Unit 4 Natural Disasters 词汇整理课件-2024-2025学年高一英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

B1U4词汇 【词语辨析】 ruin，damage destroy spoil （1）ruin 严重地“毁坏”，侧重指破坏事物的内在价值。 The illness has ruined my life. （2）damage 部分性“破坏”“损坏”，一般还可以修复。 You have damaged my bike；you’d better get it repaired. （3）destroy 彻底地“破坏”“毁坏”，一般不能或很难再修复。 The bomb completely destroyed that building. （4）spoil 和 ruin同义，但语气弱；宠坏，溺爱。 She spoils those kids of hers. 小结 运用精准的汉语释义和英语释义区分 damage, destroy 和 ruin。 ◆ damage 的名词和动词都侧重“损”，表示可修复，常和 badly、seriously 等副词搭配； ◆ destroy 侧重“毁”，表示不可修复，不复存在，常和 completely、entirely 等副词搭配； ◆ ruin 侧重“毁坏”，使美好的事物失去用途或优良特性，尽管此物仍然存在。 头发经常烫、染，容易损伤（damage）头发，需要做护理修复。烫坏、烫焦，头发就毁（destroy）了 ，只能剪掉。做个美美的发型出门，遇到大雨，头发还在，但发型被毁（ruin）了。 3 affect /ə'fekt/ vt. affection n. 喜爱影响 1.affect sb./sth. 影响某人；某事 2.be deeply affected by 被...深深打动了 3.be affected with+疾病 患有...疾病 effect n. 作用;影响 effective (有效的) have an effect/influence/impact on 对……产生影响 come into effect 生效、开始实施 main/side effects主/副效应 affect 语义网络图 affect 影响 基本义 “影响”情感 疾病“影响”身体 使感动；打动 使感染（疾病） 影响 “影响”人或物 shelter 的语义网络  vt 掩蔽；保护；为…提供避难所  vi 躲避；避难  保护；掩蔽；庇护  居所；住处  遮盖物；躲避处；避难所 抽象的提供保护的地方 为人们提供长期遮风避雨的地方 为人们提供暂时的遮风避雨或避难的地方 提供保护的建筑物(基本义) 名词 动词 6 effort： 努力 make an effort/efforts/every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力做某事 spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事 with / without effort 费力地/ 毫不费力地 in an effort to do sth 为了做某事 try/do one’s best to do sth do everything in my power to do sth do what sb. can to do sth “尽一切做某事”的表达： shock 语义网络 一物对另一物的冲击 shock 基本义 物体间的冲击 电流对人的冲击 精神上的冲击 (医学领域) 人健康上的冲击 （爆炸、地震等引起的）剧烈震动；冲击 电击；触电 休克 n 使震惊；使气愤 （精神上的）震惊；打击； 令人震惊的事 v trap语义网络图 陷阱 trap 基本义 困住动物的陷阱 困住人的陷阱 抽象的陷阱 （捕鸟兽的）陷阱；夹子；罗网 （陷害人的）圈套；诡计 牢笼；困境 留存；储存 (气体/水等) 设陷阱捕捉；夹住；卡住 把……困住；使陷入困境 v n power /ˈpaʊə(r)/ n. 生理机能 the power of speech ② 影响力 in the power of 在......的控制下； beyond /out of one's power 力所不能及 ③政治职位的能力 be in power 执政；掌权 come to power 上台；执政 ④物理的能力 power station a power failure power 语义衍生图 能力 (基本义) n 人做事或生理能力 物理上的某种能力 能力；（生理）机能 力量；威力 动力；电力；功率 驱动；推动 控制、影响的能力 政治组织的能力 职位上的能力 控制力；影响力 统治；政权 职权；权力 v 提供动力 事物的能力 工业、经济上的能力 大国；强国 11 四者都有“力”、“力量”之意，但具体意思不同。 1. force 指外力、强迫力、破坏力 (包括武力)；物理学中指“力”。 The force of the explosion blew out all the windows. 2. energy 指人的精力、活力；物理学中指“能量”。 Where does the little girl get her energy? the world’s energy resources 3. strength 指人体或物体内存在的力，如气力、耐力、抵抗力。 She didn’t even have the strength to stand up. The boy lifted the stone with all his strength. 4. power 指人的能力、力量、权力、势力，物的 “能力”。物理学中指“动力”、“功率”。 Weightlifters have big power in their arms and legs. physical power / strength 辨析force, energy, strength, power 侧重not moving ，“不动” Our school is situated in a quiet area. She was quiet and shy. 侧重not noisy ，“不吵” quiet They told the injured driver to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived. 2016全国改 still keep / remain silent a silent, moonless night a silent film / movie silent 侧重no sound，“没有声响”、“不语” 辨析calm, quiet, still, silent He buried his face in his hands and wept. You’ll have to bury yourself in your studies if you want to pass the entrance examinations. He has learnt to bury his feelings. bury vt. (1) bury one’s face/head in sth. 