专题03 新八省高考阅读理解说明文通关20篇（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）-2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练

2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练 专题03 新八省高考阅读理解说明文通关20篇 原卷版 （山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海） ( 说明 文 满分 作答解题 妙招 ) 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构 特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。两类文章，通常都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点，目的是帮助读者明白“为什么是这样”。 事物说明文一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、作对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响；事物说明文通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。 3. 设题特点 就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点 科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 其次，科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理以及最新科学技术进步，文中易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现词义猜测题，提问形式为：What does the underlined word/phrase…in paragraph…mean/refer to? 5.语篇模式 二、说明方法 1. 罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习： There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2. 举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3. 比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4. 定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5. 顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6. 分类法（classification） 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。 Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books… 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式比较固定，梳理文本结构有助于把握文章主旨。学生在阅读时，可以首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。如果句子成分复杂、有生词，学生不要退缩，抓住行文逻辑的标志词，分析句子结构，厘清主句和分句或非谓语动词之间的关系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，进行合理判断。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。因此，仔细辨析选项，对比选项间的差异，甄别选项与原文的异同，会对同学们选出正确答案大有帮助。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 新八省最新 名校 模拟试题 ) 【新八省阅读·说明文01】（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习） When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean. These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024. The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specific species of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass. The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 1．What’s new according to the research? A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation. B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants. C．The procedure of exploring carbon. D．The system of building biomass. 2．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on? A．The causes of climate change. B．The grasp of the carbon cycle. C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms. D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide. 3．What do we know from paragraph 3? A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria. B．The diatom lives on plankton. C．Water samples are key factors for the research. D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in Oceans C．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling Data 【新八省阅读·说明文02】（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习） According to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar. In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off? The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs. But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes. For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs. 1．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2? A．Put out. B．Defend against. C．Keep up. D．Count on. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies. B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies. C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies. D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report. 3．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text? A．They cost little B．They tend to last long. C．They can control variables and determine causality. D．They require participants to self-report related data 4．How should the government help RCTs? A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial support C．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related government agencies 【新八省阅读·说明文03】（24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习） Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgments can be influenced by the chatbot. Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场). The authors then presented 767 U. S. participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers. Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments. The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings. 1．What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2? A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple. 2．What is learned about the participants? A．They admitted the power of ChatGPT. B．They were interviewed by a moral advisor. C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly. D．They were presented with different moral dilemmas. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Different findings of the study. B．Future potentials for chatbots. C．Major focuses of future education. D．Solutions to the impact of chatbots. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．ChatGPT Tends to Cause Moral Panics B．ChatGPT: Is It Likely to Affect Our Life? C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us So Nervous? D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Moral Judgments 【新八省阅读·说明文04】（24-25高三上·四川·阶段练习） A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable environments birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size, but birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains. Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度) where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, some bird brains are significantly more likely to be relatively smaller compared to body size. “In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树) or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said.“ Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptation s that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co- author of the study.“ Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’s research differ from previous studies? A．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. B．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. C．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. D．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It has a changeable feeding habit. B．It is considered fairly intelligent. C．It has an extremely large body size. D．It has a powerful digesting system. 3．What does Botero think of smaller brains? A．They are a result of limited budgets. B．They are an effective survival strategy. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are typical of independent evolution. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Big Brains or Big Guts. Choose One B．Evolution of Brain Size in Birds C．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes D．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter the Bird 【新八省阅读·说明文05】（24-25高三上·四川内江·开学考试） The streets, sidewalks and roofs of cities all absorb heat during the day, making some urban areas across the United States up to 6 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than rural ones during the day - and 22 degrees F hotter at night. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as the city heat spreads downward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and other underground infrastructure also constantly bleed heat into the surrounding earth, creating hotspots. Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms. According to a new study of downtown Chicago, underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the ground around them expand and contract (收缩) enough to cause potential damage. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says the study’s author Alessandro F. Rotta Loria, a civil and environmental engineer at Northwestern University. The findings, published in Communications Engineering, expose a “silent hazard (危险)” to civil infrastructure in cities with softer ground - especially those near water - Rotta Loria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change. Similar to climate change above the surface, these underground changes occur over long periods of time. “These effects took decades, a century, to develop,” Rotta Loria says, adding that elevated underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate (逐渐消失) on their own. But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. For example, water pipes could be installed to run through underground hotspots and pick up some of the heat energy. 1．What can we learn about the “urban heat islands”? A．They can develop underground structures. B．They are impacted by global warming. C．They can destroy the ground around. D．They only exist in the United States. 2．Why does Alessandro F. Rotta Loria mention “silent hazard” in paragraph 3? A．To discuss structural issues. B．To categorize climate change. C．To explain underground heat. D．To emphasize the neglected reality. 3．What will the author probably write about in the paragraph that follows? A．The future of tunnels and basements. B．The reusing approaches of heat energy. C．The cost of maintaining structures. D．The evolution of underground environment. 4．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the surface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 【新八省阅读·说明文06】（24-25高三上·四川雅安·开学考试） An artificial intelligence (AI) tool of street view could be used to predict the risk of coronary heart disease — a condition where the heart’s arteries (动脉) are blocked, limiting blood flow to the heart by analysing neighbourhood environments, according to research. A study, published in the European Heart Journal, monitored everyday surroundings, including the quality of roads, buildings, and green spaces, and the role they play in determining heart health. Researchers were able to track the link between these environmental elements, including the presence or absence of pollution, and the risk of coronary heart disease. They found that these neighbourhood characteristics could account for 63% of the differences in heart disease risk from one community to another. The discovery stems from analysing more than half a million AI street view images across US cities, using computer vision to identify and interpret details that might go unnoticed by the human eye. The data provides urban planners and public health officials with information to design healthier living spaces and neighbourhoods. “Undoubtedly, there is a vast amount of social, economic and environmental data set,” said one of the study's authors, Prof Sanjay Rajagopalan. “However, there still remain significant gap s in our knowledge regarding unique environmental aspects of data that are currently beyond human comprehension. This is where the use of computer vision approaches may enable unique understanding of the physical and built environment.” By employing AI, researchers have been able to examine the details of neighbourhoods’ environment. The study employed computer vision technology, including applications used in medical imaging and autonomous driving, to identify details and then interpret them to make predictions or decisions. “We are getting to a place in human civilization where traditional approaches that have been used are rather limited and the use of AI to enhance human understanding is going to be critically important at solving complex problems,” Prof Rajagopalan said. 1．What is the finding of the study? A．How people can prevent heart diseases. B．How environments affect heart health. C．How AI can reduce heart disease risks. D．How the heart's arteries are blocked. 2．What can the finding of the study help to do? A．Promote computer technology. B．Reduce air and water pollution. C．Design green neighbourhoods. D．Advertise for an AI company. 3．Why was computer vision used in the study? A．The researchers had no environmental data. B．It had solved some environmental problems. C．People ignored the environment they live in. D．It helped people understand the environment. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The development of AI for hospitals B．The medical use of a street view tool C．The insight into healthy neighbourhoods D．The link between the heart and environment 【新八省阅读·说明文07】（24-25高三上·四川成都·开学考试） A new study by an international team of experts highlights how global methane (甲烷) emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020, a trend that’s expected to continue unless we do something very significant very soon. The study authors have then outlined some strategies countries can use to take action, and developed an online tool to help with this. This continual climb in methane emissions is largely due to the continued use of fossil (化石) fuels rather than cleaner options, the researchers say. It’s directly produced by oil, gas, and coal drilling and processing. The increasing release of methane from natural wetlands, caused by a hotter climate, is now also contributing. Methane is produced by rubbish sites, thawing permafrost, and animals too. The researchers, led by physicist and climate specialist Drew Shindell of Duke University in the US, suggest these are minor contributors at the moment — although ones that also need to be closely watched. “Worldwide efforts to limit climate change are rightly focused on carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary driver,” writes the team in their published paper. “However, since humanity has failed to properly address climate change for several decades, keeping warming below agreed goals now requires that we address all major climate pollutants.” There is currently much less methane in our atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2), but methane is a stronger greenhouse gas. We know that methane is a major contributor to the warming of the world, trapping heat like CO2 does. It also contributes to the formation of ozone (臭氧) at ground level, increasing the risk of death through respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular diseases. “Rapid reductions in methane emissions this decade are essential to slowing warming in the near future, limiting overshoot by the middle of the century and keeping low-warming carbon budgets within reach,” write the researchers. Warnings from scientists about the state of Earth’s climate path are now reaching a deafening level. Humanity should pay close attention to those warnings and take action. 1．What do we know about methane emissions? A．They are currently a minor concern. B．They have been going up since 2006. C．They have decreased steadily since 2020. D．They are mainly caused by cleaner options. 2．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The continued use of methane emissions. B．Strategies for reducing methane emissions. C．The impact of methane emissions on human health. D．The contributions of sources to methane emissions. 3．Why is reducing methane emissions considered urgent? A．Methane lessens the amount of ozone. B．Methane limits climate change effectively. C．Methane promotes global warming greatly. D．Methane keeps low-warming carbon budgets. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To call on people to handle methane emissions. B．To introduce the history of methane emissions. C．To highlight the dangers of methane formation. D．To advocate for the increased use of fossil fuels. 【新八省阅读·说明文08】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·阶段练习） If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. A new study from University of Waterloo researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated. The Waterloo study saw 260 participants provided with 20 unlabeled pictures: 10 of which were of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other 10 generated by Stable Diffusion or DALL-E, two commonly used AI programs that generate images. Participants were asked to label each image as real or AI-generated and explain why they made their decision. Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected. “People are not as adept at making the distinction as they think they are,” said Andreea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo. Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content - but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing. “People who are just doomscrolling (滚动) or don’t have time won’t pick up on these clues,” Pocol said. Pocol added that the extremely rapid rate at which AI technology is developing makes it particularly difficult to understand the potential for malicious or illegal action posed by AI-generated images. The pace of academic research and legislation (立法) isn’t often able to keep up: AI-generated images have become even more realistic since the study began in late 2022. “Disinformation isn’t new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly shifting and progressing,” Pocol said. “It may get to a point where people, no matter how trained they are, will still struggle to differentiate real images from fakes. That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and counter this.” 1．What does the underlined word “adept” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Expert. B．Quick. C．Alarmed. D．Puzzled. 2．What decreased the accuracy of the result of the experiment? A．Ignoring facial expressions. B．