专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇（新高考八省专用）-备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考八省专用)

备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考八省专用) 第一期 专题05 说明文15篇 （24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Imagine a world where we can stop diseases before they start and fix environmental problems using specially designed organisms. This isn’t from a sci-fi movie; it’s the real work of synthetic biology (合成生物学), and this is what we do. We are a team of undergraduate researchers from Nanjing Agricultural University, and we have created a new way to fight a harmful substance (物质) in wine using synthetic biology. This achievement earned us a gold medal at the International Genetic Engineering Machine(iGEM) competition in 2023. Studies on synthetic biology are similar to piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces of DNA．Scientists put these pieces together to give cells (细胞) new abilities. Over the course of six months, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerous toxin (毒素) called Ochratoxin A(OTA), which can cause serious health problems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure looks like a key chain and it can change part of its structure once it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier to detect. The next step is to break OTA down during wine production to make the product safer and healthier. Through trial and error (反复试验), we managed to create another puzzle-like structure with a special enzyme (酶) connected at the end. “The enzyme works as the ‘knife’ to kill OTA,” said project designer Zhou Yuchen, who is only 21 years old. This structure can be added to the wine as a probiotic (益生菌), which is totally harmless. “This is more than an academic project; it’s a cost-effective solution that could be used globally,” said Zhou. Back in 2019, another team of students from our university came up with a method to fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically modified (转基因的) bacteria to stop the malaria parasite (寄生虫) from growing in mosquitoes. This offers a sustainable (可持续的) way to control malaria without using chemicals. In another study, the team developed bacteria that can help earthworms turn lead, a dangerous chemical, into safe minerals. As these worms live in the soil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural environment. While synthetic biology has great potential, it also comes with risks. Creating new life forms or changing existing ones can have big impacts on nature. There are concerns about accidentally releasing these new organisms into the environment and the potential for misuse, such as in the creation of biological weapons. While synthetic biology presents many opportunities for important advancements in our lives, we believe it must be pursued with care and responsibility. 1．What is synthetic biology research compared to in the text? A．Shooting a sci-fi movie. B．Building with LEGO bricks. C．Solving a jigsaw puzzle. D．Programming a computer. 2．What is the purpose of the DNA structure designed by the team at the beginning? A．To simplify the detection of OTA． B．To remove OTA during wine production. C．To turn OTA into a harmless substance. D．To prevent OTA from damaging the heart. 3．Why does the author mention another team in the third to last paragraph? A．To contrast different techniques in synthetic biology. B．To illustrate the complexity of synthetic biology projects. C．To stress the importance of teamwork in synthetic biology. D．To highlight the practical applications of synthetic biology. 4．What is a concern about synthetic biology mentioned in the text? A．The long time needed to undertake experiments. B．The high cost of synthetic biology research. C．The possible negative impacts on nature. D．The threat to global agricultural development. （24-25高三上·宁夏石嘴山·阶段练习）The meeting continues, and you feel your eyes getting heavy, your mind drowsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly you wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyone see me doze off (打盹) ? You’ve fallen into a microsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almost as soon as it begins. When you’re trying to be awake and active, these may make you feel anxious or, if they happen behind the wheel, justifiably terrified. Microsleeps don’t make us feel rested or restored, like longer periods of uninterrupted sleep would. Yet a new study shows that nesting chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅) sleep just this way more than 10, 000 times a day. Incredibly, our experiments prove that this strange sleep cycle seems to do the birds no obvious harm. “What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in-between wake and sleep state constantly,” explains co-author Paul-Antoine Libourel, who studies the biology of sleep. Simply watching the penguins nod and blink gave the appearance that they were drowsy, he adds, but the extent of their sleeping was a surprise. To study these penguins, for two weeks, the scientists used some sensors to record data to measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensors recorded the birds’ positions (standing, lying, diving), tracked their location via GPS, and collected environmental data like temperature. The authors also did continuous video monitoring of the same nesting birds so that their observable behaviors could be matched with simultaneous data on their brain activity. Researchers discovered that the birds nodded off thousands of times per day, engaging in microsleeps that averaged just four seconds each but added up to more than 11 hours of sleep per day. Why would the birds adopt this fascinating sleep cycle? The need to sleep briefly could simply be a consequence of living in a noisy group where sleep is constantly interrupted. The constant guard also help keep the nests safe from the brown skua bird, which feeds on penguin eggs and chicks. Having only seconds of sleep at a time would allow the birds to react to any possible dangers. 1．How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph? A．By describing a familiar scene. B．By introducing a sleep pattern. C．By reminding you of a bad habit. D．By showing the boredom of meetings. 2．What does the underlined word “weird” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Inspiring. B．Strange. C．Worrying. D．Meaningful. 3．How did the scientists study the penguins? A．They only used video monitoring to record the penguins' behaviors. B．They applied sensors to record data and the birds’ positions . C．They mainly focused on collecting environmental data . D．They studied the penguins' brain activity by using GPS. 4．What might contribute to chinstrap penguins’ sleep pattern? A．Their unique brain structure. B．Their years’ of hard training. C．Their tough living environment. D．Their special standing position （24-25高三上·宁夏银川·阶段练习）In addition to applying for a traditional guide dog, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) people will soon have another option to help with their daily life - a robot guide dog. About the size of an English Bulldog but a bit wider, the six-legged robot guide dog from Shanghai Jiao Tong University's School of Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users to destinations without running into barriers. It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensors, and AI technology, the robot dog can see, listen, and speak with users on daily journeys outside and be a companion at home. Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs, the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.” Gao said. He adds that operators can use a cane (手杖) to control the walking and running speed of the robot. In China, there are currently about 17.31 million visually impaired people, yet only around 400 guide dogs are available due to high training costs. People have to wait for a long time after applying for one. Unlike traditional dogs, the production of robot guide dogs could be scaled, especially in a major manufacturing center like China. “It's a bit like cars. We can mass-produce them in the same way as cars so that it will become more affordable,” Gao said. “This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs.” Li Fei, among the visually impaired people participating in the field test, believes such high technology will likely change their lives soon. “The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,” Li said. “The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.” 1．What do we know about the robot guide dog? A．It is smaller than an English Bulldog. B．It can identify traffic light signals. C．It relies on Al technologies to move. D．It can interact with other robot guide dogs. 2．Why does the robot guide dog have six legs? A．To walk more stably. B．To support heavier loads. C．To better control its speed. D．To quickly deal with urgency. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The potential market for robot guide dogs. B．The high cost of training traditional guide dogs. C．The difficulty of applying for a robot guide dog. D．The standard of mass-producing robot guide dogs. 4．What can we infer about the robot guide dog according to Li Fei? A．It has been widely available to the public. B．It needs further improvement in accuracy. C．It will benefit visually impaired people a lot. D．It will replace traditional guide dogs in the future. （24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Can artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford. LLM chatbots, such as ChatGPT, generate human-like responses to users’ questions, based on statistical analysis of vast amounts of text. But although their answers usually appear convincing, they also tend to have “hallucination”. “We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently, and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to revamp that,” says Mittelstadt. This is a “very big problem” for LLM systems, given they are being rolled out to be used in a variety of contexts, such as government decisions, where it is important they produce factually correct, truthful answers, and are honest about the limitations of their knowledge, he says. To address the problem, Mittelstadt and his colleagues propose a range of measures. They say large language models should react in a similar way to how people would when asked factual questions. That means being honest about what you do and don’t know. “It’s about doing the necessary steps to actually be careful in what you are claiming,” says Mittelstadt. This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says. Mittelstadt and his colleagues do suggest some more straightforward steps that could make LLMs more truthful. The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit the likelihood of “hallucinations”. 1．What is the main concern of the ethicists regarding LLM chatbots? A．The enormous development cost. B．The ethical decisions made by AI. C．Its inability to guarantee truthfulness. D．Its efficiency in processing texts. 2．What does the underlined word “revamp” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Ignore. B．Fix. C．Discover. D．Escape. 3．What is Eerke Boiten’s attitude towards the ethicists’ proposals for LMs? A．Tolerant. B．Conservative. C．Enthusiastic. D．Skeptical. 4．Which of the following is suggested as a step to make LLMs more truthful? A．Linking to relevant sources. B．Using more complex data statistics. C．Encouraging user interaction. D．Reducing the size of the language models. （24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Grace Sun,16, won 2024 George D．Yancopoulos Innovator Award and $875,000. She’s a junior at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, Ky. The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals. The type Grace worked with can pickup such signals that naturally occur in the body — then strengthen them. For example, she says, an implanted version might one day help regulate someone’s heartbeat or monitor blood-sugar levels. Researchers have been developing these bioelectronic devrices-for many years. But none are for sale yet. “That’s because of their curent performance issues,” Grace says. They’ve proven unstable in  the body and slow to move electrical signals. Her simple and low-cost innovation: Add a salt to the polymer (聚合物) — that makes up the device. And that greatly improved thie device’s peformance. Grace tested four salts as potent additives. The one known as TBACI gave the best resilts. Amounts of compounds are frequently measured in moles. Grace found TBACI worked best when that salt was one in every five moles of material in the polymer’s final recipe. That recipe improves the device’s signal enhancement abilities, Grace reports. It also makes it more stable in the human body. Indeed, that salt increasedthe transistor’s ability to boost a signal by 97 percent. Compared to an untreated version of the device, adding the salt upped its ability to store an electric charge by 107 percent and increased its electical signal mobility by 77 percent. “Because these electronic devices are so cost-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hope to provide more accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnostics and treatment for a variety of diseases.” 