把脸 / 头埋在某物里面 (2)bury oneself in =be buried in 埋头于；专心于 【归纳拓展】“专心于，致力于”的多种表达： be lost in be absorbed in be buried in devote oneself to = be devoted to concentrate on focus on （1） The man dug out some gold from the canal，but he wondered where ________（bury）it. （2） Ever since he moved there，he ________________（bury） in his research work. （4） ________ （bury）in rescuing the trapped girl，the rescue workers didn’t notice her parents _________ were buried under the ruins. =________ （bury）themselves in rescuing the trapped girl，the rescue workers didn’t notice her parents _____________ under the ruins. to bury has been buried Buried who/that Burying （were)buried suffer语义网络图 遭受 （基本义） “遭受”病痛等 “遭受”困难等 患（病）； （因疾病）受苦 遭受（困难等） 事情“遭受” 变差 变差；变糟 survive 语义网络图 在灾难中活得长 (具体） 寿命活得长 （人） 在困境中活得长 （抽象） 物品或者风俗活得长（具体） 幸存（于） 挺过；熬过 保存下来 比……活得长 比……活得长（基本义） (1)strike sb. with ... 用……打某人 (2)be struck by ... 被……所打动 (3)be on strike (for) 罢工 (4)strike a match 划(火柴) (5)earthquake struck the area (疾病或灾难) 爆发 (6)It strikes sb. that ... 某人突然想到…… strike vi. & vt. It hits sb. that… It occurs to sb. that… 某物“击打”某物 指针“击打”钟表 灾难等事件“击打”人 灵感、想法等“击打”大脑 打；撞击 （时钟等）敲响；报（时） （不幸等）突然降临； 突然袭击 （使）突然想到 / 意识到 strike语义网络图 strike 击打 基本义 “击打”工作 罢工 “击打”在人的印象中 给……以某种印象 火柴“击打”火柴盒侧面摩擦起火 擦；划 辨析 beat, hit, strike 三个词都有“打”、“击”的意思，但用法不完全相同。 beat 指用手或物等连续地打、敲击，如殴打或体罚，敲鼓、桌子等，还可指心脏跳动、打拍子和雨水的冲击。 • She was beating the dust out of the carpet. • Her heart was beating with joy. hit 表示瞬间的动作，强调打中或击中这一结果，或强调敲打、打击对象的某一点，只作及物动词用。 • He shot his arrow and hit the target. strike 指用力地“打击”，表示短暂的动作，含有急速的或突然的一次性的殴打、打击或敲击，是普通用词；还可表示敲钟、报时。有时与hit通用，指灾难侵袭。 • The car ran out of control and hit / struck a tree. aid assist help ①n.援助;帮助 in aid of 为了帮助 with the aid of sth 在……的帮助下 give first aid进行急救 ②vi.& vt.(formal)帮助;援助 aid sb to do sth =aid sb in doing sth =aid sb with sth 撞碎crash 基本义 “猛撞”“撞碎”物体 / 人 “撞碎”飞机、汽车等 “撞碎”公司、股票等 发出巨响； (很响地) 猛撞；猛击 (使飞机) 坠毁； (使汽车等) 碰撞 (公司等) 倒闭； (股票) 暴跌；(计算机等) 崩溃 哗啦声；撞击声；爆裂声 暴跌；(计算机等的) 崩溃 n crash语义网络图 碰撞 (事件)；(飞机) 坠毁 v 递送deliver 基本义 递送物体 递送演讲、报告等 医生递送新生儿 递送；传送 发表；表达；讲 接生；使分娩 递送 (的物品) 分娩；生产 delivery deliver语义网络图 I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. He was dreaming a wonderful dream when the fire alarm began ringing. be doing...when... 【归纳拓展】 when 用作并列连词，表示“这时”，可用于以下句型： (1)主语+be doing when 主语+did(过去式) 某人正在做......这时...... (2)主语+beabout to do... when 主语+did... =主语+be on the point of doing... when主语+did ... 刚要做……这时…… (3)主语+had (just) done... when ... 刚做完……这时…… 单句语法填空 （1） The train ________（leave） when I hurried to the station. （2） Jack ___________（work） in the lab when the power cut occurred. （3） Tom was about ________（close） the window when his attention was attracted by a bird. 完成句子 （4） 汤姆正打算放弃，这时他突然想到了问题的答案。 Tom ______________________________________ he suddenly found an answer to the question. （5） 我刚到办公室，我妻子就打电话让我立刻回家。 Hardly _____________________________________ my wife phoned me to go back home at once. had left was working to close was about to give up when had I got to the office when as if（＝ as though）意为“仿佛，好像” 1）从句是真实的或是极有可能发生的，用陈述语气 It sounds as if it is raining. （陈述语气） 2）从句是不真实的或极不可能发生的，用虚拟语气 It seems as if it were raining. （虚拟语气） He talks as if he knew all about it. He acts as if he were a big man. He acted as if nothing had happened. It looks as if it might snow. 与现在事实相反 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实相反 对事实的假设 谓语动词 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 与将来事实相反 as if（＝ as though）从句使用虚拟语气： did(be动词用were) had done would/could/might +do 单句语法填空 （1） He talks as if he ________（know）everything in the world. （2）He described the characters in the novel as if he ________ （meet）them face to face. （3） Tom raises his hands as if he____ （want）to say something. （4） Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it __________（happen）yesterday. knew had met wants happened 完成句子 （5） __________________________（看起来好像） he didn’t care about everything around him. （6）He ________________________（看上去好像） he was about to burst into tears. （7）She left the room hurriedly ________________________（好像生气的样子）. It seemed as if looked as if as if （she was）angry as if/though as if/though从句 状从 表从 可能性＞0陈述语气 可能性=0 虚拟语气 现在: V过去式(were) 过去: had+V过分 将来: would/could/might + v原 33 随堂检测 写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas. (2023 全国改) ___________ 2. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left. ___________ 3. The rain caused the streets to flood and the subway system almost came to a stop. ___________ 4. Donations began flooding in from hundreds of people. (2017 天津) ___________ flood 大量的 / 大批的 洪水泛滥的地区 被淹没 大量涌入 rescue 汉译英。 1. 救援人员 ______________________ 2. 营救某人 (n) ______________________ 3. 营救行动 ______________________ 4. 从……中救出某人 (v) ______________________ rescue workers come to sb’s rescue rescue effort / operation / attempt rescue sb from 1. The bus was badly ______________ when it hit the wall. 2. The building was completely ______________ by fire. 3. It poured with rain and my dress got ______________. 4. Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ___________ an entire day? (2020 全国) 5. Ninety percent of their island was _____________ and they had nothing. 6. The homeless shelter was entirely _____________ in the huge earthquake. 一、从方框中选择合适的单词填空。 ruin damage destroy damaged destroyed ruined ruined destroyed destroyed damage, destroy, ruin 1. The bad weather __________________ (毁了我们的旅行). 2. Too much packaging is ______________________________ (对……造成严重损坏) the environment. 3. A number of paintings in this castle are believed to ___________________ (被毁掉) in a fire in 2009. 二、根据所给汉语提示完成下列句子。 doing / causing serious damage to have been destroyed ruined our trip 一、根据句意选出 affect 的最佳释义。 __________ 1. Welch examined a sick boy, Billy, and knew he had diphtheria, a deadly disease mainly affecting children. (2016 北京改) __________ 2. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to stop unwanted sound from affecting you. (2020 天津) __________ 3. I was deeply affected by the film.  影响  [常用于被动语态]使感动；打动  使感染（疾病）    affect, effect 二、根据所给汉语，用适当的词块完成下列句子。 1. Humor raises your energy, and that can ______________ (对……产生影响) everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. (2020 江苏) 2. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome __________________ (副作用) researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. (2018 北京) 3. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drinking and heart attack is not necessarily __________________ (因果关系). 4. Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they __________________________ (生效). have an effect on side effect cause and effect take effect / come into effect 40 三、选出适当的单词，并用其适当形式填空。 (affect, effect) 1. I tried to persuade (说服) him, but with little or no ____________. 2. When I was 50, my weight problem began to ____________ me seriously. (2017 天津改) effect affect 一、英译汉。 1. take shelter from the storm ______________________ 2. food and shelter ______________________ 3. a homeless shelter ______________________ 二、汉译英。 1. 备受呵护的生活 ______________________ 2. 动物收容所 ______________________ 3. 在……的庇护下 ______________________ 4. 躲避…… (n) ______________________ 躲避暴风雨 under the shelter of take shelter from a well / very sheltered life 食物和住处 无家可归者的收容所 an animal shelter shelter 42 三、根据提示完成下列句子。 1. He is trying to __________________________ (庇护他弟弟不受责备). (v) 2. I was dressed heavily and _________________________ (在寒风凛冽的天气里受到了很好的庇护). (freezing and blowing) (2014 四川阅读改) 3. He ____________________________ (避雨) under a bridge. shelter his brother from blame well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather found / took shelter from the rain 或 sheltered from the rain 43 一、写出下列句子中shock的汉语释义。 