Drawing a conclusion in a hurry. C．Lacking professional guidance. D．Failing to distinguish the details. 3．What’s Pocol’s advice on dealing with disinformation? A．Providing people with related training. B．Banning the spread of fake information. C．Doing some field research in person. D．Developing practical tools to identify it. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Methods of distinguishing disinformation. B．Threats caused by AI-generated images. C．Difficulties in telling AI-generated images. D．Differences between artificial and real images. 【新八省阅读·说明文09】（24-25高三上·云南大理·阶段练习） Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. Low-power consumption, high-performance chips based on the material will also support the sustainable development of 5G, artificial intelligence, the internet of things and other fields, and promote the popularization of the next generation of smart devices, the researchers said. As electronic devices become smaller and more powerful, the number of transistors continues to increase even as the chips themselves become smaller. Experts explained that when the thickness of conventional silicon-based transistor materials is reduced to the nanometer level, their insulating property (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. This not only increases the chip’s energy consumption, but also causes heat generation to increase, affecting the stability and service life of a device. To solve the problem, a team of scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology developed an innovative metal intercalation oxidation technology and used it to form a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the development of 2D low-power chips with high performance. Di Zengfeng, leading researcher on the team, said the core of the technology lies in the ability to precisely control oxygen atoms so that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice of aluminum layer by layer at room temperature to form an orderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. Conventional alumina materials often exhibit a disordered structure, which can lead to a significant decrease in their insulating property in very thin layers. However, a single-crystal sapphire structure results in its higher electron mobility and lower current leakage, Di said. “The orderly placement of the material at the microscopic level ensures the stability of the electrons during transport, making it possible to prevent current leakage even at a thickness of only 1 nanometer, thus significantly improving the energy efficiency of the chips,” he said. 1．What can the new material be used for？ A．It can replace conventional material in smartphone battery. B．It can be applied to promote the performance of chips. C．It can generate more energy for smart devices. D．It can increase the chip’s energy consumption. 2．What is the problem with the traditional materials？ A．They can not be processed into the nanometer level. B．They function less efficiently in very thin layers. C．They are too thick to be employed. D．They are not stable enough. 3．What is the key to developing the new material？ A．To reduce the thickness. B．To control the temperature. C．To keep control of oxygen atoms. D．To decrease the insulating property. 4．What can be the best title for the text？ A．Revolution in Chip Manufacture B．Next Generation of Smart Devices C．Innovative Technology Contributes to Green Energy D．Breakthrough Promises Better Smartphone Battery Endurance 【新八省阅读·说明文10】（24-25高三上·内蒙古赤峰·阶段练习） In 1949, a long- lost- letter from Albert Einstein to engineer Glyn Davys revealed the famed physicist’s thinking about the possibility of animals having super senses. Over 70 years later, his assumptions proved astonishingly accurate. While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost, Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world. Einstein wrote, “It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鸽) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.” Today, we know that birds can sense Earth’s magnetıc field (磁场) using special light- sensitive cells in their eyes, allowing them to navigate vast distances without getting lost. Other animals, such as turtles, dogs and bees, also exhibit remarkable abilities to detect our planet’s magnetic field. At the time of the correspondence, biological and physical sciences were beginning to intersect in new ways. Bat echolocation (回声定位) had been discovered, and radar technology was emerging. Davys, as a researcher in these fields, was attracted by unusual animal senses, such as those exhibited by bees. Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces. In his letter, Einstein acknowledged his familiarity with Karl von Frisch, who had discovered that bees navigate using the polarization patterns of light. He had even attended one of Karl von Frisch’s lectures at Princeton University and met the researcher personally. While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology, Einstein advocated more biological study. He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior. Since then, our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly, and this knowledge has already helped improve technology, for example, smartphone cameras. However, mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field, as it may vary across species. 1．What does Einstein’s letter indicate? A．Animal perception is irrelevant to physics. B．Carrier pigeons are lacking in super senses. C．Engineers should overlook animal behavior. D．Birds may help discover the new physical process. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Davys found bees’ navigation mode. B．Einstein valued the research across subjects. C．Echolocation was discovered later than radar technology. D．Karl von Frisch’s work was challenged at Princeton University. 3．What was Einstein, more focused on according to paragraph 5? A．The reason for animals’ super senses. B．The difference between biology and physics. C．The impact of biological research on physics. D．The application of biology in future technology. 4．What does the last paragraph convey? A．Bee behavior remains a mystery. B．More research is needed on animal perception. C．Our knowledge about animals is comprehensive. D．The magnetic field helps animals to locate precisely. 【新八省阅读·说明文11】（24-25高三上·内蒙古·阶段练习） A team of early childhood researchers examined how neighborhood opportunity — the socioeconomic, educational, health, and environmental conditions relevant to child health and development — is associated with infant (婴儿) brain activity and cognitive development. The researchers found that infants in neighborhoods with more opportunities have greater brain function at six months of age. In areas with better educational opportunities, these brain differences are also related to better cognition at 12 months old. The researchers collected their data from 65 infants in community pediatric (小儿科的) practices in the Boston and Los Angeles areas. The team examined whether associations between neighborhood opportunity and children’s cognitive development at 12 months of age could be explained by differences in brain activity at 6 months of age, measured by electroencephalography (脑电图学) (EEG). Cognitive development was measured using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning(MSEL), a standardized play-based developmental assessment. The researchers found that higher levels of neighborhood opportunity are associated with greater absolute EEG power in mid-to high-frequency bands in six months old infants. These EEG measurements are related to better language and cognitive scores later in childhood, suggesting a neuroprotective role of living in higher opportunity neighborhoods early in life. The team also found that higher levels of educational opportunity, specifically, are associated with better MSEL scores. This means that neighborhoods with more educational opportunities, like high quality center-based care, may provide more resources to get kids engaged in cognitively simulating activities and enhance their development. “Prior work has focused on the role of socioeconomic disadvantages in child development. Our study aims to shift the conversation towards solutions for improving the environments that kids experience in early childhood to support their development and address inequalities,” said Mei Elansary, MD, MPhil, an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Boston University. “Given that race and ethnicity have been strongly associated with differential access to high opportunity neighborhoods, it is important to think about ways to promote access to these places for all families.” 1．What advantage do infants in neighborhoods with higher opportunity levels have? A．They grow more quickly. B．Their cognition develops better. C．They have fewer health issues. D．They have easier access to wealth. 2．How did researchers assess cognitive development in infants? A．By monitoring EEG patterns. B．Through pediatric check-ups. C．By having standardized tests. D．By observing social interactions. 3．What aspect of the research is talked about in paragraph 4? A．Its result. B．Its purpose. C．Its process. D．Its application. 4．What can policymakers do according to the result of the study? A．Update current economic conditions. B．Invest more money on education. C．Improve school facilities nationwide. D．Create fair neighborhood opportunities. 【新八省阅读·说明文12】（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Social relationships are important to human happiness. But once relationships are formed, some will naturally wax and wane (兴衰), with many of us losing touch with friends and family that we were once close with. Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. The psychologists set out-to measure this hesitance to reconnect by getting participants to rate their willingness to immediately carry out a range of activities, including calling or texting a friend they had lost touch with. They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old fiend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish. The top reported barriers included fears that one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. An excuse of being too busy—both the old friend and the participant—was the lowest cited reason for not reaching out. Notably, the psychologists found that participants believed there were only a few logical reasons to get in touch, with the fiend’s birthday reported as the most convincing. Reconnecting over the memory of a shared experience was the second most reported reason. Participants were least likely to consider getting in touch with an old friend to ask them a favour. As part of the research, the psychologists tested targeted interventions and they found that practising social connection with current networks by first sending a message to a warm friend was the most successful strategy, boosting reach out rates by over two thirds. But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” The expert adds: “We know from decades of research that social relationships are a key source of happiness and meaning in our lives.” 1．What is the primary focus of the psychologists research? A．The benefits of maintaining friendships. B．The process of forming new friendships. C．The attitudes towards reconnecting with old friends. D．The reasons for losing contact with long lost friends. 2．What did the psychologist find regarding people’s willingness to reach out to old friends? A．Most participants were eager to reconnect. B．Participants hesitated to contact old friends. C．Participants preferred to reach out to ask for favors. D．Being too busy was the main reason for not reaching out. 3．How does the expert think of the result of their intervention on social anxiety? A．Unsatisfactory. B．Unidentifiable. C．Predictable. D．Far-reaching. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Gaining Happiness Through Social Ties B．The Pathways to Meaningful Connection C．To Strike up a Conversation with a Stranger D．Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships 【新八省阅读·说明文13】（24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Imagine a world where we can stop diseases before they start and fix environmental problems using specially designed organisms. This isn’t from a sci-fi movie; it’s the real work of synthetic biology (合成生物学), and this is what we do. We are a team of undergraduate researchers from Nanjing Agricultural University, and we have created a new way to fight a harmful substance (物质) in wine using synthetic biology. This achievement earned us a gold medal at the International Genetic Engineering Machine(iGEM) competition in 2023. Studies on synthetic biology are similar to piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces of DNA．Scientists put these pieces together to give cells (细胞) new abilities. Over the course of six months, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerous toxin (毒素) called Ochratoxin A(OTA), which can cause serious health problems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure looks like a key chain and it can change part of its structure once it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier to detect. The next step is to break OTA down during wine production to make the product safer and healthier. Through trial and error (反复试验), we managed to create another puzzle-like structure with a special enzyme (酶) connected at the end. “The enzyme works as the ‘knife’ to kill OTA,” said project designer Zhou Yuchen, who is only 21 years old. This structure can be added to the wine as a probiotic (益生菌), which is totally harmless. “This is more than an academic project; it’s a cost-effective solution that could be used globally,” said Zhou. Back in 2019, another team of students from our university came up with a method to fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically modified (转基因的) bacteria to stop the malaria parasite (寄生虫) from growing in mosquitoes. This offers a sustainable (可持续的) way to control malaria without using chemicals. In another study, the team developed bacteria that can help earthworms turn lead, a dangerous chemical, into safe minerals. As these worms live in the soil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural environment. While synthetic biology has great potential, it also comes with risks. Creating new life forms or changing existing ones can have big impacts on nature. There are concerns about accidentally releasing these new organisms into the environment and the potential for misuse, such as in the creation of biological weapons. While synthetic biology presents many opportunities for important advancements in our lives, we believe it must be pursued with care and responsibility. 1．What is synthetic biology research compared to in the text? A．Shooting a sci-fi movie. B．Building with LEGO bricks. C．Solving a jigsaw puzzle. D．Programming a computer. 2．What is the purpose of the DNA structure designed by the team at the beginning? A．To simplify the detection of OTA． B．To remove OTA during wine production. C．To turn OTA into a harmless substance. D．To prevent OTA from damaging the heart. 3．Why does the author mention another team in the third to last paragraph? A．To contrast different techniques in synthetic biology. B．To illustrate the complexity of synthetic biology projects. C．To stress the importance of teamwork in synthetic biology. D．To highlight the practical applications of synthetic biology. 4．What is a concern about synthetic biology mentioned in the text? A．The long time needed to undertake experiments. B．The high cost of synthetic biology research. C．The possible negative impacts on nature. D．The threat to global agricultural development. 【新八省阅读·说明文14】（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习） Can artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford. LLM chatbots, such as ChatGPT, generate human-like responses to users’ questions, based on statistical analysis of vast amounts of text. But although their answers usually appear convincing, they also tend to have “hallucination”. “We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently, and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to revamp that,” says Mittelstadt. This is a “very big problem” for LLM systems, given they are being rolled out to be used in a variety of contexts, such as government decisions, where it is important they produce factually correct, truthful answers, and are honest about the limitations of their knowledge, he says. To address the problem, Mittelstadt and his colleagues propose a range of measures. They say large language models should react in a similar way to how people would when asked factual questions. That means being honest about what you do and don’t know. “It’s about doing the necessary steps to actually be careful in what you are claiming,” says Mittelstadt. This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says. Mittelstadt and his colleagues do suggest some more straightforward steps that could make LLMs more truthful. The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit the likelihood of “hallucinations”. 1．What is the main concern of the ethicists regarding LLM chatbots? A．The enormous development cost. B．The ethical decisions made by AI. C．Its inability to guarantee truthfulness. D．Its efficiency in processing texts. 2．