第二讲 定语从句-【优化探究】2025年高考英语一轮复习高考总复习配套课件（外研版2019）

第二讲　定语从句 专项提能 语法突破 朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分为哪类关系词，在从句中充当什么成分，修饰的先行词是什么。 It was the summer of 2020 when① I came to Guangning No.1 Senior High School.Our school is a wonderful place，where② I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square.Our classroom，the roof of which③ looks like a rocket in the distance，is located in the center of our school.The main reason why④ I like our school is that I can make many friends here.I can get along with my classmates，two of whom⑤ are my best friends.Jack，who⑥ comes from Tanbu Junior High School，is very active.He likes various sports，among which⑦ he likes running most.He runs 5 kilometers every day，which⑧ makes him look strong.Nick，whose⑨ father is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School，studies very hard.We often talk about the people and the things that⑩ we see in our school.Nick prefers the food that⑪ is made in our canteen.The teacher whom⑫ he likes is Mr. Zhang，our math teacher，while my beloved teacher is my English teacher，Miss Chen.To be honest，I gradually fall in love with our school. [用法体悟] ①处为关系副词when(＝in which)引导的定语从句，先行词是the summer of 2020，关系副词在从句中作__________；②处为关系副词where(＝at which)引导的定语从句，先行词是a wonderful place，关系副词在从句中作__________；③处的先行词是____________，指物，关系词应用which。the roof of which中的of表示所属关系，意为“我们教室的屋顶”；④处为关系副词why引导的定语从句，先行词是_____________，关系副词在定语从句中作___________； 时间状语 地点状语 Our classroom The main reason 原因状语 ⑤处的先行词是______________，指人，关系词应用whom。two of whom中的of表示部分与整体的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”；⑥为关系代词who引导的定语从句，先行词是Jack，关系代词在从句中作_____；⑦处为关系代词which引导的定语从句，先行词是___________，关系代词在从句中作介词among的宾语；⑧处为关系代词which引导的定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系代词在从句中作______；⑨处为关系代词whose引导的定语从句，先行词是Nick，关系代词在定语从句中作_____，表示Nick's；⑩处为关系 my classmates 主语 various sports 主语 定语 代词that引导的定语从句，先行词是_____________________，既指人又指物，通常用that引导；⑪处为关系代词that引导的定语从句，先行词是the food，关系代词在从句中作______，此处还可以用_______引导；⑫处为关系代词whom引导的定语从句，先行词是The teacher，关系代词在从句中作_______，此处还可以用___________引导。 the people and the things 主语 which 宾语 that/who 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 真题试做 技能点拨 核心知识 考点突破 核心考点 针对训练 真题试做 技能点拨 一、关系代词 [高考真题练] 1．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place ___________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life. 2．(2023·全国甲卷)Yet，the form of the fable still has values today，____ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” which/that as 3．(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1，100-kilometer journey，the man Cao Shengkang，______lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident，crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. 4．(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)In ancient China lived an artist ________paintings were almost lifelike. who whose [微技能点拨] 1．填关系代词的定语从句中通常缺少主语(第1题)、宾语(第2题)； 2．明辨先行词指代的是人(如第3题)还是(事)物； 3．牢记that与which的区别； 4．能分清限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句； 5．whose表示“所属”关系(如第4题)。 二、关系副词 [高考真题练] (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)．..China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. where [微技能点拨] 1．填关系副词的定语从句中缺少状语(时间、原因、地点等)； 2．明辨先行词在句中所作的具体是什么状语。 核心知识 考点突破 考点一 关系代词 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略) whom 人 宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略) whose (＝of whom/of which) 人或物 定语 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 that 人或物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语 which 物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中，前无介词时可省略) as 人或物 主语、宾语 (一)关系代词that与which的用法辨析 1．只用that的情况 (1)先行词是all，everything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词时； (2)先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰时； (3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时； (4)先行词被the only，the very (正好、恰好)，the last等修饰时； (5)先行词中既有人也有物时； (6)在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句； (7)先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时； (8)主句以here，there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。 There is nothing that we can do now.现在我们什么也做不了。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 2．先行词指物时，只用which的情况 (1)引导非限制性定语从句时； (2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时； (3)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念时。 The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离开家一个星期了，这使他的父母很担心。 We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。 (二)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 — which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 从句谓语通常是表示感觉或心理活动的词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等 意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……那样” The building，which we are looking at，used to be a hospital.我们现在看到的这幢大楼过去是一家医院。 As is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.正如孩子们常有的情况，医生到的时候埃米就好些了。 [特别提醒]　as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；such (pron.)＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as (和……同样的)。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。 1．This is the only one of the best films_____ has been shown this year. 2．He pointed out such a crucial detail about the experiment ____ we could never neglect. that as 考点二 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 两个考查点： (一)考查该结构中关系代词的选用 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构，whose指人、物皆可。 Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.一些专家认为，阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。 (二)考查该结构中介词的选用 1．一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下几方面入手： (1)根据介词与定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。 Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands？刚才跟你握手的那个女孩是谁？ (2)根据介词与定语从句中形容词的习惯搭配。 He showed me some old coins with which I was not very familiar.他给我看了一些我不太熟悉的旧硬币。 (3)根据介词与前面先行词的习惯搭配。 We'll never forget the day on which we climbed up the Great Wall.我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那一天。 (4)根据句子所要表达的意思。 We had supper at six o'clock，after which I went to see my uncle.我们六点钟吃晚饭，之后我去看了我的叔叔。 2．表示“整体和部分关系”时，介词常用of。常见结构： (1)在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词后可以用of which/whom。 There are 30 chairs in the hall，most of which are new.大厅里有30把椅子，绝大部分是新的。 (2)“the＋比较级或最高级”后用“of＋which/whom”等。 There are two buildings，the larger of which stands nearly a hundred metres high.这儿有两座建筑物，较大的那一座几乎有100米高。 3．Many lessons are now available online，_____which students can choose for free. 4．There are many occasions ____ which you are left in a helpless situation，____ which you can depend on no one other than yourself. from on in 考点三 关系副词 关系副词 先行词 句法功能 when 时间 时间状语 where 地点 地点状语 why 原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句) We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.我们将把在公园的野餐推迟到下周，届时天气可能会好一些。 Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。 Is this the reason why he refused our offer？这就是他拒绝我们的提议的理由吗？ [特别提醒]　where引导定语从句时，既可以修饰具体的地点也可以修饰抽象的地点，常见的表示抽象地点的先行词有situation，case，point，stage，position，activity，job，occasion等。 5．Sales director is a position __________ communication ability is just as important as sales skills. 6．To learn English effectively，you should not only have a good command of the grammar，but understand the culture _______it is spoken. where where 考点四 定语从句中的主谓一致 1．关系代词在句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致。 Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.不好动或在饮食上脂肪摄入量高的孩子会快速地长胖。 2．先行词为“one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式；先行词为“the (only/very/right) one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数形式。 She is one of the staff who are qualified for the job.她是能胜任这项工作的员工之一。(staff表示复数意义) She is the only one of the staff who is qualified for the job.她是唯一一个能胜任这项工作的员工。 7．He is the one who always ________(laugh) at me. laughs 核心考点 针对训练 Ⅰ.语法填空   【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过讲述西汉初期的故事来说明“银行”的起源。 Despite the passage of time, honesty has always been a traditional virtue in China and embodied in countless tales throughout China's history. In the early Western Han Dynasty, a general 1. (name) Ji Bu was known for being courageous and honest. Legend has 2. that whenever Ji made a promise, he would spare no effort to fulfill it. Such a virtue of honesty earned him a good reputation, and there was a saying 3. (wide) spread: It is better to have a promise from Ji Bu than to get hundreds of ounces of gold. 1．考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，句子已有谓语动词was known for，name应用非谓语动词形式，且与主语之间为被动关系，应用过去分词表示被动，此处指“被叫作，被命名”。 答案：named 2．考查形式宾语。分析句子可知，空处为句子的宾语；结合句意可知，宾语为that引导的从句所呈现的这件事，所以此处应用it作形式宾语，代替后移由that引导的从句，即真正的宾语。 答案：it 3．考查词性转换。由句意可知，此处修饰动词spread，应用副词。 答案：widely In ancient China, the currency consisted mainly of precious 4. (metal), such as gold, silver and copper, so 5. (carry)a large quantity of cash was not only a heavy burden but could also put the owner in danger as robberies quite often happened along the way. So a story 6. (tell) about the start of the Chinese banking industry. 4．考查名词的单复数。根据句意提到“金、银、铜等金属”可知，名词metal应用复数。 答案：metals 5．考查非谓语动词。分析句子并结合句意可知，此处缺少主语，主语为“携带大量现金”，应用动名词作主语。 答案：carrying 6．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处为句子的谓语动词，由句意和语境可知，讲述故事的起源，时态用一般现在时；主语a story为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 答案：tells A successful merchant during the Qing Dynasty, Li Daquan, was visited by a friend who came up 7. a novel idea. His friend proposed that a draft be issued to replace the real cash. This draft was no mere promise, 8. a declaration that the same amount of currency had been deposited and could be withdrawn elsewhere. 7．考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“想出”，短语come up with表示“想出”，是固定搭配。 答案：with 8．考查连词。根据句意和no可知，空处应填入连词but，“否定＋but”表示“不是……而是……”。 答案：but Li readily agreed and 9. (keep) his word. The story soon got around, and Li's honesty brought him a flood of customers. He later set up China's first draft bank, Rishengchang, 10. later had 35 branches across the country. 9．考查动词的时态。分析句子并根据句意和agreed and可知，此处为并列谓语，与agreed并列。 答案：kept 10．考查定语从句。分析句子并结合句意可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Rishengchang，且从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词引导从句，并作从句的主语。 答案：which Ⅱ.写作运用 根据汉语提示补全作文，并注意其中关系词的使用。 1．_______________________ (众所周知)，high school life is an important turning point and 2.__________________________________ _________________________________(高中校园是学生学习和生活的重要场所).My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion，we agreed on making a video to record our experiences at school. As is universally known high school campus is an important place where students study and live Material collecting took us a whole week，3.___________________ ____________________________________________________________(在此期间，我们采访了我们的老师，并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面).Some compromises were unavoidable，but the video turned out perfect.4. ____________________________________(播放录像的那一天)，it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time，5.________________________________________________ (这当然给了我们很大的成就感) during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life That day when the video was played which surely gave us a great sense of achievement $$