第一讲 名词和数词-【优化探究】2025年高考英语一轮复习高考总复习配套课件（外研版2019）

专题二　需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词 第一讲　名词和数词 专项提能 语法突破 朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑名词的类别和用法。 Mr. Smith① is very busy because he runs several companies②.He works seven③ days④ a week⑤ and twelve⑥ months⑦ a year.In his spare time⑧，he likes watching football matches⑨ and doing housework⑩ for fun，in which he has just made progress⑪.He likes eating tomatoes but he doesn't eat vegetables⑫ with leaves⑬.He has two⑭ pet horses⑮ and he often rides them with his friends⑯ on Mr. Black's⑰ farm⑱ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑲ is very beautiful.Mr. Black regards Mr. Smith as a success⑳. [用法体悟] 涉及可数名词复数的有_______________________；涉及专有名词的有__；涉及不可数名词的有______；涉及可数名词单数的有____；涉及抽象名词具体化的有____；涉及所有格的有_______；涉及数词的有________。 ②④⑦⑨⑫⑬⑮⑯ ① ⑧⑩⑪ ⑤⑱ ⑳ ⑰⑲ ③⑥⑭ 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 真题试做 技能点拨 核心知识 考点突破 核心考点 针对训练 真题试做 技能点拨 一、名词 [高考真题练] 1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give __________ (interview) in English with international journalists. 2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate _______________(population) and homes of giant pandas... 3．(2021·浙江1月卷)It is calculated by dividing a __________(person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared... interviews populations person's [微技能点拨] 1．考查名词的复数形式(如第1题、第2题)；此时要注意修饰性词语及平行结构(如第2题)。 2．考查所有格(如第3题)，表达所属关系。 二、数词   数词最常考的形式是表示顺序关系的序数词。 核心知识 考点突破 考点一 名词的单复数 1．名词复数的规则变化 规　则 例　词 一般在词尾直接加-s books，horses，beds，pages 以-s，-x，-sh，-ch结尾的名词，多数情况下在词尾加-es glasses，boxes，brushes，watches(例外：stomach→stomachs) 规　则 例　词 以“辅音字母＋-y”结尾的名词，需把y变为i再加-es cities，countries，factories，families，stories，parties 以“元音字母＋-y”结尾的名词，直接加-s holidays，monkeys 以-o结尾的名词 加-s radios，pianos，photos，zoos 加-es potatoes，tomatoes 规　则 例　词 以-o结尾的部分名词的复数形式有两种，既可加-s也可加-es zeros/zeroes　 volcanos/volcanoes 以-f或 -fe结尾 的名词 把f或fe变成v，再加-es half→halves，knife→knives， leaf→leaves，thief→thieves， wife→wives，wolf→wolves 直接加-s roofs，chiefs，gulfs，beliefs，proofs 2．名词复数的不规则变化 (1)单复数同形：deer，sheep，Chinese，means (方式，方法)，series，species，works (工厂)； (2)单数形式复数意义：people，police，cattle； (3)复数形式单数意义：news，physics，politics，maths； (4)合成名词的复数：passer-by→passers-by，looker-on→lookers-on，grown-up→grown-ups，stand-by→stand-bys； (5)词形变化：man→men，woman→women，child→children，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，mouse→mice； (6)名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如woman doctor→women doctors。 [特别提醒]　有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式。如thanks，clothes，congratulations，shoes，trousers，glasses (眼镜)等。 1．Later，they learned to work with the___________ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields. 2．Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1，500 years，but ____________(express) from them have entered various languages. seasons expressions 考点二 不可数名词 1．常见的不可数名词 information信息；advice忠告，建议；progress进步，进展；knowledge知识；weather天气；fun乐趣，快乐；equipment设备；furniture 家具；wealth财富； traffic交通，路上行驶的车辆；baggage/luggage行李；work工作；homework家庭作业；housework家务；tea茶；water水；beer啤酒；milk牛奶等。 2．抽象名词的具体化 (1) 表示抽象的特征、状态、行为的一场、一次、一种及多种、多场等： a big fire，a heavy rain，a strong wind，a thick fog，have a look，make an apology，take a deep breath，live a(n)...life，have a good time，a wonderful lunch，a need，a discovery，a love，a collection of，a history of，a population of，an area of，an understanding of等。 He made an apology to me for what he had done.他为自己的所作所为向我道歉了。 (3)有些物质名词可以具体化为可数名词： drink饮料→two drinks两杯饮料；coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡；ice冰→two ices两份冰激凌；tea 茶→two teas两杯茶 3．Bringing together Western Medicine and TCM，rather than being in _____________(compete)，is where the potential for great effects lies. 4．They might not be used to having total __________(free) in how they plan their days and nights. competition freedom 考点四 名词所有格 1．有生命的名词的3种所有格 情　况 构成 示　例 不以-s结尾的名词 加-'s Mary's e-mail children's books 以-s结尾的复数名词 加-' the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading room 以-s结尾的单数可 数名词或专有名词 加-' 或-'s our boss'/boss's office Engels's/Engels' works 2.无生命的名词的两种所有格 (1)通常用of所有格表示 The capital of Peru is Lima，which is in the west on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于西部沿海。 (2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用 -'s所有格表示 the factory's output工厂的产量 3．双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式：名词＋of＋名词的所有格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。 