What does the underlined word “revamp” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Ignore. B．Fix. C．Discover. D．Escape. 3．What is Eerke Boiten’s attitude towards the ethicists’ proposals for LMs? A．Tolerant. B．Conservative. C．Enthusiastic. D．Skeptical. 4．Which of the following is suggested as a step to make LLMs more truthful? A．Linking to relevant sources. B．Using more complex data statistics. C．Encouraging user interaction. D．Reducing the size of the language models. 【新八省阅读·说明文15】（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习） Grace Sun,16, won 2024 George D．Yancopoulos Innovator Award and $875,000. She’s a junior at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, Ky. The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals. The type Grace worked with can pickup such signals that naturally occur in the body — then strengthen them. For example, she says, an implanted version might one day help regulate someone’s heartbeat or monitor blood-sugar levels. Researchers have been developing these bioelectronic devrices-for many years. But none are for sale yet. “That’s because of their curent performance issues,” Grace says. They’ve proven unstable in  the body and slow to move electrical signals. Her simple and low-cost innovation: Add a salt to the polymer (聚合物) — that makes up the device. And that greatly improved thie device’s peformance. Grace tested four salts as potent additives. The one known as TBACI gave the best resilts. Amounts of compounds are frequently measured in moles. Grace found TBACI worked best when that salt was one in every five moles of material in the polymer’s final recipe. That recipe improves the device’s signal enhancement abilities, Grace reports. It also makes it more stable in the human body. Indeed, that salt increasedthe transistor’s ability to boost a signal by 97 percent. Compared to an untreated version of the device, adding the salt upped its ability to store an electric charge by 107 percent and increased its electical signal mobility by 77 percent. “Because these electronic devices are so cost-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hope to provide more accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnostics and treatment for a variety of diseases.” 1．What is the main function of the transistor device improved by Grace Sun? A．To detect and enhance signals in the body for medical use. B．To control external electronic devices with signals in the body. C．To improve traditional transistors in medical applications. D．To transform body heat into electrical energy for devices. 2．Why have bioelectronic devices not been commercialized according to Grace? A．There’s no market for such devices. B．They have performance problems. C．They’re too complex for mass production. D．They lack scientific foundation. 3．What is Grace’s goal for her research? A．Investigate the substance further. B．Receive this year’s Innovator Award. C．Maximize the overall effectiveness of health care. D．Make diagnosis and treatment more precise and affordable. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A guidebook to a new drug. B．A review of modern treatment. C．An introduction to a teen scientist. D．An essay on the function of a new device. 【新八省阅读·说明文16】（24-25高三上·陕西安康·开学考试） A phenomenon that concerns many parents is that American children are not learning to read. And schools are struggling to improve the dropping test scores: focusing on phonics(拼读法). But in doing so, they are ignoring something of equal importance: the role knowledge plays in helping children become good readers. To be clear, not all kids suffer from poor reading skills. International comparisons indicate that American children below the age of 10 are competent at identifying words and summarizing the main topic of a text. However, once kids enter middle school and standardized tests begin measuring deeper levels of reading comprehension, scores decline. By age 15, only 14 percent of U. S. children are good at reading and nearly 20 percent are failing to read at a baseline proficiency(基线水平). Most ninth- graders in the country are not skilled at absorbing and using information obtained from written material. So, what is deep reading comprehension, and how might we promote it in schools? When reading fiction or poetry, deep comprehension involves using clues in the text to make inferences about the characters’ underlying (隐含的) emotions. When it comes to the sciences, deep comprehension consists of calling up relevant background knowledge and integrating it with information from the text. High- schoolers will read history or journalism and ask: Who wrote this, and what agenda was the writer promoting? In a word, deep comprehension means taking advantage of prior knowledge to dynamically engage with writers and their works. The process of teaching kids to read better through knowledge acquisition must start early. Data gathered at home, schools and in labs show that 1- to-3- year- old children who have conversations with older people learn to read more easily than children who do not. And it’s not just the quantity of conversation that matters. The information in those discussions shapes better literacy skills. Exploring conversation is key to helping children to become good readers. Such discussion leads to reading comprehension skills that go beyond the shallow standards we’ve set. 1．What do US schools pay little attention to? A．Test scores. B．Student equality. C．Word pronunciation. D．Knowledge acquisition. 2．What’s the purpose of paragraph 3? A．To show the necessity of deep reading comprehension. B．To state the impact of tests on reading comprehension. C．To present the students’ bad academic performances. D．To prove the significance of the school reading guide. 3．Which can help improve children’s reading comprehension skills? A．Reading more good works. B．Ignoring the author’s inner emotions. C．Engaging in deep discussions. D．Focusing on conversations in books. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Finding new methods of developing better reading skills. B．Improving deep reading comprehension of US students. C．What skills can be acquired from early conversations. D．Why reading comprehension is important to students. 【新八省阅读·说明文17】（24-25高三上·陕西咸阳·开学考试）Kids can boost their brainpower by cooking, gardening and cleaning around the house, according to new research. A study of 207 children found regular household tasks—like making meals and caring for plants — are associated with better planning, self-regulation and remembering instructions. Lead researcher Deanna Tepper said the results suggest housework could have benefits for children’s executive (执行的) functioning. Collected from children aged 5 to 13, the results show older children are more likely to do housework than younger ones and girls do more housework than boys. For example, only 49 percent of boys but 70 percent of girls make their own bed. Loading the dishwasher is a job for 55 percent of children, including 50 percent of boys and 61 percent of girls. Only 34 percent of five to seven-year-olds do this task, rising to 64 percent of those aged 11 to 13. “Parents may be able to use age- and ability-appropriate housework to assist with the development of executive functions,” Ms Tepper said. “Children who cook a family meal or weed the garden on a regular basis may be more likely to excel in other aspects of life — like schoolwork or problem solving.” Ms Tepper said making a meal or cooking for others is linked to better working memory and the ability to think before acting. “Typically, these skills begin to develop in early childhood and continue to develop into late adolescence (青春期) and early adulthood,” Ms Tepper said. “Damage or delays in executive functioning development can lead to difficulties in the ability to self-regulate, plan and problem-solve, having effects later in life on reading performance and mathematical ability, as well as overall academic achievement in later childhood.” The study was conducted during Covid lockdowns, with half of parents reporting that their child was doing the same amount of housework as before the pandemic (流行病) and 37 percent saying their child was doing more. 1．How can doing housework benefit children? A．By keeping their physical health. B．By helping them learn more skills. C．By making their parents love them more. D．By improving the power of their brain. 2．What does the new research data focus on in paragraph 2? A．Time and efficiency. B．Gender and age. C．Status and discipline. D．Mood and intelligence. 3．What does the underlined word “excel” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Be better. B．Be calmer. C．Be braver. D．Be lovelier. 4．What can executive functions bring for children? A．Rapid progress in acting. B．Quality of pitying others. C．Wonderful achievements in school. D．Chance of challenging authorities. 【新八省阅读·说明文18】（24-25高三上·宁夏石嘴山·阶段练习） The meeting continues, and you feel your eyes getting heavy, your mind drowsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly you wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyone see me doze off (打盹)? You’ve fallen into a microsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almost as soon as it begins. When you’re trying to be awake and active, these may make you feel anxious or, if they happen behind the wheel, justifiably terrified. Microsleeps don’t make us feel rested or restored, like longer periods of uninterrupted sleep would. Yet a new study shows that nesting chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅) sleep just this way more than 10, 000 times a day. Incredibly, our experiments prove that this strange sleep cycle seems to do the birds no obvious harm. “What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in-between wake and sleep state constantly,” explains co-author Paul-Antoine Libourel, who studies the biology of sleep. Simply watching the penguins nod and blink gave the appearance that they were drowsy, he adds, but the extent of their sleeping was a surprise. To study these penguins, for two weeks, the scientists used some sensors to record data to measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensors recorded the birds’ positions (standing, lying, diving), tracked their location via GPS, and collected environmental data like temperature. The authors also did continuous video monitoring of the same nesting birds so that their observable behaviors could be matched with simultaneous data on their brain activity. Researchers discovered that the birds nodded off thousands of times per day, engaging in microsleeps that averaged just four seconds each but added up to more than 11 hours of sleep per day. Why would the birds adopt this fascinating sleep cycle? The need to sleep briefly could simply be a consequence of living in a noisy group where sleep is constantly interrupted. The constant guard also help keep the nests safe from the brown skua bird, which feeds on penguin eggs and chicks. Having only seconds of sleep at a time would allow the birds to react to any possible dangers. 1．How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph? A．By describing a familiar scene. B．By introducing a sleep pattern. C．By reminding you of a bad habit. D．By showing the boredom of meetings. 2．What does the underlined word “weird” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Inspiring. B．Strange. C．Worrying. D．Meaningful. 3．How did the scientists study the penguins? A．They only used video monitoring to record the penguins' behaviors. B．They applied sensors to record data and the birds’ positions . C．They mainly focused on collecting environmental data . D．They studied the penguins' brain activity by using GPS. 4．What might contribute to chinstrap penguins’ sleep pattern? A．Their unique brain structure. B．Their years’ of hard training. C．Their tough living environment. D．Their special standing position 【新八省阅读·说明文19】（24-25高三上·宁夏银川·阶段练习）In addition to applying for a traditional guide dog, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) people will soon have another option to help with their daily life — a robot guide dog. About the size of an English Bulldog but a bit wider, the six-legged robot guide dog from Shanghai Jiao Tong University's School of Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users to destinations without running into barriers. It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensors, and AI technology, the robot dog can see, listen, and speak with users on daily journeys outside and be a companion at home. Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs, the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.” Gao said. He adds that operators can use a cane (手杖) to control the walking and running speed of the robot. In China, there are currently about 17.31 million visually impaired people, yet only around 400 guide dogs are available due to high training costs. People have to wait for a long time after applying for one. Unlike traditional dogs, the production of robot guide dogs could be scaled, especially in a major manufacturing center like China. “It's a bit like cars. We can mass-produce them in the same way as cars so that it will become more affordable,” Gao said. “This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs.” Li Fei, among the visually impaired people participating in the field test, believes such high technology will likely change their lives soon. “The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,” Li said. “The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.” 1．What do we know about the robot guide dog? A．It is smaller than an English Bulldog. B．It can identify traffic light signals. C．It relies on Al technologies to move. D．It can interact with other robot guide dogs. 2．Why does the robot guide dog have six legs? A．To walk more stably. B．To support heavier loads. C．To better control its speed. D．To quickly deal with urgency. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The potential market for robot guide dogs. B．The high cost of training traditional guide dogs. C．The difficulty of applying for a robot guide dog. D．The standard of mass-producing robot guide dogs. 4．What can we infer about the robot guide dog according to Li Fei? A．It has been widely available to the public. B．It needs further improvement in accuracy. C．It will benefit visually impaired people a lot. D．It will replace traditional guide dogs in the future. 【新八省阅读·说明文20】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·阶段练习） Getting a clear sense of what happens inside the brain, why it happens, and its importance to the human experience are monumental challenges. Despite the odds, neuroscientists continue to move forward with determination and persistence. And they have made incredible progress over recent decades. Some of these brave souls investigate a particularly difficult- to- study topic: sleep. Although every human who has ever lived on Earth has experienced this phenomenon, sleep is still covered in mystery. We do not understand the full story, but it is now clear that one of sleep’s roles is to solidify, or consolidate memories. Scientists believe that during waking hours, our brains are ready to make or“ encode” new memories. But during sleep, our brains switch to consolidation mode. When you first learn something during the day, your brain lays down a“ memory trace.” Initially, this trace is particularly susceptible to disturbances. In other words, it is easy to forget. Then, during sleep, this memory is consolidated — the memory trace is stabilized. On a cellular level, memories are formed by changing the strength of synaptic (突触的) connections in a network that represents a memory. During sleep, synapses — the connections between brain cells — are remodeled, producing permanent changes that solidify the memory trace, helping create long- term memories. Researchers have shown that going to sleep shortly after learning something helps the brain consolidate declarative memories more efficiently. What is declarative memory? Declarative memory is defined as recalling events and facts, such as the name of your friends and what you ate last night. In one study, researchers asked participants to learn word pairs. They found that people who went to sleep shortly after the task performed better 24 hours later than those who did not sleep until longer after the task. Another study, which involved high school students learning new vocabulary had similar results: Those who went to sleep just a few hours after learning sustained memories better than those who went to sleep many hours after learning. 1．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How memory consolidation works. B．What strengthens memory traces. C．Why new memories are removed. D．How sleep blocks long- term memory. 2．What is declarative memory according to the passage? A．Remembering historical events. B．Remembering how to ride a bike. C．Remembering the feeling of love. D．Remembering how to tie shoelaces. 3．What similarity is noted between the two studies in the last paragraph? A．Both involved different age groups. B．Both used identical experimental data. C．Both focused on physical health impacts. D．Both found sleep timing affected memory. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explore how sleep benefits memory. B．To examine why sleep maintains brain activity. C．To investigate why extended sleep affects health. D．To illustrate how the brain functions during sleep. 