Unit 13 We're trying to save the earth!（知识清单）英语人教版九年级全一册

Unit13 We’re trying to save the earth. Unit13 话题 Protecting the environment(保护环境） 词汇 1.litter（v.乱扔n.垃圾;废弃物）—rubbish（n.垃圾;废弃物） 2.bottom (n.底部；最下面)—top ( n.顶部；表面) 3.ugly (adj.丑陋的;难看的)—beautiful (adj.美丽的；美好的) 4.advantage (n.优点；有利条件)—disadvantage(n.缺点；不利条件) 5.wood (n.木头)一wooden ( adj.木头的；木制的) 6.harm(v.& n.伤害；损害)—harmful(adj.有害的) 7.science (n.科学)—scientific ( adj.科学上的；科学的) 8.reuse（v.重复使用)— reusable (adj.可重复使用的) 9.transport（v.& n.运输）一 transportation (n.运输业；交通运输) 10.inspire v.激励；鼓舞→inspiration n.灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物） inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的；有激励作用的 inspired adj. 品质优秀的；能力卓越的 11. create v.创造；创建→creative(adj.有创造力的) creativity(n.创造力:独创性) creator(n.创者) creation(n.创造;作品) 12. work n. 作品→ work v. 工作 短语 1.付诸行动 take action 2.参与；起作用take part in 3.在...顶部/底部at the top/bottom of 4.快餐takeaway food 5.有影响make a difference 6.引领lead to 7.对...有害be harmful to 8.减少cut down 9.食物链food chain 10.参与play a part in 11.负担得起做某事afford to do 12.开始于begin with 13.关闭/打开turn off/on 14.付钱.pay for 15.涉及，有关be related to 16.公共交通public transportation 17.关闭close down 18.清扫clean up 19.关掉 turn off 20.好好利用 put … to good use 21.拆掉 pull down 22.上下颠倒 turn …upside down 23.由…制成(看不见原材料) be made from 24.一个很… a most +adj+n. 25.由…制成(看得见原材料) be made of 26.建议做 suggest doing 27. 用…建造.. build… out of.. 28. 乘坐公共交通 take public transportation 29….的重要性 the importance of… 30.对某人来说是鼓舞人心的be an inspiration to sb. 31.浪费n. a waste 32. 因…著名 be known for 33.使…充满生机 bring back to life 34. 建立set up 35. 鼓励某人做 inspire sb. to do 句型 1.我认为一些简单的事情如购物时带上购物袋都能起到作用。 I think simple things like bringing a bag to go shopping can help. 2.如果他们（鲨鱼）的数目降至过低，会给所有的海洋生物带来危险。 If their numbers drop too low, it will bring danger to all ocean life. 3.因此，我们齐心协力就能带来变化，创造美好的未来。 So together, our actions can make a difference and lead to a better future. 4. 世界各地的环境保护组织，如野生救援协会和世界自然基金会，都在教育公众有关“猎翅”的行为。 Environmental protection groups around the world, such as Wild Aid and the WWF, are teaching the public about “finning”. 5.为了减少空气污染，我们应该坐公交车或地铁去上班而不是开车。 To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 6.她住在英国一个由她自己用废弃物建造而成的房子里。 She lives in a house in the UK that she built herself out of rubbish. 7.你曾经考虑过这些东西实际上可以怎样被好好利用吗？ Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use? 8. 不仅艺术品能给人们带来快乐，而且也说明只需要一点创造力，即便是冰冷坚硬的铁也可产生活力。 Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 9.门窗来自小镇周围被拆毁的旧建筑。 The windows and doors come from old buildings around her town that were pulled down. 10.房子的顶部是一条翻转过来的旧木船。 The top of the house is an old boat turned upside down. 语法 现在进行时；现在完成时；被动语态； 写作 Protecting the environment(保护环境） 考点1 fish和catch的用法 【教材原句】 There were no more fish for fishermen to catch.不再有鱼让渔民去捕。 【句型剖析】fish名词，此处意为“鱼"。 【注意】①fish表示同一种类的鱼时，其单复数同形： 例：a fish一条鱼，two fish两条鱼， ②表示不同种类的鱼时复数加-es： 例：These are three fishes.这是三种鱼. ③作“鱼肉"讲时，为不可数名词： 例：apiece of fish一块鱼肉。 【句型剖析】catch动词，意为“抓住"， 其第三人称单数形式为catches， 其过去式为caught。 例：Cats like catching mice. 猫喜欢捉老鼠. 【习惯搭配】catch the train 赶火车 catch up with 赶上 catch a cold 感冒 【经典练】 1．________ great fun it is to go fishing and they have fun ________ in the park！ A．What; to fish B．How; to fish C．What; fishing D．How; fishing 3．He was almost late for the last bus so he ran as fast as he could ________ it. A．to catch B．catching C．catch D．caught 4．Helen used to ________ the bus to work every morning, but now she is used to ________ a shared bike to work. A．catch; ride B．catch; riding C．catching; riding 【写作佳句】 But if it catches a virus, it’ll cause much trouble. . 考点2.bottom的用法 【教材原句】Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.甚至河底都充满了垃圾。 【句型剖析】bottom名词，意为“底部； 最下部”.常构成短语at the bottom of...，意为“在...的底部”，其反义词组为at the top of意为“在......顶端. 例：There's a hole at the bottom of the flowerpot. 花盆底部有个洞. 【知识拓展】 ①表示“在......的底部”时，有时根据语境也可用介词in或on。 例：There is some tea left in the bottom of the cup. 有些茶叶留在了杯子底部。(指杯子内部的底部) There is some dust on the bottom of the cup. 杯子底部有一些尘土，(指杯子外部的底部) ②bottom还可作形容词， 意为“最下面的， 最末的"， 例：Plates are on the bottom shelf. 盘子在最下层搁板上。 【经典练】 1．I waited for them ________ the bottom of the hill. A．at B．in C．for D．of 2．The roots of a plant grow _________the stem. A．at the top of B．in the bottom of C．in the middle of D．at the beginning of 考点 3.used to be的用法 【教材原句】But it used to be so clean! 但它过去是那么干净! 【句型剖析】used to be“过去是......"；used to dos th.“过去常常做某事"，它表示过去存在某种状态或者过去经常性、习惯性的动作，并意味着这种状态或动作目前已存在。 例：He used to bean English teacher. 他过去是一名英语老师。 He used to swim in the river when he was a child.他是一个小孩子的时候，常常在这条河里游泳。 【知识拓展】 ①used to的否定形式是didn't use to或used n't to， 例：She didn't use to/used n't to like dancing.她过去不喜欢跳舞。 ②used to...句子变为一般疑问句时，可以用Did sb.use to...?或Used sb.to...? 例：-Did you use to/Used you to play the piano?你过去经常弹钢琴吗? -Yes, I did/used to. 是的，我经常弹。 -No,I didn’t(use to) . 不，我不经常弹。 ③反意疑问句的陈述部分有used to时， 附加疑问部分可以用didn't或used n't. 例：-Tom used to get up early，didn't/usedn't he? 汤姆过去常常早起， 不是吗? -Yes,he did/used to. 是的，他过去是这样。 -No,he didn’t/usedn’t to. 不是，他过去不是这样的。 【经典练】 1．People ________ in cash when shopping, but now almost everyone________e-payment. A．used to paying; is used to B．used to pay; is used to C．used to paying; used to D．used to pay; used to 【写作佳句】 I used to be quiet and shy，but now I'm more outgoing than before because I have made lots of new friends. 考点4. litter的用法 【教材原句】Yes，but people are throwing litter into the river.是的，但人们正把垃圾扔进河里。 【句型剖析】litter作不可数名词，意为“垃圾；废弃物”， 例：You can't drop litter in the garden.你不能在花园里扔垃圾。 辨析litter， garbage， rubbish与waste litter 指四处乱丢的东西和杂物 garbage 专指厨房中的残羹剩饭等必须清除的垃圾 rubbish 指残骸、废物等普通垃圾，特意集中起来以便清除 waste 指任何披丢弃的东西 例：Please don't drop litter. 请不要乱扔垃圾， Don't forget to takeout the garbage after dinner. 晚饭后不要忘记把垃圾带出去. You'd better not throw the rubbish on the ground. 你最好不要把垃圾扔在地上， Waste is also becoming more and more hazardous废弃物的危害也变得越来越大。 【经典练】 1．—What will you do if you see others ________? —I’ll ask them to pick it up and throw it into the dustbin. A．littered B．littering C．to litter 【写作佳句】 And they also knew to put litter in different bins.. 考点5.turn...into的用法 【教材原句】This is turning beautiful places into ugly ones.这将把美丽的地方变成丑陋的地方。 【句型剖析】turn...into...为固定短语，意为“把......变成......". 例：I can tum the liquid into the gas. 我能把液体变成气体， 辨析：turn into与change into turn into 既指形式上的改变，也表示状态上本质的改变 change into 更强调外在形式上的改变 例：Water turns into ice. 水变成冰。 He changed into the working clothes. 他换上了工作服。 【经典练】 1．If the temperature is below 0℃, water will ________ ice in the open air. A．turn up B．turn on C．turn into D．turn down 2．—Excuse me, how can I get to Peace Cinema? —Turn right _______ Middle Xizang Road. Walk along the road, and you’ll see Peace Cinema on your right. A．in B．on C．into D．onto 考点6.advantage的用法 【教材原句】There are other advantages of bike riding.骑自行车有其他优点。 【句型剖析】advantage可数名词，意为“优点；有利条件".其反义词为disadvantage，意为“劣势，不利条件"， 例：What is the advantage of using nuclear power?使用核能的优点是什么? 【知识拓展】 与advantage与有关的短语： take advantage of利用 be of advantage to对......有利 have advantage over优于，胜过 【经典练】 1．—What are the ________ of bike riding? —It can help reduce air pollution and be good for our health. A．advantages B．results C．reasons 2．—Can you tell me any ________ of going online? —Yes, sure. For example, we can chat with friends and get useful information. A．discoveries B．customs C．advantages D．suggestions 【写作佳句】 One of the advantages of online teaching is that the video lesson can be played back after class. 考点7.make difference和lead to的用法 【教材原句】So together，our actions can make a difference and lead to better future! 因此，齐心协力，我们的行动就能起作用，就会创造一个更加美好的未来! 【句型剖析】make difference意为“起作用；有影响”，其后可接介词to，构成短语make difference to， 表示对某人或某事物有影响。 例：A kind smile can make a big difference. 一个善意的微笑会产生很大的影响。 【知识拓展】 有关make的常用短语： make the bed铺床 make tea沏茶 make a mistake犯错误 make a living谋生 make noise制造噪音 make sure务必 make trouble惹麻烦 make money赚钱 make a visit拜访 make a telephone call打电话 make a decision做决定 【句型剖析】lead to为固定短语，意为“引起(结果等) ". 例：Eating too much salt can lead to health problems.吃太多盐会引起健康问题， 知识拓展 ①lead sb.to do sth.意为“致使某人做某事" 例：What led you to think so?什么使你这样想呢? ②leads b.to someplace意为“带领某人去某地” 例：The road leads you to the station.这条路指引你去往车站。 【经典练】 1．—Alice, why do you like volunteering in your free time? —Because being a volunteer can make me see the world ________. A．quickly B．differently C．strongly 2．—What can we learn from the documentary My Warmth in the World (《我的温暖人间》)? —Our small kindness can make a ________ to the world. A．difference B．resolution C．plan 3．—My father always likes to order me__________ something, but I don’t always follow his words. —I think this will __________ the conflict (矛盾) between your father and you. A．to do; get to B．to do; lead to C．do; lead to 4．— I like eating meat very much. — But eating too much meat will cause health problems. You should eat some fruit and vegetables. A．do harm to B．set off C．lead to 【写作佳句】 Staying up late is bad for your health and will lead to memory loss.. 考点8.hear of的用法 【教材原句】Many have heard of shark fin soup.很多人都听说过鱼翅汤。 【句型剖析】hear of意为“听说，听到”，相当于hear about。 