1．What is the main function of the transistor device improved by Grace Sun? A．To detect and enhance signals in the body for medical use. B．To control external electronic devices with signals in the body. C．To improve traditional transistors in medical applications. D．To transform body heat into electrical energy for devices. 2．Why have bioelectronic devices not been commercialized according to Grace? A．There’s no market for such devices. B．They have performance problems. C．They’re too complex for mass production. D．They lack scientific foundation. 3．What is Grace’s goal for her research? A．Investigate the substance further. B．Receive this year’s Innovator Award. C．Maximize the overall effectiveness of health care. D．Make diagnosis and treatment more precise and affordable. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A guidebook to a new drug. B．A review of modern treatment. C．An introduction to a teen scientist. D．An essay on the function of a new device. （24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Social relationships are important to human happiness. But once relationships are formed, some will naturally wax and wane (兴衰), with many of us losing touch with friends and family that we were once close with. Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. The psychologists set out-to measure this hesitance to reconnect by getting participants to rate their willingness to immediately carry out a range of activities, including calling or texting a friend they had lost touch with. They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old fiend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish. The top reported barriers included fears that one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. An excuse of being too busy—both the old friend and the participant—was the lowest cited reason for not reaching out. Notably, the psychologists found that participants believed there were only a few logical reasons to get in touch, with the fiend’s birthday reported as the most convincing. Reconnecting over the memory of a shared experience was the second most reported reason. Participants were least likely to consider getting in touch with an old friend to ask them a favour. As part of the research, the psychologists tested targeted interventions and they found that practising social connection with current networks by first sending a message to a warm friend was the most successful strategy, boosting reach out rates by over two thirds. But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” The expert adds: “We know from decades of research that social relationships are a key source of happiness and meaning in our lives.” 1．What is the primary focus of the psychologists research? A．The benefits of maintaining friendships B．The process of forming new friendships. C．The attitudes towards reconnecting with old friends. D．The reasons for losing contact with long lost friends 2．What did the psychologist find regarding people’s willingness to reach out to old friends? A．Most participants were eager to reconnect B．Participants hesitated to contact old friends C．Participants preferred to reach out to ask for favors. D．Being too busy was the main reason for not reaching out 3．How does the expert think of the result of their intervention on social anxiety? A．Unsatisfactory. B．Unidentifiable. C．Predictable D．Far-reaching. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Gaining Happiness Through Social Ties B．The Pathways to Meaningful Connection C．To Strike up a Conversation with a Stranger D．Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships （24-25高三上·四川·阶段练习）A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable environments birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size, but birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains. Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度) where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, some bird brains are significantly more likely to be relatively smaller compared to body size. “In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树) or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said.“ Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptation s that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co- author of the study.“ Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’s research differ from previous studies? A．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. B．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. C．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. D．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It has a changeable feeding habit. B．It is considered fairly intelligent. C．It has an extremely large body size. D．It has a powerful digesting system. 3．What does Botero think of smaller brains? A．They are a result of limited budgets. B．They are an effective survival strategy. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are typical of independent evolution. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Big Brains or Big Guts. Choose One B．Evolution of Brain Size in Birds C．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes D．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter the Bird （2024·四川巴中·一模）When it comes to building structures, humans often consider themselves the best, but the abilities of social insects are amazing. For example, termites (白蚁) construct tall nests. However, the true masters of insect architecture are the bees. A team of evolutionary biologists, led by Viviana Di Pietro, has discovered that these small-brained insects can build in various architectural styles, similar to humans. These styles are passed down from generation to generation, indicating that insects can have cultural differences — a concept once believed to be unique to humans, as noted by Andrew Whiten. In a study of over 400 bee colonies in Brazil, most nests were layered like cakes, while others were spiral (螺旋状). The researchers filmed the bees and found no difference in the speed of cell construction, suggesting that neither style is more efficient than the other. To determine if genetics played a role, researchers transferred workers from one nest type to another. The relocated bees adapted to the local building style, and so did the young bees. These findings are exciting for those studying animal culture, as they demonstrate that bees can pass down construction techniques without direct teaching. This challenges the traditional view of culture, which is often defined as behavior directly passed from one individual to another. Dr. Whiten believes that the new findings suggest complex animal behaviors, like beaver (海狸) dams, may also result from indirect learning. Some scientists say that certain human traditions could be passed down similarly, although this is not sure. Bees keep surprising us; it has been observed that bumblebees (大黄蜂) learn from older bees, challenging the idea that such learning is unique to humans. Perhaps bees deserve recognition as top architects too! 1．What did the team of Viviana Di Pietro find? A．Culture is only found in human societies. B．Bees build more efficiently than humans. C．Bees exhibit varied construction traditions. D．Animal behaviors come from direct teaching. 2．What was the traditional view of culture according to Paragraph 4? A．Inherited through genetic traits. B．Learned from individual interactions. C．Passed down through written records. D．Developed from environmental factors. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Bees challenge human uniqueness in learning. B．Bees cannot communicate with each other at all. C．Animal behaviors are mostly natural occuring. D．Human traditions can be directly taught to others. 4．What could be the best title for the passage? A．The Secret Lives of Bees B．The Intelligence of Bees C．The Cultural Architecture of Bees D．The Complexity of Insect Structures （24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）According to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar. In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off? The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs. But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes. For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs. 1．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2? A．Put out. B．Defend against. C．Keep up. D．Count on. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies. B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies. C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies. D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report. 3．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text? A．They cost little B．They tend to last long. C．They can control variables and determine causality. D．They require participants to self-report related data 4．How should the government help RCTs? A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial support C．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related government agencies （24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean. These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024. The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specific species of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass. The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 1．What’s new according to the research? A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation. B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants. C．The procedure of exploring carbon. D．The system of building biomass. 2．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on? A．The causes of climate change. B．The grasp of the carbon cycle. C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms. D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide. 3．What do we know from paragraph 3? A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria. B．The diatom lives on plankton. C．Water samples are key factors for the research. D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in Oceans C．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling Data （24-25高三上·云南大理·阶段练习）Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. Low-power consumption, high-performance chips based on the material will also support the sustainable development of 5G, artificial intelligence, the internet of things and other fields, and promote the popularization of the next generation of smart devices, the researchers said. As electronic devices become smaller and more powerful, the number of transistors continues to increase even as the chips themselves become smaller. Experts explained that when the thickness of conventional silicon-based transistor materials is reduced to the nanometer level, their insulating property (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. This not only increases the chip’s energy consumption, but also causes heat generation to increase, affecting the stability and service life of a device. To solve the problem, a team of scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology developed an innovative metal intercalation oxidation technology and used it to form a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the development of 2D low-power chips with high performance. Di Zengfeng, leading researcher on the team, said the core of the technology lies in the ability to precisely control oxygen atoms so that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice of aluminum layer by layer at room temperature to form an orderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. Conventional alumina materials often exhibit a disordered structure, which can lead to a significant decrease in their insulating property in very thin layers. However, a single-crystal sapphire structure results in its higher electron mobility and lower current leakage, Di said. “The orderly placement of the material at the microscopic level ensures the stability of the electrons during transport, making it possible to prevent current leakage even at a thickness of only 1 nanometer, thus significantly improving the energy efficiency of the chips,” he said. 1．