试卷第2页，共30页 1 / 30 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年新八省新高考英语满分通关练 专题03 新八省高考阅读理解说明文通关20篇 解析版 （山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海） ( 说明 文 满分 作答解题 妙招 ) 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构 特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。两类文章，通常都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点，目的是帮助读者明白“为什么是这样”。 事物说明文一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、作对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响；事物说明文通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。 3. 设题特点 就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点 科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 其次，科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理以及最新科学技术进步，文中易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现词义猜测题，提问形式为：What does the underlined word/phrase…in paragraph…mean/refer to? 5.语篇模式 二、说明方法 1. 罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习： There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2. 举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3. 比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4. 定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5. 顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6. 分类法（classification） 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。 Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books… 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式比较固定，梳理文本结构有助于把握文章主旨。学生在阅读时，可以首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。如果句子成分复杂、有生词，学生不要退缩，抓住行文逻辑的标志词，分析句子结构，厘清主句和分句或非谓语动词之间的关系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，进行合理判断。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。因此，仔细辨析选项，对比选项间的差异，甄别选项与原文的异同，会对同学们选出正确答案大有帮助。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 新八省最新 名校 模拟试题 ) 【新八省阅读·说明文01】（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习） When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean. These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024. The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specific species of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass. The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 1．What’s new according to the research? A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation. B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants. C．The procedure of exploring carbon. D．The system of building biomass. 2．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on? A．The causes of climate change. B．The grasp of the carbon cycle. C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms. D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide. 3．What do we know from paragraph 3? A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria. B．The diatom lives on plankton. C．Water samples are key factors for the research. D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in Oceans C．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling Data 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个新的研究发现——海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.( 当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”可知，新研究发现海洋硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这说明硅藻积累碳的方式是新的发现。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. (这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收多少二氧化碳的估计，这反过来又可以更深入地了解全球碳循环，这与气候变化尤其相关。)”可知，这些新发现可能会导致研究人员减少他们对硅藻通过光合作用从空气中吸收二氧化碳量的估计，转而更加关注全球碳循环的理解。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specific species of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean.(此外，这项新的研究暗示了一种可能性，即特定种类的细菌直接为生活在全球海洋中的大部分硅藻提供有机碳)”可知，大量的硅藻可能以细菌为食。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.( 当谈到生活在海洋中的硅藻时，新的研究表明光合作用并不是积累碳的唯一策略。相反，这些单细胞生物也通过直接以海洋中的有机碳为食来产生生物量。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了硅藻在积累碳方面新的发现，即硅藻不仅通过光合作用积累碳，还通过直接摄取海水中的有机碳来构建生物量。这是硅藻在碳积累方面的新策略，因此最适合的标题是C选项“New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms(硅藻中的新碳策略)”。故选C。 【新八省阅读·说明文02】（24-25高三上·河南驻马店·阶段练习） According to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar. In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off? The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs. But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes. For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs. 1．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2? A．Put out. B．Defend against. C．Keep up. D．Count on. 2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies. B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies. C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies. D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report. 3．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text? A．They cost little B．They tend to last long. C．They can control variables and determine causality. D．They require participants to self-report related data 4．How should the government help RCTs? A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial support C．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related government agencies 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文的体裁是一篇说明文。它主要解释了世界卫生组织（WHO）关于非糖甜味剂使用的推荐，并详细分析了支持这一推荐的研究证据和现有研究的局限性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off? (在报告中，世界卫生组织引用了长期使用非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和死亡风险增加有关的证据。非糖甜味剂是如何与它们本应fend off的负面健康影响联系在一起的？)”可知，非糖甜味剂与糖尿病和增加死亡风险有关，即它们本应“防御”的负面健康影响有关，这里的fend off应理解为“防御，抵挡”或“对抗”。A. Put out扑灭；B. Defend against防御，抵抗；C. Keep up跟上，赶上；D. Count on指望，依靠。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results. (世卫组织在审查了数百项已发表的研究后提出了这一建议。问题是这些研究绝大多数是观察性的。在这样的研究中，受试者倾向于自我报告他们的食物摄入量，这可能不能保证不准确。更重要的是，观察性研究不能确定因果关系。是无糖甜味剂导致糖尿病，还是有患糖尿病风险的人更容易食用它们？最后，在这些研究中，有许多研究人员无法控制的变量可能会影响结果。)”可知，这一段主要讲述了WHO报告中观察性研究的局限性，包括自报告数据不准确的问题和无法确定因果关系的问题，故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect (这些研究通过将人们随机分配到治疗组或对照组来控制变量，他们可以确定因果关系。他们表明，甜味剂对减肥有一定的好处，有助于控制血糖，没有观察性研究中看到的负面影响。随机对照试验的缺点是持续时间较短，通常只持续几个月。)”可知，RCTs能够控制变量并确定因果关系，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs. (要想发生改变，可能需要从最高层开始，那里的科学是由政府机构资助的，它们为研究拨款数十亿美元，应该开始优先考虑RCTs。)”可知，政府应该通过提供财政支持来帮助RCTs，故选B。 【新八省阅读·说明文03】（24-25高三上·河南南阳·阶段练习） Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgments can be influenced by the chatbot. Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场). The authors then presented 767 U. S. participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers. Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments. The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings. 1．What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2? A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple. 2．What is learned about the participants? A．They admitted the power of ChatGPT. B．They were interviewed by a moral advisor. C．They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly. D．They were presented with different moral dilemmas. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Different findings of the study. B．Future potentials for chatbots. C．Major focuses of future education. D．Solutions to the impact of chatbots. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．ChatGPT Tends to Cause Moral Panics B．ChatGPT: Is It Likely to Affect Our Life? C．ChatGPT:Why Is It Making Us So Nervous? D．ChatGPT Can Influence Human Moral Judgments 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写语句的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场).(他们发现，ChatGPT随机写出支持或反对牺牲一条生命的陈述，这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场)”可推知，ChatGPT对某种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”可知，参与者在不知不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgments highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgment or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings.(作者认为，聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的潜力凸显了教育的必要性，以帮助人类更好地理解人工智能。他们提出，未来的研究应该设计出这样的聊天机器人：要么拒绝回答需要道德判断的问题，要么通过提供多种论证和警告来回答这些问题)”可知，最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断力的方法。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports.(发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写言论的影响)”以及倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgments.(这表明参与者可能低估了ChatGPT的陈述对他们自己道德判断的影响)”并结合文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。可知，D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最符合文章标题。故选D。 【新八省阅读·说明文04】（24-25高三上·四川·阶段练习） A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable environments birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size, but birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains. Previous studies had found general trends toward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度) where conditions are more variable. This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented. They found that at higher latitudes, some bird brains are significantly more likely to be relatively smaller compared to body size. “In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example of the small-brained species. Lovable though it is, it’s not exactly known for its smarts. The ptarmigan can, however, feed on branches and willow leaves.” said Trevor Fristoe, first author of the study from Washington University. “We find that small-brained species in these environments employ strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able to live on readily available but difficult to digest resources such as needles of conifers (针叶树) or even branches. These foods can be found even during extreme winter conditions, but they are fibrous and require a large gut (肠道) to digest,” Fristoe said.“ Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging to maintain a lot of both.” “Brains are not evolving separately — they are part of a broader suite of adaptation s that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carlos Botero, assistant professor of biology and co- author of the study.“ Biologists, ourselves included, have historically believed that environmental variability drives the expansion of brain size. But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!” 1．How does Fristoe’s research differ from previous studies? A．It reveals birds’ evolving processes. B．It arrives at a conflicting conclusion. C．It focuses on birds with smaller brains. D．It covers a wider range of brain sizes. 2．What do we know about the ptarmigan? A．It has a changeable feeding habit. B．It is considered fairly intelligent. C．It has an extremely large body size. D．It has a powerful digesting system. 3．What does Botero think of smaller brains? A．They are a result of limited budgets. B．They are an effective survival strategy. C．They are not for variable environments. D．They are typical of independent evolution. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Big Brains or Big Guts. Choose One B．Evolution of Brain Size in Birds C．Big Brains: Adapt to Higher Latitudes D．The Smaller the Brain, the Smarter the Bird 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“This new study is different because it looks at the full distribution of brain sizes across environments, allowing the researchers to test whether different sizes are over-or under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that at higher latitudes, some bird brains are significantly more likely to be relatively smaller compared to body size.(他们发现，在高纬度地区，一些鸟类的大脑相对于身体来说更有可能相对较小)”以及第三段“In Alaska, the ptarmigan (雷鸟) might be a typical example of the small-brained species.(在阿拉斯加，雷鸟可能是小脑袋物种的典型例子)”可推知，雷鸟的体型非常大。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But when we take a broader view, we realize that other strategies also work and remarkably, the alternative here involves making a brain actually smaller!(但当我们从更广阔的角度来看，我们意识到其他策略也起作用，值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及到让大脑变得更小！)”可知，波特罗认为小脑袋是预算有限的结果。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A global study comparing 2,062 birds finds that in highly variable environments birds tend to have either larger or smaller brains relative to their body size, but birds with smaller brains tend to use ecological strategies that are not available to big-brained ones. The fact is that there are a great many species that do quite well with small brains.(一项对2062只鸟类进行比较的全球研究发现，在高度多变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于它们的身体大小往往更大或更小，但大脑较小的鸟类往往会使用大脑大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略。事实上，有很多物种的大脑都很小)”结合文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。可知，A选项“脑大还是智慧大。选择一个”最符合文章标题。故选A。 【新八省阅读·说明文05】（24-25高三上·四川内江·开学考试） The streets, sidewalks and roofs of cities all absorb heat during the day, making some urban areas across the United States up to 6 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than rural ones during the day - and 22 degrees F hotter at night. These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as the city heat spreads downward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and other underground infrastructure also constantly bleed heat into the surrounding earth, creating hotspots. Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms. According to a new study of downtown Chicago, underground hotspots may threaten the very same structures that emit the heat in the first place. Such temperature changes make the ground around them expand and contract (收缩) enough to cause potential damage. “Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming,” says the study’s author Alessandro F. Rotta Loria, a civil and environmental engineer at Northwestern University. The findings, published in Communications Engineering, expose a “silent hazard (危险)” to civil infrastructure in cities with softer ground - especially those near water - Rotta Loria says. “There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change. Similar to climate change above the surface, these underground changes occur over long periods of time. “These effects took decades, a century, to develop,” Rotta Loria says, adding that elevated underground temperatures would likewise take a long time to dissipate (逐渐消失) on their own. But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. For example, water pipes could be installed to run through underground hotspots and pick up some of the heat energy. 1．What can we learn about the “urban heat islands”? A．They can develop underground structures. B．They are impacted by global warming. C．They can destroy the ground around. D．They only exist in the United States. 2．Why does Alessandro F. Rotta Loria mention “silent hazard” in paragraph 3? A．To discuss structural issues. B．To categorize climate change. C．To explain underground heat. D．To emphasize the neglected reality. 3．What will the author probably write about in the paragraph that follows? A．The future of tunnels and basements. B．The reusing approaches of heat energy. C．The cost of maintaining structures. D．The evolution of underground environment. 4．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Underground climate change is a silent danger. B．Humans fail to notice the dramatic climate change. C．Cooling the surface helps control urban heat rises. D．Researching underground heat helps save on energy costs. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下气候变暖对城市地面建筑的负面影响的隐蔽性与长期性，以及介绍潜在的解决方案. 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“These “urban heat islands” can also develop underground as the city heat spreads downward, beneath the surface. And basements, subway tunnels and other underground infrastructure also constantly bleed heat into the surrounding earth, creating hotspots. Now the underground heat is building up as the planet warms.(这些“城市热岛”也会在地下形成，因为城市的热量会向下传播，到达地表以下。而且，地下室、地铁隧道和其他地下设施也会不断向周围的土壤散发热量，从而形成热点区域。现在，随着地球变暖，地下热量也在不断积聚。)”可知，“城市热岛”是受到全球气候变暖的影响。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中 Alessandro F. Rotta Loria所说的“There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize(发生的这种地下气候变化可能已经造成了建筑结构上的问题，我们甚至没有意识到)”以及最后一句话“While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change.(虽然这不是对人类生命的立即或直接威胁，但这种以前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个鲜为人知的组成部分的影响)”可推知，提出“无声的危险”是想强调地下气候变暖这一被人忽略的事实。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But other researchers interviewed for this story all say this wasted energy could also be recycled, presenting an opportunity to both cool the subsurface and save on energy costs. Subway tunnels and basements could be updated with technologies to recapture the heat. For example, water pipes could be installed to run through underground hotspots and pick up some of the heat energy.(但其他在接受采访的研究人员都表示，这种浪费的能源也可以被回收利用，这不仅提供了冷却地下空间的机会，还能节省能源成本。可以通过更新技术来重新捕获地铁隧道和地下室的热量。例如，可以安装水管穿过地下热点区域，以吸收部分热能)”可知，该段是介绍针对地下气候变暖提出了潜在的解决方案，即可以通过更新地铁隧道和地下室的相关技术来回收利用热能，并举例了可通过安装水管这种方法来获取热能。由此推知，接下来应该是介绍对这种热能的再使用方法。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容及第二段中“Without anyone realizing it, the city of Chicago’s downtown was deforming(在无人察觉的情况下，芝加哥市中心发生了变形)”和第三段中““There might have been structural issues caused by this underground climate change that happened, and we didn’t even realize,” he adds. While not an immediate or direct danger to human lives, this previously unknown effect highlights the impacts of a lesser-known component of climate change.(“可能会有由于这种地下气候变化导致的结构性问题出现，而我们甚至没有意识到，”他补充道。虽然这对人类生命没有立即或直接的危险，但这一此前未知的影响突显了气候变化中一个较少为人知的组成部分所带来的影响)”可知，整篇文章都在围绕地下热岛效应及其对城市基础设施的影响展开，特别是强调了这种地下气候变化带来的隐患。因此，作者想传达的主要信息是地下气候变化是一种无声的危险。故选A。 