例如： I have never heard of him. 我从来没听人说起过他。 【拓展】hear; hear of与hear from的辨析： (1) hear“听见，听说”。当“听见”讲时，强调结果，可直接带宾语或用于hear sb. / sth. do/ doing sth.意为“听见某人/某物（在）做某事”，当“听说”时，后面常接从句。例如： Can you hear a bird singing in the tree now? 你现在能听见鸟在树上唱歌吗？ I heard that she passed the exam. 我听说她通过考试了。 (2) hear of“听说，得知”，后面接名词或代词，指听到某人或某事的存在或消息。例如： Jim disappeared and nobody heard of him. Jim不知去向，没有人再听到他的消息。 (3) hear from“收到……来信”，后面常接人作宾语。例如： Have you ever heard from your pen pal? 你是否收到过笔友的来信。 【经典练】 1．—Mike, which city do you ________ travelling? —Harbin is the one I like. A．think of B．dream of C．hear of D．die of 考点9.whole和each time的用法 【教材原句】But do you realize that you're killing a whole shark each time you enjoy bowl of shark fin soup? 但是你意识到每当你享受一碗鱼翅羹时，你正在杀死一整条鲨鱼了吗? 【句型剖析】whole此处作形容词，意为“全部的，所有的"，其结构为“限定词+whole+名词". 例：He worked the whole night. 他工作了整整一个晚上。 辨析：whole与all whole 放在冠词、指示代词、物主代词等之后。在单数可数名词前一般用whole，但在物质名词前则不用whole；在时间名词(如day，week，month， year等) 以及季节名词(spring， summer， autumn，winter) 之前， all与whole两者都可用(注意冠词的位置)。 all 放在冠词、指示代词、物主代词等之前。在复数名词和不可数名词之前一般用all，而不用whole； 在表地点的专有名词之前，一般用all而不用whole，但可用the whole of。 例：the whole family/all the family 全家 The whole building is burning. 整座楼都在燃烧 All my friends are poor. 我所有的朋友都贫穷. [误] the wholefood [正] all the food所有的食物 [误] the whole wine [正] all the wine所有的酒 all China/the whole of China 全中国 all(the) spring/the whole spring 整个春天 【句型剖析】each time意为“每次"，名词性短语，引导时间状语从句，相当于every time类似的还有the first time the minute，the moment等. 例：Each time meet him， he tries to tell me something new.每次我遇到他，他都尽力告诉我一些新鲜事情。 【经典练】 1．—What do you think of the Science Museum? —I think it is the top one in ________ world. A．all the B．whole the C．the all D．the whole 2．—I’ve collected the complete set of stamps. —Congratulations! A．finish B．whole C．achieve 3．______ of them has a watch and _______ one of them keeps good time. A．Each; every B．Every; each C．Each; everyone D．Every; every 【写作佳句】 For example, I often eat healthy food, like whole meal bread, eggs, vegetables and milk for breakfast and rice, noodles, and vegetables for dinner.. 考点10.can和endangered的用法 【教材原句】Many believe that sharks can never be endangered because they are the strongest in their food chain. 许多人认为鲨鱼不可能濒危，因为它们在它们所在的食物链中是最强者。 【句型剖析】can表推测时，常用于否定句或疑问句中，can't意为“一定不；不可能”。 例：It can't be true. 它不可能是真的. What can he be doing? 他可能在做什么呢? 【句型剖析】endangered形容词，意为“濒危的；灏临灭绝的". 例：Pandas are an endangered species. 熊猫是一种灏临灭绝的物种， 辨析endangered， danger， dangerous与in danger endangered 形容词，“濒危的；濒临灭绝的” danger 不可数名词， 危险， 威胁"， 后接of(doing) sth dangerous 形容词，“危险的” in danger 介词短语，“在危险中" 例：Scientists think that the animal is endangered by pollution.科学家认为污染导致这种动物临灭绝。 Is there any danger of fire? 有发生火灾的危险吗? It's dangerous for children to swim in the river.对孩子们来说在河里游泳是危险的。 Her life is in danger. 她有生命危险。 【经典练】 1．—Can you find the Black Hill on the map, Cindy? —________. It is here! A．Yes, I do B．Yes, I can C．No, I can’t D．No, I don’t 2．Many birds are out of ____________ now, because we have done a lot of things to protect __________ birds. A．dangerous; endangered B．danger; dangerous C．endangered; danger D．danger; endangered 3．The pandas are ________. We should try our best to protect them. A．endangered B．useful C．serious D．careless 考点11.ask sb. to do sth.的用法 【教材原句】They have even asked governments to develop laws to stop the sale of shark fins.他们甚至要求政府制定法律，禁止销售鱼翅。 【句型剖析】ask sb. to do sth.为固定结构，意为“要求某人做某事”，其否定形式为ask sb. not to do sth.，意为“要求某人别做某事”。例如： He asks Tom to stay with him. 他要求汤姆跟他一起留下。 Miss Zhang asks Jack not to come late again. 张老师要求杰克不要再迟到了。 【拓展】ask的常见搭配： (1) 与介词 for 连用，有“要求得到”的意思。例如： Mary asks her father for money. 玛丽向她父亲要钱。 (2) 与about 连用，表示询问或打听关于某事的情况。例如： Uncle Hill asked about you the other day. 前些日子希尔大叔问起过你。 【经典练】 1．They asked _______ to help _______ to some meat. A．me; myself B．me; me C．her; her D．you; your 2．The government asks people ________ the rubbish from their daily life in different groups. A．to put B．putting C．put D．to putting 【写作佳句】 You asked me how to use a dictionary to learn English. 考点12.afford和take action的用法 【教材原句】 Yes，we can't afford to wait any longer to take action.是的，我们再也等不起了，应该(立马)采取行动! 【句型剖析】afford及物动词，意为“承担得起(后果) ". 例：We can not afford anymore delays. 我们不能再有任何耽了。 【知识拓展】 ①afford常与can，could，be able to等连用，且多用于否定句中。 ②afford后跟名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语，但不能跟动词-ing形式， ③afford通常不用于被动语态. ④afford to do sth.负担得起做某事 例：We cant afford to go abroad this summer. 今年夏天我们负担不起去国外， 【句型剖析】take action动词短语，意为“采取行动”。常用结构take action to do sth. 意为“采取行动做某事". 例：The government must take action now to protect the environment 政府现在必须采取行动保护环境。 【知识拓展】有关take的常见短语： take place发生 take a shower淋浴 take a walk散步 take turns轮流 take exercise运动 take care当心 take notes记笔记 take the medicine吃药 take care of照料 take a message带个口信 take a break/rest休息一下 take it easy别紧张 take a bus/train/taxi乘公共汽车/火车/出租车 【经典练】 1．The boy’s parents were so poor that they could not ________ to send him to school. A．afford B．pay C．order 2．The new smart phone is too expensive. I can’t ________ it. A．offer B．dream C．expect D．afford 3．We need to ________ to save wild animals in danger. A．take off B．take down C．take action D．take after 4．________ and work hard for it, and you will get whatever you want. A．Take off B．Take up C．Take action D．Take place 【写作佳句】 We can take actions in our daily life. 考点13.put sth.to good use 的用法 【教材原句】Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use? 你曾经考虑过这些东西实际上可以怎样被好好利用吗? 【句型剖析】put sth.to good use意为“好好利用某物"，相当于make good use of sth.。 本句用了该短语的被动形式，即sth.be put to good use. 例：We can put these books to good use. 我们可以好好利用这些书 These glasses can be put to good use. 这些玻璃杯可以被好好利用。 【知识拓展】 与put有关的短语： ①put off意为“推迟"，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式. 例：We'll put off holding the sports meeting because of rain. 由于下雨，我们将推迟举办运动会。 ②put away意为“收拾起来". 例：The little girl put the bowl away after she finished her dinner 吃完晚饭后，小女孩儿把碗收拾起来。 ③put up意为“张贴、举起、建立"， 例：A new school was put up last year. 去年新建了一所学校。 ④put on意为“穿上” 例：What dress shall l put on for the party? 我应该穿什么衣服去参加聚会呢? ⑤put out意为“扑灭； 熄灭". 例：The firemen soon put out the fire. 消防员很快把火扑灭了。 【经典练】 1．We ________ the work on time as long as we ________ our time to good use. A．will finish; put B．finish; put C．will finish; will put D．finish; will put 2．—How should we deal with waste bottles? —Our teacher tells us they should be ________ good use. A．put B．put to C．to put D．puts 考点14.pull down的用法 【教材原句】The windows and doors come from old buildings around her town that were pulled down. 门窗来自她的城镇周围被拆掉的旧建筑。 【句型剖析】were pulled down一般过去时的被动语态，其结构为“was/were+及物动词的过去分词”. 例：Thousands of trees were planted by them last year. 去年他们种植了数万棵树。 【句型剖析】Pull down意为“拆毁，拆掉". 例：The workers are pulling down the old building. 工人们正在拆除那栋旧楼， pull down是“动词+副词”型短语。名词作其宾语时，放在down之前或之后均可；代词作其宾语时，只能放在pull和down之间 辨析pull down与take down pull down 指把某物毁坏 takedown 指把某物拆下，还可以安上去，没有毁坏 例：You can pull down the old house. 你们可以拆除这所旧房子。 Remember to takedown our tent before leaving. 记住离开前拆下我们的帐篷。 【经典练】 1．—Where did you get these old toys? —From the old houses which were ________ by the workers. A．cut down B．pulled down C．took down 2．Many old houses around our school will be ________ next year and a large green area will appear. A．taken off B．built up C．pulled down D．pulled away 考点15.win的用法 【教材原句】Amy recently won a prize from the Help Save Our Planet Society.最近埃米获得了“帮助拯救我们的星球协会”颁发的一个奖项。 【句型剖析】win此处用作及物动词，意为“赢得；在......中获胜"，其后的宾语为比赛的项目、奖品或战争等；win还可用作不及物动词，意为“赢； 获胜"。 例：She won the second prize. 她获得了第二名。 Vincent is sure to win. 文森特一定会获胜， 辨析：win与beat win “赢得；获胜"，用作及物动词时，其宾语为比赛的项目、奖品或战争等 beat “打赢；战胜"，用于比赛时，其宾语为所战胜的对手 例：We won the football game. 我们赢了足球赛。 LiMing beat all the runners in the 100-me terrace. 李明在百米赛跑中战胜了所有的对手， 【写作佳句】 I like to read this part very much because the monkey always tries his best to win the fights. 考点16.set up的用法 【教材原句】....she has also set up a website to sell them online.......她也建立了一个网站，在网上销售她的包。 【句型剖析】set up动词短语，此处意为“建立；设立；创立(公司、机构等) ". 例：They decided to set up a new company. 他们决定创办一家新公司。 setup是“动词+副词”型短语，其宾语是代词时，要放在set和up之间。 辨析set up与build set up 主要用于创建组织、机构、公司、学校等 build 指具体建造、制作某物 例：He has set up a firm of his own.他自己开了一家公司。 The house was built in the early 19th century. 这所房子建于19世纪初期。 【经典练】 1．—What should we do for the children in the orphanage (孤儿院)? —You should ________ a study group to help them. A．take up B．set up C．look up D．put up 2．They need money to ________ a special school for blind children. A．set up B．set out C．set off 考点17.be known for的用法 【教材原句】 He is known for using iron and other materials from old cars to make beautiful art pieces. 他因使用来自旧车上的铁和其他材料来制作美丽的艺术品而出名。 【句型剖析】be known for意为“以......闻名；因......而出名"，相当于be famous for. 例：Switzerland is known/famous for watches. 瑞士以手表闻名。 Hangzhou is known/famous for the West Lake. 杭州因西湖而出名。 辨析known for， be known as与be known to be known for 意为“因......而出名”， 相当于be famous for be known as 意为“以......出名” be known to 意为”为......所熟知” 例：Einstein was known for his theory of relativity. 爱因斯坦以他的相对论而出名。 Einstein was known as a great scientist. 