1. It was such a shock when they announced the winner was Cart. __________ 2. The shock wave was felt even in my plane, several miles away from the harbor. __________ 二、在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. They will get _____ shock when they get this bill. 2. Jones was _________ (shock) when the old lady said that she didn’t actually mind being cheated. (2020 天津改) 3. The __________ (shock) news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. 4. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were ____ shock. (2017 北京) a shocked shocking 震惊 shock 冲击波 in 一、根据句意选出trap的最佳释义。 a.（捕捉鸟兽的）陷阱；夹子；罗网 b.（陷害人的）圈套；诡计 c. 牢笼；困境 _______ 1. She set a trap for him and he had walked straight into it. _______ 2. The only way to catch mice is to set a trap. _______ 3. I’ll describe some situations that commonly arise between teenagers and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. b a c trap 二、根据句意写出下列句子中trap的汉语释义。 1. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. (2019 天津) __________ 2. John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? (2023 全国) __________ 3. I was trapped into signing my name. ___________ 使陷入困境 吸收 使中计 / 使陷入圈套 一、根据所给汉语，用带有effort的词块完成下列句子。 1. Kim is ______________________________ (努力减肥). 2. The local clubs are _____________________________ (尽一切努力使……感兴趣) more young people. 3. Parents arrange everything for their children and ______________________ (不遗余力) to pave (铺) the way for their success. 4. Visit the museum when you’re there. It’s __________________________ (很值得一游 ). 二、根据所给词块，将下列句子译成英语。 我努力在紧急情况下保持镇静。(make an effort) ____________________________________________________________ I made an effort to keep calm in an emergency. effort well worth the effort spare no effort making an effort to lose weight making every effort to interest 一、根据句意写出画线部分的汉语释义。 1. His grades suffer during soccer season. _____________ 2. When I was just 20 months old, I suffered serious burns after a bowl full of hot oil fell on my head. _____________ 3. He worked in Africa, where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment. (2020 江苏) _____________ 下降；变差 受到严重烫伤 罹患失明 suffer 二、根据汉语提示完成句子。 1. ________________________________________ (无论我遭受什么失败) in my life, an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something. (2014 湖南) 2. Although Rosemary had __________________________________ (身患重疾) for years, she lost none of her enthusiasm (热情) for life. 3. Music is an important way we express _________________ (人类的苦难), celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. Whatever / No matter what failures I suffer suffered (from) a serious illness / disease human suffering 49 根据汉语提示完成句子。 _____________ (食品补给) in the flood-stricken area are running out. We must act immediately before there’s none left. 2. The Help Desk ___________________ (为……提供服务) you all the year round! 3. She survived because of ____________________ (充足的供应) of fresh water. (2015 陕西) 4. Water is _______________ (供应短缺), pollution is worsening, and there is no affordable housing left for them to buy. (2014 陕西) supply Food supplies supplies service to a plentiful supply in short supply 一、写出下列句子中survive的汉语释义。 __________ 1. After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates (候选人) and survive the test alone. (2014 广东) __________ 2. The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. (2021 全国) __________ 3. Life is hard at the moment, but we’re surviving. 