Unit 4 Natural Disasters Discovering Useful Structures 定语从句夯基概念讲义-2024-2025学年高一上学期英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

定语从句 一、基本概念梳理： 由关系代词或副词引导一个句子来修饰一个名词、代词亦或一个句子的从句被称之为定语从句. 1. 定语从句的要素 1)先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，亦或是一个句子； 2)关系词：引导定语从句的词，又分成关系代词和关系副词； 3)关系词在定语从句中所要充当的充分： 关系代词：that , which , who , whom , whose , as 在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语； 关系副词：when , where , why 在从句中只可以充当状语。 2、 关系代词的用法 考点1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 1. who、whom、whose引导的定语从句 (1) who或whom 均可指代人,who 在从句中可作主语也可作宾语，whom 在从句中只作宾语，两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用 that替换。作主语时，who/that 不可省略;作宾语时whom/who/that 可以省略,但跟在介词后面作宾语时,关系代词不可省略。 I've become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that) I met in the English speech contest last year. 去年，我与几个在英语演讲比赛中结识的学生成了好朋友。 Part-time workers, the majority of whom are women，are doubly disadvantaged. 兼职工人大多数是妇女，处于双重不利地位。 (2) whose表示所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。其指物时相当于of which，指人时相当于of whom。 (2022·全国乙卷)So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose(=of whom)shoes were held together with string was a surprise. 因此，对他们来说，搬到科罗拉多州的埃尔克海德去指导那些用绳子把鞋子绑在一起的孩子们是一件令人惊讶的事。 2.that、which引导的定语从句 (1) which 指物，常在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物，常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。 (2023·新高考) On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published :paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds"effect. 1907年3月7日,英国统计学家Francis Galton 发表了一篇论文,阐述了所谓的“群体智慧”效应。 (3) 限制性定语从句中,关系代词只用 that 而不用which 的情况: ①先行词为不定代词 anything、nothing、something、everything、all、some、none、little、few、the one 等时。 ②先行词为形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 ③先行词被 the only、the very、the last、the same、any、every、each、few、little、no、some、all等修饰时。 ④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的词时。 Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things that upset us. 有时，我们应该不理会让我们不快的人和事。 (4) 关系代词只用 which 而不用 that 的情况: ①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。 The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much,这个男孩离家一个星期了,这使他的父母很担心。 注意：which 引导非限制性定语从句代指主句整句话的内容时，只能位于主句之后。 He kept lying to me, which annoyed me greatly. 他总是对我说谎，这使我很恼火。 ②关系代词前有介词时 (2023·新高考) So，why did he suddenly force me to do something at which I was sure to fail? 那么,为什么他突然强迫我做一些我肯定会失败的事情呢? 3.as引导的定语从句 (1) as可以引导限制性定语从句, 常用于such+先行词+as...（像...一样的）, the same+先行词+as（和...同样的）结构中。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这种机器就是中国制造的。 (2) as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的表达有as we all know、as is well known、as we expect、as was expected、as you see、as can be seen、as the saying goes、as is said above、as is mentioned above、as often happens、as is often the case、as is reported in the newspaper等。 Jack has won first prize, as it often happens. 像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。 She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay. 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以显现出来。 注意：as与 which 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别 关系词 位置不同 表意不同 as 可放在主句之前、之中或之后 意为“正如”，后面的谓语动词多用see, know, expect,say, mention,report等 which 通常放在主句之后 意为“这一点”或“这件事” As you can see, he did rather better by himself than I did. 如你所见，他自己做得比我做得还要好。 Tom was late for school this morning, which was unexpected. 他们今天迟到了，这让人觉得非常意外。 对点集训： 1. (22年•高考I) The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ____________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 2. (2022•浙江1月) Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. 3. (2021·北京) When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. 4. (2021·天津) William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from __________ we can learn without repeating them. 5. (2020·全国Ⅲ) In ancient China lived an artist _____________ paintings were almost lifelike. 6. is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. 答案1.that 2.that/who 3. that 4. which 5.whose 6.As 考点2 关系副词引导的定语从句 1.where 引导的定语从句 where 表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语相当于“介词+which”。当先行词为situation、case、stage、point、activity、atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词 where引导定语从句。 (2023·新高考Π卷)Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where (=in which) fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. Jaramillo的学生生活在不易找到新鲜食物和绿地的社区，并且该社区快餐店的数量超过了杂货店。 (2023·全国甲卷)They're all situations where we could use a little extra patience. 在这些情况下，我们都需要多一点耐心。 2.when 引导的定语从句 when 表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词+which”。 (2023·新高考)It might be the time when(=during which) you helped a friend with their homework...这可能是你帮助朋友做家庭作业的时候…… 3.why引导的定语从句 why 表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“for+which”。 (2023·北京卷)Rankings,however,are only one reason why(=for which) a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. 然而,排名只是高等教育中对教学重视程度较低的一个原因。 易错提醒 在非限制性定语从句中，用for which 表示原因而不用 why。 I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting,我把我没有去开会的原因告诉了他们。 对点集训 1. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected . 2. As for the reason I like Chengdu best , it must be the slow pace of life . 3.As the smallest child of his family , Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent . 答案1.where 2.why 3.when 考点3 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1. 介词和关系代词的确定 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用 which。另外，whose 也可以放在介词后、即“介词+whose十名词”结构。 (2021·浙江1月卷) Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. 黑猩猩会检査自己是否得到了想要与之交流的动物的关注。 一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三个方面入手: (1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定 I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I had saved. 我买了很多书，花光了我所有的积蓄。 (2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定 I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定 I was impressed by her persistence in her work and scientific research, without which she couldn't have made such remarkable achievement. 她对工作和科学研究的坚持给我留下了深刻的印象，没有这种坚持，她不可能取得如此卓越的成就。 2. “of+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some、any、few、little、none、all、 both、neither、many、most、each 等代词或数词的前后表示整体与部分的关系时,可以用 of which/whom。 (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. 此外,园艺工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。 对点集训 1.There are many jump patterns, most which are accompanied by a song. 2.It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角) which to study how people manage their lives. 3. There should be someone whom you can turn for any advice or to solve any problems. 4. Paul's friend didn't know the real reason which he looked so sad today. 5.Our special thanks also go to the thousands of gracious volunteers, whom none of this would be possible. 答案 1. of 2. from 3. to 4. for 5. without — 1 — 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$