爱因斯坦以一位伟大的科学家著称。 He is known to us all. 我们都熟悉他。 【经典练】 1．Tea from China began to be sent abroad more than a thousand years ago. Since then, China has been known ______ its tea in the world. A．as B．for C．to 2．Xiongan New Area __________ being built as a green and smart city，and it plays an important role in China's development. A．is known for B．is worried about C．is born with 【写作佳句】 It is our duty to respect the traditions and make Chinese culture known to the world. 考点18.比较级+and+比较级的用法 【教材原句】The air pollution is getting worse and worse.空气污染变得越来越糟。 【句型剖析】worse and worse意为“越来越”，其结构为“比较级+and+比较级"或“more and more+原级(多音节或部分双音节词) "，意为“越来越......". 例：He is getting taller and taller. 他变得越来越高。 The flowers are more and more beautiful. 这些花越来越漂亮， 知识拓展 比较级的常用句型： ①“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+乙"或"甲+实义动词+副词比较级+than+乙" 意为“甲比乙......“. 例：Amy is taller than Anne.埃米比安妮高 I got up earlier than my brother this morning.今天早晨我比我哥哥起床早， ②“甲+be+倍数+形容词比较级+than+乙”或“甲+实义动词+倍数+副词比较级 +than+乙"意为“甲比乙......几倍”. 例：This room is three times bigger than that one 这个房间比那个房间大三倍。 She runs three times faster than her sister.她跑的速度比她姐姐快三倍。 ③“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+其他"意为“甲是两者中较......的”. 例：Look at the two boys.My brother is the taller of the two. 看那两个男孩儿。我哥哥是两个当中较高的。 ④“the+比较级， the+比较级”意为“越......， 越....... 例：The busier my father was， the happier hefe it.我父亲越忙， 他感到越快乐。 ⑤“疑问词+be+形容词比较级，甲or乙?”意为“甲和乙哪一个更......?" 例：Which is bigger the earth or the moon?哪一个更大， 地球还是月球? ⑥“疑问词+实义动词+副词比较级，甲or乙?“意为“哪一个更......，甲还是乙?“. Who draws better Carol or Kelly?谁画得更好， 卡萝尔还是凯丽? 【经典练】 Don’t lose heart. Keep working hard, and your English ________ better and better. A．will get B．gets C．got D．is getting 一．语法精讲——现在进行时；现在完成时；被动语态 知识点01 现在进行时 【语法详解】1. 概念：表示说话时正在进行的动作及行为或表示现阶段正在进行的动作。 2. 结构：现在进行时常有三种句型： （1）肯定式：主语＋be＋v-ing＋其他。 He is mending his bike. 他正在修自行车。 （2）否定式：主语＋be＋not＋v-ing＋其他。 He is not（isn’t）mending his bike. 他没在修自行车。 （3）疑问式：主要分一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种句式。 ①一般疑问句：Be＋主语＋v-ing＋其他? —Is he mending his bike? 他正在修自行车吗？ —Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. ②特殊疑问句：疑问词＋be＋主语＋v-ing＋其他？ What is he doing? 他正在干什么？ 3. 常用的时间状语有：now，at the moment，right now，these days等。在句首出现look或listen时，也可以判断出后面的句子用现在进行时。 She is watching TV now. 她现在正在看电视。 Listen! Who’s singing in the classroom? 听！谁正在教室里唱歌？ 4. 现在分词的构成。 (1) 一般情况下在动词词尾加ing。 go → going ask → asking look→looking (2) 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e加ing。 have → having take→taking make→making write→writing (3) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加-ing。 get → getting sit → sitting put → putting run → running swim → swimming begin → beginning shop → shopping 5. 现在进行时的用法。 (1) 表示说话时动作正在进行，往往与now连用，有时用在祈使句之后。 What are you doing now？ 你现在在做什么？ Don't make any noise. Mother is sleeping. 不要吵。妈妈在睡觉呢。 (2) 表示现阶段动作正在进行，但不一定是说话时正在进行，往往和at present，this week，these days等时间状语连用。 What lessons are you learning this week？ 你们这个星期学哪些课了？ (3) 当句中含有Look！或Listen！Can you see...，Can't you see...等暗示词时，后边句子也用现在进行时。 Listen！Who is crying in the next room？听！谁在隔壁房间哭呢？ -We can't go out to play.我们不能出去玩了。 -Why not？为什么不能呢？ -Can't you see it is raining outside？你没看见外面正下雨吗？ [注意] 动词go，come，leave，start，arrive等可以用现在进行时表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。 How many of you are coming to the party next week？ 你们有多少人下周来参加聚会？ She is leaving for Qinghai this weekend. 这个周末她将动身去青海。 以下这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中： ①表示感官的动词，如see，hear等。 ②表示喜欢或厌恶的动词，如like，love，hate等。 ③表示希望的动词（词组），如want，would like等。 ④表示状态的动词，如be等。 ⑤表示归属的动词，如have等。 ⑥表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词，如know，forget等。 知识点02 现在完成时 【语法详解】1. 概念：表示过去发生或已经发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响，可以和already，yet，just连用。 2. 构成：助动词have / has +过去分词。 I have already posted the photos. 我已经把照片寄了。（照片已不在我这儿了） —Have you had your lunch yet? 你已经吃过午饭了？ —Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 是的，我吃了。我刚刚吃的。（现在不饿了） 3. 常用的时间状语：①already，yet，just，ever，never，before；②this morning（week，month...），today，now；③up to now，till now，so far，in the past few（two，three...）years等。 4. 现在完成时用法 （1）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。 eg. The car has arrived.　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口） 　 Someone has broken the window.　有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着） 区别：have been to, have gone to, have been in have been to,表示去过某个地方，不过现在已经回来了 have gone to表示去了，但还没有回来，也许是在去的途中 have been in指的是在某个地方，从过去一直延续到现在 　　（2）现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week (month，year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。 　　eg. He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 2001. 　　　 Now I have finished the work. 　注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。 5. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词(终止性动词) （1）延续性动词：work, stand, know, keep, have, wait, sleep, sing, live, walk, read, watch… （2）瞬间性动词：die, arrive, close, become, come, fall, leave, go, buy, borrow, lend, begin, start, join… 注：瞬间性动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，要把动词或者时间状语做适当调整，句子才能合理。如： The old man died three years ago. The old man has been dead for three years. （3）常见的瞬间性动词后接一段时间时，须进行如下转换 1.动词变动词 buy--have, borrow—keep, become—be, make friends—be friends catch a cold—have a cold ① I have had this bike for a week. (buy) ② Mary has kept this book since last Monday. (borrow) 2.动词变为“be + adj./adv.” begin—be on, get married—be married, leave—be away, open/close—be open/closed, finish—be over, fall ill—be ill die—be dead ① The film has been on since ten minutes ago. (begin) ② They have been married since they came to Handan. (get married) 3.动词变为“be+介词短语” join—be in(be a member of), put on—be in He has been in/has been a member of the army for three years. (join) 6. 现在完成时的三个固定结构： （1）have / has been to表示某人曾经去过某地，现在已不在某地。可以和表示次数的单词或短语连用，如once，twice，three times等。 I have been to the USA twice. 我去过美国两次。 （2）have / has gone to表示某人去某地了，可能在途中，也可能到了那里，总之不在说话处。 —Where’s Jim? 吉姆在哪里？ —He has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。 （3）have / has been in表示某人在某地待了一段时间，经常与＂for+一段时间＂连用。 We have been in this city for three years. 我们在这个城市待了三年了。 知识点03 被动语态 【语法详解】主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。 1. 基本结构：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词 2. 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换 We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态状语 宾语 谓语 主语 状语 宾语 谓语 主语 That factory was visited by us last summer. 被动语态 3. 感官动词（hear，see，watch等）或使役动词（make，let等）在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不带to， 但在变为被动语态时必须使用to。 make somebody do something → somebody + be + made to do something see somebody do something → somebody + be + seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. 一个女孩经过的时候看见我的钱包掉了。 → My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 二．写作精讲——Protecting the environment(保护环境） 本单元话题是“Protecting the environment(保护环境）”，主要讨论各种污染及其解决办法。环境保护是一个热门话题。与环保相关的书面表达通常是先列举环境中出现的某一现象，然后要求考生就该现象进行描述，提出建议，阐述自己的观点。具体来讲，此话题主要会从以下四方面进行设题：(1)记叙你参加过的一次环保活动；(2)谈论保护环境的重要性；(3)对保护环境的措施和建议；(4)对环境污染的看法并提岀保护环境的措施。 体裁：说明文 时态：用一般现在时 人称：第一人称和第三人称 【开头句】 1．It is very important to take care of our environment． 2．It's our duty to protect the environment． 3．As we all know，water is very important to human beings． 4．As middle school students，we should take some useful measures to stop pollution． 5．Today environmental problems have drawn people's attention． 6. We need to protect Earth because it is our home. 7. Save the earth, Our Only Home. 8. Earth is our home. 9. Environmental problems directly affect the quality of people’s lives. 10. The most important question in the world today is pollution. 【中间句】 1．We can begin with small things，such as planting more trees，riding bikes instead of driving． 2．Sort out your rubbish into plastic，paper and rubber． 3．Set up a recycling network to encourage people to recycle the e－waste． 4．First of all，we can ride a bike or walk to school to reduce air pollu5．We'd better plant as many trees as possible to make our city more beautiful． 5．We'd better plant as many trees as possible to make our city more beautiful． 6．We should use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when shopping． 7．We can call on the people around us to do some small things to protect the environment． 8．The government should make some laws to prevent factories from pouring waste water into the river． 9．Last but not least，everyone should realize the seriousness of e－waste． 10. So I hope all the students in our class stop using the plastic bags, and use our own cloth bags. 11. We should stop factories from producing harmful gases. 12. If we go on polluting the earth, it won’t be fit for us to live in. 13. It not only disturbs others but also does great harm to people’s hearing. 14. That’s a problem we Chinese must pay special attention to. 15. We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future. 16. The development of private cars has brought about a series of problems. 【结尾句】 1．