幸存于 保存下来 挺过来； 熬过来； 艰难度过 survive 二、用survive的适当形式完成下列句子。 For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for ________________ is having someone nearby step in and do CPR (心肺复苏) quickly. (2017 北京) 2. Officials said he was the only ________________ of the plane crash. 3. He is the only man who ________________ after the explosion (爆炸). 三、根据所给提示，用survive完成句子。 1. The front passengers were lucky to __________________________ (在车 祸中幸免于难). 2. Having __________________________ (熬过那一夜), we were confident that everything else would be all right. (2014 湖北) survival / surviving survivor survived survive the car accident survived that night 一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. I had a strong belief in my power to get what I wanted. _________ 2. People are advised to build up physical power. (2015 天津) _________ 3. Governments ruled with absolute (绝对的) power. (2015 江苏) _________ 4. Wind power is an ancient source of energy to which we may return in the near future. _________ 能力 体力 权力 风能 power 二、根据汉语和所给提示完成下列句子。 1. 很抱歉，我无权就这个项目做最终的决定。(beyond) I am sorry ___________________ to make a final decision on the project. 2. 他们家里总备有蜡烛以防停电。(in case) They always keep candles in the house ________________ _________________. 3. 总理在会上作了一场有感染力的演说。(make) The Prime Minister _______________________ at the meeting. it’s beyond my power in case there is made a powerful speech a power cut / failure 1. 值得庆幸的是，杰夫保持冷静并迅速关掉了煤气。 Thankfully, Jeff _________________________ and turned off the gas quickly. (2021 新高考 读后续写) 2. 平静的海上没有一点迹象显示暴风雨即将来临。 ________________ gave no sign of the storm that was coming. 3. 大厅里一片安静，但这是暴风雨前的平静。 The hall was very quiet, but it was _______________________. 4. 由于被她那些话所感动，他很难平静下来。 Moved by what she said, he could hardly ______________. 5. 上台表演前，每个人都深吸一口气让自己平静下来。 Before the performance everybody held a deep breath to ___________________. 一、根据所给汉语提示完成下列句子。 remained / kept / stayed calm The calm / still sea the calm before the storm calm down calm themselves down calm 1. Even when she faces disasters like earthquake, she still keeps ______. 2. The police tried to get some information from the man, but he remained ______. 3. Attention, please. Everybody! Please stay ______ while I take a photograph of you. 4. The waters of the lake are so ______ that it looks like glass. 5. He tried to be ______, but his trembling hands gave him away. 6. When you are in a library, you must be ______. 二、从方框中选择合适的单词填空。 quiet calm still silent calm silent still calm calm quiet 根据所给提示用适当的词块完成下列句子。 1. I really think all children should be taught ______________ (急救). (2014 四川) 2. ______________ (在……的帮助下) an architect who visits the classroom once a week, they invent new ways to meet these needs and build models of their creations. 3. In tonight’s Easter special they ______________ (来帮助) of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. (2018 全国) aid first aid With the aid of come to the aid 一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. It is an ocean that moves, impressively and endlessly. It makes all kinds of noise — it is forever thundering, boiling, crashing, and whistling. (2013 重庆) ____________ 2. When did the computer crash? ____________ 3. Car drivers have to obey traffic rules that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. ____________ 4. It was sad news that no one survived the AirAsia plane crash which happened on December 28, 2014. ____________ 发出撞击声 死机 碰撞 (事件) 飞机失事；飞机坠毁事故 crash 5. The team crashed to