子结构不难看出 and(第二个)前是一个祈使句,整个句子属于"祈使句 +and + 陈述句"结构,故填 Look。
答案Look
(2)"祈使句+or/otherwise+陈述句"。相当于" if... not +主句"。
Hurry up or we'll be late for the meeting.
=If we don't hurry up, we'll be late for the meeting.
快点儿,不然我们开会就迟到了。
考点六 感叹句
知识点1 what型感叹句
1.what 型感叹句:what修饰名词
(1 ) What +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
例 What a wonderful time we had yesterday!
昨天我们玩得多开心呀!
(2)What +形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)!
例What beautiful flowers (they are)!多漂亮的花儿啊!
(3)What +形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!
例What fine weather (it is)!
多好的天气啊!
2.how 型感叹句:how修饰形容词、副词或动词
(1)How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语)!
例How clever she is!
她多么聪明呀!
知识点2 how型感叹句
(2)How +形容词+a/an +可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
例How wonderful an idea (it is)!
多奇妙的主意啊!
(3)How+主语+谓语!
例 How he worked!
他多么肯干啊!
How I missed you!
我多么想念你啊!
典例The little boy came riding at full speed down the motorway on his bicycle._____a dangerous scene it was!
解析分析句子结构可知该句为感叹句,题干属于"what + a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语"结构,故用 What。
答案What
三招破解 what/how型感叹句
第一招:找不定冠词a/an
如果句中出现了不定冠词a/an,且冠词位于形容词之前,那么这个感叹句通常由what引出;若不定冠词位于形容词之后,则用how。第二招:找形容词
如果句中有形容词,且这个形容词后直接跟名词,那么这个感叹句通常由what引出。第三招:找副词/动词
如果被修饰词是副词/动词,那么感叹句就要由how来引出了。
考点七 There be 句型
There be 句型表示"有……”,there 本身没有词义,be是谓语动词,be后面的名词/代词是主语。be可以有不同的形式,而且可以和情态动词连用。
知识点1 There be句型中的be
1. There be句型中的be
(1)There be句型中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。
例 There is a flower in the bottle.
瓶中有一朵花。
例 There are five books on the desk.
桌上有五本书。
(2)若There be句型中主语为并列结构,be的数和人称遵循就近原则。
例There is a boy,a girl and two women in the house.
房子里有一个男孩,一个女孩和两个妇女。
There are ten students and a teacher in the office.
办公室里有十个学生和一个老师。
知识点2 There be 句型的变体
There be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用remain, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live,come,occur等替换。
例Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。
知识点3 There be 句型的非谓语形式
There be句型也可以以不定式(there to be)、动名词(there being)和现在分词(therebeing)的形式出现在句子中,在句中作主语、宾语或状语。
例There being a bus stop near the school is a great convenience.
学校附近有一个公交站点非常便利。(主语)
例I want there to be a vase with fresh flowers on the table.
我希望桌子上有一个装有鲜花的花瓶。(宾语)
例There being nothing else to do,we went home.
没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。(状语)
典例20 There(be)_____ nothing more to discuss, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.
解析分析句子结构可知,There nothing more to discuss 作原因状语,故用being。不定式作原因状语时多位于情感类形容词或表示心理活动的词之后。
答案being
知识点4 含There be 结构的固定句型
There be +名词或代词+to do.有某事要做。
There is some/no trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth./with sth.做某事有/没困难。
There is no sense/use/good/point (in) doing sth.做某事没有道理/用处/好处/意义。
There is no need (for sb. ) to do sth.(某人)没必要做某事。
There is no doubt about/that...毫无疑问……
1. 3.真题练习
1. 名校模拟
1.(23-24高三·福建·模拟试题)We wouldn’t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold (offer) us a ride home.
【答案】had offered
【解解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果哈罗德让我们搭车回家,我们昨天就不会叫出租车了。offer“提供,表示愿意”。由前文wouldn’t have called可知,此处是对过去的虚拟,时态应用过去完成时。故填had offered。
2.(24-25高三·全国·专题练习)Luckily, we’d brought a road map without which we (lose) our way.
【答案】would have lost
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:幸运的是,我们带了一张路线图,如果没有它,我们就迷路了。without意为“要是没有……,如果没有……”,可表示条件,引出虚拟语气。根据“we’d brought a road map”可知,此处表示的是与过去事实相反的假设,谓语动词应用would + have+过去分词。故填would have lost。
3.(24-25高三·全国·专项训练)When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it (break).
【答案】were broken
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:当一支铅笔的一部分放在一杯水里时,它看起来好像断了。根据句意及所给句子可知,此处表示与现在事实相反的情况,应用一般过去时,be动词使用were,“中断的”使用形容词broken。故填were broken。
4.(24-25高三·全国·专项训练)The teacher agreed to the suggestion that students (give) two weeks to prepare for the exam.
【答案】(should) be given
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:老师同意给学生两周时间备考的建议。分析可知,that引导的同位语从句对名词suggestion进行解释说明,因此用虚拟语气,谓语部分为“should+ 动词原形”,又主语students与give是被动关系,故应用被动语态。综上,故填(should) be given。
5.(24-25高三·全国·专题练习)The disheartened girl listened as if she (turn) into a stone.
【答案】had been turned
【解析】考查虚拟语气用法和动词短语。句意:那个沮丧的女孩听着,好像她已经变成了一块石头。分析句子可知,此处为as if引导的方式状语从句,从句需用虚拟语气用法,由主句动词listened为过去时可知,表示与过去事实相反的假设,此处从句动词应为过去完成时;表示“被变成”应为动词短语be turned into。故填had been turned。
6.(24-25高三·全国·专题练习)My husband is always talking about the economy, but I’d rather he (focus) more on our children’s education.
【答案】focused
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:我丈夫总是谈论经济,但我宁愿他多关注一下我们孩子的教育。分析句子结构可知,此处应为“would rather+从句”结构,从句中的谓语动词通常使用虚拟语气,根据并列句的谓语动词is always talking可知,此处表示的是现在的情况,所以谓语动词应使用一般过去时,focus与句子主语he之间为主动关系。故填focused。
7.(24-25高三·全国·专项训练)My suggestion was that he (go) to the cinema with us.
【答案】should go/go
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:我的建议是他和我们一起去看电影。根据句意和句中的名词suggestion可知,该题是考查虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用:suggestion, requirement等名词后接表语从句,从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形,且should可以省略。故填(should) go。
8.(24-24高三·全国·专项训练)It is time that we (take) measures to stop pollution.
【答案】took/should take
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:是我们采取措施制止污染的时候了。It is time后that引导的从句中要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去式或用should(不可省略)加动词原形,表示“是时候……”。故填took/should take。
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