【新八省阅读·说明文06】（24-25高三上·四川雅安·开学考试） An artificial intelligence (AI) tool of street view could be used to predict the risk of coronary heart disease — a condition where the heart’s arteries (动脉) are blocked, limiting blood flow to the heart by analysing neighbourhood environments, according to research. A study, published in the European Heart Journal, monitored everyday surroundings, including the quality of roads, buildings, and green spaces, and the role they play in determining heart health. Researchers were able to track the link between these environmental elements, including the presence or absence of pollution, and the risk of coronary heart disease. They found that these neighbourhood characteristics could account for 63% of the differences in heart disease risk from one community to another. The discovery stems from analysing more than half a million AI street view images across US cities, using computer vision to identify and interpret details that might go unnoticed by the human eye. The data provides urban planners and public health officials with information to design healthier living spaces and neighbourhoods. “Undoubtedly, there is a vast amount of social, economic and environmental data set,” said one of the study's authors, Prof Sanjay Rajagopalan. “However, there still remain significant gap s in our knowledge regarding unique environmental aspects of data that are currently beyond human comprehension. This is where the use of computer vision approaches may enable unique understanding of the physical and built environment.” By employing AI, researchers have been able to examine the details of neighbourhoods’ environment. The study employed computer vision technology, including applications used in medical imaging and autonomous driving, to identify details and then interpret them to make predictions or decisions. “We are getting to a place in human civilization where traditional approaches that have been used are rather limited and the use of AI to enhance human understanding is going to be critically important at solving complex problems,” Prof Rajagopalan said. 1．What is the finding of the study? A．How people can prevent heart diseases. B．How environments affect heart health. C．How AI can reduce heart disease risks. D．How the heart's arteries are blocked. 2．What can the finding of the study help to do? A．Promote computer technology. B．Reduce air and water pollution. C．Design green neighbourhoods. D．Advertise for an AI company. 3．Why was computer vision used in the study? A．The researchers had no environmental data. B．It had solved some environmental problems. C．People ignored the environment they live in. D．It helped people understand the environment. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The development of AI for hospitals B．The medical use of a street view tool C．The insight into healthy neighbourhoods D．The link between the heart and environment 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了利用人工智能街景工具分析社区环境，预测冠心病风险的研究，揭示了环境因素对心脏病风险的影响，并强调AI在解决复杂问题中的重要作用。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Researchers were able to track the link between these environmental elements, including the presence or absence of pollution, and the risk of coronary heart disease. (研究人员能够追踪这些环境因素（包括是否存在污染）与冠心病风险之间的联系。)”可知，该研究能够发现环境因素，如道路、建筑、绿地等的质量以及污染的存在与否，是如何影响心脏健康的，即环境如何影响心脏健康。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The data provides urban planners and public health officials with information to design healthier living spaces and neighbourhoods. (这些数据为城市规划者和公共卫生官员提供了设计更健康的生活空间和社区的信息。)”可知，研究发现的数据可以帮助创建更多绿色和健康的社区环境。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“This is where the use of computer vision approaches may enable unique understanding of the physical and built environment. (这就是使用计算机视觉方法可以对物理和建筑环境进行独特理解的地方。)”可知，计算机视觉方法的使用可以使人们对物理环境和建筑环境有独特的理解。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“An artificial intelligence (AI) tool of street view could be used to predict the risk of coronary heart disease—a condition where the heart’s arteries (动脉) are blocked, limiting blood flow to the heart by analysing neighbourhood environments, according to research. (根据研究，街道视图的人工智能（AI）工具可用于预测冠心病的风险，冠心病是一种心脏动脉阻塞的疾病，通过分析邻近环境来限制流向心脏的血流。)”可知，文章主要讲述了利用街景人工智能工具预测冠心病风险的研究，并强调了这种工具在医学上的应用。故选B项。 【新八省阅读·说明文07】（24-25高三上·四川成都·开学考试） A new study by an international team of experts highlights how global methane (甲烷) emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020, a trend that’s expected to continue unless we do something very significant very soon. The study authors have then outlined some strategies countries can use to take action, and developed an online tool to help with this. This continual climb in methane emissions is largely due to the continued use of fossil (化石) fuels rather than cleaner options, the researchers say. It’s directly produced by oil, gas, and coal drilling and processing. The increasing release of methane from natural wetlands, caused by a hotter climate, is now also contributing. Methane is produced by rubbish sites, thawing permafrost, and animals too. The researchers, led by physicist and climate specialist Drew Shindell of Duke University in the US, suggest these are minor contributors at the moment — although ones that also need to be closely watched. “Worldwide efforts to limit climate change are rightly focused on carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary driver,” writes the team in their published paper. “However, since humanity has failed to properly address climate change for several decades, keeping warming below agreed goals now requires that we address all major climate pollutants.” There is currently much less methane in our atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO2), but methane is a stronger greenhouse gas. We know that methane is a major contributor to the warming of the world, trapping heat like CO2 does. It also contributes to the formation of ozone (臭氧) at ground level, increasing the risk of death through respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular diseases. “Rapid reductions in methane emissions this decade are essential to slowing warming in the near future, limiting overshoot by the middle of the century and keeping low-warming carbon budgets within reach,” write the researchers. Warnings from scientists about the state of Earth’s climate path are now reaching a deafening level. Humanity should pay close attention to those warnings and take action. 1．What do we know about methane emissions? A．They are currently a minor concern. B．They have been going up since 2006. C．They have decreased steadily since 2020. D．They are mainly caused by cleaner options. 2．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The continued use of methane emissions. B．Strategies for reducing methane emissions. C．The impact of methane emissions on human health. D．The contributions of sources to methane emissions. 3．Why is reducing methane emissions considered urgent? A．Methane lessens the amount of ozone. B．Methane limits climate change effectively. C．Methane promotes global warming greatly. D．Methane keeps low-warming carbon budgets. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To call on people to handle methane emissions. B．To introduce the history of methane emissions. C．To highlight the dangers of methane formation. D．To advocate for the increased use of fossil fuels. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于全球甲烷排放的新研究，强调了甲烷排放量的快速增长及其对环境的影响，并呼吁人们采取行动。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study by an international team of experts highlights how global methane (甲烷) emissions have been rising rapidly since 2006, particularly since 2020, a trend that’s expected to continue unless we do something very significant very soon.(一个国际专家小组的一项新研究强调，自2006年以来，特别是自2020年以来，全球甲烷排放量迅速上升，除非我们很快采取一些非常重要的措施，否则这一趋势预计将持续下去。)”可知，甲烷排放量自2006年以来一直在上升。故选B项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“This continual climb in methane emissions is largely due to the continued use of fossil (化石) fuels rather than cleaner options, the researchers say. It’s directly produced by oil, gas, and coal drilling and processing. The increasing release of methane from natural wetlands, caused by a hotter climate, is now also contributing. Methane is produced by rubbish sites, thawing permafrost, and animals too. The researchers, led by physicist and climate specialist Drew Shindell of Duke University in the US, suggest these are minor contributors at the moment — although ones that also need to be closely watched.(研究人员说，甲烷排放量的持续攀升在很大程度上是由于化石燃料的持续使用，而不是更清洁的选择。它是由石油、天然气和煤炭钻探和加工直接产生的。气候变暖导致的自然湿地甲烷释放增加，现在也是原因之一。甲烷是由垃圾场、融化的永久冻土和动物产生的。由美国杜克大学物理学家和气候专家德鲁·辛德尔领导的研究人员认为，目前这些都是次要因素——尽管也需要密切关注。)”可知，本段主要介绍了甲烷排放的来源：持续使用化石燃料；石油、天然气和煤炭的钻探和加工；气候变暖；垃圾场所、融化的永久冻土和动物等。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“We know that methane is a major contributor to the warming of the world, trapping heat like CO2 does.(我们知道甲烷是全球变暖的主要原因，它像二氧化碳一样吸收热量)”可知，甲烷极大地推动了全球变暖，所以减少甲烷排放具有紧迫性。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中作者引用研究人员的话“Rapid reductions in methane emissions this decade are essential to slowing warming in the near future, limiting overshoot by the middle of the century and keeping low-warming carbon budgets within reach (本世纪二十年代甲烷排放量的快速减少对于在不久的将来减缓气候变暖、在本世纪中叶限制温度超调以及使低升温碳预算触手可及至关重要)”和最后一段“Warnings from scientists about the state of Earth’s climate path are now reaching a deafening level. Humanity should pay close attention to those warnings and take action.(科学家们对地球气候变化轨迹的警告现在已经达到了震耳欲聋的程度。人类应该密切关注这些警告并采取行动)”可知，作者强调了减少甲烷排放量的必要性，其目的是呼吁人们处理甲烷排放问题。故选A项。 【新八省阅读·说明文08】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·阶段练习） If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. A new study from University of Waterloo researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated. The Waterloo study saw 260 participants provided with 20 unlabeled pictures: 10 of which were of real people obtained from Google searches, and the other 10 generated by Stable Diffusion or DALL-E, two commonly used AI programs that generate images. Participants were asked to label each image as real or AI-generated and explain why they made their decision. Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected. “People are not as adept at making the distinction as they think they are,” said Andreea Pocol, a PhD candidate in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo. Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content - but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing. “People who are just doomscrolling (滚动) or don’t have time won’t pick up on these clues,” Pocol said. Pocol added that the extremely rapid rate at which AI technology is developing makes it particularly difficult to understand the potential for malicious or illegal action posed by AI-generated images. The pace of academic research and legislation (立法) isn’t often able to keep up: AI-generated images have become even more realistic since the study began in late 2022. “Disinformation isn’t new, but the tools of disinformation have been constantly shifting and progressing,” Pocol said. “It may get to a point where people, no matter how trained they are, will still struggle to differentiate real images from fakes. That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and counter this.” 1．What does the underlined word “adept” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Expert. B．Quick. C．Alarmed. D．Puzzled. 2．What decreased the accuracy of the result of the experiment? A．Ignoring facial expressions. B．Drawing a conclusion in a hurry. C．Lacking professional guidance. D．Failing to distinguish the details. 3．What’s Pocol’s advice on dealing with disinformation? A．Providing people with related training. B．Banning the spread of fake information. C．Doing some field research in person. D．Developing practical tools to identify it. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Methods of distinguishing disinformation. B．Threats caused by AI-generated images. C．Difficulties in telling AI-generated images. D．Differences between artificial and real images. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了滑铁卢大学研究人员发现人们在区分真实人物图像与AI生成图像时遇到的困难，并介绍了研究的具体情况及结果。 1．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Only 61% of participants could tell the difference between AI-generated people and real ones, far below the 85% threshold (门槛) that researchers expected.(只有61%的参与者能够分辨出人工智能生成的人和真实人物之间的区别，远低于研究人员预期的85%的门槛)”可知，人们并不像自己认为的那样善于区分。所以划线词的意思是“擅长的，熟练的”与A选项“熟练的”同义。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Participants paid attention to details such as fingers, teeth, and eyes as possible indicators when looking for AI-generated content - but their assessments weren’t always correct. Pocol noted that the nature of the study allowed participants to compare photos in detail, while most Internet users look at images in passing.(在寻找人工智能生成的内容时，参与者会注意手指、牙齿和眼睛等细节，作为可能的指标，但他们的评估并不总是正确的。Pocol指出，这项研究的本质是允许参与者详细地比较照片，而大多数互联网用户都是匆匆看照片)”可知，匆忙下结论降低了实验结果的准确性。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“That’s why we need to develop tools to identify and counter this.(这就是为什么我们需要开发工具来识别和应对这种情况)”可知，Pocol对处理虚假信息的建议是开发实用的工具来识别它。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“If you recently had trouble figuring out if an image of a person is real or generated through artificial intelligence (AI), you’re not alone. A new study from University of Waterloo researchers found that people had more difficulty than was expected distinguishing who is a real person and who is artificially generated.(如果你最近很难弄清楚一个人的图像是真实的还是通过人工智能生成的，那么你并不孤单。滑铁卢大学研究人员的一项新研究发现，人们比预期更难以区分谁是真人，谁是人造的)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了人们在区分人工智能生成的图像时遇到的困难。故选C。 【新八省阅读·说明文09】（24-25高三上·云南大理·阶段练习） Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. Low-power consumption, high-performance chips based on the material will also support the sustainable development of 5G, artificial intelligence, the internet of things and other fields, and promote the popularization of the next generation of smart devices, the researchers said. As electronic devices become smaller and more powerful, the number of transistors continues to increase even as the chips themselves become smaller. Experts explained that when the thickness of conventional silicon-based transistor materials is reduced to the nanometer level, their insulating property (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. This not only increases the chip’s energy consumption, but also causes heat generation to increase, affecting the stability and service life of a device. To solve the problem, a team of scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology developed an innovative metal intercalation oxidation technology and used it to form a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the development of 2D low-power chips with high performance. Di Zengfeng, leading researcher on the team, said the core of the technology lies in the ability to precisely control oxygen atoms so that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice of aluminum layer by layer at room temperature to form an orderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. Conventional alumina materials often exhibit a disordered structure, which can lead to a significant decrease in their insulating property in very thin layers. However, a single-crystal sapphire structure results in its higher electron mobility and lower current leakage, Di said. “The orderly placement of the material at the microscopic level ensures the stability of the electrons during transport, making it possible to prevent current leakage even at a thickness of only 1 nanometer, thus significantly improving the energy efficiency of the chips,” he said. 1．What can the new material be used for？ A．It can replace conventional material in smartphone battery. B．It can be applied to promote the performance of chips. C．It can generate more energy for smart devices. D．It can increase the chip’s energy consumption. 2．What is the problem with the traditional materials？ A．They can not be processed into the nanometer level. B．They function less efficiently in very thin layers. C．They are too thick to be employed. D．They are not stable enough. 3．What is the key to developing the new material？ A．To reduce the thickness. B．To control the temperature. C．To keep control of oxygen atoms. D．To decrease the insulating property. 4．What can be the best title for the text？ A．Revolution in Chip Manufacture B．Next Generation of Smart Devices C．Innovative Technology Contributes to Green Energy D．Breakthrough Promises Better Smartphone Battery Endurance 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了来自上海的科学家设计出了一种新型材料，可以大大提升芯片的能效，增强手机电池的续航能力。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. (上海科学家发明了一种新材料，可用于开发二维低功耗计算机芯片，这可能会显著提高其能源效率，并对智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。)”可知，这种新材料对于智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Experts explained that when the thickness of conventional silicon-based transistor materials is reduced to the nanometer level, their insulating property (绝缘性能) is significantly reduced, resulting in current leakage. (专家解释说，当传统硅基晶体管材料的厚度减少到纳米级时，其绝缘性能会显著降低，从而导致电流泄漏。)”可知，传统的材料在非常薄的层中效率较低。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“To solve the problem, a team of scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology developed an innovative metal intercalation oxidation technology and used it to form a sapphire crystal dielectric, which is used in the development of 2D low-power chips with high performance. (为了解决这个问题，中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所的一组科学家开发了一种创新的金属嵌入氧化技术，并用它来形成蓝宝石晶体介电体，用于开发高性能的二维低功耗芯片。)”