All in all，everyone should make a contribution to protecting the environment． 2．If everyone tries his best to protect the environment，our city/world will become nicer and cleaner! 3．We all need a healthy and clean environment．Let's repeat the three things every day：reduce，reuse and recycle． 4．In a word，everyone can do something to make a difference． 5．If all of us can do a little thing to protect the environment，I'm sure it will make a big difference． 6. None of us likes pollution. 7. I believe we can make our earth a better place to live in. 8. I believe our life will become better and better if we can do these things. 9. If everyone makes contributions to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 10. Let’s do our best to make it more beautiful. 11. Let’s take action and be a green person! 列提纲 写句子 自我介绍及写信目的 I’m from No. 5 Middle School. I like our city, but the environment around here is getting worse and worse. 环境问题1 问题 There is white pollution everywhere in the city(这个城市到处都是白色污染).  原因 People use too many disposable (一次性的) things, such as plastic cups, bottles, bags and lunch boxes.People throw them away after only using them once (人们只用一次后就把它们扔掉了). 建议 I think that people should try to use their own cups, lunch boxes and chopsticks instead of disposable things (我认为人们应该尽量使用自己的杯子、饭盒和筷子来代替一次性用品). 环境问题2 问题 There has been haze (雾霾) in the city in recent years. 原因 That’s because there are more and more cars on the road (那是因为马路上有越来越多的汽车) and they give off too much waste gas. 建议 People should use public transportation more (人们应该多使用公共交通工具). It’s a good idea to take buses and use shared bikes (乘公共汽车和使用共享单车是个好主意). I think the government should encourage more people to use new energy vehicles (新能源汽车). 表达希望 I hope the environment in your city gets better and better. Dear Mr. Mayor, I’m from No. 5 Middle School. I like our city, but the environment around here is getting worse and worse. First, there is white pollution everywhere in the city. People use too many disposable things, such as plastic cups, bottles, bags and lunch boxes. People throw them away after only using them once. I think that people should try to use their own cups, lunch boxes and chopsticks instead of disposable things. Second, there has been haze in the city in recent years. That’s because there are more and more cars on the road and they give off too much waste gas. People should use public transportation more. It’s a good idea to take buses and use shared bikes. I think the government should encourage more people to use new energy vehicles. I hope the environment in your city gets better and better. Yours sincerely, Wang Lei 尊敬的市长先生：， 我来自第五中学。我喜欢我们的城市，但周围的环境越来越差。 首先，城市里到处都是白色污染。人们使用太多一次性物品，如塑料杯、瓶子、袋子和饭盒。人们只使用一次就把它们扔掉了。 我认为人们应该尽量使用自己的杯子、饭盒和筷子，而不是一次性物品。 第二，近年来该市出现了雾霾。那是因为路上的汽车越来越多，而且它们排放的废气太多。人们应该更多地使用公共交通工具。乘公共汽车和共享自行车是个好主意。我认为政府应该鼓励更多人使用新能源汽车。 我希望你们城市的环境越来越好。 谨上，王磊 一、重点词组 write to ... 给……写信 the bottom of the river 河底 throw litter into the river 往河里扔垃圾 clean up ... 把……打扫干净 land / air / noise / water / waste pollution土地 / 空气 / 噪音 / 水/ 垃圾污染 turn ... into ... 把……变成…… cut down air pollution 减少空气污染 instead of 代替 be good for ... 对……有好处 takeaway food 外卖食品 keep public places clean and beautiful保持公共场所干净美观 make a difference 影响；有作用 lead to 带来；导致 hear of 听说 a bowl of shark fin soup 一碗鱼翅羹 cut off 切掉 be harmful to ... 对……有害 no longer 不再 at the top of ... 在……顶部或顶端 the food chain 食物链 environmental protection group 环境保护组织 develop laws 立法 so far 到目前为止 scientific studies 科学研究 take part in 参加 help out 帮助摆脱(困境) take action 采取行动 begin with ... 以……开始 save electricity 省电 turn off the lights / shower 关灯 / 淋浴器 pay for 付费；付出代价 add up 加起来 use public transportation 使用公共交通工具 ride in cars 乘小汽车 paper napkins 餐巾纸 throw away 扔掉；抛弃 put sth. to good use 好好利用某物 have a creative mind 拥有创意的头脑 build ... out of ... 用……建造…… pull ... down 拆下；摧毁 upside down 上下颠倒；倒转 in front of ... 在……前面 win a prize 获奖 open a small shop 开一家小店 set up a website 建立网站 sell ... online 在网上出售…… set up a small business 经营小生意 look like 看起来像 the importance of environmental protection 环境保护的重要性 bring back 恢复；使想起；归还 be known for doing sth. 因做某事而闻名 remember to do sth. 记着做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 use ... to do sth. 用……做某事 二、重点句子 1. Everyone in this town should play a part in cleaning it up! 2. Jason and Susan, what are your ideas for solving these problems? 3. Well, to cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 4. There are other advantages of bike riding. 5. The numbers of some kinds of sharks have fallen by over 90 percent in the last 20 to 30 years. 6. Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 三、重点语法 重点语法复习(一) 现在进行时 ◆用法：表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 ◆构成：be (am / is / are)+动词-ing形式。 ◆标志性词汇：now, right now, look, listen等。 used to的用法 ◆used to意为“过去常常”，表示过去的习惯性动作或状态，其后接动词原形。 ◆used to的否定形式是didn't use to；一般疑问句句式为“Did ... use to ...?”。 被动语态 ◆当主语为动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态，动作的执行者由by 引出。 ◆被动语态的构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。 ◆含情态动词的被动语态的构成为“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”。 现在完成时 ◆用法：1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。2. 表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的动作或状态。这种用法中的动词多是延续性动词。 ◆构成：have / has+动词的过去分词。 ◆标志性词汇：already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice, recently, for, since, so far, in the past / last ...等。 情态动词 ◆情态动词本身有一定的意义，表示说话人的情绪、态度和语气，但不能单独作谓语。初中阶段常见的情态动词有can (could), may (might), must / have to, need, shall (should), will (would)等。 ◆情态动词无人称和数的变化(have to除外)，其后跟动词原形。个别情态动词有过去式(如can→could)，除表示时态外，还可用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气。 ◆情态动词有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表示推测。在肯定句中，有把握的推测用must，意为“一定；肯定”；把握不大的推测用could或might。在否定句中，有把握的推测用can't，意为“不 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit13 We’re trying to save the earth. Unit13 话题 Protecting the environment(保护环境） 词汇 1.litter（v.乱扔n.垃圾;废弃物）—rubbish（n.垃圾;废弃物） 2.bottom (n.底部；最下面)—top ( n.顶部；表面) 3.ugly (adj.丑陋的;难看的)—beautiful (adj.美丽的；美好的) 4.advantage (n.优点；有利条件)—disadvantage(n.缺点；不利条件) 5.wood (n.木头)一wooden ( adj.木头的；木制的) 6.harm(v.& n.伤害；损害)—harmful(adj.有害的) 7.science (n.科学)—scientific ( adj.科学上的；科学的) 8.reuse（v.重复使用)— reusable (adj.可重复使用的) 9.transport（v.& n.运输）一 transportation (n.运输业；交通运输) 10.inspire v.激励；鼓舞→inspiration n.灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物） inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的；有激励作用的 inspired adj. 品质优秀的；能力卓越的 11. create v.创造；创建→creative(adj.有创造力的) creativity(n.创造力:独创性) creator(n.创者) creation(n.创造;作品) 12. work n. 作品→ work v. 工作 短语 1.付诸行动 take action 2.参与；起作用take part in 3.在...顶部/底部at the top/bottom of 4.快餐takeaway food 5.有影响make a difference 6.引领lead to 7.对...有害be harmful to 8.减少cut down 9.食物链food chain 10.参与play a part in 11.负担得起做某事afford to do 12.开始于begin with 13.关闭/打开turn off/on 14.付钱.pay for 15.涉及，有关be related to 16.公共交通public transportation 17.关闭close down 18.清扫clean up 19.关掉 turn off 20.好好利用 put … to good use 21.拆掉 pull down 22.上下颠倒 turn …upside down 23.由…制成(看不见原材料) be made from 24.一个很… a most +adj+n. 25.由…制成(看得见原材料) be made of 26.建议做 suggest doing 27. 用…建造.. build… out of.. 28. 乘坐公共交通 take public transportation 29….的重要性 the importance of… 30.对某人来说是鼓舞人心的be an inspiration to sb. 31.浪费n. a waste 32. 因…著名 be known for 33.使…充满生机 bring back to life 34. 建立set up 35. 鼓励某人做 inspire sb. to do 句型 1.我认为一些简单的事情如购物时带上购物袋都能起到作用。 I think simple things like bringing a bag to go shopping can help. 2.如果他们（鲨鱼）的数目降至过低，会给所有的海洋生物带来危险。 If their numbers drop too low, it will bring danger to all ocean life. 3.因此，我们齐心协力就能带来变化，创造美好的未来。 So together, our actions can make a difference and lead to a better future. 4. 世界各地的环境保护组织，如野生救援协会和世界自然基金会，都在教育公众有关“猎翅”的行为。 Environmental protection groups around the world, such as Wild Aid and the WWF, are teaching the public about “finning”. 5.为了减少空气污染，我们应该坐公交车或地铁去上班而不是开车。 To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 6.她住在英国一个由她自己用废弃物建造而成的房子里。 She lives in a house in the UK that she built herself out of rubbish. 7.你曾经考虑过这些东西实际上可以怎样被好好利用吗？ Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use? 8. 不仅艺术品能给人们带来快乐，而且也说明只需要一点创造力，即便是冰冷坚硬的铁也可产生活力。 Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 9.门窗来自小镇周围被拆毁的旧建筑。 The windows and doors come from old buildings around her town that were pulled down. 10.房子的顶部是一条翻转过来的旧木船。 The top of the house is an old boat turned upside down. 语法 现在进行时；现在完成时；被动语态； 写作 Protecting the environment(保护环境） 考点1 fish和catch的用法 【教材原句】 There were no more fish for fishermen to catch.不再有鱼让渔民去捕。 【句型剖析】fish名词，此处意为“鱼"。 【注意】①fish表示同一种类的鱼时，其单复数同形： 例：a fish一条鱼，two fish两条鱼， ②表示不同种类的鱼时复数加-es： 例：These are three fishes.这是三种鱼. ③作“鱼肉"讲时，为不可数名词： 例：apiece of fish一块鱼肉。 【句型剖析】catch动词，意为“抓住"， 其第三人称单数形式为catches， 其过去式为caught。 例：Cats like catching mice. 猫喜欢捉老鼠. 【习惯搭配】catch the train 赶火车 catch up with 赶上 catch a cold 感冒 【经典练】 1．________ great fun it is to go fishing and they have fun ________ in the park！ A．What; to fish B．How; to fish C．What; fishing D．