He is a friend of my father's.他是我父亲的一个朋友。 5．It will not only promote ______(man) understanding toward the values of manned space flight but more importantly，serve as an inspiration to youngsters. 6．In two _________(week) time, Bergqvist's ice creation will be nothing more than a pool of water. man's weeks' 考点五 名词的固定搭配 1．有些固定短语要求用名词的复数形式 make friends with 与……交朋友 make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵 shake hands with 与……握手 make contributions to 为……做贡献 take pains 尽力，刻苦 good manners 有礼貌 take turns 轮流 burst into tears 放声大哭 congratulations on 对……表示祝贺 in ruins 成为废墟 into halves 分成两半 sports shoes 运动鞋 2．名词的固定搭配 常见名词与其他词组成的固定搭配： keep in mind 记住 free of charge 免费 a waste of...浪费…… out of control 失去控制 out of question 毫无疑问 by chance/accident 偶然地 out of order 出故障，失调 out of sight 看不见 in detail 详细地 in general 一般说来 on purpose 故意地 in time 及时；适时 in honor of...为纪念…… It is a pity that...可惜…… (It is) no wonder (that)...难怪…… 7．Statement should be made on the _________(base) of fact. basis 核心考点 针对训练 Ⅰ.语法填空 【语篇解读】　本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国对联的寓意、目的、起源等。 The Chinese couplet (对联) refers to two poetic lines obeying certain rules, often written on red paper for 1. (appreciate). 1．考查词性转换。根据空前的for可知，该空应填名词作for的宾语，动词appreciate的名词形式为appreciation；再结合句意可知，此处表示“欣赏”，是不可数名词。故填appreciation。 答案：appreciation As a form of Chinese literature, the couplet 2. (vary) in content and style. Some express people's love for their motherland, some describe the beauty of nature，3. some convey best wishes for the coming year. 2．考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。该句讲的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语the couplet表示第三人称单数概念，谓语动词应用单数形式；主语和vary之间是主动关系。故填varies。 答案：varies 3．考查连词。分析句子结构可知，空处应填连词，连接三个句子。根据语境可知，此处表示并列关系。故填and。 答案：and Chinese couplets originated in the Five Dynasties, and 4. _________ (become) ubiquitous (无处不在的) in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was a custom for people 5. (hang) peach wood charms to drive away evil spirits during the Spring Festival. Nowadays, couplets are used 6. a similar way. 4．考查动词的时态。根据下文的时间状语in the Ming and Qing dynasties可知，此处描述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填became。 答案：became 5．考查动词不定式。此处考查固定句型“It is/was a custom (for sb.)to do sth.”，意为“做某事(对某人来说)是一种传统”，该句型中it作形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式短语。故填to hang。 答案：to hang 6．考查介词。该句指人们如今用类似的方式来使用对联，in a similar way“用类似的方式”。故填in。 答案：in It was said that the 7. (early) couplet was written by Meng Chang, king of Later Shu and it was 8. (extreme) popular in the Northern Song Dynasty. Since the Ming Dynasty, to write couplets 9. (regard) as a mark of the cultured life of scholars. 7．考查形容词的最高级。根据空前的the和语境可知，此处表示据说最早的对联是后蜀主孟昶所写，所以该空应填形容词early的最高级。故填earliest。 答案：earliest 8．考查词性转换。修饰形容词用副词，空处修饰形容词“popular”。故填extremely。 答案：extremely 9．考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since the Ming Dynasty可知，该空应用现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作持续到现在；句子的主语to write couplets与regard之间为被动关系；主语to write couplets为非谓语动词短语，谓语动词应用单数形式。故填has been regarded。 答案：has been regarded The couplet has two equal-length lines.However，10. number of characters in each line can be from four to seven or more. The first and the second lines have opposite tone patterns. The last character of the first line is of an oblique tone (仄声)，and its opposite in the second line is of a level tone (平声). 10．考查冠词。此处指每行中的字数从4到7或更多，the number of为固定短语，表示“……的数量”。故填the。 答案：the Ⅱ.写作运用 根据汉语提示补全作文，并注意其中名词的使用。 To whom it may concern： 1．________________________ (我是你的一个顾客).I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago，but I didn't receive them until yesterday.And 2.__________________________ (令我十分失望的是)，the books were so poorly packed up that 3._______ ________________________(其中一本书的书皮破损了).To make matters worse，it is not a complete set，as I found one book missing. I'm one of your customers much to my disappointment the cover of one book was torn I'm sorry to have received such poor service，and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem.I hope that you either return my money 4.______________________________________ (或者给我派送一套新书).Besides，I'd like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint. 5．_____________________________ (期待你的回复). Yours sincerely， Li Hua or deliver a new set of books to me Looking forward to your reply $$