语法专题1.4 定语从句(Word讲义)-【创新教程】2025年高考英语艺考生文化课总复习（人教版2019）

第4讲　定语从句　 [考点一]　关系代词　 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) whose(＝of whom/of which) 人或物 定语 that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) as 人或物 主语、宾语 1.关系代词that与which的用法 (1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况： ①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ ②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 ③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 ④定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时关系代词用that。 Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？ ⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。 They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。 ⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。 (2)关系代词只用which不用that的情况： ①引导非限制性定语从句。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him. 海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。 ②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。 This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。 ③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。 The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing. 结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。 2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上的后面 只能放在主句 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等 意思上 意为“这一点” 意为“正如……，正像……的那样” She married again，which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是没料想到的。 She married again，as we expected. 正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。 　as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。 I have the same book as he has. 我和他有同样的书。 单句语法填空 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 　　________　 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 解析：考查定语从句。句意：这座温室是当代设计的伟大成就，它将中国西南部的植物安置在丝绸之路的尽头，这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地被带到了英国，定义了英国丰富的园艺。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Silk Route，先行词指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。 答案：which/that 2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, 　　________　 is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford­upon­Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown. 解析：考查定语从句。句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，表示人，用关系代词who引导。故填who。 答案：who 3．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 　　______　 live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 解析：考查定语从句。句意：大熊猫国家公园旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，设空处在从句中作主语，先行词为species，且先行词前有all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。 答案：that 4．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned and respect those　who　 did the work，he told me. 5．(2021·全国甲卷)Word came that our school is going to hold a class meeting　whose　 topic is related to Chinese traditional customs. 6．(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food 　that　 is provided by Mom with appreciation. 7．(2020·山东卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum 　that/which　 opened in 1759. 8．(2020·天津卷)Dr.Rowan，　whose　 secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 9．The students benefitting most from college are those 　who/that　 are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资源)． 10．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，　which　 she opened with her late husband Les. [考点二]　关系副词　 1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我仍然记得我第一次到这个学校的那一天。 2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆毁了。 3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。 　(1)如果定语从句修饰point, situation，part，stage，condition和case 等表示抽象意义的词，定语从句常用where引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况下”(前提是从句中缺少状语)。 (2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导定语从句，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导定语从句，也可以省略关系词。 What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which(that/不填 ) he said it. 使我吃惊的不是他说的内容而是他说话的方式。 单句语法填空 1．(2024·全国甲卷)The roads there went through large valleys　　________　 I'd be riding uphill for miles at a time. 解析：考查定语从句。句意： 那里的道路穿过大山谷，我一次要骑上几英里的山坡。先行词large valleys在定语从句中作状语，故填where。 答案：where 2．(2023·北京卷)Nina recently finished her year­long series of runs in Chicago, 　　________　 thousands were attending a water conference. 解析：考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 答案：where 3．Their child is at the stage 　where　 she can say individual words but not full sentences. 4．Almost every teenager will experience a period in their life 　when　 they aren't content with their parents. 5．Now the self­taught English learner has been admitted to one of China's top foreign language universities，Sichuan International Studies University，　where　 he used to deliver food to students. 6．Sometimes，the reason 　why　 someone gets cancer is simply an unfortunate mystery. 7．Of course，there are times 　when　 we need to travel long distances. 8．Selah lives in a family 　where　 everyone loves to climb. [考点三]　“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句　 1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词＋which/whom。不能用that和who。 This is the teacher from whom we've learned a lot. 这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的那位老师。 2．