How; fishing 【答案】C 【详解】句意：去钓鱼是多么有趣啊，他们在公园里钓得很开心！ 考查感叹句和非谓语动词。根据“great fun”可知，此处强调的中心词是不可数名词fun，应用结构：What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语；have fun doing sth“做某事很开心”。故选C。 3．He was almost late for the last bus so he ran as fast as he could ________ it. A．to catch B．catching C．catch D．caught 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他赶末班车几乎迟到了，所以他尽可能快地跑去赶上它。考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，“he ran as fast as he could”的目的是“catch it”，作目的状语用动词不定式。故选A。 4．Helen used to ________ the bus to work every morning, but now she is used to ________ a shared bike to work. A．catch; ride B．catch; riding C．catching; riding 【答案】B 【详解】句意：海伦过去每天早上乘公共汽车上班，但现在她习惯骑共享自行车上班。 考查非谓语。根据“but now”表转折可知，句子是在描述海伦过去与现在的情况，所以第一空用used to do sth.表示“过去常常做某事”，第二空用be used to doing sth.表示“习惯做某事”。故选B。 【写作佳句】 But if it catches a virus, it’ll cause much trouble. . 考点2.bottom的用法 【教材原句】Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.甚至河底都充满了垃圾。 【句型剖析】bottom名词，意为“底部； 最下部”.常构成短语at the bottom of...，意为“在...的底部”，其反义词组为at the top of意为“在......顶端. 例：There's a hole at the bottom of the flowerpot. 花盆底部有个洞. 【知识拓展】 ①表示“在......的底部”时，有时根据语境也可用介词in或on。 例：There is some tea left in the bottom of the cup. 有些茶叶留在了杯子底部。(指杯子内部的底部) There is some dust on the bottom of the cup. 杯子底部有一些尘土，(指杯子外部的底部) ②bottom还可作形容词， 意为“最下面的， 最末的"， 例：Plates are on the bottom shelf. 盘子在最下层搁板上。 【经典练】 1．I waited for them ________ the bottom of the hill. A．at B．in C．for D．of 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我在山脚下等着他们。考查介词辨析。at在（某处）；in在……里面；for为了；of……的。at the bottom of在……的底部，是固定搭配。故选A。 2．The roots of a plant grow _________the stem. A．at the top of B．in the bottom of C．in the middle of D．at the beginning of 【答案】B 【详解】试题分析：句意：植物的根生长在茎的底部。at the top of：在…的顶端；in the bottom of：在……底部；in the middle of：在……中间；at the beginning of：在……起始。结合句意和语境可知选B。 考点 3.used to be的用法 【教材原句】But it used to be so clean! 但它过去是那么干净! 【句型剖析】used to be“过去是......"；used to dos th.“过去常常做某事"，它表示过去存在某种状态或者过去经常性、习惯性的动作，并意味着这种状态或动作目前已存在。 例：He used to bean English teacher. 他过去是一名英语老师。 He used to swim in the river when he was a child.他是一个小孩子的时候，常常在这条河里游泳。 【知识拓展】 ①used to的否定形式是didn't use to或used n't to， 例：She didn't use to/used n't to like dancing.她过去不喜欢跳舞。 ②used to...句子变为一般疑问句时，可以用Did sb.use to...?或Used sb.to...? 例：-Did you use to/Used you to play the piano?你过去经常弹钢琴吗? -Yes, I did/used to. 是的，我经常弹。 -No,I didn’t(use to) . 不，我不经常弹。 ③反意疑问句的陈述部分有used to时， 附加疑问部分可以用didn't或used n't. 例：-Tom used to get up early，didn't/usedn't he? 汤姆过去常常早起， 不是吗? -Yes,he did/used to. 是的，他过去是这样。 -No,he didn’t/usedn’t to. 不是，他过去不是这样的。 【经典练】 1．People ________ in cash when shopping, but now almost everyone________e-payment. A．used to paying; is used to B．used to pay; is used to C．used to paying; used to D．used to pay; used to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：人们过去购物时习惯用现金支付，但现在几乎每个人都习惯电子支付。 考查动词短语辨析。used to do sth过去常常做某事；be used to sth./doing sth习惯于某事/做某事。第一空表示“过去常常支付现金”，用“used to pay”；第二空表示“习惯电子支付”，用“is used to e-payment”。故选B。 【写作佳句】 I used to be quiet and shy，but now I'm more outgoing than before because I have made lots of new friends. 考点4. litter的用法 【教材原句】Yes，but people are throwing litter into the river.是的，但人们正把垃圾扔进河里。 【句型剖析】litter作不可数名词，意为“垃圾；废弃物”， 例：You can't drop litter in the garden.你不能在花园里扔垃圾。 辨析litter， garbage， rubbish与waste litter 指四处乱丢的东西和杂物 garbage 专指厨房中的残羹剩饭等必须清除的垃圾 rubbish 指残骸、废物等普通垃圾，特意集中起来以便清除 waste 指任何披丢弃的东西 例：Please don't drop litter. 请不要乱扔垃圾， Don't forget to takeout the garbage after dinner. 晚饭后不要忘记把垃圾带出去. You'd better not throw the rubbish on the ground. 你最好不要把垃圾扔在地上， Waste is also becoming more and more hazardous废弃物的危害也变得越来越大。 【经典练】 1．—What will you do if you see others ________? —I’ll ask them to pick it up and throw it into the dustbin. A．littered B．littering C．to litter 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——当你看到别人乱扔垃圾时，你将会做什么？——我会让他们捡起来，扔到垃圾桶。考查现在分词。see sb. doing sth.意为“看见某人正在做某事”，此处是看到别人正在扔垃圾。故选B。 【写作佳句】 And they also knew to put litter in different bins.. 考点5.turn...into的用法 【教材原句】This is turning beautiful places into ugly ones.这将把美丽的地方变成丑陋的地方。 【句型剖析】turn...into...为固定短语，意为“把......变成......". 例：I can tum the liquid into the gas. 我能把液体变成气体， 辨析：turn into与change into turn into 既指形式上的改变，也表示状态上本质的改变 change into 更强调外在形式上的改变 例：Water turns into ice. 水变成冰。 He changed into the working clothes. 他换上了工作服。 【经典练】 1．If the temperature is below 0℃, water will ________ ice in the open air. A．turn up B．turn on C．turn into D．turn down 【答案】C 【详解】句意：如果温度低于0℃，水在户外会变成冰。考查动词短语。turn up开大声音；turn on打开；turn into变成；turn down关小。根据“water will...ice”可知是水变成冰。故选C。 2．—Excuse me, how can I get to Peace Cinema? —Turn right _______ Middle Xizang Road. Walk along the road, and you’ll see Peace Cinema on your right. A．in B．on C．into D．onto 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——打扰一下，我怎么去和平电影院？——右转进入西藏中路。沿着这条路走，你会在你的右边看到和平电影院。考查介词辨析。in在……里面；on在……上面；into进入；onto在……上。根据“Turn right ... Middle Xizang Road.”可知，此处是指右转进入西藏中路。故选C。 考点6.advantage的用法 【教材原句】There are other advantages of bike riding.骑自行车有其他优点。 【句型剖析】advantage可数名词，意为“优点；有利条件".其反义词为disadvantage，意为“劣势，不利条件"， 例：What is the advantage of using nuclear power?使用核能的优点是什么? 【知识拓展】 与advantage与有关的短语： take advantage of利用 be of advantage to对......有利 have advantage over优于，胜过 【经典练】 1．—What are the ________ of bike riding? —It can help reduce air pollution and be good for our health. A．advantages B．results C．reasons 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——骑自行车有什么优点？——它可以帮助减少空气污染并对我们的健康有益。考查名词词义辨析。advantages优点；results结果；reasons原因。根据答语“It can help reduce air pollution and be good for our health.”可知，此处询问骑自行车的优点。故选A。 2．—Can you tell me any ________ of going online? —Yes, sure. For example, we can chat with friends and get useful information. A．discoveries B．customs C．advantages D．suggestions 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你能告诉我上网有什么好处吗？——当然可以。例如，我们可以和朋友聊天，获得有用的信息。考查名词辨析。discoveries发现；customs风俗；advantages优势；suggestions建议。根据“For example, we can chat with friends and get useful information.”可知，介绍上网的好处，故选C。 【写作佳句】 One of the advantages of online teaching is that the video lesson can be played back after class. 考点7.make difference和lead to的用法 【教材原句】So together，our actions can make a difference and lead to better future! 因此，齐心协力，我们的行动就能起作用，就会创造一个更加美好的未来! 【句型剖析】make difference意为“起作用；有影响”，其后可接介词to，构成短语make difference to， 表示对某人或某事物有影响。 例：A kind smile can make a big difference. 一个善意的微笑会产生很大的影响。 【知识拓展】 有关make的常用短语： make the bed铺床 make tea沏茶 make a mistake犯错误 make a living谋生 make noise制造噪音 make sure务必 make trouble惹麻烦 make money赚钱 make a visit拜访 make a telephone call打电话 make a decision做决定 【句型剖析】lead to为固定短语，意为“引起(结果等) ". 例：Eating too much salt can lead to health problems.吃太多盐会引起健康问题， 知识拓展 ①lead sb.to do sth.意为“致使某人做某事" 例：What led you to think so?什么使你这样想呢? ②leads b.to someplace意为“带领某人去某地” 例：The road leads you to the station.这条路指引你去往车站。 【经典练】 1．—Alice, why do you like volunteering in your free time? —Because being a volunteer can make me see the world ________. A．quickly B．differently C．strongly 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——爱丽丝，你为什么喜欢在空闲时间做志愿者？——因为做一名志愿者可以让我以不同的方式看待世界。考查副词辨析。quickly快速地；differently不同地；strongly强烈地。根据“Because being a volunteer can make me see the world”可知此处指以不同的方式看待世界。故选B。 2．—What can we learn from the documentary My Warmth in the World (《我的温暖人间》)? —Our small kindness can make a ________ to the world. A．difference B．resolution C．plan 【答案】A 【详解】句意：——我们能从纪录片《我的温暖人间》中学到什么？——我们小小的善举可以改变世界。考查名词辨析。difference不同；resolution决心；plan计划。make a difference“有影响”，固定词组。故选A。 3．—My father always likes to order me__________ something, but I don’t always follow his words. —I think this will __________ the conflict (矛盾) between your father and you. A．to do; get to B．to do; lead to C．do; lead to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——我父亲总是喜欢命令我做某事，但我并不总是听他的话。——我认为这会导致你父亲和你之间的矛盾。考查非谓语动词和动词短语。get to到达；lead to导致。order sb to do sth命令某人做某事，所以第一空用to do；根据“the conflict between your father and you”可知，是会导致矛盾，故选B。 4．— I like eating meat very much. — But eating too much meat will cause health problems. You should eat some fruit and vegetables. A．do harm to B．set off C．lead to 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——我非常喜欢吃肉。——但是吃太多肉会导致健康问题。你应该吃一些水果和蔬菜。考查动词短语。do harm to对……有害；set off出发；lead to导致。cause“导致”，和lead to同义，故选C。 【写作佳句】 Staying up late is bad for your health and will lead to memory loss.. 考点8.hear of的用法 【教材原句】Many have heard of shark fin soup.很多人都听说过鱼翅汤。 【句型剖析】hear of意为“听说，听到”，相当于hear about。 例如： I have never heard of him. 我从来没听人说起过他。 【拓展】hear; hear of与hear from的辨析： (1) hear“听见，听说”。当“听见”讲时，强调结果，可直接带宾语或用于hear sb. / sth. do/ doing sth.意为“听见某人/某物（在）做某事”，当“听说”时，后面常接从句。例如： Can you hear a bird singing in the tree now? 你现在能听见鸟在树上唱歌吗？ I heard that she passed the exam. 我听说她通过考试了。 (2) hear of“听说，得知”，后面接名词或代词，指听到某人或某事的存在或消息。例如： Jim disappeared and nobody heard of him. Jim不知去向，没有人再听到他的消息。 (3) hear from“收到……来信”，后面常接人作宾语。例如： Have you ever heard from your pen pal? 你是否收到过笔友的来信。 【经典练】 1．—Mike, which city do you ________ travelling? —Harbin is the one I like. A．