What can the new material be used for？ A．It can replace conventional material in smartphone battery. B．It can be applied to promote the performance of chips. C．It can generate more energy for smart devices. D．It can increase the chip’s energy consumption. 2．What is the problem with the traditional materials？ A．They can not be processed into the nanometer level. B．They function less efficiently in very thin layers. C．They are too thick to be employed. D．They are not stable enough. 3．What is the key to developing the new material？ A．To reduce the thickness. B．To control the temperature. C．To keep control of oxygen atoms. D．To decrease the insulating property. 4．What can be the best title for the text？ A．Revolution in Chip Manufacture B．Next Generation of Smart Devices C．Innovative Technology Contributes to Green Energy D．Breakthrough Promises Better Smartphone Battery Endurance （24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgments can be influenced by the chatbot. Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场). The authors then presented 767 U. S. participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers. Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments. The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings. 1．What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2? A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple. 2．What is learned about the participants? A．They admitted the power of ChatGPT. B．They were interviewed by a moral advisor. C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly. D．They were presented with different moral dilemmas. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Different findings of the study. B．Future potentials for chatbots. C．Major focuses of future education. D．Solutions to the impact of chatbots. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．ChatGPT Tends to Cause Moral Panics B．ChatGPT: Is It Likely to Affect Our Life? C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us So Nervous? D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Moral Judgments （24-25高三上·内蒙古赤峰·阶段练习）Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day. “I was a clothes addict,” he jokes. “I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled (皱的) .” Today David wears casual clothes — khaki pants and a sports shirt — to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m working harder than ever,” David says, “and I need to feel comfortable.” More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work. In the United States, the changes from formal to casual office wear have been slow. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their workers to wear casual clothes on Friday (but only on Friday). This became known as “dress- down Friday” or “casual Friday” “What started out as an extra one- day-a- week benefit for workers has really become an everyday thing,” said business adviser Maisly Jones. Why have so many companies started allowing their workers to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it’s easier for a company to attract new workers if it has a casual dress code. “A lot of young people don’t want to dress up for work,” says the owner of a software company, “so it’s hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code.” Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. In a study made by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that casual dress has a side effect on work. Supporters of casual office wear also say that a casual dress code helps them save money. “Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day,” one person said. “For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes.” 1．David Smith used to call himself “a clothes addict” because ______. A．he wanted his clothes to look tidy and clean all the time B．he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt C．he didn’t want to spend much money on clothes D．he loved to buy a lot of new clothes 2．David Smith wears casual clothes now, because ______ A．he looks handsome in casual clothes B．he cannot afford to buy expensive clothes C．they make him feel comfortable when working D．he no longer works for any company 3．Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an advantages of casual office wear? A．making the workers more attractive B．increasing the income of the workers C．saving the workers’ money D．making the workers healthy 4．The passage mainly discusses ______. A．why workers wear casual clothes more at work in the U. S. B．the development of casual clothes in the U. S. C．what are the correct office dress code in the U. S. D．the advantages of wearing casual clothes in the U. S. （2024·四川遂宁·一模）Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center. Dr. George Shaker, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, is working with a team of graduate students to combine radar with evolving vehicle technology to make health checks easier. The idea is to use the time people spend in their cars to gather data on their health for accurate analysis and preventative treatment — without the need for any type of wearable. The radar, smaller than a USB thumb drive, is placed into the vehicle cabin and sends out signals that detect human vibrations (颤动), which are then sent back to the radar. The built-in AI system collects and analyzes the data to build a medical picture and identify any potential conditions. At the end of the driver’s journey, the system sends the report directly to their cellphone for review. For Shaker and his team, the challenge was evolving the tech to identify changes in breathing patterns or heart rhythms that signify potential health issues related to cardiovascular conditions as well as respiratory system conditions. “We focused on enhancing data collection for exact information related to people’s respiratory and cardiovascular systems and teaching the AI how to make medical interpretations from this data. Another important consideration was personal privacy and security — no data is stored on the cloud; it is sent to the monitored person’s cellphone only,” said Ali Ghara, the lead Ph. D．student on the project. The research team is building on this work to expand the radar technology’s capabilities to monitor all vehicle occupants’ overall health and well-being, run diagnostics and generate quality medical reports that flag any issues that need attention, as well as assist with emergency communication in the event of an accident. 1．What can we learn about the radar technology? A．It provides more precise health data than wearables. B．It creates medical pictures to reveal healthy secrets. C．It sends the health report to the driver’s phone for review. D．It combines with vehicle technology to assess the driver’s health. 2．What can be inferred from Ali Ghara’s words in paragraph 5? A．The AI needs training to collect health data. B．AI’s interpretation of medical data is accurate. C．Cellphones monitor personal privacy and security. D．The team is improving data collection and analysis. 3．What does the underlined word “flag” mean in the last paragraph? A．discuss B．deny C．mark D．claim 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Ph. D．Students Build USS Enterprise on Wheels B．Drivers Beware: Radar Spying on Your Heartbeats C．Healthy Driving: Radar Monitors Health in Vehicles D．Radars May Know Your Conditions Before You Do （24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Researchers studying the Pacific Ocean floor think they’ve observed “dark oxygen” being created there. The discovery may potentially challenge commonly held beliefs about how oxygen is produced on Earth. “Until now, it was thought that oxygen on Earth was first created only through photosynthesis, a process that requires sunlight and plants. But the discovery casts doubt on that theory and raises new questions about the origins of life itself.” lead author Andrew Sweetman writes in an article published Monday in the journal Nature Geoscience. The scientists aren’t certain how oxygen is created at such dark depths. but they believe it’s being produced by electrically charged minerals called polymetallic nodules. “These polymetallic nodules-effectively batteries in rocks — may use their electric charge to turn seawater into H2, and O2 in a process called seawater electrolysis.” Sweetman explains. “Seawater can be turned into H2 and O2 with 1.5 volts of electricity, which is the amount in an AA battery. We found that the polymetallic nodules possessed as much as 0.95 volts of electricity. and multiple nodules together produced even higher voltages.” The conventional view is that O2 was first produced around three billion years ago by ancient plants called cyanobacteria and there was a gradual development of complex life since then. The potential that there is an alternative source requires us to have a rethink. “The discovery could impact deep-sea mining,” Franz Geiger, a Northwestern University chemistry professor who worked on the study, said in a news release. “Companies conducted exploratory missions for deep-sea mining in the 1970s and ‘80. A few years ago, a team of scientists went back to those areas that were mined 40 years ago and found essentially no life. But then a few hundred meters over to the left and right, where the polymetallic nodules were not damaged, there were plenty of life.” 1．What are required to create the first oxygen on Earth according to conventional views? A．Rocks and batteries. B．Heat and charged minerals. C．Sunlight and plants. D．Seawater and electric charge. 2．How many polymetallic nodules are needed to start seawater electrolysis at least? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 3．What is the potential significance of the new discovery? A．It will provide guidelines to mining companies. B．It can reduce the impact of new mining projects. C．It may help scientists improve the photosynthesis. D．It might lead to a new explanation about the origin of life. 4．What is Franz Geiger’s attitude to deep-sea mining? A．Disapproving. B．Favorable. C．Toleran1. D．Unclear. （24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Almost every human culture on earth has its own music. The oldest discovered musical instruments date back over 40,000 years to the Stone Age. But scientists believe that music itself could be much older than that, originating alongside language. Why did music become so closely related to the human experience? I think it gave our ancestors sigrificant survival advantages. In prehistoric times, music strengthened the bond between community members. Singing and drumming together released chemicals like oxytocin, dopamine and endorphins in the brain, which led to positive emotions that allowed groups to cooperate better in hunting,child-caring and protection against outside threats, Singing while working made labor less boring and tiring. Our brains seem wired at birth to link music with positive emotions and togetherness and mothers may have sung to little babies as an early form of emotional communication. Music also enhanced defenses. Guards beating drums and making noise during the night signaled that they were ready to counter surprise enemy attacks. Young night watchmen sang to indicate they were awake and vigilant. Soldiers used instruments to send warning calls across longer distances. In all these ways, music enhanced survival odds over human evolution (进化). Groups that could make music together-whether a simple drumbeat or a beautiful song-were more communicative,cooperative and defensive, Natural selection then passed on the capacity for music to the next generations. Supporting this, scientists have discovered specific regions of the brain devoted to musical processing. Babies have the ability to detect musical patterns and tones. Even patients with severe dementia (痴呆) respond emotionally and physically to their favorite childhood songs when nothing else can cause a reaction. So next time you find yourself singing along to a catchy tune, remember that music is part of what makes us uniquely human. Our Stone Age ancestors sang and drummed because it enhanced their survival. We engage with music now simply because we are born to do so. 1．