内容正文:
牛津译林中考英语宾语从句复习
一、宾语从句的定义和概念
· 宾语从句是在复合句中作宾语的从句,它在句子中充当及物动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。例如:“I know that he is a good student.”(我知道他是个好学生。)在这个句子中,“that he is a good student” 就是宾语从句,作动词 “know” 的宾语。
二、宾语从句的三要素
(一)连接词
· 陈述句作宾语从句:用 “that” 引导,“that” 在口语和非正式文体中可省略。例如:“He said (that) he would come back soon.”(他说他很快就回来。)
· 一般疑问句作宾语从句:用 “if” 或 “whether” 引导,意为 “是否”,两者通常可以互换,但在以下几种情况中一般用 “whether”:
· 与 “or not” 连用时,如 “I don't know whether he will come or not.”(我不知道他是否会来。)
· 在介词后,如 “We are talking about whether we should go on a picnic.”(我们在讨论是否应该去野餐。)
· 在 “to + 动词原形” 之前,如 “I can't decide whether to stay or leave.”(我不能决定是留下还是离开。)
· 特殊疑问句作宾语从句:用特殊疑问词(如 what、when、where、why、who、whose、which、how 等)引导,特殊疑问词在从句中充当一定的成分。例如:“Can you tell me where the post office is?”(你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗?)“where” 在从句 “where the post office is” 中作表语。
(二)语序
· 宾语从句要用陈述句语序,即 “连接词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分”。例如,错误的表达 “Can you tell me what is your name?”,正确的应该是 “Can you tell me what your name is?”
(三)时态
· 主句为一般现在时:宾语从句可以根据实际情况使用任何时态。例如:“I know he is here now.”(我知道他现在在这里。)“I know he was at school yesterday.”(我知道他昨天在学校。)“I know he will come tomorrow.”(我知道他明天会来。)
· 主句为一般过去时:宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。
· 一般过去时:“He said he was a student.”(他说他是个学生。)
· 过去进行时:“She asked if I was reading a book.”(她问我是否在看书。)
· 过去完成时:“They knew that they had made a mistake.”(他们知道他们犯了一个错误。)
· 过去将来时:“He told me he would go to Beijing next week.”(他告诉我他下周将去北京。)
· 但如果宾语从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。例如:“The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.”(老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。)
三. 易错点
(一) 连接词使用错误
· if 和 whether 的混淆
· 用法细节:在一般情况下,“if” 和 “whether” 都可以表示 “是否”,用来引导一般疑问句转化的宾语从句。但在一些特定语境下,只能用 “whether”。例如,与 “or not” 连用时,必须用 “whether”,如 “I don't know whether he will come or not.”(我不知道他是否会来。);在介词后也只能用 “whether”,像 “We are talking about whether we should go on a picnic.”(我们在讨论是否应该去野餐。);在 “to + 动词原形” 之前同样要用 “whether”,比如 “I can't decide whether to stay or leave.”(我不能决定是留下还是离开。)
· 易错示例:“I'm not sure if or not he will attend the meeting.” 这个句子就是错误的,正确的表达应该是 “I'm not sure whether or not he will attend the meeting.”
· 特殊疑问词的错用
· 用法细节:特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句,特殊疑问词在从句中要充当一定的成分,要根据句子的实际含义来选择。例如,对地点提问用 “where”,对时间提问用 “when” 或 “what time”,对原因提问用 “why” 等。如果句子的含义是询问方式,就需要用 “how”。
· 易错示例:“Can you tell me when is your birthday?” 这个句子是错误的,因为在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序,正确的句子是 “Can you tell me when your birthday is?” 这里 “when” 在从句中作表语,是对时间的询问。
(二)语序问题
· 未用陈述句语序
· 用法细节:宾语从句必须使用陈述句语序,即 “连接词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分”。无论原句是一般疑问句还是特殊疑问句,在转化为宾语从句时都要调整语序。
· 易错示例:常见的错误如 “Could you tell me what is your name?”,正确的表达应该是 “Could you tell me what your name is?” 再比如 “Do you know where does he live?” 也是错误的,正确的是 “Do you know where he lives?”