以及第六段“Di Zengfeng, leading researcher on the team, said the core of the technology lies in the ability to precisely control oxygen atoms so that they can be embedded in a crystal lattice of aluminum layer by layer at room temperature to form an orderly single crystal alumina dielectric material — sapphire. (该团队的首席研究员狄增峰表示，该技术的核心在于精确控制氧原子的能力，这样它们就可以在室温下一层一层地嵌入铝晶格中，形成有序的单晶氧化铝介电材料—蓝宝石。)”可知，来自中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所的科学家利用新技术开发新型材料，用于制造低功耗的二维芯片，该技术的核心在于能够精确地控制氢原子，使其在室温下逐层嵌入铝晶格。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Shanghai scientists have devised a new material that can be used to develop two-dimensional, low-power-consumption computer chips, which may significantly improve their energy efficiency and have important meanings for smartphone battery endurance. (上海科学家发明了一种新材料，可用于开发二维低功耗计算机芯片，这可能会显著提高其能源效率，并对智能手机电池续航能力具有重要意义。)”以及全文内容可知，上海的科学家设计出了一种新型材料，这项新型材料的研发对于提升手机等电子产品的电池续航能力意义重大。故选D。 【新八省阅读·说明文10】（24-25高三上·内蒙古赤峰·阶段练习） In 1949, a long- lost- letter from Albert Einstein to engineer Glyn Davys revealed the famed physicist’s thinking about the possibility of animals having super senses. Over 70 years later, his assumptions proved astonishingly accurate. While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost, Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world. Einstein wrote, “It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鸽) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.” Today, we know that birds can sense Earth’s magnetıc field (磁场) using special light- sensitive cells in their eyes, allowing them to navigate vast distances without getting lost. Other animals, such as turtles, dogs and bees, also exhibit remarkable abilities to detect our planet’s magnetic field. At the time of the correspondence, biological and physical sciences were beginning to intersect in new ways. Bat echolocation (回声定位) had been discovered, and radar technology was emerging. Davys, as a researcher in these fields, was attracted by unusual animal senses, such as those exhibited by bees. Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces. In his letter, Einstein acknowledged his familiarity with Karl von Frisch, who had discovered that bees navigate using the polarization patterns of light. He had even attended one of Karl von Frisch’s lectures at Princeton University and met the researcher personally. While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology, Einstein advocated more biological study. He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior. Since then, our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly, and this knowledge has already helped improve technology, for example, smartphone cameras. However, mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field, as it may vary across species. 1．What does Einstein’s letter indicate? A．Animal perception is irrelevant to physics. B．Carrier pigeons are lacking in super senses. C．Engineers should overlook animal behavior. D．Birds may help discover the new physical process. 2．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Davys found bees’ navigation mode. B．Einstein valued the research across subjects. C．Echolocation was discovered later than radar technology. D．Karl von Frisch’s work was challenged at Princeton University. 3．What was Einstein, more focused on according to paragraph 5? A．The reason for animals’ super senses. B．The difference between biology and physics. C．The impact of biological research on physics. D．The application of biology in future technology. 4．What does the last paragraph convey? A．Bee behavior remains a mystery. B．More research is needed on animal perception. C．Our knowledge about animals is comprehensive. D．The magnetic field helps animals to locate precisely. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了爱因斯坦写的一封信，信中探讨了动物超感知能力，并讨论了科学家在这一领域探索的进展及其对物理学和技术的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost, Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world. Einstein wrote, “It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鸽) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.”(虽然戴维斯最初的研究已经失传，但爱因斯坦的回答表明了这位工程师对动物感知的好奇心，以及它对理解物理世界的影响。爱因斯坦写道：“可以想象，对候鸟和信鸽行为的研究可能有一天会导致对一些尚不知道的物理过程的理解。”)”可知，爱因斯坦的信表明了鸟类可能有助于发现新的物理过程。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.(爱因斯坦还着迷于生物科学揭示隐藏的物理力量的潜力)”可知，爱因斯坦对跨学科研究的重视。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology, Einstein advocated more biological study. He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior.(戴维斯似乎主要对新的生物学见解如何影响未来的技术感兴趣，而爱因斯坦则主张进行更多的生物学研究。他认为，如果这种研究揭示了一种通过动物行为产生的新的感官知觉或刺激，那么它将影响物理学的基础)”可知，爱因斯坦更关注生物学研究对物理学的影响。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Since then, our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly, and this knowledge has already helped improve technology, for example, smartphone cameras. However, mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field, as it may vary across species.(从那时起，我们对蜜蜂行为和动物感知的理解有了显著的进步，这些知识已经帮助改进了技术，例如智能手机摄像头。然而，关于动物感知光或地球磁场的精确机制仍然是一个谜，因为它可能因物种而异)”可知，最后一段表达了需要对动物的感知进行更多的研究。故选B。 【新八省阅读·说明文11】（24-25高三上·内蒙古·阶段练习） A team of early childhood researchers examined how neighborhood opportunity — the socioeconomic, educational, health, and environmental conditions relevant to child health and development — is associated with infant (婴儿) brain activity and cognitive development. The researchers found that infants in neighborhoods with more opportunities have greater brain function at six months of age. In areas with better educational opportunities, these brain differences are also related to better cognition at 12 months old. The researchers collected their data from 65 infants in community pediatric (小儿科的) practices in the Boston and Los Angeles areas. The team examined whether associations between neighborhood opportunity and children’s cognitive development at 12 months of age could be explained by differences in brain activity at 6 months of age, measured by electroencephalography (脑电图学) (EEG). Cognitive development was measured using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning(MSEL), a standardized play-based developmental assessment. The researchers found that higher levels of neighborhood opportunity are associated with greater absolute EEG power in mid-to high-frequency bands in six months old infants. These EEG measurements are related to better language and cognitive scores later in childhood, suggesting a neuroprotective role of living in higher opportunity neighborhoods early in life. The team also found that higher levels of educational opportunity, specifically, are associated with better MSEL scores. This means that neighborhoods with more educational opportunities, like high quality center-based care, may provide more resources to get kids engaged in cognitively simulating activities and enhance their development. “Prior work has focused on the role of socioeconomic disadvantages in child development. Our study aims to shift the conversation towards solutions for improving the environments that kids experience in early childhood to support their development and address inequalities,” said Mei Elansary, MD, MPhil, an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Boston University. “Given that race and ethnicity have been strongly associated with differential access to high opportunity neighborhoods, it is important to think about ways to promote access to these places for all families.” 1．What advantage do infants in neighborhoods with higher opportunity levels have? A．They grow more quickly. B．Their cognition develops better. C．They have fewer health issues. D．They have easier access to wealth. 2．How did researchers assess cognitive development in infants? A．By monitoring EEG patterns. B．Through pediatric check-ups. C．By having standardized tests. D．By observing social interactions. 3．What aspect of the research is talked about in paragraph 4? A．Its result. B．Its purpose. C．Its process. D．Its application. 4．What can policymakers do according to the result of the study? A．Update current economic conditions. B．Invest more money on education. C．Improve school facilities nationwide. D．Create fair neighborhood opportunities. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现，介绍了一组早期儿童研究人员如何研究社区机会（包括社会经济、教育、健康和环境条件）与婴儿大脑活动和认知发展之间的关系。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In areas with better educational opportunities, these brain differences are also related to better cognition at 12 months old.(在拥有更好教育机会的地区，这些大脑差异也与12个月大时的更好认知有关。)”可知，居住在机会水平较高的社区中的婴儿在认知发展方面更有优势。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Cognitive development was measured using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning(MSEL), a standardized play-based developmental assessment.(认知发展是通过使用Mullen早期学习量表（MSEL）来评估的，这是一个基于游戏的标准化发展评估。)”可知，研究人员通过标准化的测试来评估婴儿的认知发展。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The researchers found that higher levels of neighborhood opportunity are associated with greater absolute EEG power in mid- to high-frequency bands in six months old infants. These EEG measurements are related to better language and cognitive scores later in childhood, suggesting a neuroprotective role of living in higher opportunity neighborhoods early in life. The team also found that higher levels of educational opportunity, specifically, are associated with better MSEL scores.(研究人员发现，在6个月大的婴儿中，更高水平的邻里机会与更高的中高频绝对脑电图功率有关。这些脑电图测量结果与儿童后期更好的语言和认知得分有关，这表明在生命早期生活在更高机会的社区中具有神经保护作用。研究小组还发现，更高水平的教育机会与更高的MSEL分数有关。)”可知，第4段主要描述了研究的结果。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Given that race and ethnicity have been strongly associated with differential access to high opportunity neighborhoods, it is important to think about ways to promote access to these places for all families.(鉴于种族和民族与获得高机会社区的差异机会紧密相关，因此为所有家庭提供进入这些社区的途径是非常重要的。)”可知，政策制定者应该考虑如何为所有家庭创造公平的社区机会，以支持儿童的发展并解决不平等问题。故选D。 【新八省阅读·说明文12】（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习）Social relationships are important to human happiness. But once relationships are formed, some will naturally wax and wane (兴衰), with many of us losing touch with friends and family that we were once close with. Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. The psychologists set out-to measure this hesitance to reconnect by getting participants to rate their willingness to immediately carry out a range of activities, including calling or texting a friend they had lost touch with. They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old fiend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish. The top reported barriers included fears that one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. An excuse of being too busy—both the old friend and the participant—was the lowest cited reason for not reaching out. Notably, the psychologists found that participants believed there were only a few logical reasons to get in touch, with the fiend’s birthday reported as the most convincing. Reconnecting over the memory of a shared experience was the second most reported reason. Participants were least likely to consider getting in touch with an old friend to ask them a favour. As part of the research, the psychologists tested targeted interventions and they found that practising social connection with current networks by first sending a message to a warm friend was the most successful strategy, boosting reach out rates by over two thirds. But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” The expert adds: “We know from decades of research that social relationships are a key source of happiness and meaning in our lives.” 1．What is the primary focus of the psychologists research? A．The benefits of maintaining friendships. B．The process of forming new friendships. C．The attitudes towards reconnecting with old friends. D．The reasons for losing contact with long lost friends. 2．What did the psychologist find regarding people’s willingness to reach out to old friends? A．Most participants were eager to reconnect. B．Participants hesitated to contact old friends. C．Participants preferred to reach out to ask for favors. D．Being too busy was the main reason for not reaching out. 3．How does the expert think of the result of their intervention on social anxiety? A．Unsatisfactory. B．Unidentifiable. C．Predictable. D．Far-reaching. 4．What’s the best title for the text? A．Gaining Happiness Through Social Ties B．The Pathways to Meaningful Connection C．To Strike up a Conversation with a Stranger D．Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文的体裁属于说明文。文章主要围绕心理学家对人们与失去联系的友谊重新建立联系的态度、障碍和原因进行的研究，以及他们设计的干预措施的效果进行了说明和解释。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. (在七项研究中，心理学家调查了近2500名参与者对与失去的友谊重新联系的态度，这样做的障碍和原因，以及有针对性的干预是否能鼓励他们向老朋友发送第一个信息)”可知，心理学家研究的主要焦点是人们对与老朋友重新建立联系的态度。故选C。 2．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“They found that participants were as unwilling to reach out to an old friend as they were to strike up a conversation with a stranger—or even to pickup rubbish. (他们发现，参与者不愿意与老朋友联系，就像他们不愿意与陌生人交谈，甚至不愿意捡垃圾一样。)”和第四段中“The top reported barriers included fears that one’s old friend might not want to hear from them, that it would be too awkward after all this time, and feeling guilty. (据报道，最主要的障碍包括担心老朋友可能不想听到他们的消息，担心这么久之后会太尴尬，以及感到内疚。)”可知，心理学家发现参与者对联系老朋友犹豫不决。故选B。 3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“But an expert explained: “Interestingly, despite people telling us that a key barrier to making contact with an old fiend was concerns over how the message might be received, the intervention that we designed to help overcome this anxiety had little effect.” (但一位专家解释说：“有趣的是，尽管人们告诉我们，与老朋友联系的主要障碍是担心如何接收信息，但我们设计的帮助克服这种焦虑的干预措施收效甚微。”)”可知，专家认为他们设计的帮助克服这种焦虑的干预措施几乎没有效果，因此他们对干预结果感到不满意。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“Across seven studies, the psychologists examined the attitudes of almost 2,500 participants to reconnecting with lost friendships, the barriers and reasons for doing so, and whether targeted interventions could encourage them to send that first message to an old friend. (在七项研究中，心理学家调查了近2500名参与者对与失去的友谊重新联系的态度，这样做的障碍和原因，以及有针对性的干预是否能鼓励他们向老朋友发送第一个信息)”可知，文章主要讨论了心理学家对人们与失去联系的友谊重新建立联系的态度、障碍和原因的研究，以及他们设计的干预措施的效果。因此，最好的标题应该是“Reviving Pre-existing Close Friendships (复兴已有的亲密友谊)”。故选D。 【新八省阅读·说明文13】（24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Imagine a world where we can stop diseases before they start and fix environmental problems using specially designed organisms. This isn’t from a sci-fi movie; it’s the real work of synthetic biology (合成生物学), and this is what we do. We are a team of undergraduate researchers from Nanjing Agricultural University, and we have created a new way to fight a harmful substance (物质) in wine using synthetic biology. This achievement earned us a gold medal at the International Genetic Engineering Machine(iGEM) competition in 2023. Studies on synthetic biology are similar to piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces of DNA．Scientists put these pieces together to give cells (细胞) new abilities. Over the course of six months, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerous toxin (毒素) called Ochratoxin A(OTA), which can cause serious health problems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure looks like a key chain and it can change part of its structure once it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier to detect. The next step is to break OTA down during wine production to make the product safer and healthier. Through trial and error (反复试验), we managed to create another puzzle-like structure with a special enzyme (酶) connected at the end. “The enzyme works as the ‘knife’ to kill OTA,” said project designer Zhou Yuchen, who is only 21 years old. This structure can be added to the wine as a probiotic (益生菌), which is totally harmless. “This is more than an academic project; it’s a cost-effective solution that could be used globally,” said Zhou. Back in 2019, another team of students from our university came up with a method to fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically modified (转基因的) bacteria to stop the malaria parasite (寄生虫) from growing in mosquitoes. This offers a sustainable (可持续的) way to control malaria without using chemicals. In another study, the team developed bacteria that can help earthworms turn lead, a dangerous chemical, into safe minerals. As these worms live in the soil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural environment. While synthetic biology has great potential, it also comes with risks. Creating new life forms or changing existing ones can have big impacts on nature. There are concerns about accidentally releasing these new organisms into the environment and the potential for misuse, such as in the creation of biological weapons. While synthetic biology presents many opportunities for important advancements in our lives, we believe it must be pursued with care and responsibility. 1．What is synthetic biology research compared to in the text? A．Shooting a sci-fi movie. B．Building with LEGO bricks. C．Solving a jigsaw puzzle. D．Programming a computer. 2．What is the purpose of the DNA structure designed by the team at the beginning? A．To simplify the detection of OTA． B．To remove OTA during wine production. C．To turn OTA into a harmless substance. D．