think of B．dream of C．hear of D．die of 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——迈克，你梦想去哪个城市旅游？——哈尔滨是我喜欢的城市。 考查动词短语。think of考虑到；dream of梦想；hear of听说；die of死于。根据“Harbin is the one I like.”及选项可知，空处应是问梦想去哪个城市，故选B。 考点9.whole和each time的用法 【教材原句】But do you realize that you're killing a whole shark each time you enjoy bowl of shark fin soup? 但是你意识到每当你享受一碗鱼翅羹时，你正在杀死一整条鲨鱼了吗? 【句型剖析】whole此处作形容词，意为“全部的，所有的"，其结构为“限定词+whole+名词". 例：He worked the whole night. 他工作了整整一个晚上。 辨析：whole与all whole 放在冠词、指示代词、物主代词等之后。在单数可数名词前一般用whole，但在物质名词前则不用whole；在时间名词(如day，week，month， year等) 以及季节名词(spring， summer， autumn，winter) 之前， all与whole两者都可用(注意冠词的位置)。 all 放在冠词、指示代词、物主代词等之前。在复数名词和不可数名词之前一般用all，而不用whole； 在表地点的专有名词之前，一般用all而不用whole，但可用the whole of。 例：the whole family/all the family 全家 The whole building is burning. 整座楼都在燃烧 All my friends are poor. 我所有的朋友都贫穷. [误] the wholefood [正] all the food所有的食物 [误] the whole wine [正] all the wine所有的酒 all China/the whole of China 全中国 all(the) spring/the whole spring 整个春天 【句型剖析】each time意为“每次"，名词性短语，引导时间状语从句，相当于every time类似的还有the first time the minute，the moment等. 例：Each time meet him， he tries to tell me something new.每次我遇到他，他都尽力告诉我一些新鲜事情。 【经典练】 1．—What do you think of the Science Museum? —I think it is the top one in ________ world. A．all the B．whole the C．the all D．the whole 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——你觉得科学博物馆怎么样？——我认为它是世界上最好的。考查固定短语。all所有的，一般位于the之前；whole整个的，一般位于the之后。in the whole world“在全世界”，固定短语，故选D。 2．—I’ve collected the complete set of stamps. —Congratulations! A．finish B．whole C．achieve 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——我已经收集了整套邮票。——祝贺你！考查形容词。finish完成；whole整个；achieve完成。划线部分单词是形容词，修饰“set”，表示“整个的”，与whole意思相近。故选B。 3．______ of them has a watch and _______ one of them keeps good time. A．Each; every B．Every; each C．Each; everyone D．Every; every 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他们每个人都有一个手表，他们每个都走的时间很准。考查each和every用法。each每一个（两个开始），可以做代词，也可以做形容词，强调个人或个别；做代词时可以说each of；every每个（三个开始），形容词，修饰名词做定语，指许多人或事物的全体，与all的意思相近；第一空后是of，第一空需要填一个代词，不能用形容词every，排除B/D选项，第二空后为one，空格需要一个形容词，不能用不定代词everyone，排除C。故选A。 【写作佳句】 For example, I often eat healthy food, like whole meal bread, eggs, vegetables and milk for breakfast and rice, noodles, and vegetables for dinner.. 考点10.can和endangered的用法 【教材原句】Many believe that sharks can never be endangered because they are the strongest in their food chain. 许多人认为鲨鱼不可能濒危，因为它们在它们所在的食物链中是最强者。 【句型剖析】can表推测时，常用于否定句或疑问句中，can't意为“一定不；不可能”。 例：It can't be true. 它不可能是真的. What can he be doing? 他可能在做什么呢? 【句型剖析】endangered形容词，意为“濒危的；灏临灭绝的". 例：Pandas are an endangered species. 熊猫是一种灏临灭绝的物种， 辨析endangered， danger， dangerous与in danger endangered 形容词，“濒危的；濒临灭绝的” danger 不可数名词， 危险， 威胁"， 后接of(doing) sth dangerous 形容词，“危险的” in danger 介词短语，“在危险中" 例：Scientists think that the animal is endangered by pollution.科学家认为污染导致这种动物临灭绝。 Is there any danger of fire? 有发生火灾的危险吗? It's dangerous for children to swim in the river.对孩子们来说在河里游泳是危险的。 Her life is in danger. 她有生命危险。 【经典练】 1．—Can you find the Black Hill on the map, Cindy? —________. It is here! A．Yes, I do B．Yes, I can C．No, I can’t D．No, I don’t 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你能在地图上找到黑山吗，Cindy？——是的，我能。它在这里！ 考查一般疑问句的回答。Yes，I do是的，我会；Yes，I can是的，我能；No, I can’t不，我不能；No，I don’t不，我不。根据“Can you find...”和“It is here!”可知，指的是能找到黑山，肯定回答用Yes, I can。故选B。 2．Many birds are out of ____________ now, because we have done a lot of things to protect __________ birds. A．dangerous; endangered B．danger; dangerous C．endangered; danger D．danger; endangered 【答案】D 【详解】试题分析：通过out of我们知道，其后应该跟名词，所以要用danger；birds是名词，其前面需要一个形容词，故应该用endangered“濒临灭绝的”。本句的意思是“许多鸟都脱离了危险，因为我们为保护濒临灭绝的鸟类做了许多事情。”所以本题选D。 3．The pandas are ________. We should try our best to protect them. A．endangered B．useful C．serious D．careless 【答案】A 【详解】句意：熊猫濒临灭绝。我们应该尽力保护他们。考查形容词辨析。endangered濒危的；useful有用的；serious认真的；careless粗心的。根据“We should try our best to protect them.”可知熊猫是濒危的，故选A。 考点11.ask sb. to do sth.的用法 【教材原句】They have even asked governments to develop laws to stop the sale of shark fins.他们甚至要求政府制定法律，禁止销售鱼翅。 【句型剖析】ask sb. to do sth.为固定结构，意为“要求某人做某事”，其否定形式为ask sb. not to do sth.，意为“要求某人别做某事”。例如： He asks Tom to stay with him. 他要求汤姆跟他一起留下。 Miss Zhang asks Jack not to come late again. 张老师要求杰克不要再迟到了。 【拓展】ask的常见搭配： (1) 与介词 for 连用，有“要求得到”的意思。例如： Mary asks her father for money. 玛丽向她父亲要钱。 (2) 与about 连用，表示询问或打听关于某事的情况。例如： Uncle Hill asked about you the other day. 前些日子希尔大叔问起过你。 【经典练】 1．They asked _______ to help _______ to some meat. A．me; myself B．me; me C．her; her D．you; your 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他们让我自己拿一些肉吃。考查代词辨析。me我；myself我自己；her她；you你；your你的。根据“They asked...to help...to some meat.”可知，此处指让我自己拿一些肉吃第一个空应填宾格me，第二个空应填反身代词myself，表示“我自己”。故选A。 2．The government asks people ________ the rubbish from their daily life in different groups. A．to put B．putting C．put D．to putting 【答案】A 【详解】句意：政府要求人们把日常生活中的垃圾进行分类。考查非谓语动词。ask sb. to do sth.“要求某人做某事”，固定词组。故选A。 【写作佳句】 You asked me how to use a dictionary to learn English. 考点12.afford和take action的用法 【教材原句】 Yes，we can't afford to wait any longer to take action.是的，我们再也等不起了，应该(立马)采取行动! 【句型剖析】afford及物动词，意为“承担得起(后果) ". 例：We can not afford anymore delays. 我们不能再有任何耽了。 【知识拓展】 ①afford常与can，could，be able to等连用，且多用于否定句中。 ②afford后跟名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语，但不能跟动词-ing形式， ③afford通常不用于被动语态. ④afford to do sth.负担得起做某事 例：We cant afford to go abroad this summer. 今年夏天我们负担不起去国外， 【句型剖析】take action动词短语，意为“采取行动”。常用结构take action to do sth. 意为“采取行动做某事". 例：The government must take action now to protect the environment 政府现在必须采取行动保护环境。 【知识拓展】有关take的常见短语： take place发生 take a shower淋浴 take a walk散步 take turns轮流 take exercise运动 take care当心 take notes记笔记 take the medicine吃药 take care of照料 take a message带个口信 take a break/rest休息一下 take it easy别紧张 take a bus/train/taxi乘公共汽车/火车/出租车 【经典练】 1．The boy’s parents were so poor that they could not ________ to send him to school. A．afford B．pay C．order 【答案】A 【详解】句意：这个男孩的父母很穷，没有钱供他上学。考查动词辨析。afford负担得起；pay付款；order命令。根据“The boy’s parents were so poor that they could not...o send him to school.”可知，家里很穷，负担不起学费。故选A。 2．The new smart phone is too expensive. I can’t ________ it. A．offer B．dream C．expect D．afford 【答案】D 【详解】句意：新的智能手机太贵了。我买不起。考查动词词义辩词。offer提供；dream梦想；expect期待；afford买得起。根据“The new smart phone is too expensive.”可知，是买不起。故选D。 3．We need to ________ to save wild animals in danger. A．take off B．take down C．take action D．take after 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们需要采取行动来拯救处于危险中的野生动物。 考查动词短语。take off起飞；take down拿下；take action采取措施；take after长得像。根据“save wild animals in danger.”可知是采取措施拯救处于危险中的野生动物。故选C。 4．________ and work hard for it, and you will get whatever you want. A．Take off B．Take up C．Take action D．Take place 【答案】C 【详解】句意：采取行动并为此努力工作，你会得到你想要的任何东西。 考查动词短语。take off脱下；take up占据；take action采取行动；take place发生。根据“...and work hard for it, and you will get whatever you want.”可知，此处指采取行动并努力。故选C。 【写作佳句】 We can take actions in our daily life. 考点13.put sth.to good use 的用法 【教材原句】Have you ever thought about how these things can actually be put to good use? 你曾经考虑过这些东西实际上可以怎样被好好利用吗? 【句型剖析】put sth.to good use意为“好好利用某物"，相当于make good use of sth.。 本句用了该短语的被动形式，即sth.be put to good use. 例：We can put these books to good use. 我们可以好好利用这些书 These glasses can be put to good use. 这些玻璃杯可以被好好利用。 【知识拓展】 与put有关的短语： ①put off意为“推迟"，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式. 例：We'll put off holding the sports meeting because of rain. 由于下雨，我们将推迟举办运动会。 ②put away意为“收拾起来". 例：The little girl put the bowl away after she finished her dinner 吃完晚饭后，小女孩儿把碗收拾起来。 ③put up意为“张贴、举起、建立"， 例：A new school was put up last year. 去年新建了一所学校。 ④put on意为“穿上” 例：What dress shall l put on for the party? 我应该穿什么衣服去参加聚会呢? ⑤put out意为“扑灭； 熄灭". 例：The firemen soon put out the fire. 消防员很快把火扑灭了。 【经典练】 1．We ________ the work on time as long as we ________ our time to good use. A．will finish; put B．finish; put C．will finish; will put D．finish; will put 【答案】A 【详解】句意：只要我们充分利用时间，我们就会按时完成工作。 考查动词时态。as long as引导条件状语从句，动词时态遵循“主将从现”原则，主句是一般将来时，从句是一般现在时。故选A。 2．—How should we deal with waste bottles? —Our teacher tells us they should be ________ good use. A．put B．put to C．to put D．puts 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——我们应该怎么处理废瓶子？——我们老师告诉我们它们应该被充分利用。 考查被动语态。根据从句主语they代指的是waste bottles可知句子应该用被动语态，put sth. to good use “充分利用”，should情态动词，后跟动词原形，含有情态动词的被动语态为should be done，put的过去分词为put，故选B。 考点14.pull down的用法 【教材原句】The windows and doors come from old buildings around her town that were pulled down. 门窗来自她的城镇周围被拆掉的旧建筑。 【句型剖析】were pulled down一般过去时的被动语态，其结构为“was/were+及物动词的过去分词”. 例：Thousands of trees were planted by them last year. 去年他们种植了数万棵树。 【句型剖析】Pull down意为“拆毁，拆掉". 例：The workers are pulling down the old building. 工人们正在拆除那栋旧楼， pull down是“动词+副词”型短语。名词作其宾语时，放在down之前或之后均可；代词作其宾语时，只能放在pull和down之间 辨析pull down与take down pull down 指把某物毁坏 takedown 指把某物拆下，还可以安上去，没有毁坏 例：You can pull down the old house. 你们可以拆除这所旧房子。 Remember to takedown our tent before leaving. 记住离开前拆下我们的帐篷。 【经典练】 1．