(三)时态呼应错误
· 主句与从句时态不匹配(主句为一般过去时)
· 用法细节:当主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要使用相应的过去时态,包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等。例如,一般过去时的转换:“He said he was a student.”;过去进行时:“She asked if I was reading a book.”;过去完成时:“They knew that they had made a mistake.”;过去将来时:“He told me he would go to Beijing next week.”
· 易错示例:“He said he is a good boy.” 这个句子就是错误的,因为主句是一般过去时 “said”,从句应该用相应的过去时态,正确的句子是 “He said he was a good boy.”
· 忽视客观事实和真理用错时态
· 用法细节:如果宾语从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。比如 “The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.”(老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。)
· 易错示例:学生容易错误地写成 “The teacher told us that the earth moved around the sun.” 忽略了这是客观事实,时态不能随主句变化。
四. 练习解题讲解
连接词类选择题
1. Could you tell me ______?
He is an engineer.
A. what is he B. what he is C. who is he D. who he is
解析:这是一个宾语从句,要用陈述句语序。根据答语 “He is an engineer.” 可知是对职业的询问,用 “what”,A 和 C 选项是疑问句语序,所以答案是 B。
2. I want to know ______ he will come to the party or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
解析:“whether...or not” 是固定搭配,表示 “是否”,“if” 不能和 “or not” 连用,所以答案是 B。
语序类选择题
1. --Do you know ______? --At 8:00 o'clock.
A. when does the meeting start B. when the meeting starts
C. when the meeting started D. when did the meeting start
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,A 和 D 选项是疑问句语序,根据答语 “At 8:00 o'clock.” 可知是一般现在时,所以答案是 B。
0. Can you tell me ______?
A. where is the post office B. where the post office is
C. where was the post office D. where the post office was
解析:同样,宾语从句需用陈述句语序,A 和 C 选项语序错误,句子没有明确的过去时间标志,所以用一般现在时,答案是 B。
时态类选择题
1. She said that she ______ to the zoo the next day.
A. will go B. would go C. goes D. went
解析:主句 “She said” 是一般过去时,宾语从句要用过去的某种时态,“the next day” 表示将来,所以用过去将来时 “would go”,答案是 B。
2. The teacher told us that light ______ faster than sound.
A. travels B. traveled C. would travel D. is traveling
解析:“光比声音传播得快” 是客观事实,无论主句是什么时态,宾语从句都用一般现在时,所以答案是 A。
综合类选择题
1. I don't know ______ he is so angry.
A. why B. what C. when D. who
解析:根据句子意思 “我不知道他为什么这么生气”,是对原因的询问,所以用 “why”,答案是 A。并且这是一个宾语从句,要用陈述句语序,这里没有语序和时态的其他干扰。
2. Could you tell me ______?
I'm not sure. Maybe next week.
A. when he comes back B. when he will come back
C. when does he come back D. when will he come back
解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,C 和 D 选项错误。根据答语 “Maybe next week.” 可知是对将来时间的询问,所以用 “when he will come back”,答案是 B。
3. Can you tell me ______?
A. where does he live B. where he lives C. he lives where D. where he live
答案:B。解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,即 “连接词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他”,A 选项是疑问句语序,C 选项语序错误,D 选项中主语是 he,谓语动词要用 lives,所以正确答案是 B。
4. I don't know ______ he will come tomorrow. ______ he comes, I'll tell you.
A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; If D. whether; If
答案:D。解析:第一个空 “是否”,“if” 和 “whether” 都可以,但第二个空 “如果他来,我会告诉你”,这里 “如果” 用 “if” 引导条件状语从句,所以答案是 D。
5. The teacher told us that the earth ______ around the sun.
A. moves B. moved C. has moved D. was moving
答案:A。解析:宾语从句中如果是客观事实、真理,无论主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时,“地球绕着太阳转” 是客观事实,所以用 moves,答案是 A。
6. She asked me ______ I was reading the book.
A. when B. while C. if D. as
答案:C。解析:根据句子意思 “她问我是否在看这本书”,这里需要一个表示 “是否” 的词,“if” 符合语境,所以选 C。
7. I wonder ______ you can help me with my English.
A. that B. if C. what D. who
答案:B。解析:“我想知道你是否能帮助我学习英语”,“if” 表示 “是否”,所以答案是 B。
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