To prevent OTA from damaging the heart. 3．Why does the author mention another team in the third to last paragraph? A．To contrast different techniques in synthetic biology. B．To illustrate the complexity of synthetic biology projects. C．To stress the importance of teamwork in synthetic biology. D．To highlight the practical applications of synthetic biology. 4．What is a concern about synthetic biology mentioned in the text? A．The long time needed to undertake experiments. B．The high cost of synthetic biology research. C．The possible negative impacts on nature. D．The threat to global agricultural development. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了南京农业大学本科生研究团队在合成生物学方面的成就，同时也指出合成生物学虽有巨大潜力但也存在风险，强调应谨慎且负责任地进行合成生物学研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Studies on synthetic biology are similar to piling LEGO bricks, but in this case, the bricks are pieces of DNA. (合成生物学的研究类似于堆积乐高积木，但在这种情况下，积木是DNA片段。)”可知，合成生物学研究被比作搭乐高积木。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Over the course of six months, we successfully designed a DNA structure that can detect a dangerous toxin (毒素) called Ochratoxin A(OTA), which can cause serious health problems like cancer and kidney damage in humans. The structure looks like a key chain and it can change part of its structure once it identifies the targeted OTA, making the invisible OTA easier to detect. (在六个月的时间里，我们成功设计了一种DNA结构，它可以检测一种名为赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）的危险毒素，这种毒素会给人类带来严重的健康问题，如癌症和肾脏损伤。该结构看起来像一个钥匙链，一旦识别出目标OTA，它就可以改变其部分结构，使看不见的OTA更容易被检测到。)”可知，设计DNA结构的目的是简化对OTA的检测。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Back in 2019, another team of students from our university came up with a method to fight malaria (疟疾). They used genetically modified (转基因的) bacteria to stop the malaria parasite (寄生虫) from growing in mosquitoes. This offers a sustainable (可持续的) way to control malaria without using chemicals. In another study, the team developed bacteria that can help earthworms turn lead, a dangerous chemical, into safe minerals. As these worms live in the soil, they can create a safer and healthier agricultural environment. (2019 年，我们大学的另一组学生想出了一种对抗疟疾的方法。他们使用转基因细菌来阻止疟原虫在蚊子体内生长。这提供了一种可持续的控制疟疾的方法，无需使用化学物质。在另一项研究中，该团队开发了一种细菌，可以帮助蚯蚓将一种危险的化学物质铅转化为安全的矿物质。由于这些蚯蚓生活在土壤中，它们可以创造一个更安全、更健康的农业环境。)”可知，作者在本段中提到另一个团队是为了强调合成生物学的实际应用。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Creating new life forms or changing existing ones can have big impacts on nature. There are concerns about accidentally releasing these new organisms into the environment and the potential for misuse, such as in the creation of biological weapons. (创造新的生命形式或改变现有的生命形式会对自然产生重大影响。人们担心这些新生物体意外释放到环境中以及被滥用的可能性，例如用于制造生物武器。)”可知，合成生物学可能对自然造成负面影响，故选C项。 【新八省阅读·说明文14】（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习） Can artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford. LLM chatbots, such as ChatGPT, generate human-like responses to users’ questions, based on statistical analysis of vast amounts of text. But although their answers usually appear convincing, they also tend to have “hallucination”. “We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently, and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to revamp that,” says Mittelstadt. This is a “very big problem” for LLM systems, given they are being rolled out to be used in a variety of contexts, such as government decisions, where it is important they produce factually correct, truthful answers, and are honest about the limitations of their knowledge, he says. To address the problem, Mittelstadt and his colleagues propose a range of measures. They say large language models should react in a similar way to how people would when asked factual questions. That means being honest about what you do and don’t know. “It’s about doing the necessary steps to actually be careful in what you are claiming,” says Mittelstadt. This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says. Mittelstadt and his colleagues do suggest some more straightforward steps that could make LLMs more truthful. The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit the likelihood of “hallucinations”. 1．What is the main concern of the ethicists regarding LLM chatbots? A．The enormous development cost. B．The ethical decisions made by AI. C．Its inability to guarantee truthfulness. D．Its efficiency in processing texts. 2．What does the underlined word “revamp” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Ignore. B．Fix. C．Discover. D．Escape. 3．What is Eerke Boiten’s attitude towards the ethicists’ proposals for LMs? A．Tolerant. B．Conservative. C．Enthusiastic. D．Skeptical. 4．Which of the following is suggested as a step to make LLMs more truthful? A．Linking to relevant sources. B．Using more complex data statistics. C．Encouraging user interaction. D．Reducing the size of the language models. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。为了解决人工智能产生不准确信息的问题，一个伦理学家团队表示，开发者应该有法律义务来降低错误的风险，但人们对它是否有效存在疑问。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Can artificial intelligence be made to tell the truth? Probably not, but the developers of large language model(LLM) chatbots should be legally required to reduce the risk of errors, says a team of ethicists (伦理学家). “What we’re just trying to do is to create a structure to get the companies to put a greater emphasis on truth or accuracy when they are creating the systems,” says Brent Mittelstadt at the University of Oxford.(人工智能能说真话吗?一组伦理学家表示，可能不会，但应该依法要求大型语言模型（LLM）聊天机器人的开发者减少出错的风险。牛津大学的布伦特•米特尔施塔特表示：“我们只是想创建一种结构，让公司在创建系统时更加重视真实性或准确性。”)”可知， 伦理学家主要关注的是大型语言模型聊天机器人无法保证提供真实性信息的问题。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“We have these really, really impressive generative AI systems, but they get things wrong very frequently(我们有这些非常非常令人印象深刻的生成式人工智能系统，但它们经常出错)”以及“and as far as we can understand the basic functioning of the systems, there’s no fundamental way to(就我们对系统基本功能的理解而言，没有根本的方法……)”可知，生成式人工智能系统经常出错，而目前没有根本的方法来解决这个问题，故划线词意思是“解决”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“This seems like a praiseworthy aim, but Eerke Boiten at De Montfort University, UK, questions whether the ethicists’ demand is technically practical. “I don’t understand how they expect legal requirements to mandate what I see as fundamentally technologically impossible,” he says.( 这似乎是一个值得称赞的目标，但英国德蒙福特大学的Eerke Boiten质疑伦理学家的要求在技术上是否可行。他说：“我不明白他们怎么指望法律要求强制执行我认为在技术上根本不可能的事情。”)”可知，Eerke Boiter对于伦理学家要求法律强制开发者减少LLM聊天机器人中的错误持怀疑态度。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The models should link to sources, he says — something that many of them now do to evidence their claims, while the wider use of a technique known as “retrieval enhanced generation” to come up with answers could limit the likelihood of “hallucinations”.(他说，这些模型应该与来源联系起来——他们中的许多人现在都在这样做，以证明他们的说法，而更广泛地使用一种被称为“检索增强生成”的技术来得出答案，可能会限制“幻觉”的可能性)”可知，作为使LLMs更真实的建议步骤之一是链接到相关来源。故选A。 【新八省阅读·说明文15】（24-25高三上·山西·阶段练习） Grace Sun,16, won 2024 George D．Yancopoulos Innovator Award and $875,000. She’s a junior at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, Ky. The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals. The type Grace worked with can pickup such signals that naturally occur in the body — then strengthen them. For example, she says, an implanted version might one day help regulate someone’s heartbeat or monitor blood-sugar levels. Researchers have been developing these bioelectronic devrices-for many years. But none are for sale yet. “That’s because of their curent performance issues,” Grace says. They’ve proven unstable in  the body and slow to move electrical signals. Her simple and low-cost innovation: Add a salt to the polymer (聚合物) — that makes up the device. And that greatly improved thie device’s peformance. Grace tested four salts as potent additives. The one known as TBACI gave the best resilts. Amounts of compounds are frequently measured in moles. Grace found TBACI worked best when that salt was one in every five moles of material in the polymer’s final recipe. That recipe improves the device’s signal enhancement abilities, Grace reports. It also makes it more stable in the human body. Indeed, that salt increasedthe transistor’s ability to boost a signal by 97 percent. Compared to an untreated version of the device, adding the salt upped its ability to store an electric charge by 107 percent and increased its electical signal mobility by 77 percent. “Because these electronic devices are so cost-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hope to provide more accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnostics and treatment for a variety of diseases.” 1．What is the main function of the transistor device improved by Grace Sun? A．To detect and enhance signals in the body for medical use. B．To control external electronic devices with signals in the body. C．To improve traditional transistors in medical applications. D．To transform body heat into electrical energy for devices. 2．Why have bioelectronic devices not been commercialized according to Grace? A．There’s no market for such devices. B．They have performance problems. C．They’re too complex for mass production. D．They lack scientific foundation. 3．What is Grace’s goal for her research? A．Investigate the substance further. B．Receive this year’s Innovator Award. C．Maximize the overall effectiveness of health care. D．Make diagnosis and treatment more precise and affordable. 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A guidebook to a new drug. B．A review of modern treatment. C．An introduction to a teen scientist. D．An essay on the function of a new device. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是新闻报道。介绍了一位年轻科学家Grace Sun的成就，包括她获得的奖项、对电子设备的改进以及这些改进在医疗领域的潜在应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.(这名青少年改进了一种可以在体内工作的电子设备，帮助诊断和治疗健康问题。她的发明影响了一种晶体管。那是一种增强电子信号的装置)”可知，Grace Sun改进的晶体管器件的主要功能是检测和增强人体信号以供医疗使用。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers have been developing these bioelectronic devrices for many years. But none are for sale yet. “That’s because of their curent performance issues,” Grace says. They’ve proven unstable in   the body and slow to move electrical signals.(研究人员多年来一直在开发这些生物电子设备。但目前还没有出售。“这是因为他们目前的表现问题，”Grace说。事实证明，它们在体内不稳定，传输电信号的速度也很慢)”可知，因为性能问题，所以生物电子设备没有商业化。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Because these electronic devices are so cost-effecive, and diverse,” Grace says, “I hope to provide more accurate, safer, as well as cheaper medical diagnostics and treatment for a variety of diseases.”(Grace说：“因为这些电子设备成本效益很高，而且种类繁多，我希望为各种疾病提供更准确、更安全、更便宜的医疗诊断和治疗。”)”可知，Grace的研究目标是使诊断和治疗更加精确和更便宜。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Grace Sun,16, won 2024 George D.Yancopoulos Innovator Award and $875,000. She’s a junior at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in Lexington, Ky. The teen improved a type of electronic device that could work inside the body to help diagnose and treat health problems. Her innovation affects a type of transistor (晶体管). That’s a device that enhances electrical signals.(16岁的Grace Sun获得了2024年乔治·d·扬科普洛斯创新奖和87.5万美元。她是肯塔基州列克星敦市保罗·劳伦斯·邓巴高中的三年级学生。这名青少年改进了一种可以在体内工作的电子设备，帮助诊断和治疗健康问题。她的发明影响了一种晶体管。那是一种增强电子信号的装置)”以及通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一位年轻科学家Grace Sun的成就，所以可能来自一个青少年科学家的介绍。故选C项。 【新八省阅读·说明文16】（24-25高三上·陕西安康·开学考试） A phenomenon that concerns many parents is that American children are not learning to read. And schools are struggling to improve the dropping test scores: focusing on phonics(拼读法). But in doing so, they are ignoring something of equal importance: the role knowledge plays in helping children become good readers. To be clear, not all kids suffer from poor reading skills. International comparisons indicate that American children below the age of 10 are competent at identifying words and summarizing the main topic of a text. However, once kids enter middle school and standardized tests begin measuring deeper levels of reading comprehension, scores decline. By age 15, only 14 percent of U. S. children are good at reading and nearly 20 percent are failing to read at a baseline proficiency(基线水平). Most ninth- graders in the country are not skilled at absorbing and using information obtained from written material. So, what is deep reading comprehension, and how might we promote it in schools? When reading fiction or poetry, deep comprehension involves using clues in the text to make inferences about the characters’ underlying (隐含的) emotions. When it comes to the sciences, deep comprehension consists of calling up relevant background knowledge and integrating it with information from the text. High- schoolers will read history or journalism and ask: Who wrote this, and what agenda was the writer promoting? In a word, deep comprehension means taking advantage of prior knowledge to dynamically engage with writers and their works. The process of teaching kids to read better through knowledge acquisition must start early. Data gathered at home, schools and in labs show that 1- to-3- year- old children who have conversations with older people learn to read more easily than children who do not. And it’s not just the quantity of conversation that matters. The information in those discussions shapes better literacy skills. Exploring conversation is key to helping children to become good readers. Such discussion leads to reading comprehension skills that go beyond the shallow standards we’ve set. 1．What do US schools pay little attention to? A．Test scores. B．Student equality. C．Word pronunciation. D．Knowledge acquisition. 2．What’s the purpose of paragraph 3? A．To show the necessity of deep reading comprehension. B．To state the impact of tests on reading comprehension. C．To present the students’ bad academic performances. D．To prove the significance of the school reading guide. 3．Which can help improve children’s reading comprehension skills? A．Reading more good works. B．Ignoring the author’s inner emotions. C．Engaging in deep discussions. D．Focusing on conversations in books. 4．What’s the text mainly about? A．Finding new methods of developing better reading skills. B．Improving deep reading comprehension of US students. C．What skills can be acquired from early conversations. D．Why reading comprehension is important to students. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了阅读时深度阅读的必要性和方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But in doing so, they are ignoring something of equal importance: the role knowledge plays in helping children become good readers.”（但在这样做的过程中，他们忽略了同样重要的一点：知识在帮助孩子成为优秀读者方面的作用。）可知，美国学校对知识获取关注不够。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“By age 15, only 14 percent of U. S. children are good at reading and nearly 20 percent are failing to read at a baseline proficiency(基线水平). Most ninth- graders in the country are not skilled at absorbing and using information obtained from written material.”（到15岁时，只有14%的美国孩子擅长阅读，近20%的孩子阅读能力达不到基本水平。这个国家的大多数九年级学生不善于吸收和使用从书面材料中获得的信息。）；根据第四段“So, what is deep reading comprehension, and how might we promote it in schools?”（那么，什么是深度阅读理解，我们该如何在学校中推广它呢？）可知，本段旨在展示深度阅读理解的必要性。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The information in those discussions shapes better literacy skills. Exploring conversation is key to helping children to become good readers. Such discussion leads to reading comprehension skills that go beyond the shallow standards we’ve set.”（这些讨论中的信息塑造了更好的读写能力。探索对话是帮助孩子成为优秀读者的关键。这样的讨论会让你的阅读理解能力超越我们设定的肤浅标准。）可知，参与深入讨论有助于提高孩子的阅读理解能力。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容，尤其是第三段“However, once kids enter middle school and standardized tests begin measuring deeper levels of reading comprehension, scores decline.”（然而，一旦孩子进入中学，标准化测试开始测量更深层次的阅读理解能力，分数就会下降。）和最后一段“Exploring conversation is key to helping children to become good readers.”（探索对话是帮助孩子成为优秀读者的关键。）可知，文章主要讨论提高美国学生的深度阅读理解能力。故选B。 【新八省阅读·说明文17】（24-25高三上·陕西咸阳·开学考试）Kids can boost their brainpower by cooking, gardening and cleaning around the house, according to new research. A study of 207 children found regular household tasks—like making meals and caring for plants — are associated with better planning, self-regulation and remembering instructions. Lead researcher Deanna Tepper said the results suggest housework could have benefits for children’s executive (执行的) functioning. Collected from children aged 5 to 13, the results show older children are more likely to do housework than younger ones and girls do more housework than boys. For example, only 49 percent of boys but 70 percent of girls make their own bed. Loading the dishwasher is a job for 55 percent of children, including 50 percent of boys and 61 percent of girls. Only 34 percent of five to seven-year-olds do this task, rising to 64 percent of those aged 11 to 13. “Parents may be able to use age- and ability-appropriate housework to assist with the development of executive functions,” Ms Tepper said. “Children who cook a family meal or weed the garden on a regular basis may be more likely to excel in other aspects of life — like schoolwork or problem solving.” Ms Tepper said making a meal or cooking for others is linked to better working memory and the ability to think before acting. “Typically, these skills begin to develop in early childhood and continue to develop into late adolescence (青春期) and early adulthood,” Ms Tepper said. “Damage or delays in executive functioning development can lead to difficulties in the ability to self-regulate, plan and problem-solve, having effects later in life on reading performance and mathematical ability, as well as overall academic achievement in later childhood.” The study was conducted during Covid lockdowns, with half of parents reporting that their child was doing the same amount of housework as before the pandemic (流行病) and 37 percent saying their child was doing more. 1．