考点串讲01 厘清句子成分-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中考点大串讲（外研版2019）

厘清句子成分和基本句子结构 1 主语 2 谓语 句子成分 3 宾语 4 同位语 5 表语 定语 状语 宾语补足语 6 7 8 2 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主语和谓语是主要成分；宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语是次要成分。 八大句子成分 主语 —— 动作或状态的执行者 主语一般位于句首，常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、主语从句等充当。 1.The Paris Olympics has attracted millions of people’s eyes.(名词作主语) 2.To win more medals is his goal in the Paris Olympics.(不定式作主语) 3.What impressed me most is his perfect performance. (名词性从句作主语) 典例感知 主语 —— 动作或状态的执行者 当句子变被动语态时，主语就要改旗易帜。 I broke a window after class. The window was broken by me after class. (原主动语态主语I被“赶下台”，变成介词的宾语me。) 主语 —— 动作或状态的执行者 有时句子主语很长，会导致句子头重脚轻，这时会用it作形式主语的句型. lt is+ adj. +for sb. to do sth 做...对某人来说... It is +adj.+that 从句 ...是... It is + adj. +of sb. to do sth 做某事某人... lt takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间 It's one's turn to do sth....轮到某人做... It's time to do/for/ that ...是时候做... lt seems that...= Sb seems to do sth. 看起来好像/似乎... it 作形式主语常见句型 It's nice of you to give me a hand. 帮助我，你真是太好了。 It is unhealthy for us to eat junk food. 吃垃圾食品对我们来说不健康。 It took me half an hour to play basketball. 打篮球花费了我半小时。 It is surprised that he speaks English so well. 令人惊讶的是，他说英语说得那么好。 典例感知 谓语 —— 句子的灵魂 谓语置于主语之后，描述主语发出的动作或或状态。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语有时态、语态、主谓一致的变化。 谓语有简单谓语，即单个实义动词或单个动词短语；复合谓语，即 情态动词+实义动词/助动词+实义动词/系表短语。 1.France held the 2024 Olympics in Paris. 法国在巴黎举办了2024年奥运会。 2.In addition, chrysanthemums(菊花) can be used to make tea and food. 此外，菊花可以用来做茶和食物。。 3.We Chinese are proud of the colorful Chinese culture. 我们中国人对多彩的中国文化感到骄傲。 典例感知 宾语 —— 谓语动作的承受者 宾语是动作、行为的承受对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语或从句来充当，通常放在及物动词或者介词之后。有时会有双宾语。在被动结构中才会“咸鱼翻身”。 典例感知 1.He doesn’t hesitate to lend a hand when necessary.必要时他毫不犹豫地伸出援手。 2.The Russian girl enjoyed living in China. 这个俄罗斯女孩喜欢住在中国。 3.I believe that they can live up to our expection. 我相信他们能不辜负我们的期望。 4.Most of us think it(形式宾语) no use fighting against each other(真正宾语). 我们大多数人认为相互争斗无济于事。 宾语补足语 —— 寄人篱下，缝缝补补 宾语补足语简称宾补，是对宾语进行补充说明的成分，放在宾语之后。常用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。“宾语＋宾语补足语”称为“复合宾语”。 不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语， 常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放在句后。 典例感知 典例感知 典例感知 表语 —— 察言观色知进退 表语位于系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量等。 常用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、 不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语、介词短语、表语从句等。 常见的系动词有： 表语 —— 察言观色知进退 典例感知 (1)形容词作表语 You look higher than before. (2)名词作表语 My father is a policeman. (3)副词作表语 Everyone is here，let’s begin. (4)介词短语作表语 We are at the top of the world. (5)不定式短语作表语 To see is to believe. (6)动名词短语作表语 Her job is training the nurses. (7)从句作表语 That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday. 即学即练 补全句子 ①He doesn’t ________________ ②He _________________________ ③Mother ________________________ ④The doctor ___________________________ ⑤I heard Mary ____________________ like swimming seemed worried about it bought me a shirt yesterday advised me to take/do more exercise singing in her room 定语 —— 鞍前马后，在所不辞 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。 单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语时，往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。 定语可由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等充当。 定语 —— 鞍前马后，在所不辞 (1)形容词作定语 The red bike belongs to me. (2)代词作定语　What’s your name? (3)名词作定语 They made some paper bags. (4)介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are chatting. 典例感知 (5)不定式作定语 I have no time to have a rest. (6)从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. (7)过去分词作定语 There are fallen leaves on the ground. 典例感知 状语 —— 位置随心所欲，但钟情于动词 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子，用来表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、伴随等。 状语 —— 行踪飘忽不定，钟情于动词 He painted a horse vividly. (副词作状语)他很生动地画了一匹马。 Without his help，we couldn’t have worked it out. (介词短语用作状语)没有他的帮助，我们不可能解决这个问题。 To live up to his expection，I must run faster. (不定式作目的状语) 为了不辜负他的期望，我必须跑得更快。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、状语从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。 The girls entered the room，talking and laughing. (现在分词作伴随状语)女孩们谈笑风生地走进房间。 When I was young，I could swim well.(时间状语从句) 我年轻的时候，游泳游得很好。 He helped me without hesitation,although he didn’t know me.(介词短语做状语、让步状语从句) 虽然他不认识我，但他毫不犹豫地帮助了我。 目录 同位语 —— 特殊场合他来凑 We students should go all out to learn knowledge.　 我们学生应该全力以赴地学习知识。 The news that he failed again shocked us. 他再次失败的消息让我们震惊。 同位语，对名词或代词进一步解释说明，且与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位。 常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。 即学即练 单句语法填空 ①A boy entered the room，____________(cry). ②She listened to me ________________(careful) while we were talking. ③The girl ____________ is wearing a red dress is my cousin. ④He told me the news ____________ our team won the game. ⑤The fact ____________ Columbus discovered America is known to all. crying carefully who/that that that Thanks 结构 注释 例句 宾语＋ 名词 常用于该结构的动词有：name，call，make，find，think，leave等。 We call him Peter. They made her their monitor. 宾语＋ 形容词 常用于该结构的动词有：keep，think，believe，leave，drive，make，get，want等。 We can’t leave him alone. She always keeps our classroom clean. 宾语＋ 副词 常用于该结构的副词有：down，up，here，there，home，in，out，anywhere等。 My uncle drove us home. When getting there，she found him out. 宾语＋ 介词 短语 介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。 We found everything in good order. I regard him as my best friend. 宾语＋ 不定式 三种情况：要求带to的不定式；要求不带to的不定式；加to或不加to皆可。 The farmer asked us to have dinner. She helps her mother (to) do housework. 宾语＋现在 分词 现在分词作宾补，此时的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，与宾补有着主谓关系。 I saw her playing on the playground. I heard Tom singing in the classroom. 宾语＋过去 分词 宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my watch stolen yesterday. She spoke loudly to make herself heard. 形式宾语＋ 形容词/名词 不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语。 He found it impossible to rise. I think it no use arguing with her. $$