有时介词也可放在从句的动词后面，这时关系代词可用which/that(指物)，who/whom/that(指人)，也可以省略。 The situation (which/that) we had got into was very dangerous. 我们当时的处境很危险。 The man (whom/who/that) you were talking to just now is my English teacher. 你刚刚和他谈话的那个人是我的英语老师。 3．当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配，不可分割时，动词短语中的介词不能前置。 This is the pen which I'm looking for. 这是我正在找的那支钢笔。 4．定语从句也可由“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋which/whom”引出。 That old man has two sons，one of whom is a doctor. 那个老人有两个儿子，其中一个是医生。 单句语法填空 1．Many lessons are now available online，from 　which　 students can choose for free. 2．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of 　whom　 left their village homes for a better life in the city. 3．Last year，I bought an ancient vase，the price of 　which　 was very reasonable. 4．What's worse，it drove us crazy to look at all the salty water around，none of 　which　 was safe to drink. 5．Behind him were other people to 　whom　 he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. 6．There is a big window in my room, from 　where　 I can see the railway station. 定语从句在语法填空中的命题点 1．关系代词的用法 ①(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 　　that/which　 welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life. ②(2022·浙江卷)Kim Cobb，a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta，is one of a small but growing minority of academics 　who　 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. ③(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)In ancient China lived an artist 　whose　 paintings were almost lifelike. ④(全国Ⅱ卷)Data shows that kids and teens 　who　 do read frequently，compared to infrequent readers，have more books in the home... 2．关系副词的用法 ①(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives 　where　 the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off­line” activity. ②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)But like all performances，there are moments　when　 things go wrong. ③(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 　where　 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 3．考查“介词＋关系代词”的用法 ①(2022·浙江卷)She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of 　　whom　 were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. ②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)It is our hope that in coming decades，advances in science will offer new perspectives from　which　 to study how people manage their lives. 单句语法填空 1．(2024·北京卷)Tinniswood, 　　______　 doesn't smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. 解析：考查定语从句。句意：Tinniswood不吸烟，也很少喝酒，他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。 答案：who 2．(2024·浙江1月卷)Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way 　　________　 will make them the most money. 解析：考查定语从句。句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为way，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。 答案：that/which 3．(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park－2.2 million acres－until Wrangell­Saint Elias in southern Alaska，　　_________　became a national monument in 1978，took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 解析：考查关系代词。句意：黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园占地220万英亩，直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔·圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1 230万亩的面积作为国家公园才获得这项荣誉。这里是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Wrangell­Saint Elias，应用关系代词which。 答案：which 4．The teacher，in front of 　________　 house lies a big lake，is very patient with his children. 答案：whose 5．This university only has a few dozen lecturers, all of 　________　 have graduated from foreign postgraduate courses. 答案：whom 6．This is the longest train 　________　 I have ever seen. 答案：that 7．Life is like a long race 　________　 we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. 答案：where 8．Tom's best memory is of last year，　________　 the club gave a dancing party for his birthday. 答案：when 9．With the development of agriculture, the people in 　________　 village I taught ten years ago have been living a happy life. 答案：whose 10．Such people 　________　 were mentioned in his book do not really exist. 答案：as 11．In our class there are 46 students，half of　________　 wear glasses. 答案：whom 12．Ted came for the weekend wearing only a pair of shorts and a T­shirt，　________　 was a stupid thing to do in such weather. 答案：which 13．“We both come from single­mother households, 　________　resulted in the fact that we both had to be sponsored for Christmases before，” Jordynn told WCPO news. 解析：我们都来自单亲家庭，这导致了我们在圣诞节前得到资助。分析句子可知，　________　resulted in the fact that we both had to be sponsored for Christmases before为一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面一整句话，该空在从句中作主语，故填which。 答案：which 14．This week the organization is sponsoring a celebration called Shakespeare Week. Events are aimed at primary school students, many of 　________　will be reading his works for the first time. 解析：活动的对象是小学生，他们中的许多人将是第一次阅读他的作品。分析句子结构，先行词为students且指人，因此关系代词只能是who和whom。关系代词在定语从句中充当of的宾语，因此用宾格whom。故填whom。 答案：whom 15．A company 　________　 profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 解析：句意：国内市场利润正在下滑的公司可以到国外寻找机会。此处关系代词whose作定语。 答案：whose 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$