内容正文:
定语从句
定义:在复合句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句
关系代词:who、whom、whose、which、that ☆☆☆☆☆
用法:定语从句
关系副词:when、where、why ☆☆☆☆☆
限制性定语从句:不可没有的从句,且与主句之间没有“,”
分类:
非限制性定语从句:可以没有的从句,且与主句之间有“,”
1、 定语从句的定义
在复合句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词,位置:定语从句之前;
引导定语从句的有关系代词和关系副词,位置:主句与从句之间,起连接作用。
eg:A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of the words.
主句 从句
先行词 关系词
2、 关系代词的用法☆☆☆☆☆
关系代词
先行词
从句中作什么成分
是否可省
that
人/物
主语/宾语
作宾语时可以省略,前有介词时不可省略
which
物
主语/宾语
who
人
主语/宾语
whom
人
宾语
whose
人/物
定语
不可以省略
1、 who指人,在定语从句中作主语
eg:The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
先行词 定语从句的谓语动词的数要与先行词一致
2、 whom指人,是问候的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,通常可以省略。若前面有介词时,则whom不可以省略,也不能用who或者that替换。
eg:He is the boy whom I talked with just now.
可以省略,因为在从句中作宾语
I know the girl with whom you went shopping yesterday.
不可以省略,因为前面有介词
3、 whose是who的所有格,做后面名词的定语,可以指人或物。
eg:I live in a house whose windows face the south.
相当于the windows of which
4、 which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略,但若前面有介词,则不可以省略,也不能用that替换。
eg:I like the books which are written by LuXun.
做主语,不可省
The desk which we made last year were very good.
作宾语,可省
This is the house in which we lived last year.
作宾语,不可省
△:关系代词前有介词时,只能用which,此外非限制性定语从句时,只用which,结构为“,which”
eg:Her house, which was bulit a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.
5、that可指人,也可以指物,指人相当于who和whom,指物相当于which,在从句中做主语和宾语,做宾语可以省略
eg:I saw the man who/that closed the door.
做主语,不可省
The school which/that we visited yesterday is a famous one in Shanghai.
做宾语,不可省
3、 只能用that的情况☆☆☆☆☆
1、 先行词是不定代词:all、few、little、much、something、anything、none、nothing等时,只能用that。
eg:Is there anything that you don’t understand?
先行词
2、 当先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, any, few, little, no, one of, all等修饰时,只用that。
eg:This is the only gift that my mother bought for me.
3、当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,只用that。
eg:The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
4、当先行词既包括物又包括人时,只能用that。
eg:We talked about the people and things that we remembered.
5、当主句时以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复,只能用that。
eg:Who is that man that is standing under the tree?
四、只用which而不用that的情况☆☆☆☆
1、引导非限制性定语从句时(从句前有“,”时,不用that) 关系词前有逗号
eg:I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library,which my classmates recommended to me.
我上周从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》这本书,这是我的同学推荐给我的。
2、在定语从句中,关系代词前有介词时
关系词前有介词in
eg:I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
我被置之于我不得不接受我不重要的境地。
五、关系副词的用法☆☆☆
关系副词
先行词
在从句中所做成分
when=介词+which
时间
时间状语
where=介词+which
地点
地点状语
why=for+which
原因
原因状语
1、when表示时间,其前一般有表示时间的词
time是时间的意思
eg:People will always remember the time when HongKong returned to our mother land.
2、where表示地点,其前一般有表示地点的词
school 是学校,表示地点
eg:This is the school where I studied three years ago.
3、 why表示原因,其前一般有reason
reason是原因的意思
eg:Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
可用for which 替换
注:使用关系代词和关系副词的注意事项:
1) 如果先行词是时间和地点时,先行词作从句的主语或宾语时,用关系代词that/which
2) 如果该先行词在从句中作状语的话,用关系副词when/where
eg:The school that/which I used to study in is becoming better and better.
做介词in的宾语,所以用that/which
The place where the accident happened isn’t far from our school.
从句句子结构完整,所以在从句中作状语,所以用where
3)where引导定语从句时,不仅仅修饰具体的地点,还可以修饰抽象的地点,此时先行词常为situation,case,point等抽象名词。☆☆☆☆☆
eg:He got into a situation where it was hard to decide what was right and wrong.
他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
4、 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句☆☆☆☆☆
关系代词的选用
先行词是人
who
先行词是物
which
介词的选用
先行词的意义和搭配
从句中的动词或形容词的搭配
根据句子的意思判断
表示“整体和部分关系”常用of
eg:Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?(on与the day 搭配)
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to为固定搭配)
John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分都是家人。(整体和部分的关系)
5、 as引导的定语从句☆☆☆☆
1)其主要结构有:the same...as..., such...as..., as...as..., so...as...等。(当做固定搭配记住即可!)
主句中出现the same,as,such,so修饰先行词,需选择as作关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
eg:It's the same person as we wanted to find yesterday.
我们昨天要找的是同一个人。
Such girls as he knows are good at English.
他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。
She will marry as wealthy a man as she can find.
她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个有钱人。
2)当非限制性定语从句的谓语为被动式谓语时,常用as引导。
常见的搭配有:as be announced,as be expected,as be known,as be reported,as be said,as be shown
eg:The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的那样,在过去的两个月里,这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
注:the same,such,so引导限制性定语从句和结果状语从句的区别
as引导的是定语从句,在从句中充当成分;
the same,such,so可以与as或that搭配,
而that引导的是结果状语从句,从句结构完整。
eg:It is so breathtaking a park that everyone wants to visit it.(结果状语从句)
It is so breathtaking a park as everyone wants to visit.(定语从句)
3)as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as与which引导非限制性定语从句时都可以指代整个主句内容,主要区别如下:
关系词
从句位置
意义
as
放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可
正如
which
只能放在主句之后
这一点
eg:As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.
每个人都知道,中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。
The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.
太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。
注:as/which作主语引导非限制性定语从句指全句时,从句谓语用第三人称。
eg:Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation(蒸发).
液体变成气体,这个现象叫蒸发
As is usual,Hans came to school late this morning.
像往常一样,汉斯今天早上上学迟到了
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