What is an advantage of music according to the text? A．It could keep soldiers awake. B．It could help babies speak earlier. C．It could enhance productivity. D．It could cure certain rare diseases. 2．Which best explains the word “vigilant” underlined in paragraph 3? A．Tired. B．Hungry. C．Strong. D．Watchful. 3．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 5? A．Summarize the previous paragraph. B．Add some background information. C．Introduce a new topic for discussion. D．Provide some advice for the readers. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．My View About the Importance of Music B．Every Human Culture Has its Unique Music C．The Oldest Musical Instrument Was Unearthed D．Music May Come Into Existence Before Language 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考八省专用) 第一期 专题05 说明文15篇 （24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Imagine a world where we can stop diseases before they start and fix environmental problems using specially designed organisms. This isn’t from a sci-fi movie; it’s the real work of synthetic biology (合成生物学), and this is what we do. We are a team of undergraduate researchers from Nanjing Agricultural University, and we have created a new way to fight a harmful substance (物质) in wine using synthetic biology. This achievement earned us a gold medal at the International Genetic Engineering Machine(iGEM) competition in 2023. Studies on synthetic biology are similar to piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces of DNA．Scientists put these pieces together to give cells (细胞) new abilities. Over the course of six months, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerous toxin (毒素) called Ochratoxin A(OTA), which can cause serious health problems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure looks like a key chain and it can change part of its structure once it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier to detect. The next step is to break OTA down during wine production to make the product safer and healthier. Through trial and error (反复试验), we managed to create another puzzle-like structure with a special enzyme (酶) connected at the end. “The enzyme works as the ‘knife’ to kill OTA,” said project designer Zhou Yuchen, who is only 21 years old. This structure can be added to the wine as a probiotic (益生菌), which is totally harmless. “This is more than an academic project; it’s a cost-effective solution that could be used globally,” said Zhou. Back in 2019, another team of students from our university came up with a method to fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically modified (转基因的) bacteria to stop the malaria parasite (寄生虫) from growing in mosquitoes. This offers a sustainable (可持续的) way to control malaria without using chemicals. In another study, the team developed bacteria that can help earthworms turn lead, a dangerous chemical, into safe minerals. As these worms live in the soil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural environment. While synthetic biology has great potential, it also comes with risks. Creating new life forms or changing existing ones can have big impacts on nature. There are concerns about accidentally releasing these new organisms into the environment and the potential for misuse, such as in the creation of biological weapons. While synthetic biology presents many opportunities for important advancements in our lives, we believe it must be pursued with care and responsibility. 1．What is synthetic biology research compared to in the text? A．Shooting a sci-fi movie. B．Building with LEGO bricks. C．Solving a jigsaw puzzle. D．Programming a computer. 2．What is the purpose of the DNA structure designed by the team at the beginning? A．To simplify the detection of OTA． B．To remove OTA during wine production. C．To turn OTA into a harmless substance. D．To prevent OTA from damaging the heart. 3．Why does the author mention another team in the third to last paragraph? A．To contrast different techniques in synthetic biology. B．To illustrate the complexity of synthetic biology projects. C．To stress the importance of teamwork in synthetic biology. D．To highlight the practical applications of synthetic biology. 4．What is a concern about synthetic biology mentioned in the text? A．The long time needed to undertake experiments. B．The high cost of synthetic biology research. C．The possible negative impacts on nature. D．The threat to global agricultural development. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了南京农业大学本科生研究团队在合成生物学方面的成就，同时也指出合成生物学虽有巨大潜力但也存在风险，强调应谨慎且负责任地进行合成生物学研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Studies on synthetic biology are similar to piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces of DNA. (合成生物学的研究类似于堆积乐高积木，但在这种情况下，积木是DNA片段。)”可知，合成生物学研究被比作搭乐高积木。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Over the course of six months, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerous toxin (毒素) called Ochratoxin A(OTA), which can cause serious health problems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure looks like a key chain and it can change part of its structure once it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier to detect. (在六个月的时间里，我们成功设计了一种DNA结构，它可以检测一种名为赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）的危险毒素，这种毒素会给人类带来严重的健康问题，如癌症和肾脏损伤。该结构看起来像一个钥匙链，一旦识别出目标OTA，它就可以改变其部分结构，使看不见的OTA更容易被检测到。)”可知，设计DNA结构的目的是简化对OTA的检测。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Back in 2019, another team of students from our university came up with a method to fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically modified (转基因的) bacteria to stop the malaria parasite (寄生虫) from growing in mosquitoes. This offers a sustainable (可持续的) way to control malaria without using chemicals. In another study, the team developed bacteria that can help earthworms turn lead, a dangerous chemical, into safe minerals. As these worms live in the soil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural environment. (2019 年，我们大学的另一组学生想出了一种对抗疟疾的方法。他们使用转基因细菌来阻止疟原虫在蚊子体内生长。这提供了一种可持续的控制疟疾的方法，无需使用化学物质。在另一项研究中，该团队开发了一种细菌，可以帮助蚯蚓将一种危险的化学物质铅转化为安全的矿物质。由于这些蚯蚓生活在土壤中，它们可以创造一个更安全、更健康的农业环境。)”可知，作者在本段中提到另一个团队是为了强调合成生物学的实际应用。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Creating new life forms or changing existing ones can have big impacts on nature. There are concerns about accidentally releasing these new organisms into the environment and the potential for misuse, such as in the creation of biological weapons. (创造新的生命形式或改变现有的生命形式会对自然产生重大影响。人们担心这些新生物体意外释放到环境中以及被滥用的可能性，例如用于制造生物武器。)”可知，合成生物学可能对自然造成负面影响，故选C项。 （24-25高三上·宁夏石嘴山·阶段练习）The meeting continues, and you feel your eyes getting heavy, your mind drowsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly you wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyone see me doze off (打盹) ? You’ve fallen into a microsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almost as soon as it begins. When you’re trying to be awake and active, these may make you feel anxious or, if they happen behind the wheel, justifiably terrified. Microsleeps don’t make us feel rested or restored, like longer periods of uninterrupted sleep would. Yet a new study shows that nesting chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅) sleep just this way more than 10, 000 times a day. Incredibly, our experiments prove that this strange sleep cycle seems to do the birds no obvious harm. “What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in-between wake and sleep state constantly,” explains co-author Paul-Antoine Libourel, who studies the biology of sleep. Simply watching the penguins nod and blink gave the appearance that they were drowsy, he adds, but the extent of their sleeping was a surprise. To study these penguins, for two weeks, the scientists used some sensors to record data to measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensors recorded the birds’ positions (standing, lying, diving), tracked their location via GPS, and collected environmental data like temperature. The authors also did continuous video monitoring of the same nesting birds so that their observable behaviors could be matched with simultaneous data on their brain activity. Researchers discovered that the birds nodded off thousands of times per day, engaging in microsleeps that averaged just four seconds each but added up to more than 11 hours of sleep per day. Why would the birds adopt this fascinating sleep cycle? The need to sleep briefly could simply be a consequence of living in a noisy group where sleep is constantly interrupted. The constant guard also help keep the nests safe from the brown skua bird, which feeds on penguin eggs and chicks. Having only seconds of sleep at a time would allow the birds to react to any possible dangers. 1．How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph? A．By describing a familiar scene. B．By introducing a sleep pattern. C．By reminding you of a bad habit. D．By showing the boredom of meetings. 2．What does the underlined word “weird” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Inspiring. B．Strange. C．Worrying. D．Meaningful. 3．How did the scientists study the penguins? A．They only used video monitoring to record the penguins' behaviors. B．They applied sensors to record data and the birds’ positions . C．They mainly focused on collecting environmental data . D．They studied the penguins' brain activity by using GPS. 4．What might contribute to chinstrap penguins’ sleep pattern? A．Their unique brain structure. B．Their years’ of hard training. C．Their tough living environment. D．Their special standing position 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了帽带企鹅独特的微睡眠模式及其原因。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The meeting continues, and you feel your eyes getting heavy, your mind drowsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly you wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyone see me doze off (打盹) ? You’ve fallen into a microsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almost as soon as it begins.(会议仍在继续，你觉得你的眼睛越来越重，你的头脑昏昏欲睡。突然你醒来，变得非常专注地清醒——有人看到我打瞌睡了吗？你陷入了微睡眠，一种非常短暂的睡眠，几乎一开始就结束了)”可知，在第一段中，作者描述了一个开会时打盹的场景，这是很多人都会经历的事情，由此可推知，第一段是通过描述一个熟悉的场景来引入话题的。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Incredibly, our experiments prove that this strange sleep cycle seems to do the birds no obvious harm.(令人难以置信的是，我们的实验证明，这种奇怪的睡眠周期似乎对鸟类没有明显的伤害。)”以及第三段“but the extent of their sleeping was a surprise(但他们的睡眠程度令人惊讶)”以及划线词所在句子“What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in- between wake and sleep state constantly(真正weird的是，企鹅可以持续保持这种介于清醒和睡眠之间的状态)”可知，企鹅可以持续保持这种介于清醒和睡眠之间的状态是奇怪的，所以weird的意思与“奇怪的”意义相近。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“To study these penguins, for two weeks, the scientists used some sensors to record data to measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensors recorded the birds’ positions (standing, lying, diving), tracked their location via GPS, and collected environmental data like temperature.(为了对这些企鹅进行为期两周的研究，科学家们使用了一些传感器来记录数据，以测量鸟类与睡眠相关的大脑活动。其他传感器记录了鸟类的位置（站立、躺着、潜水），通过GPS跟踪它们的位置，并收集了温度等环境数据)”可知，科学家们的研究方法包括使用传感器来记录数据和鸟类的位置。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The need to sleep briefly could simply be a consequence of living in a noisy group where sleep is constantly interrupted. The constant guard also help keep the nests safe from the brown skua bird, which feeds on penguin eggs and chicks. Having only seconds of sleep at a time would allow the birds to react to any possible dangers.(短暂睡眠的需要可能只是生活在一个嘈杂的群体中，睡眠不断被打断的结果。持续的守卫也有助于保护巢穴免受以企鹅蛋和幼鸟为食的棕色贼鸥的伤害。一次只睡几秒钟会让鸟类对任何可能的危险做出反应)”可知，帽带企鹅短暂的睡眠可能是生活在嘈杂的群体中，睡眠经常被打断的结果。同时，这种持续的警觉也有助于保护巢穴免受天敌的侵害。由此可推知，帽带企鹅的睡眠模式可能是由它们艰难的生活环境导致的。故选C。 （24-25高三上·宁夏银川·阶段练习）In addition to applying for a traditional guide dog, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) people will soon have another option to help with their daily life - a robot guide dog. About the size of an English Bulldog but a bit wider, the six-legged robot guide dog from Shanghai Jiao Tong University's School of Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users to destinations without running into barriers. It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensors, and AI technology, the robot dog can see, listen, and speak with users on daily journeys outside and be a companion at home. Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs, the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.” Gao said. He adds that operators can use a cane (手杖) to control the walking and running speed of the robot. In China, there are currently about 17.31 million visually impaired people, yet only around 400 guide dogs are available due to high training costs. People have to wait for a long time after applying for one. Unlike traditional dogs, the production of robot guide dogs could be scaled, especially in a major manufacturing center like China. “It's a bit like cars. We can mass-produce them in the same way as cars so that it will become more affordable,” Gao said. “This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs.” Li Fei, among the visually impaired people participating in the field test, believes such high technology will likely change their lives soon. “The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,” Li said. “The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.” 1．What do we know about the robot guide dog? A．It is smaller than an English Bulldog. B．It can identify traffic light signals. C．It relies on Al technologies to move. D．It can interact with other robot guide dogs. 2．Why does the robot guide dog have six legs? A．To walk more stably. B．To support heavier loads. C．To better control its speed. D．To quickly deal with urgency. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The potential market for robot guide dogs. B．The high cost of training traditional guide dogs. C．The difficulty of applying for a robot guide dog. D．The standard of mass-producing robot guide dogs. 4．What can we infer about the robot guide dog according to Li Fei? A．It has been widely available to the public. B．It needs further improvement in accuracy. C．It will benefit visually impaired people a lot. D．It will replace traditional guide dogs in the future. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了机器狗——机器人导盲犬可能很快就会改变视障人士的生活。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. (它还具有语音交互功能，可以识别交通灯信号。)”可知，机器人导盲犬能识别交通信号灯，B项正确；它约英国斗牛犬大小但稍宽，A项错误；它是通过相机、传感器和AI技术综合来移动等，不是仅依靠AI技术移动，C项错误；未提及能与其他机器人导盲犬互动，D项错误。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs , the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. ‘Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.’ (上海交通大学研究团队负责人Gao Feng教授指出，机器人导盲犬有六条腿，行走平稳，稳定性高。Gao说：‘即使三条腿被举起来，这个结构仍然有三个与地面接触的点，创造了一个非常稳定的基础。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬有六条腿是为了更稳定地行走，A项正确，不是为了支撑更重负载、更好控制速度或快速处理紧急情况，B、C、D项错误。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，尤其是“This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs. (这可能是一个巨大的市场，因为数以千万计的人可能需要导盲犬。)”可知，本段主要讲在中国有大量视障人士可能需要机器人导盲犬，它可像汽车一样量产降低成本，有市场前景，所以是关于机器人导盲犬的潜在市场，A项正确；不是讲传统导盲犬训练成本高（第二段已提及）、申请机器人导盲犬困难或机器人导盲犬量产标准，B、C、D项错误。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段Li Fei的话“‘The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,’ Li said. ‘The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.’ (‘研究团队考虑周到，并在不断改进。’Li说。‘机器狗是电子的，比传统的导盲犬更容易进入公共场所。当机器狗上市时，我可能会尝试一下。因为他们很少犯主观错误，所以他们可以精确可靠。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬可能很快改变视障人士生活，会使他们受益很多，C项正确；它还未广泛可用，A项错误；未提及需要进一步提高准确性，B项错误；只是说可能会使用它，未说会取代传统导盲犬，D项错误。故选C。 （24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Can artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford. LLM chatbots, such as ChatGPT, generate human-like responses to users’ questions, based on statistical analysis of vast amounts of text. But although their answers usually appear convincing, they also tend to have “hallucination”. “We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently, and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to revamp that,” says Mittelstadt. This is a “very big problem” for LLM systems, given they are being rolled out to be used in a variety of contexts, such as government decisions, where it is important they produce factually correct, truthful answers, and are honest about the limitations of their knowledge, he says. To address the problem, Mittelstadt and his colleagues propose a range of measures. They say large language models should react in a similar way to how people would when asked factual questions. That means being honest about what you do and don’t know. “It’s about doing the necessary steps to actually be careful in what you are claiming,” says Mittelstadt. This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says. Mittelstadt and his colleagues do suggest some more straightforward steps that could make LLMs more truthful. The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit the likelihood of “hallucinations”. 1．What is the main concern of the ethicists regarding LLM chatbots? A．The enormous development cost. B．The ethical decisions made by AI. C．Its inability to guarantee truthfulness. D．Its efficiency in processing texts. 2．What does the underlined word “revamp” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Ignore. B．Fix. C．Discover. D．Escape. 3．What is Eerke Boiten’s attitude towards the ethicists’ proposals for LMs? A．Tolerant. B．Conservative. C．Enthusiastic. D．Skeptical. 4．Which of the following is suggested as a step to make LLMs more truthful? A．Linking to relevant sources. B．Using more complex data statistics. C．Encouraging user interaction. D．Reducing the size of the language models. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。为了解决人工智能产生不准确信息的问题，一个伦理学家团队表示，开发者应该有法律义务来降低错误的风险，但人们对它是否有效存在疑问。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Can artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford.(人工智能能说真话吗?一组伦理学家表示，可能不会，但应该依法要求大型语言模型（LLM）聊天机器人的开发者减少出错的风险。牛津大学的布伦特•米特尔施塔特表示：“我们只是想创建一种结构，让公司在创建系统时更加重视真实性或准确性。”)”可知， 伦理学家主要关注的是大型语言模型聊天机器人无法保证提供真实性信息的问题。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently(我们有这些非常非常令人印象深刻的生成式人工智能系统，但它们经常出错)”以及“and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to(就我们对系统基本功能的理解而言，没有根本的方法……)”可知，生成式人工智能系统经常出错，而目前没有根本的方法来解决这个问题，故划线词意思是“解决”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says.( 这似乎是一个值得称赞的目标，但英国德蒙福特大学的Eerke Boiten质疑伦理学家的要求在技术上是否可行。他说：“我不明白他们怎么指望法律要求强制执行我认为在技术上根本不可能的事情。”)”可知，Eerke Boiter对于伦理学家要求法律强制开发者减少LLM聊天机器人中的错误持怀疑态度。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit the likelihood of “hallucinations”.(他说，这些模型应该与来源联系起来——他们中的许多人现在都在这样做，以证明他们的说法，而更广泛地使用一种被称为“检索增强生成”的技术来得出答案，可能会限制“幻觉”的可能性)”可知，作为使LLMs更真实的建议步骤之一是链接到相关来源。故选A。 （24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Grace Sun,16, won 2024 George D．Yancopoulos Innovator Award and $875,000. She’s a junior at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, Ky. The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals. The type Grace worked with can pickup such signals that naturally occur in the body — then strengthen them. For example, she says, an implanted version might one day help regulate someone’s heartbeat or monitor blood-sugar levels. Researchers have been developing these bioelectronic devrices-for many years. But none are for sale yet. “That’s because of their curent performance issues,” Grace says. They’ve proven unstable in  the body and slow to move electrical signals. Her simple and low-cost innovation: Add a salt to the polymer (聚合物) — that makes up the device. And that greatly improved thie device’s peformance. Grace tested four salts as potent additives. The one known as TBACI gave the best resilts. Amounts of compounds are frequently measured in moles. Grace found TBACI worked best when that salt was one in every five moles of material in the polymer’s final recipe. That recipe improves the device’s signal enhancement abilities, Grace reports. It also makes it more stable in the human body. Indeed, that salt increasedthe transistor’s ability to boost a signal by 97 percent. Compared to an untreated version of the device, adding the salt upped its ability to store an electric charge by 107 percent and increased its electical signal mobility by 77 percent. “Because these electronic devices are so cost-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hope to provide more accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnostics and treatment for a variety of diseases.” 1．What is the main function of the transistor device improved by Grace Sun? A．To detect and enhance signals in the body for medical use. B．To control external electronic devices with signals in the body. C．To improve traditional transistors in medical applications. D．To transform body heat into electrical energy for devices. 2．Why have bioelectronic devices not been commercialized according to Grace? A．There’s no market for such devices. B．They have performance problems. C．They’re too complex for mass production. D．They lack scientific foundation. 3．What is Grace’s goal for her research? A．Investigate the substance further. B．Receive this year’s Innovator Award. C．Maximize the overall effectiveness of health care. D．Make diagnosis and treatment more precise and affordable. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A guidebook to a new drug. B．A review of modern treatment. C．An introduction to a teen scientist. D．An essay on the function of a new device. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是新闻报道。介绍了一位年轻科学家Grace Sun的成就，包括她获得的奖项、对电子设备的改进以及这些改进在医疗领域的潜在应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.(这名青少年改进了一种可以在体内工作的电子设备，帮助诊断和治疗健康问题。她的发明影响了一种晶体管。那是一种增强电子信号的装置)”可知，Grace Sun改进的晶体管器件的主要功能是检测和增强人体信号以供医疗使用。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers have been developing these bioelectronic devrices for many years. But none are for sale yet. “That’s because of their curent performance issues,” Grace says. They’ve proven unstable in   the body and slow to move electrical signals.(研究人员多年来一直在开发这些生物电子设备。但目前还没有出售。“这是因为他们目前的表现问题，”Grace说。事实证明，它们在体内不稳定，传输电信号的速度也很慢)”可知，因为性能问题，所以生物电子设备没有商业化。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Because these electronic devices are so cost-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hope to provide more accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnostics and treatment for a variety of diseases.”(Grace说：“因为这些电子设备成本效益很高，而且种类繁多，我希望为各种疾病提供更准确、更安全、更便宜的医疗诊断和治疗。”)”可知，Grace的研究目标是使诊断和治疗更加精确和更便宜。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Grace Sun,16, won 424 George D.Yancopoulos Innovator Award and $875,000. She’s a junior at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, Ky. The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.(16岁的Grace Sun获得了424年乔治·d·扬科普洛斯创新奖和87.5万美元。她是肯塔基州列克星敦市保罗·劳伦斯·邓巴高中的三年级学生。这名青少年改进了一种可以在体内工作的电子设备，帮助诊断和治疗健康问题。她的发明影响了一种晶体管。那是一种增强电子信号的装置)”以及通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一位年轻科学家Grace Sun的成就，所以可能来自一个青少年科学家的介绍。故选C项。 （24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Social relationships are important to human happiness. But once relationships are formed, some will naturally wax and wane (兴衰), with many of us losing touch with friends and family that we were once close with. Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. The psychologists set out-to measure this hesitance to reconnect by getting participants to rate their willingness to immediately carry out a range of activities, including calling or texting a friend they had lost touch with. They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old fiend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish. The top reported barriers included fears that one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. An excuse of being too busy—both the old friend and the participant—was the lowest cited reason for not reaching out. Notably, the psychologists found that participants believed there were only a few logical reasons to get in touch, with the fiend’s birthday reported as the most convincing. Reconnecting over the memory of a shared experience was the second most reported reason. Participants were least likely to consider getting in touch with an old friend to ask them a favour. As part of the research, the psychologists tested targeted interventions and they found that practising social connection with current networks by first sending a message to a warm friend was the most successful strategy, boosting reach out rates by over two thirds. But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” The expert adds: “We know from decades of research that social relationships are a key source of happiness and meaning in our lives.” 