How can doing housework benefit children? A．By keeping their physical health. B．By helping them learn more skills. C．By making their parents love them more. D．By improving the power of their brain. 2．What does the new research data focus on in paragraph 2? A．Time and efficiency. B．Gender and age. C．Status and discipline. D．Mood and intelligence. 3．What does the underlined word “excel” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Be better. B．Be calmer. C．Be braver. D．Be lovelier. 4．What can executive functions bring for children? A．Rapid progress in acting. B．Quality of pitying others. C．Wonderful achievements in school. D．Chance of challenging authorities. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于做家务的研究：孩子们可以通过做饭、园艺和打扫房间来提高他们的智力。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Kids can boost their brainpower by cooking, gardening and cleaning around the house, according to new research. (一项新研究表明，孩子们可以通过做饭、园艺和打扫房间来提高他们的智力。)”可知，做家务可以提高孩子们的智力。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Collected from children aged 5 to 13, the results show older children are more likely to do housework than younger ones and girls do more housework than boys. (调查对象是5至13岁的孩子，结果显示，年龄较大的孩子比年龄较小的孩子更有可能做家务，女孩比男孩做家务更多。)”可知，该研究主要涉及的是孩子的年龄和性别。故选B。 3．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Ms Tepper said making a meal or cooking for others is linked to better working memory and the ability to think before acting. (泰珀女士说，为别人做饭或做饭与更好的工作记忆和行动前思考的能力有关。)”可知，画线的单词的意思指的是在其他的方面更好。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“ Children who cook a family meal or weed the garden on a regular basis may be more likely to excel in other aspects of life—like schoolwork or problem solving. (经常为家人做饭或在花园里除草的孩子可能更有可能在生活的其他方面表现出色，比如学业或解决问题的能力。)”经常为家人做饭或在花园除草的孩子也可能在生活的其他方面表现出色，如学业或就业，可知，执行力能够给孩子带来学业上出色的表现。故选C。 【新八省阅读·说明文18】（24-25高三上·宁夏石嘴山·阶段练习） The meeting continues, and you feel your eyes getting heavy, your mind drowsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly you wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyone see me doze off (打盹)? You’ve fallen into a microsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almost as soon as it begins. When you’re trying to be awake and active, these may make you feel anxious or, if they happen behind the wheel, justifiably terrified. Microsleeps don’t make us feel rested or restored, like longer periods of uninterrupted sleep would. Yet a new study shows that nesting chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅) sleep just this way more than 10, 000 times a day. Incredibly, our experiments prove that this strange sleep cycle seems to do the birds no obvious harm. “What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in-between wake and sleep state constantly,” explains co-author Paul-Antoine Libourel, who studies the biology of sleep. Simply watching the penguins nod and blink gave the appearance that they were drowsy, he adds, but the extent of their sleeping was a surprise. To study these penguins, for two weeks, the scientists used some sensors to record data to measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensors recorded the birds’ positions (standing, lying, diving), tracked their location via GPS, and collected environmental data like temperature. The authors also did continuous video monitoring of the same nesting birds so that their observable behaviors could be matched with simultaneous data on their brain activity. Researchers discovered that the birds nodded off thousands of times per day, engaging in microsleeps that averaged just four seconds each but added up to more than 11 hours of sleep per day. Why would the birds adopt this fascinating sleep cycle? The need to sleep briefly could simply be a consequence of living in a noisy group where sleep is constantly interrupted. The constant guard also help keep the nests safe from the brown skua bird, which feeds on penguin eggs and chicks. Having only seconds of sleep at a time would allow the birds to react to any possible dangers. 1．How does the author introduce the topic in the first paragraph? A．By describing a familiar scene. B．By introducing a sleep pattern. C．By reminding you of a bad habit. D．By showing the boredom of meetings. 2．What does the underlined word “weird” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Inspiring. B．Strange. C．Worrying. D．Meaningful. 3．How did the scientists study the penguins? A．They only used video monitoring to record the penguins' behaviors. B．They applied sensors to record data and the birds’ positions . C．They mainly focused on collecting environmental data . D．They studied the penguins' brain activity by using GPS. 4．What might contribute to chinstrap penguins’ sleep pattern? A．Their unique brain structure. B．Their years’ of hard training. C．Their tough living environment. D．Their special standing position 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了帽带企鹅独特的微睡眠模式及其原因。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The meeting continues, and you feel your eyes getting heavy, your mind drowsy (昏昏欲睡). Suddenly you wake up and get a very attentive wakefulness — did anyone see me doze off (打盹) ? You’ve fallen into a microsleep, a very brief sleep that ends almost as soon as it begins.(会议仍在继续，你觉得你的眼睛越来越重，你的头脑昏昏欲睡。突然你醒来，变得非常专注地清醒——有人看到我打瞌睡了吗？你陷入了微睡眠，一种非常短暂的睡眠，几乎一开始就结束了)”可知，在第一段中，作者描述了一个开会时打盹的场景，这是很多人都会经历的事情，由此可推知，第一段是通过描述一个熟悉的场景来引入话题的。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“Incredibly, our experiments prove that this strange sleep cycle seems to do the birds no obvious harm.(令人难以置信的是，我们的实验证明，这种奇怪的睡眠周期似乎对鸟类没有明显的伤害。)”以及第三段“but the extent of their sleeping was a surprise(但他们的睡眠程度令人惊讶)”以及划线词所在句子“What is really weird is that the penguin can sustain this in- between wake and sleep state constantly(真正weird的是，企鹅可以持续保持这种介于清醒和睡眠之间的状态)”可知，企鹅可以持续保持这种介于清醒和睡眠之间的状态是奇怪的，所以weird的意思与“奇怪的”意义相近。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“To study these penguins, for two weeks, the scientists used some sensors to record data to measure the birds’ sleep-related brain activity. Other sensors recorded the birds’ positions (standing, lying, diving), tracked their location via GPS, and collected environmental data like temperature.(为了对这些企鹅进行为期两周的研究，科学家们使用了一些传感器来记录数据，以测量鸟类与睡眠相关的大脑活动。其他传感器记录了鸟类的位置（站立、躺着、潜水），通过GPS跟踪它们的位置，并收集了温度等环境数据)”可知，科学家们的研究方法包括使用传感器来记录数据和鸟类的位置。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The need to sleep briefly could simply be a consequence of living in a noisy group where sleep is constantly interrupted. The constant guard also help keep the nests safe from the brown skua bird, which feeds on penguin eggs and chicks. Having only seconds of sleep at a time would allow the birds to react to any possible dangers.(短暂睡眠的需要可能只是生活在一个嘈杂的群体中，睡眠不断被打断的结果。持续的守卫也有助于保护巢穴免受以企鹅蛋和幼鸟为食的棕色贼鸥的伤害。一次只睡几秒钟会让鸟类对任何可能的危险做出反应)”可知，帽带企鹅短暂的睡眠可能是生活在嘈杂的群体中，睡眠经常被打断的结果。同时，这种持续的警觉也有助于保护巢穴免受天敌的侵害。由此可推知，帽带企鹅的睡眠模式可能是由它们艰难的生活环境导致的。故选C。 【新八省阅读·说明文19】（24-25高三上·宁夏银川·阶段练习）In addition to applying for a traditional guide dog, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) people will soon have another option to help with their daily life — a robot guide dog. About the size of an English Bulldog but a bit wider, the six-legged robot guide dog from Shanghai Jiao Tong University's School of Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users to destinations without running into barriers. It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensors, and AI technology, the robot dog can see, listen, and speak with users on daily journeys outside and be a companion at home. Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs, the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.” Gao said. He adds that operators can use a cane (手杖) to control the walking and running speed of the robot. In China, there are currently about 17.31 million visually impaired people, yet only around 400 guide dogs are available due to high training costs. People have to wait for a long time after applying for one. Unlike traditional dogs, the production of robot guide dogs could be scaled, especially in a major manufacturing center like China. “It's a bit like cars. We can mass-produce them in the same way as cars so that it will become more affordable,” Gao said. “This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs.” Li Fei, among the visually impaired people participating in the field test, believes such high technology will likely change their lives soon. “The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,” Li said. “The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.” 1．What do we know about the robot guide dog? A．It is smaller than an English Bulldog. B．It can identify traffic light signals. C．It relies on Al technologies to move. D．It can interact with other robot guide dogs. 2．Why does the robot guide dog have six legs? A．To walk more stably. B．To support heavier loads. C．To better control its speed. D．To quickly deal with urgency. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The potential market for robot guide dogs. B．The high cost of training traditional guide dogs. C．The difficulty of applying for a robot guide dog. D．The standard of mass-producing robot guide dogs. 4．What can we infer about the robot guide dog according to Li Fei? A．It has been widely available to the public. B．It needs further improvement in accuracy. C．It will benefit visually impaired people a lot. D．It will replace traditional guide dogs in the future. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了机器狗——机器人导盲犬可能很快就会改变视障人士的生活。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. (它还具有语音交互功能，可以识别交通灯信号。)”可知，机器人导盲犬能识别交通信号灯，B项正确；它约英国斗牛犬大小但稍宽，A项错误；它是通过相机、传感器和AI技术综合来移动等，不是仅依靠AI技术移动，C项错误；未提及能与其他机器人导盲犬互动，D项错误。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs , the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. ‘Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.’ (上海交通大学研究团队负责人Gao Feng教授指出，机器人导盲犬有六条腿，行走平稳，稳定性高。Gao说：‘即使三条腿被举起来，这个结构仍然有三个与地面接触的点，创造了一个非常稳定的基础。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬有六条腿是为了更稳定地行走，A项正确，不是为了支撑更重负载、更好控制速度或快速处理紧急情况，B、C、D项错误。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，尤其是“This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs. (这可能是一个巨大的市场，因为数以千万计的人可能需要导盲犬。)”可知，本段主要讲在中国有大量视障人士可能需要机器人导盲犬，它可像汽车一样量产降低成本，有市场前景，所以是关于机器人导盲犬的潜在市场，A项正确；不是讲传统导盲犬训练成本高（第二段已提及）、申请机器人导盲犬困难或机器人导盲犬量产标准，B、C、D项错误。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段Li Fei的话“‘The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,’ Li said. ‘The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.’ (‘研究团队考虑周到，并在不断改进。’Li说。‘机器狗是电子的，比传统的导盲犬更容易进入公共场所。当机器狗上市时，我可能会尝试一下。因为他们很少犯主观错误，所以他们可以精确可靠。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬可能很快改变视障人士生活，会使他们受益很多，C项正确；它还未广泛可用，A项错误；未提及需要进一步提高准确性，B项错误；只是说可能会使用它，未说会取代传统导盲犬，D项错误。故选C。 【新八省阅读·说明文20】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·阶段练习） Getting a clear sense of what happens inside the brain, why it happens, and its importance to the human experience are monumental challenges. Despite the odds, neuroscientists continue to move forward with determination and persistence. And they have made incredible progress over recent decades. Some of these brave souls investigate a particularly difficult- to- study topic: sleep. Although every human who has ever lived on Earth has experienced this phenomenon, sleep is still covered in mystery. We do not understand the full story, but it is now clear that one of sleep’s roles is to solidify, or consolidate memories. Scientists believe that during waking hours, our brains are ready to make or“ encode” new memories. But during sleep, our brains switch to consolidation mode. When you first learn something during the day, your brain lays down a“ memory trace.” Initially, this trace is particularly susceptible to disturbances. In other words, it is easy to forget. Then, during sleep, this memory is consolidated — the memory trace is stabilized. On a cellular level, memories are formed by changing the strength of synaptic (突触的) connections in a network that represents a memory. During sleep, synapses — the connections between brain cells — are remodeled, producing permanent changes that solidify the memory trace, helping create long- term memories. Researchers have shown that going to sleep shortly after learning something helps the brain consolidate declarative memories more efficiently. What is declarative memory? Declarative memory is defined as recalling events and facts, such as the name of your friends and what you ate last night. In one study, researchers asked participants to learn word pairs. They found that people who went to sleep shortly after the task performed better 24 hours later than those who did not sleep until longer after the task. Another study, which involved high school students learning new vocabulary had similar results: Those who went to sleep just a few hours after learning sustained memories better than those who went to sleep many hours after learning. 1．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How memory consolidation works. B．What strengthens memory traces. C．Why new memories are removed. D．How sleep blocks long- term memory. 2．What is declarative memory according to the passage? A．Remembering historical events. B．Remembering how to ride a bike. C．Remembering the feeling of love. D．Remembering how to tie shoelaces. 3．What similarity is noted between the two studies in the last paragraph? A．Both involved different age groups. B．Both used identical experimental data. C．Both focused on physical health impacts. D．Both found sleep timing affected memory. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explore how sleep benefits memory. B．To examine why sleep maintains brain activity. C．To investigate why extended sleep affects health. D．To illustrate how the brain functions during sleep. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨了睡眠对于记忆巩固的作用。神经科学家们尽管面临巨大的挑战，仍在坚持不懈地研究大脑的工作机制。尤其在研究睡眠这一普遍现象时，科学家们发现睡眠有助于将新学习的信息转化为长期记忆。通过实验研究，证明了在学习后不久入睡能够更有效地帮助大脑巩固陈述性记忆。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“When you first learn something during the day, your brain lays down a “memory trace.” Initially, this trace is particularly susceptible to disturbances. In other words, it is easy to forget. Then, during sleep, this memory is consolidated — the memory trace is stabilized. On a cellular level, memories are formed by changing the strength of synaptic connections in a network that represents a memory. During sleep, synapses — the connections between brain cells — are remodeled, producing permanent changes that solidify the memory trace, helping create long-term memories.( 当你在白天第一次学习某事时，你的大脑会留下一个“记忆痕迹”。最初，这个痕迹特别容易受到干扰。换句话说，它很容易忘记。然后，在睡眠中，这个记忆会被巩固——记忆痕迹被稳定下来。在细胞层面上，记忆是通过改变代表记忆的网络中的突触连接的强度来形成的。在睡眠中，突触——大脑细胞之间的连接——被重塑，产生永久的变化，使记忆痕迹固化，帮助创建长期记忆)” 可知，本段主要解释了记忆是如何在睡眠过程中得到巩固的过程。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第六段“Declarative memory is defined as recalling events and facts, such as the name of your friends and what you ate last night.( 陈述性记忆是指回忆事件和事实，例如朋友的名字以及昨晚吃了什么)” 可知，陈述性记忆指的是回忆事件和事实的能力，如记住朋友的名字或昨晚吃了什么。可知，A选项“记住历史事件”是陈述性记忆。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段描述的两项研究，“In one study, researchers asked participants to learn word pairs. They found that people who went to sleep shortly after the task performed better 24 hours later than those who did not sleep until longer after the task. Another study, which involved high school students learning new vocabulary had similar results: Those who went to sleep just a few hours after learning sustained memories better than those who went to sleep many hours after learning(在一项研究中，研究人员让参与者学习单词对。他们发现，任务完成后不久就睡觉的人在24小时后的表现比那些在任务后很久才睡觉的人要好。另一项涉及高中生学习新词汇的研究也得到了类似的结果：那些在学习后几小时就睡觉的学生记忆保持得比那些在学习后很久才睡觉的学生要好)” 可知，这两项研究都表明，学习之后较早入睡的人比那些较晚入睡的人有更好的记忆保持效果。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Getting a clear sense of what happens inside the brain, why it happens, and its importance to the human experience are monumental challenges(清楚地了解大脑内部发生的事情、为什么会发生以及它对人类体验的重要性，是巨大的挑战)”、第二段“Despite the odds, neuroscientists continue to move forward with determination and persistence. And they have made incredible progress over recent decades. Some of these brave souls investigate a particularly difficult- to- study topic: sleep.(尽管困难重重，神经科学家们仍然坚定不移地继续前进。近几十年来，他们已经取得了令人难以置信的进步。其中一些勇敢的人研究了一个特别难以研究的课题：睡眠)”以及最后一段“In one study, researchers asked participants to learn word pairs. They found that people who went to sleep shortly after the task performed better 24 hours later than those who did not sleep until longer after the task. Another study, which involved high school students learning new vocabulary had similar results: Those who went to sleep just a few hours after learning sustained memories better than those who went to sleep many hours after learning(在一项研究中，研究人员让参与者学习单词对。他们发现，完成任务后不久就去睡觉的人在24小时后的表现比那些在任务后很久才去睡觉的人要好。另一项涉及高中生学习新词汇的研究也有类似的结果：那些在学习后仅几小时就去睡觉的人比那些在学习后很多小时才去睡觉的人记忆保持得更好)”可知，全文围绕睡眠如何促进记忆的巩固展开，通过科学研究展示了睡眠对于记忆的重要性。因此，作者写作的目的主要是为了探索睡眠如何有利于记忆的形成和巩固。故选A项。 试卷第46页，共47页 48 / 48 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$