their worst defeat this season. ________________ 6. Investigators are still trying to figure out why the engines in this plane lost power, forcing it to crash-land with more than 150 passengers on board. ________________ 7. There was a crash of thunder just now. ________________ (比赛中) 溃败；惨败 紧急迫降 一声炸雷；一声响雷 二、What does “crash a party” mean? To “crash a party” is an idiomatic expression that means to attend a party without receiving an invitation. This expression may have developed from the idea of breaking and entering. If uninvited guests want to find a way into a party, they would need to break in, probably resulting in the sound of a crash either through smashing glass or breaking furniture. Depending on the kind of party one is trying to attend, however, it is unlikely that one would actually have to break anything in order to enter. Typically the term “crash a party” is used by teens and college students to describe going to parties without an invitation. Most adults rarely crash a party. ________________________ 擅自闯入宴会；不邀而至 写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability. (2016 全国) _____________ 2. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage has been caused by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. _____________ 3. Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. (2017 全国) _____________ sweep 消除 席卷 扫 写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house. (2016 北京改) _____________ 2. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to slow down. (2017 浙江) _____________ 3. At the railway station, the mother waved goodbye to her daughter until the train was out of sight. _____________ 4. Those memories are some of the few I have of the heat wave of 1962. (2014 山东) _____________ wave 海浪 挥手 向……挥手告别 热浪 一、根据所给提示，完成下列句子。 1. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, was visiting a museum when ____________________ (发生地震). 2. We would spend 1,500 yuan purchasing some pens for the needy students in _____________________ (贫困地区). (上海书面 表达) 3. _______________ (我突然想到) playing against the other team was a great learning moment. (2015 全国完形) 4. 趁热打铁。______________________________ strike the earthquake struck poverty-stricken areas It struck me that Strike while the iron is hot. 二、写出下列句子中划线部分的汉语释义。 1. It always struck me that when you’re looking at a big challenge from the outside it looks huge, but when you’re in the midst of it, it just seems normal. _____________________________________ 2. I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books, or observations that are particularly meaningful. _____________________________________ 3. When sunlight strikes an object, some of the energy is absorbed and some is reflected. _____________________________________ 我总是想到 把书中印象深刻的看法和引文记录下来 阳光照射在物体上 一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. The son of a grocer, he’d spent the summers of his childhood delivering food in Benardsville, New Jersey. (2021 新高考) ________ 2. The baby was delivered safely on Tuesday night. _________ 3. He was employed at the store as a delivery man. _________ 二、在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. We packed up our old computer and delivered it ________ my parents’ home. 2. Please ask at the Middle Ward shop about our home __________ (deliver) service. 三、根据所给汉语，用适当的词块完成下列句子。 1. The president will ___________________ (发表演说) about schools. 2. Your lunch will ________________ (被送到) the front gate of the center at 12:30. 递送 接生 送货员 to delivery deliver a speech be delivered to deliver $$