1．What is the primary focus of the psychologists research? A．The benefits of maintaining friendships B．The process of forming new friendships. C．The attitudes towards reconnecting with old friends. D．The reasons for losing contact with long lost friends 2．What did the psychologist find regarding people’s willingness to reach out to old friends? A．Most participants were eager to reconnect B．Participants hesitated to contact old friends C．Participants preferred to reach out to ask for favors. D．Being too busy was the main reason for not reaching out 3．How does the expert think of the result of their intervention on social anxiety? A．Unsatisfactory. B．Unidentifiable. C．Predictable D．Far-reaching. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Gaining Happiness Through Social Ties B．The Pathways to Meaningful Connection C．To Strike up a Conversation with a Stranger D．Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文的体裁属于说明文。文章主要围绕心理学家对人们与失去联系的友谊重新建立联系的态度、障碍和原因进行的研究，以及他们设计的干预措施的效果进行了说明和解释。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. (在七项研究中，心理学家调查了近2500名参与者对与失去的友谊重新联系的态度，这样做的障碍和原因，以及有针对性的干预是否能鼓励他们向老朋友发送第一个信息)”可知，心理学家研究的主要焦点是人们对与老朋友重新建立联系的态度。故选C。 2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old fiend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish. (他们发现，参与者不愿意与老朋友联系，就像他们不愿意与陌生人交谈，甚至不愿意捡垃圾一样。)”和第四段中“The top reported barriers included fears that one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. (据报道，最主要的障碍包括担心老朋友可能不想听到他们的消息，担心这么久之后会太尴尬，以及感到内疚。)”可知，心理学家发现参与者对联系老朋友犹豫不决。故选B。 3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” (但一位专家解释说：“有趣的是，尽管人们告诉我们，与老朋友联系的主要障碍是担心如何接收信息，但我们设计的帮助克服这种焦虑的干预措施收效甚微。”)”可知，专家认为他们设计的帮助克服这种焦虑的干预措施几乎没有效果，因此他们对干预结果感到不满意。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. (在七项研究中，心理学家调查了近2500名参与者对与失去的友谊重新联系的态度，这样做的障碍和原因，以及有针对性的干预是否能鼓励他们向老朋友发送第一个信息)”可知，文章主要讨论了心理学家对人们与失去联系的友谊重新建立联系的态度、障碍和原因的研究，以及他们设计的干预措施的效果。因此，最好的标题应该是“Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships (复兴已有的亲密友谊)”。故选D。 （24-25高三上·四川·阶段练习）A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable environments birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size, but birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains. Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度) where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, some bird brains are significantly more likely to be relatively smaller compared to body size. “In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树) or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said.“ Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptation s that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co- author of the study.“ Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’s research differ from previous studies? A．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. B．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. C．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. D．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It has a changeable feeding habit. B．It is considered fairly intelligent. C．It has an extremely large body size. D．It has a powerful digesting system. 3．What does Botero think of smaller brains? A．They are a result of limited budgets. B．They are an effective survival strategy. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are typical of independent evolution. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Big Brains or Big Guts. Choose One B．Evolution of Brain Size in Birds C．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes D．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter the Bird 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that at higher latitudes, some bird brains are significantly more likely to be relatively smaller compared to body size.(他们发现，在高纬度地区，一些鸟类的大脑相对于身体来说更有可能相对较小)”以及第三段“In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example of the small-brained species.(在阿拉斯加，雷鸟可能是小脑袋物种的典型例子)”可推知，雷鸟的体型非常大。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!(但当我们从更广阔的角度来看，我们意识到其他策略也起作用，值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及到让大脑变得更小！)”可知，波特罗认为小脑袋是预算有限的结果。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable environments birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size, but birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains.(一项对2062只鸟类进行比较的全球研究发现，在高度多变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于它们的身体大小往往更大或更小，但大脑较小的鸟类往往会使用大脑大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略。事实上，有很多物种的大脑都很小)”结合文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。可知，A选项“脑大还是智慧大。选择一个”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （2024·四川巴中·一模）When it comes to building structures, humans often consider themselves the best, but the abilities of social insects are amazing. For example, termites (白蚁) construct tall nests. However, the true masters of insect architecture are the bees. A team of evolutionary biologists, led by Viviana Di Pietro, has discovered that these small-brained insects can build in various architectural styles, similar to humans. These styles are passed down from generation to generation, indicating that insects can have cultural differences — a concept once believed to be unique to humans, as noted by Andrew Whiten. In a study of over 400 bee colonies in Brazil, most nests were layered like cakes, while others were spiral (螺旋状). The researchers filmed the bees and found no difference in the speed of cell construction, suggesting that neither style is more efficient than the other. To determine if genetics played a role, researchers transferred workers from one nest type to another. The relocated bees adapted to the local building style, and so did the young bees. These findings are exciting for those studying animal culture, as they demonstrate that bees can pass down construction techniques without direct teaching. This challenges the traditional view of culture, which is often defined as behavior directly passed from one individual to another. Dr. Whiten believes that the new findings suggest complex animal behaviors, like beaver (海狸) dams, may also result from indirect learning. Some scientists say that certain human traditions could be passed down similarly, although this is not sure. Bees keep surprising us; it has been observed that bumblebees (大黄蜂) learn from older bees, challenging the idea that such learning is unique to humans. Perhaps bees deserve recognition as top architects too! 1．What did the team of Viviana Di Pietro find? A．Culture is only found in human societies. B．Bees build more efficiently than humans. C．Bees exhibit varied construction traditions. D．Animal behaviors come from direct teaching. 2．What was the traditional view of culture according to Paragraph 4? A．Inherited through genetic traits. B．Learned from individual interactions. C．Passed down through written records. D．Developed from environmental factors. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Bees challenge human uniqueness in learning. B．Bees cannot communicate with each other at all. C．Animal behaviors are mostly natural occuring. D．Human traditions can be directly taught to others. 4．What could be the best title for the passage? A．The Secret Lives of Bees B．The Intelligence of Bees C．The Cultural Architecture of Bees D．The Complexity of Insect Structures 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现蜜蜂可以像人类一样建造各种建筑风格并可以将这些风格代代相传。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“A team of evolutionary biologists, led by Viviana Di Pietro, has discovered that these small-brained insects can build in various architectural styles, similar to humans.  These styles are passed down from generation to generation, indicating that insects can have cultural differences — a concept once believed to be unique to humans, as noted by Andrew Whiten.(由Viviana Di Pietro领导的一组进化生物学家发现，这些脑容量小的昆虫可以像人类一样建造各种建筑风格。这些风格代代相传，表明昆虫可以有文化差异——正如安德鲁·怀特所指出的那样，这一概念曾被认为是人类所独有的。)”可知，蜜蜂表现出不同的建筑传统。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“This challenges the traditional view of culture, which is often defined as behavior directly passed from one individual to another.(这挑战了传统的文化观点，文化通常被定义为直接从一个人传递给另一个人的行为。)”可知，传统的文化观认为文化是从个体互动中学习。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的句子“Bees keep surprising us; it has been observed that bumblebees (大黄蜂) learn from older bees, challenging the idea that such learning is unique to humans.(蜜蜂不断给我们带来惊喜; 据观察，大黄蜂向年长的蜜蜂学习，挑战了这种学习是人类独有的观点。)”可知，蜜蜂挑战了学习是人类独有的观点。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。本文的主要内容是：研究人员发现蜜蜂以像人类一样建造各种建筑风格并可以将这些风格代代相传。所以用C项“The Cultural Architecture of Bees(蜜蜂的文化建筑)”作为本文的题目与文章主题相符合。故选C项。 （24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）According to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar. In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off? The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs. But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes. For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs. 1．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2? A．Put out. B．Defend against. C．Keep up. D．Count on. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies. B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies. C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies. D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report. 3．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text? A．They cost little B．They tend to last long. C．They can control variables and determine causality. D．They require participants to self-report related data 4．How should the government help RCTs? A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial support C．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related government agencies 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文的体裁是一篇说明文。它主要解释了世界卫生组织（WHO）关于非糖甜味剂使用的推荐，并详细分析了支持这一推荐的研究证据和现有研究的局限性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off? (在报告中，世界卫生组织引用了长期使用非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和死亡风险增加有关的证据。非糖甜味剂是如何与它们本应fend off的负面健康影响联系在一起的？)”可知，非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和增加死亡风险有关，即它们本应“防御”的负面健康影响有关，这里的fend off应理解为“防御，抵挡”或“对抗”。A. Put out扑灭；B. Defend against防御，抵抗；C. Keep up跟上，赶上；D. Count on指望，依靠。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results. (世卫组织在审查了数百项已发表的研究后提出了这一建议。问题是这些研究绝大多数是观察性的。在这样的研究中，受试者倾向于自我报告他们的食物摄入量，这可能不能保证不准确。更重要的是，观察性研究不能确定因果关系。是无糖甜味剂导致糖尿病，还是有患糖尿病风险的人更容易食用它们？最后，在这些研究中，有许多研究人员无法控制的变量可能会影响结果。)”可知，这一段主要讲述了WHO报告中观察性研究的局限性，包括自报告数据不准确的问题和无法确定因果关系的问题，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect (这些研究通过将人们随机分配到治疗组或对照组来控制变量，他们可以确定因果关系。他们表明，甜味剂对减肥有一定的好处，有助于控制血糖，没有观察性研究中看到的负面影响。随机对照试验的缺点是持续时间较短，通常只持续几个月。)”可知，RCTs能够控制变量并确定因果关系，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs. (要想发生改变，可能需要从最高层开始，那里的科学是由政府机构资助的，它们为研究拨款数十亿美元，应该开始优先考虑RCTs。)”可知，政府应该通过提供财政支持来帮助RCTs，故选B。 （24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习）When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean. These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024. The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specific species of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass. The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 1．What’s new according to the research? A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation. B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants. C．The procedure of exploring carbon. D．The system of building biomass. 2．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on? A．The causes of climate change. B．The grasp of the carbon cycle. C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms. D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide. 3．What do we know from paragraph 3? A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria. B．The diatom lives on plankton. C．Water samples are key factors for the research. D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in Oceans C．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling Data 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个新的研究发现——海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.( 当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”可知，新研究发现海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这说明硅藻积累碳的方式是新的发现。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. (这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收多少二氧化碳的估计，这反过来又可以更深入地了解全球碳循环，这与气候变化尤其相关。)”