—Where did you get these old toys? —From the old houses which were ________ by the workers. A．cut down B．pulled down C．took down 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你从哪里弄来这些旧玩具的？——从工人们拆掉的旧房子里搬出来。 考查动词短语。cut down砍倒； pulled down拆毁；took down记下。根据“From the old houses which were …by the workers.”可知，此处指工人们拆掉的旧房子，pulled down最符合题意。故选B。 2．Many old houses around our school will be ________ next year and a large green area will appear. A．taken off B．built up C．pulled down D．pulled away 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我们学校周围的许多老房子明年将被拆除，并将出现一大片绿色区域。 考查动词短语，taken off起飞，脱掉；built up修建；pulled down拆毁；pulled away走开，脱落。结合句意应该是老房子被拆，并将出现一大片绿色区域，故选C。 考点15.win的用法 【教材原句】Amy recently won a prize from the Help Save Our Planet Society.最近埃米获得了“帮助拯救我们的星球协会”颁发的一个奖项。 【句型剖析】win此处用作及物动词，意为“赢得；在......中获胜"，其后的宾语为比赛的项目、奖品或战争等；win还可用作不及物动词，意为“赢； 获胜"。 例：She won the second prize. 她获得了第二名。 Vincent is sure to win. 文森特一定会获胜， 辨析：win与beat win “赢得；获胜"，用作及物动词时，其宾语为比赛的项目、奖品或战争等 beat “打赢；战胜"，用于比赛时，其宾语为所战胜的对手 例：We won the football game. 我们赢了足球赛。 LiMing beat all the runners in the 100-me terrace. 李明在百米赛跑中战胜了所有的对手， 【写作佳句】 I like to read this part very much because the monkey always tries his best to win the fights. 考点16.set up的用法 【教材原句】....she has also set up a website to sell them online.......她也建立了一个网站，在网上销售她的包。 【句型剖析】set up动词短语，此处意为“建立；设立；创立(公司、机构等) ". 例：They decided to set up a new company. 他们决定创办一家新公司。 setup是“动词+副词”型短语，其宾语是代词时，要放在set和up之间。 辨析set up与build set up 主要用于创建组织、机构、公司、学校等 build 指具体建造、制作某物 例：He has set up a firm of his own.他自己开了一家公司。 The house was built in the early 19th century. 这所房子建于19世纪初期。 【经典练】 1．—What should we do for the children in the orphanage (孤儿院)? —You should ________ a study group to help them. A．take up B．set up C．look up D．put up 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——我们应该为孤儿院的孩子们做什么呢？——你应该成立一个学习小组来帮助他们。考查动词短语辨析。take up开始从事；set up建立，创建；look up查阅；put up张贴。根据“You should…a study group to help them.”可知，此处指成立小组帮助孤儿院的孤儿们。故选B。 2．They need money to ________ a special school for blind children. A．set up B．set out C．set off 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他们需要钱来创办一所盲童特殊学校。考查动词短语辨析。set up建立；set out出发，更含开始 (旅行、赛跑) 等；set off出发，从某地出发上路。根据“They need money to...a special school for blind children.”可知，空处指需要钱来创办特殊学校。故选A。 考点17.be known for的用法 【教材原句】 He is known for using iron and other materials from old cars to make beautiful art pieces. 他因使用来自旧车上的铁和其他材料来制作美丽的艺术品而出名。 【句型剖析】be known for意为“以......闻名；因......而出名"，相当于be famous for. 例：Switzerland is known/famous for watches. 瑞士以手表闻名。 Hangzhou is known/famous for the West Lake. 杭州因西湖而出名。 辨析known for， be known as与be known to be known for 意为“因......而出名”， 相当于be famous for be known as 意为“以......出名” be known to 意为”为......所熟知” 例：Einstein was known for his theory of relativity. 爱因斯坦以他的相对论而出名。 Einstein was known as a great scientist. 爱因斯坦以一位伟大的科学家著称。 He is known to us all. 我们都熟悉他。 【经典练】 1．Tea from China began to be sent abroad more than a thousand years ago. Since then, China has been known ______ its tea in the world. A．as B．for C．to 【答案】B 【详解】句意：一千多年前，中国的茶叶开始被运往国外。从那时起，中国就以茶闻名于世。 考查形容词短语。be known for因为……而闻名；be known as作为……而闻名；be known to为……所熟知。根据“China has been known...its tea”可知是因为茶叶而闻名。故选B。 2．Xiongan New Area __________ being built as a green and smart city，and it plays an important role in China's development. A．is known for B．is worried about C．is born with 【答案】A 【详解】句意：雄安新区因被打造为一个绿色和智能城市而闻名，它在中国的发展中扮演着一个重要角色。 考查形容词短语。is known for因……而闻名；is worried about担忧；is born with生来具有。根据句意，可知此处表示“因……而闻名”，故选A。 【写作佳句】 It is our duty to respect the traditions and make Chinese culture known to the world. 考点18.比较级+and+比较级的用法 【教材原句】The air pollution is getting worse and worse.空气污染变得越来越糟。 【句型剖析】worse and worse意为“越来越”，其结构为“比较级+and+比较级"或“more and more+原级(多音节或部分双音节词) "，意为“越来越......". 例：He is getting taller and taller. 他变得越来越高。 The flowers are more and more beautiful. 这些花越来越漂亮， 知识拓展 比较级的常用句型： ①“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+乙"或"甲+实义动词+副词比较级+than+乙" 意为“甲比乙......“. 例：Amy is taller than Anne.埃米比安妮高 I got up earlier than my brother this morning.今天早晨我比我哥哥起床早， ②“甲+be+倍数+形容词比较级+than+乙”或“甲+实义动词+倍数+副词比较级 +than+乙"意为“甲比乙......几倍”. 例：This room is three times bigger than that one 这个房间比那个房间大三倍。 She runs three times faster than her sister.她跑的速度比她姐姐快三倍。 ③“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+其他"意为“甲是两者中较......的”. 例：Look at the two boys.My brother is the taller of the two. 看那两个男孩儿。我哥哥是两个当中较高的。 ④“the+比较级， the+比较级”意为“越......， 越....... 例：The busier my father was， the happier hefe it.我父亲越忙， 他感到越快乐。 ⑤“疑问词+be+形容词比较级，甲or乙?”意为“甲和乙哪一个更......?" 例：Which is bigger the earth or the moon?哪一个更大， 地球还是月球? ⑥“疑问词+实义动词+副词比较级，甲or乙?“意为“哪一个更......，甲还是乙?“. Who draws better Carol or Kelly?谁画得更好， 卡萝尔还是凯丽? 【经典练】 Don’t lose heart. Keep working hard, and your English ________ better and better. A．will get B．gets C．got D．is getting 【答案】A 【详解】句意：不要灰心。继续努力，你的英语会越来越好。 考查动词时态。此处是“祈使句+and+陈述句”的结构，只要努力，英语会越来越好，动作发生在将来，应用一般将来时，故选A。 一．语法精讲——现在进行时；现在完成时；被动语态 知识点01 现在进行时 【语法详解】1. 概念：表示说话时正在进行的动作及行为或表示现阶段正在进行的动作。 2. 结构：现在进行时常有三种句型： （1）肯定式：主语＋be＋v-ing＋其他。 He is mending his bike. 他正在修自行车。 （2）否定式：主语＋be＋not＋v-ing＋其他。 He is not（isn’t）mending his bike. 他没在修自行车。 （3）疑问式：主要分一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种句式。 ①一般疑问句：Be＋主语＋v-ing＋其他? —Is he mending his bike? 他正在修自行车吗？ —Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. ②特殊疑问句：疑问词＋be＋主语＋v-ing＋其他？ What is he doing? 他正在干什么？ 3. 常用的时间状语有：now，at the moment，right now，these days等。在句首出现look或listen时，也可以判断出后面的句子用现在进行时。 She is watching TV now. 她现在正在看电视。 Listen! Who’s singing in the classroom? 听！谁正在教室里唱歌？ 4. 现在分词的构成。 (1) 一般情况下在动词词尾加ing。 go → going ask → asking look→looking (2) 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e加ing。 have → having take→taking make→making write→writing (3) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加-ing。 get → getting sit → sitting put → putting run → running swim → swimming begin → beginning shop → shopping 5. 现在进行时的用法。 (1) 表示说话时动作正在进行，往往与now连用，有时用在祈使句之后。 What are you doing now？ 你现在在做什么？ Don't make any noise. Mother is sleeping. 不要吵。妈妈在睡觉呢。 (2) 表示现阶段动作正在进行，但不一定是说话时正在进行，往往和at present，this week，these days等时间状语连用。 What lessons are you learning this week？ 你们这个星期学哪些课了？ (3) 当句中含有Look！或Listen！Can you see...，Can't you see...等暗示词时，后边句子也用现在进行时。 Listen！Who is crying in the next room？听！谁在隔壁房间哭呢？ -We can't go out to play.我们不能出去玩了。 -Why not？为什么不能呢？ -Can't you see it is raining outside？你没看见外面正下雨吗？ [注意] 动词go，come，leave，start，arrive等可以用现在进行时表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。 How many of you are coming to the party next week？ 你们有多少人下周来参加聚会？ She is leaving for Qinghai this weekend. 这个周末她将动身去青海。 以下这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中： ①表示感官的动词，如see，hear等。 ②表示喜欢或厌恶的动词，如like，love，hate等。 ③表示希望的动词（词组），如want，would like等。 ④表示状态的动词，如be等。 ⑤表示归属的动词，如have等。 ⑥表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词，如know，forget等。 知识点02 现在完成时 【语法详解】1. 概念：表示过去发生或已经发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响，可以和already，yet，just连用。 2. 构成：助动词have / has +过去分词。 I have already posted the photos. 我已经把照片寄了。（照片已不在我这儿了） —Have you had your lunch yet? 你已经吃过午饭了？ —Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 是的，我吃了。我刚刚吃的。（现在不饿了） 3. 常用的时间状语：①already，yet，just，ever，never，before；②this morning（week，month...），today，now；③up to now，till now，so far，in the past few（two，three...）years等。 4. 现在完成时用法 （1）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。 eg. The car has arrived.　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口） 　 Someone has broken the window.　有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着） 区别：have been to, have gone to, have been in have been to,表示去过某个地方，不过现在已经回来了 have gone to表示去了，但还没有回来，也许是在去的途中 have been in指的是在某个地方，从过去一直延续到现在 　　（2）现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week (month，year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。 　　eg. He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 2001. 　　　 Now I have finished the work. 　注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。 5. 延续性动词和瞬间性动词(终止性动词) （1）延续性动词：work, stand, know, keep, have, wait, sleep, sing, live, walk, read, watch… （2）瞬间性动词：die, arrive, close, become, come, fall, leave, go, buy, borrow, lend, begin, start, join… 注：瞬间性动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，要把动词或者时间状语做适当调整，句子才能合理。如： The old man died three years ago. The old man has been dead for three years. （3）常见的瞬间性动词后接一段时间时，须进行如下转换 1.动词变动词 buy--have, borrow—keep, become—be, make friends—be friends catch a cold—have a cold ① I have had this bike for a week. (buy) ② Mary has kept this book since last Monday. (borrow) 2.动词变为“be + adj./adv.” begin—be on, get married—be married, leave—be away, open/close—be open/closed, finish—be over, fall ill—be ill die—be dead ① The film has been on since ten minutes ago. (begin) ② They have been married since they came to Handan. (get married) 3.动词变为“be+介词短语” join—be in(be a member of), put on—be in He has been in/has been a member of the army for three years. (join) 6. 现在完成时的三个固定结构： （1）have / has been to表示某人曾经去过某地，现在已不在某地。