可知，这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收二氧化碳量的估计，转而更加关注全球碳循环的理解。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. (在研究人员分析的来自世界各地海洋的70%以上的水样中，研究小组发现了同时进行光合作用和直接消耗有机碳的迹象。)”可知，研究人员从世界各地的海洋中分析了超过70%的水样，发现Cylindrotheca closterium存在同时进行光合作用和直接摄取有机碳的现象。这表明水样是研究的关键因素。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.( 当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了硅藻在积累碳方面新的发现，即硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这是硅藻在碳积累方面的新策略，因此最适合的标题是C选项“New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms(硅藻中的新碳策略)”。故选C。 （24-25高三上·云南大理·阶段练习）Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. Low-power consumption, high-performance chips based on the material will also support the sustainable development of 5G, artificial intelligence, the internet of things and other fields, and promote the popularization of the next generation of smart devices, the researchers said. As electronic devices become smaller and more powerful, the number of transistors continues to increase even as the chips themselves become smaller. Experts explained that when the thickness of conventional silicon-based transistor materials is reduced to the nanometer level, their insulating property (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. This not only increases the chip’s energy consumption, but also causes heat generation to increase, affecting the stability and service life of a device. To solve the problem, a team of scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology developed an innovative metal intercalation oxidation technology and used it to form a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the development of 2D low-power chips with high performance. Di Zengfeng, leading researcher on the team, said the core of the technology lies in the ability to precisely control oxygen atoms so that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice of aluminum layer by layer at room temperature to form an orderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. Conventional alumina materials often exhibit a disordered structure, which can lead to a significant decrease in their insulating property in very thin layers. However, a single-crystal sapphire structure results in its higher electron mobility and lower current leakage, Di said. “The orderly placement of the material at the microscopic level ensures the stability of the electrons during transport, making it possible to prevent current leakage even at a thickness of only 1 nanometer, thus significantly improving the energy efficiency of the chips,” he said. 1．What can the new material be used for？ A．It can replace conventional material in smartphone battery. B．It can be applied to promote the performance of chips. C．It can generate more energy for smart devices. D．It can increase the chip’s energy consumption. 2．What is the problem with the traditional materials？ A．They can not be processed into the nanometer level. B．They function less efficiently in very thin layers. C．They are too thick to be employed. D．They are not stable enough. 3．What is the key to developing the new material？ A．To reduce the thickness. B．To control the temperature. C．To keep control of oxygen atoms. D．To decrease the insulating property. 4．What can be the best title for the text？ A．Revolution in Chip Manufacture B．Next Generation of Smart Devices C．Innovative Technology Contributes to Green Energy D．Breakthrough Promises Better Smartphone Battery Endurance 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了来自上海的科学家设计出了一种新型材料，可以大大提升芯片的能效，增强手机电池的续航能力。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. (上海科学家发明了一种新材料，可用于开发二维低功耗计算机芯片，这可能会显著提高其能源效率，并对智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。)”可知，这种新材料对于智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Experts explained that when the thickness of conventional silicon-based transistor materials is reduced to the nanometer level, their insulating property (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. (专家解释说，当传统硅基晶体管材料的厚度减少到纳米级时，其绝缘性能会显著降低，从而导致电流泄漏。)”可知，传统的材料在非常薄的层中效率较低。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“To solve the problem, a team of scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology developed an innovative metal intercalation oxidation technology and used it to form a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the development of 2D low-power chips with high performance. (为了解决这个问题，中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所的一组科学家开发了一种创新的金属嵌入氧化技术，并用它来形成蓝宝石晶体介电体，用于开发高性能的二维低功耗芯片。)”以及第六段“Di Zengfeng, leading researcher on the team, said the core of the technology lies in the ability to precisely control oxygen atoms so that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice of aluminum layer by layer at room temperature to form an orderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. (该团队的首席研究员狄增峰表示，该技术的核心在于精确控制氧原子的能力，这样它们就可以在室温下一层一层地嵌入铝晶格中，形成有序的单晶氧化铝介电材料—蓝宝石。)”可知，来自中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所的科学家利用新技术开发新型材料，用于制造低功耗的二维芯片，该技术的核心在于能够精确地控制氢原子，使其在室温下逐层嵌入铝晶格。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. (上海科学家发明了一种新材料，可用于开发二维低功耗计算机芯片，这可能会显著提高其能源效率，并对智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。)”以及全文内容可知，上海的科学家设计出了一种新型材料，这项新型材料的研发对于提升手机等电子产品的电池续航能力意义重大。故选D。 （24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习）Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgments can be influenced by the chatbot. Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场). The authors then presented 767 U. S. participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers. Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments. The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings. 1．What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2? A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple. 2．What is learned about the participants? A．They admitted the power of ChatGPT. B．They were interviewed by a moral advisor. C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly. D．They were presented with different moral dilemmas. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Different findings of the study. B．Future potentials for chatbots. C．Major focuses of future education. D．Solutions to the impact of chatbots. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．ChatGPT Tends to Cause Moral Panics B．ChatGPT: Is It Likely to Affect Our Life? C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us So Nervous? D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Moral Judgments 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写语句的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场).(他们发现，ChatGPT随机写出支持或反对牺牲一条生命的陈述，这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场)”可推知，ChatGPT对某种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”可知，参与者在不知不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings.(作者认为，聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的潜力凸显了教育的必要性，以帮助人类更好地理解人工智能。他们提出，未来的研究应该设计出这样的聊天机器人：要么拒绝回答需要道德判断的问题，要么通过提供多种论证和警告来回答这些问题)”可知，最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断力的方法。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports.(发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写言论的影响)”以及倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”并结合文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。可知，D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （24-25高三上·内蒙古赤峰·阶段练习）Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day. “I was a clothes addict,” he jokes. “I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled (皱的) .” Today David wears casual clothes — khaki pants and a sports shirt — to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m working harder than ever,” David says, “and I need to feel comfortable.” More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work. In the United States, the changes from formal to casual office wear have been slow. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their workers to wear casual clothes on Friday (but only on Friday). This became known as “dress- down Friday” or “casual Friday” “What started out as an extra one- day-a- week benefit for workers has really become an everyday thing,” said business adviser Maisly Jones. Why have so many companies started allowing their workers to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it’s easier for a company to attract new workers if it has a casual dress code. “A lot of young people don’t want to dress up for work,” says the owner of a software company, “so it’s hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code.” Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. In a study made by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that casual dress has a side effect on work. Supporters of casual office wear also say that a casual dress code helps them save money. “Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day,” one person said. “For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes.” 1．David Smith used to call himself “a clothes addict” because ______. A．he wanted his clothes to look tidy and clean all the time B．he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt C．he didn’t want to spend much money on clothes D．he loved to buy a lot of new clothes 2．David Smith wears casual clothes now, because ______ A．he looks handsome in casual clothes B．he cannot afford to buy expensive clothes C．they make him feel comfortable when working D．he no longer works for any company 3．Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an advantages of casual office wear? A．making the workers more attractive B．increasing the income of the workers C．saving the workers’ money D．making the workers healthy 4．The passage mainly discusses ______. A．why workers wear casual clothes more at work in the U. S. B．the development of casual clothes in the U. S. C．what are the correct office dress code in the U. S. D．the advantages of wearing casual clothes in the U. S. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了，在过去，美国的白领阶层被要求穿正装上班，但在周五可以随意着装。而如今很多公司都允许员工每天穿休闲装上班并分析了几方面原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中““I was a clothes addict,” he jokes. “I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled (皱的) .”(他开玩笑地说着：“我是一个衣服成瘾者，我过去常常带一套干净的西装，这样的话，我的衣服皱了的话，我就可以换衣服了。”)”可知，他说自己是“a clothes addict”的原因是因为他总想要保持衣服的整洁不皱褶，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Today David wears casual clothes — khaki pants and a sports shirt — to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m working harder than ever,” David says, “and I need to feel comfortable.”(今天，David穿着休闲服——一条卡其裤和一件运动衫——去了办公室。他几乎从不打领带。David说道：“我比以往更努力地工作，我需要感到舒适。”)”可知，他现在喜欢穿休闲装上班的原因是便装会使他感觉舒适自在，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Supporters of casual office wear also say that a casual dress code helps them save money. (休闲工装的支持者也表示，休闲装这一规定有助于帮他们省钱。)”可知，穿便装可以帮助员工节省金钱，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work.(越来越多的公司允许他们的员工穿休闲装去上班。)”和第三段“Why have so many companies started allowing their workers to wear casual clothes?(为什么这么多公司开始允许他们的员工穿休闲装呢？)”可知，文章主要讨论了在美国越来越多的公司允许员工穿休闲装上班的趋势，以及这种变化的原因和好处，故A项“为什么在美国，员工穿便装上班”能概括文章主题，故选A。 （2024·四川遂宁·一模）Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center. Dr. George Shaker, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, is working with a team of graduate students to combine radar with evolving vehicle technology to make health checks easier. The idea is to use the time people spend in their cars to gather data on their health for accurate analysis and preventative treatment — without the need for any type of wearable. The radar, smaller than a USB thumb drive, is placed into the vehicle cabin and sends out signals that detect human vibrations (颤动), which are then sent back to the radar. The built-in AI system collects and analyzes the data to build a medical picture and identify any potential conditions. At the end of the driver’s journey, the system sends the report directly to their cellphone for review. For Shaker and his team, the challenge was evolving the tech to identify changes in breathing patterns or heart rhythms that signify potential health issues related to cardiovascular conditions as well as respiratory system conditions. “We focused on enhancing data collection for exact information related to people’s respiratory and cardiovascular systems and teaching the AI how to make medical interpretations from this data. Another important consideration was personal privacy and security — no data is stored on the cloud; it is sent to the monitored person’s cellphone only,” said Ali Ghara, the lead Ph. D．student on the project. The research team is building on this work to expand the radar technology’s capabilities to monitor all vehicle occupants’ overall health and well-being, run diagnostics and generate quality medical reports that flag any issues that need attention, as well as assist with emergency communication in the event of an accident. 1．What can we learn about the radar technology? A．It provides more precise health data than wearables. B．It creates medical pictures to reveal healthy secrets. C．It sends the health report to the driver’s phone for review. D．It combines with vehicle technology to assess the driver’s health. 2．What can be inferred from Ali Ghara’s words in paragraph 5? A．The AI needs training to collect health data. B．AI’s interpretation of medical data is accurate. C．Cellphones monitor personal privacy and security. D．The team is improving data collection and analysis. 3．What does the underlined word “flag” mean in the last paragraph? A．discuss B．deny C．mark D．claim 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Ph. D．Students Build USS Enterprise on Wheels B．Drivers Beware: Radar Spying on Your Heartbeats C．Healthy Driving: Radar Monitors Health in Vehicles D．Radars May Know Your Conditions Before You Do 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大滑铁卢大学的研究团队利用雷达技术将车辆转变为移动医疗中心，监测驾驶者的健康状况，提供个性化的医疗报告和紧急通信。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center.(受《星际迷航》中企业号航空母舰医疗舱的启发，滑铁卢大学的一个研究小组使用雷达技术在驾驶时监测人们的健康状况，将一辆普通汽车或卡车变成了一个移动医疗中心)”以及第二段的“Dr. George Shaker, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo, is working with a team of graduate students to combine radar with evolving vehicle technology to make health checks easier. (滑铁卢大学电气与计算机工程系教授George Shaker博士正在与一组研究生合作，将雷达与不断发展的车辆技术相结合，使健康检查更容易) ”可知，雷达技术结合车辆技术，来评估驾驶员的健康状况。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段的Ali Ghara说的话“We focused on enhancing data collection for exact information related to people’s respiratory and cardiovascular systems and teaching the AI how to make medical interpretations from this data. (我们专注于加强数据收集，以获取与人们呼吸系统和心血管系统相关的准确信息，并教人工智能如何从这些数据中做出医学解释)”可知，研究团队正在加强雷达的数据收集能力和教AI 对医学数据进行解释。由此可推知，团队正在改善数据收集和分析的能力。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“The research team is building on this work to expand the radar technology’s capabilities to monitor all vehicle occupants’ overall health and well-being, run diagnostics and generate quality medical reports (研究团队正在这项工作的基础上扩展雷达技术的能力，以监测所有车辆乘客的整体健康和福祉，运行诊断程序，生成高质量的医疗报告)”可知，此处介绍的是研究团队扩展雷达技术能力的目的，划线单词所在的句子为定语从句修饰reports，结合划线单词后的“any issues that need attention, as well as assist with emergency communication in the event of an accident.(任何需要注意的问题，并在发生事故时协助进行紧急通信)”可知，此处指的是该报告标示出问题，符合语境，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“标示”的意义相近。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Inspired by the medical bay of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek (星际迷航), a research team from the University of Waterloo uses radar technology to monitor people’s health while at the wheel, turning an ordinary car or truck into a mobile medical center. (受《星际迷航》中企业号航空母舰医疗舱的启发，滑铁卢大学的一个研究小组使用雷达技术在驾驶时监测人们的健康状况，将一辆普通汽车或卡车变成了一个移动医疗中心)”以及全文可知，本文介绍了研究团队利用雷达技术将车辆转变为移动医疗中心，监测驾驶者的健康状况，标题“健康驾驶：雷达在车辆中监测健康”适合作为本文的标题。故选C。 （24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Researchers studying the Pacific Ocean floor think they’ve observed “dark oxygen” being created there. The discovery may potentially challenge commonly held beliefs about how oxygen is produced on Earth. “Until now, it was thought that oxygen on Earth was first created only through photosynthesis, a process that requires sunlight and plants. But the discovery casts doubt on that theory and raises new questions about the origins of life itself.” lead author Andrew Sweetman writes in an article published Monday in the journal Nature Geoscience. The scientists aren’t certain how oxygen is created at such dark depths. but they believe it’s being produced by electrically charged minerals called polymetallic nodules. “These polymetallic nodules-effectively batteries in rocks — may use their electric charge to turn seawater into H2, and O2 in a process called seawater electrolysis.” Sweetman explains. “Seawater can be turned into H2 and O2 with 1.5 volts of electricity, which is the amount in an AA battery. We found that the polymetallic nodules possessed as much as 0.95 volts of electricity. and multiple nodules together produced even higher voltages.” The conventional view is that O2 was first produced around three billion years ago by ancient plants called cyanobacteria and there was a gradual development of complex life since then. The potential that there is an alternative source requires us to have a rethink. “The discovery could impact deep-sea mining,” Franz Geiger, a Northwestern University chemistry professor who worked on the study, said in a news release. “Companies conducted exploratory missions for deep-sea mining in the 1970s and ‘80. A few years ago, a team of scientists went back to those areas that were mined 40 years ago and found essentially no life. But then a few hundred meters over to the left and right, where the polymetallic nodules were not damaged, there were plenty of life.” 1．What are required to create the first oxygen on Earth according to conventional views? A．Rocks and batteries. B．Heat and charged minerals. C．Sunlight and plants. D．Seawater and electric charge. 2．How many polymetallic nodules are needed to start seawater electrolysis at least? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 3．What is the potential significance of the new discovery? A．It will provide guidelines to mining companies. B．It can reduce the impact of new mining projects. C．It may help scientists improve the photosynthesis. D．It might lead to a new explanation about the origin of life. 4．What is Franz Geiger’s attitude to deep-sea mining? A．Disapproving. B．Favorable. C．Toleran1. D．Unclear. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文的体裁属于说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家在太平洋海底发现“暗氧”的现象，这一发现挑战了关于地球上氧气产生的传统观念，并引发了关于生命起源的新问题。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“Until now, it was thought that oxygen on Earth was first created only through photosynthesis, a process that requires sunlight and plants. (到目前为止，人们一直认为地球上的氧气最初只能通过光合作用产生，这一过程需要阳光和植物。)”可知，根据传统观点，地球上最初的氧气是通过光合作用产生的，而光合作用需要阳光和植物。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第四段中的“Seawater can be turned into H2 and O2 with 1.5 volts of electricity, which is the amount in an AA battery. We found that the polymetallic nodules possessed as much as 0.95 volts of electricity. and multiple nodules together produced even higher voltages. (1.5伏特的电量就可以将海水转化为氢气和氧气，这相当于一节AA电池的电量。我们发现这些多金属结核能够产生高达0.95伏特的电量，并且多个结核共同作用能产生更高的电压。)”可知，一个多金属结核就拥有高达0.95伏特的电量，而多个结核一起产生的电压更高。至少需要两个多金属结核才能达到1.5伏特，触发海水电解。故选B。 3．细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“But the discovery casts doubt on that theory and raises new questions about the origins of life itself.” lead author Andrew Sweetman writes in an article published Monday in the journal Nature Geoscience. (“但这一发现对该理论提出了质疑，并引发了关于生命起源的新问题。”首席作者Andrew Sweetman在周一发表于《Nature Geoscience》杂志的一篇文章中写道。)”可知，这一新发现可能会导致对生命起源的新解释。故选D。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““The discovery could impact deep-sea mining,” Franz Geiger, a Northwestern University chemistry professor who worked on the study, said in a news release. “Companies conducted exploratory missions for deep-sea mining in the 1970s and ‘80. A few years ago, a team of scientists went back to those areas that were mined 40 years ago and found essentially no life. But then a few hundred meters over to the left and right, where the polymetallic nodules were not damaged, there were plenty of life.” (“这一发现可能会影响深海采矿，”参与了这项研究的西北大学化学教授Franz Geiger在一份新闻稿中说。“公司在20世纪70年代和80年代进行了深海采矿的探索性任务。几年前，一组科学家回到了那些40年前被开采的地方，发现基本上没有生命存在。但是，在左右几百米远的地方，那些多金属结核未被破坏的区域，则有大量的生命存在。”)”可知，他对深海采矿持有一定的担忧，对此不赞同。故选A。 （24-25高三上·山西晋中·阶段练习）Almost every human culture on earth has its own music. The oldest discovered musical instruments date back over 40,000 years to the Stone Age. But scientists believe that music itself could be much older than that, originating alongside language. Why did music become so closely related to the human experience? I think it gave our ancestors sigrificant survival advantages. In prehistoric times, music strengthened the bond between community members. Singing and drumming together released chemicals like oxytocin, dopamine and endorphins in the brain, which led to positive emotions that allowed groups to cooperate better in hunting,child-caring and protection against outside threats, Singing while working made labor less boring and tiring. Our brains seem wired at birth to link music with positive emotions and togetherness and mothers may have sung to little babies as an early form of emotional communication. Music also enhanced defenses. Guards beating drums and making noise during the night signaled that they were ready to counter surprise enemy attacks. Young night watchmen sang to indicate they were awake and vigilant. Soldiers used instruments to send warning calls across longer distances. In all these ways, music enhanced survival odds over human evolution (进化). Groups that could make music together-whether a simple drumbeat or a beautiful song-were more communicative,cooperative and defensive, Natural selection then passed on the capacity for music to the next generations. Supporting this, scientists have discovered specific regions of the brain devoted to musical processing. Babies have the ability to detect musical patterns and tones. Even patients with severe dementia (痴呆) respond emotionally and physically to their favorite childhood songs when nothing else can cause a reaction. So next time you find yourself singing along to a catchy tune, remember that music is part of what makes us uniquely human. Our Stone Age ancestors sang and drummed because it enhanced their survival. We engage with music now simply because we are born to do so. 1．What is an advantage of music according to the text? A．It could keep soldiers awake. B．It could help babies speak earlier. C．It could enhance productivity. D．It could cure certain rare diseases. 2．Which best explains the word “vigilant” underlined in paragraph 3? A．Tired. B．Hungry. C．Strong. D．Watchful. 3．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 5? A．Summarize the previous paragraph. B．Add some background information. C．Introduce a new topic for discussion. D．Provide some advice for the readers. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．My View About the Importance of Music B．Every Human Culture Has its Unique Music C．The Oldest Musical Instrument Was Unearthed D．Music May Come Into Existence Before Language 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述的是音乐在人类社会发展中所起到的重要作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“Singing and drumming together released chemicals like oxytocin, dopamine and endorphins in the brain, which led to positive emotions that allowed groups to cooperate better in hunting,child-caring and protection against outside threats, Singing while working made labor less boring and tiring.(一起唱歌和打鼓会在大脑中释放催产素、多巴胺和内啡肽等化学物质，从而产生积极的情绪，使团队在狩猎、照顾孩子和抵御外部威胁方面能够更好地合作。边工作边唱歌可以减少劳动的无聊和疲劳。)”可知，音乐可以提高生产力。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前的部分“Young night watchmen sang to indicate they were awake(年轻的守夜人唱歌表明他们醒着)”可知，守夜人肯定需要保持清醒和警惕，所以，划线单词vigilant与watchful“警惕的”意义一致。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。第五段开头的this指的是上一段最后一句提到的“Natural selection then passed on the capacity for music to the next generations.(自然选择将音乐的能力传给了下一代。)”，而第五段提到的这些例子“Babies have the ability to detect musical patterns and tones. Even patients with severe dementia respond emotionally and physically to their favorite childhood songs when nothing else can cause a reaction.(婴儿有识别音乐模式和音调的能力。即使是患有严重痴呆症的患者，在没有其他任何东西能引起反应的情况下，也会对他们最喜欢的童年歌曲做出情感和身体上的反应。)”正是为了说明人类的音乐能力是遗传下来的，所以，第五段的作用是提供信息证明上一段提出的观点：自然选择将音乐的能力传给了下一代。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是音乐在人类社会发展中所起到的重要作用。所以用A项“My View About the Importance of Music(我对音乐重要性的看法)”作为本文的题目，与文章主题相符合。故选A项。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$