可以和表示次数的单词或短语连用，如once，twice，three times等。 I have been to the USA twice. 我去过美国两次。 （2）have / has gone to表示某人去某地了，可能在途中，也可能到了那里，总之不在说话处。 —Where’s Jim? 吉姆在哪里？ —He has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。 （3）have / has been in表示某人在某地待了一段时间，经常与＂for+一段时间＂连用。 We have been in this city for three years. 我们在这个城市待了三年了。 知识点03 被动语态 【语法详解】主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。 1. 基本结构：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词 2. 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换 We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态状语 宾语 谓语 主语 状语 宾语 谓语 主语 That factory was visited by us last summer. 被动语态 3. 感官动词（hear，see，watch等）或使役动词（make，let等）在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不带to， 但在变为被动语态时必须使用to。 make somebody do something → somebody + be + made to do something see somebody do something → somebody + be + seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. 一个女孩经过的时候看见我的钱包掉了。 → My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 二．写作精讲——Protecting the environment(保护环境） 本单元话题是“Protecting the environment(保护环境）”，主要讨论各种污染及其解决办法。环境保护是一个热门话题。与环保相关的书面表达通常是先列举环境中出现的某一现象，然后要求考生就该现象进行描述，提出建议，阐述自己的观点。具体来讲，此话题主要会从以下四方面进行设题：(1)记叙你参加过的一次环保活动；(2)谈论保护环境的重要性；(3)对保护环境的措施和建议；(4)对环境污染的看法并提岀保护环境的措施。 体裁：说明文 时态：用一般现在时 人称：第一人称和第三人称 【开头句】 1．It is very important to take care of our environment． 2．It's our duty to protect the environment． 3．As we all know，water is very important to human beings． 4．As middle school students，we should take some useful measures to stop pollution． 5．Today environmental problems have drawn people's attention． 6. We need to protect Earth because it is our home. 7. Save the earth, Our Only Home. 8. Earth is our home. 9. Environmental problems directly affect the quality of people’s lives. 10. The most important question in the world today is pollution. 【中间句】 1．We can begin with small things，such as planting more trees，riding bikes instead of driving． 2．Sort out your rubbish into plastic，paper and rubber． 3．Set up a recycling network to encourage people to recycle the e－waste． 4．First of all，we can ride a bike or walk to school to reduce air pollu5．We'd better plant as many trees as possible to make our city more beautiful． 5．We'd better plant as many trees as possible to make our city more beautiful． 6．We should use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when shopping． 7．We can call on the people around us to do some small things to protect the environment． 8．The government should make some laws to prevent factories from pouring waste water into the river． 9．Last but not least，everyone should realize the seriousness of e－waste． 10. So I hope all the students in our class stop using the plastic bags, and use our own cloth bags. 11. We should stop factories from producing harmful gases. 12. If we go on polluting the earth, it won’t be fit for us to live in. 13. It not only disturbs others but also does great harm to people’s hearing. 14. That’s a problem we Chinese must pay special attention to. 15. We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future. 16. The development of private cars has brought about a series of problems. 【结尾句】 1．All in all，everyone should make a contribution to protecting the environment． 2．If everyone tries his best to protect the environment，our city/world will become nicer and cleaner! 3．We all need a healthy and clean environment．Let's repeat the three things every day：reduce，reuse and recycle． 4．In a word，everyone can do something to make a difference． 5．If all of us can do a little thing to protect the environment，I'm sure it will make a big difference． 6. None of us likes pollution. 7. I believe we can make our earth a better place to live in. 8. I believe our life will become better and better if we can do these things. 9. If everyone makes contributions to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 10. Let’s do our best to make it more beautiful. 11. Let’s take action and be a green person! 列提纲 写句子 自我介绍及写信目的 I’m from No. 5 Middle School. I like our city, but the environment around here is getting worse and worse. 环境问题1 问题 There is white pollution everywhere in the city(这个城市到处都是白色污染).  原因 People use too many disposable (一次性的) things, such as plastic cups, bottles, bags and lunch boxes.People throw them away after only using them once (人们只用一次后就把它们扔掉了). 建议 I think that people should try to use their own cups, lunch boxes and chopsticks instead of disposable things (我认为人们应该尽量使用自己的杯子、饭盒和筷子来代替一次性用品). 环境问题2 问题 There has been haze (雾霾) in the city in recent years. 原因 That’s because there are more and more cars on the road (那是因为马路上有越来越多的汽车) and they give off too much waste gas. 建议 People should use public transportation more (人们应该多使用公共交通工具). It’s a good idea to take buses and use shared bikes (乘公共汽车和使用共享单车是个好主意). I think the government should encourage more people to use new energy vehicles (新能源汽车). 表达希望 I hope the environment in your city gets better and better. Dear Mr. Mayor, I’m from No. 5 Middle School. I like our city, but the environment around here is getting worse and worse. First, there is white pollution everywhere in the city. People use too many disposable things, such as plastic cups, bottles, bags and lunch boxes. People throw them away after only using them once. I think that people should try to use their own cups, lunch boxes and chopsticks instead of disposable things. Second, there has been haze in the city in recent years. That’s because there are more and more cars on the road and they give off too much waste gas. People should use public transportation more. It’s a good idea to take buses and use shared bikes. I think the government should encourage more people to use new energy vehicles. I hope the environment in your city gets better and better. Yours sincerely, Wang Lei 尊敬的市长先生：， 我来自第五中学。我喜欢我们的城市，但周围的环境越来越差。 首先，城市里到处都是白色污染。人们使用太多一次性物品，如塑料杯、瓶子、袋子和饭盒。人们只使用一次就把它们扔掉了。 我认为人们应该尽量使用自己的杯子、饭盒和筷子，而不是一次性物品。 第二，近年来该市出现了雾霾。那是因为路上的汽车越来越多，而且它们排放的废气太多。人们应该更多地使用公共交通工具。乘公共汽车和共享自行车是个好主意。我认为政府应该鼓励更多人使用新能源汽车。 我希望你们城市的环境越来越好。 谨上，王磊 一、重点词组 write to ... 给……写信 the bottom of the river 河底 throw litter into the river 往河里扔垃圾 clean up ... 把……打扫干净 land / air / noise / water / waste pollution土地 / 空气 / 噪音 / 水/ 垃圾污染 turn ... into ... 把……变成…… cut down air pollution 减少空气污染 instead of 代替 be good for ... 对……有好处 takeaway food 外卖食品 keep public places clean and beautiful保持公共场所干净美观 make a difference 影响；有作用 lead to 带来；导致 hear of 听说 a bowl of shark fin soup 一碗鱼翅羹 cut off 切掉 be harmful to ... 对……有害 no longer 不再 at the top of ... 在……顶部或顶端 the food chain 食物链 environmental protection group 环境保护组织 develop laws 立法 so far 到目前为止 scientific studies 科学研究 take part in 参加 help out 帮助摆脱(困境) take action 采取行动 begin with ... 以……开始 save electricity 省电 turn off the lights / shower 关灯 / 淋浴器 pay for 付费；付出代价 add up 加起来 use public transportation 使用公共交通工具 ride in cars 乘小汽车 paper napkins 餐巾纸 throw away 扔掉；抛弃 put sth. to good use 好好利用某物 have a creative mind 拥有创意的头脑 build ... out of ... 用……建造…… pull ... down 拆下；摧毁 upside down 上下颠倒；倒转 in front of ... 在……前面 win a prize 获奖 open a small shop 开一家小店 set up a website 建立网站 sell ... online 在网上出售…… set up a small business 经营小生意 look like 看起来像 the importance of environmental protection 环境保护的重要性 bring back 恢复；使想起；归还 be known for doing sth. 因做某事而闻名 remember to do sth. 记着做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 use ... to do sth. 用……做某事 二、重点句子 1. Everyone in this town should play a part in cleaning it up! 2. Jason and Susan, what are your ideas for solving these problems? 3. Well, to cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 4. There are other advantages of bike riding. 5. The numbers of some kinds of sharks have fallen by over 90 percent in the last 20 to 30 years. 6. Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 三、重点语法 重点语法复习(一) 现在进行时 ◆用法：表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 ◆构成：be (am / is / are)+动词-ing形式。 ◆标志性词汇：now, right now, look, listen等。 used to的用法 ◆used to意为“过去常常”，表示过去的习惯性动作或状态，其后接动词原形。 ◆used to的否定形式是didn't use to；一般疑问句句式为“Did ... use to ...?”。 被动语态 ◆当主语为动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态，动作的执行者由by 引出。 ◆被动语态的构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。 ◆含情态动词的被动语态的构成为“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”。 现在完成时 ◆用法：1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。2. 表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的动作或状态。这种用法中的动词多是延续性动词。 ◆构成：have / has+动词的过去分词。 ◆标志性词汇：already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice, recently, for, since, so far, in the past / last ...等。 情态动词 ◆情态动词本身有一定的意义，表示说话人的情绪、态度和语气，但不能单独作谓语。初中阶段常见的情态动词有can (could), may (might), must / have to, need, shall (should), will (would)等。 ◆情态动词无人称和数的变化(have to除外)，其后跟动词原形。个别情态动词有过去式(如can→could)，除表示时态外，还可用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气。 ◆情态动词有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表示推测。在肯定句中，有把握的推测用must，意为“一定；肯定”；把握不大的推测用could或might。在否定句中，有把握的推测用can't，意为“不 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$