内容正文:
专题03 重点语法知识清单
·模块一 U1 重点语法知识清单
·模块二 U2 重点语法知识清单
·模块三 U3 重点语法知识清单
·模块四 U4 重点语法知识清单
模块一
U1 重点语法知识清单
并列连词语法知识精讲
考点一:表示选择关系的并列连词
连词
意义
例句
or
或者;否则
Hurry up, or you will be late.
快点,否则你会迟到的。
or else
否则;要不然
Be careful or else you will make a mistake.
小心,否则你将会犯错误。
rather than
而不是
I will do it myself rather than ask him to do it.
我会亲自去做这件事,而不是叫他去做。
not…but
不是……而是……
John is not her father but her uncle.
约翰不是她的父亲而是她的的叔叔
either…or
或者……或者……
Either Alice or her father cooks meals at home.
要么爱丽丝要么她爸爸在家做饭。
whether…or
不管是……还是……
They haven’t decided whether they will go to London or Berlin。他们尚未决定是去伦敦还是去柏林。
考点二:表示因果关系的并列连词
连词
意义
例句
for
意为"因为",用来补充说明或表示推测性的理由,不能置于两个并列分句的句首,只能放在两个分句的中间。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
昨晚一定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。
so
表示"因此;所以"时,不能与because 连用。
He worked hard, so he passed the exam.
他努力学习,所以通过了考试。
考点三:表示转折关系的并列连词
1.although或though在引导让步状语从句时,主句不可使用转折连词but,但是可以使用yet或still。►Although she is in poor health,(yet) she works hard.虽然她的身体不好,但是她工作非常努力。
2.however 意为"然而,不过",可放在句首、句中或句末,不能像but那样直接连接两个句子,常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。
(×)We all tried our best, however we lost the game.
(√)We all tried our best.However, we lost the game.
(√)We all tried our best, but we lost the game.
考点四:表示并列关系的并列连词
表示并列关系的常见连词有:and (和;又;而且), as well as( 也 ; 和 ), both...and...( 既……又……), not only...but also...( 不仅……而且……), neither...nor... (既不……也不……)。
连词
用法
例句
but
意为"但是",表示意义递进的转折或前后两个事实相反。
His mother won’t be there, but his father might.
他母亲不会去那里,但他父亲也许会去。
while
意为"但是,然而",强调对比性的转折。
I like English while he likes math.
我喜欢英语而他喜欢数学。
yet
意为"可是;然而",表示转折时,前面可与and连用,且这两个部分的主语是一致的。
I failed again, and yet I never give up.
我又失败了,然而我绝不放弃。
►We are singing and they are dancing. 我们在唱歌,他们在跳舞。
►I’m learning French as well as English. 我学法语,还学英语。
►Not only English but also French is spoken in Canada. 在加拿大,人们不仅说英语,而且说法语。
模块二
U2 重点语法知识清单
that、if/whether语法知识精讲
that引导的宾语从句
that 是宾语从句的一个引导词,放在主句和从句之间。它引导的宾语从句由陈述句转化而来,故从句的语序不变。在that 引导的宾语从句中,that 作连接代词,无意义,在句中不作任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中通常可以省略。
1.1.that 引导的宾语从句的用法
1.1.1. 位置:that 引导的宾语从句通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)、介词或形容词之后。
①作及物动词,如:say,think,tell,know,hear,see,hope,wish,remember,forget等的宾语。如: She says that she will help me learn English this evening. 她说今天晚上她会帮我学英语。
②作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except,but,in之后。如:
He is a good boy except that he is careless. 他是一个好男孩,只是有点儿粗心。
③作"be + 形容词"结构的宾语。某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,如:sure,glad,certain,pleased,sorry,happy,afraid等,连词that可省略。如:I’m happy (that) I passed the exam. 我很高兴我通过了考试。
1.1.2. 时态:主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据具体情况选用适当的时态;主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句中也必须用过去的某种时态。试比较:
He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。
He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。
【特别提醒】
当主句是一般过去时,而宾语从句的内容表示的是客观真理、事实、科学原理、自然现象、名言警句、格言、谚语等时,此时宾语从句用一般现在时,这些情况下不受主句时态的限制。如:
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球围绕着太阳转。
1.1.3. 引导词that可以省略的几种情况:
引导宾语从句的连词that通常可以省略:
She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
I promise you (that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去的。
1.1.4. 引导词that不能省略的几种情况:
that在引导宾语从句时,并不是在任何情况下都可以省略,在以下几种情况下,that不能省略。
①从句的主语是that时,that不能省略;
We know that is an interesting film. 我们知道那是一部有趣的电影。
②and连接的两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时,有时省去第一个从句的连词that,但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如:He told me (that) they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.
他告诉我他们决定不了去做什么并且问了我的意见。
③that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。
如:I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。
1.1.5. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。
如:We thought it strange that Xiao Zhang did not come yesterday. 小张昨天没来,我们觉得很奇怪。
1.1.6. 宾语从句的否定转移。
在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句,当主句的主语是第一人称时,谓语尽管是否定的意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式,英语称这种现象为否定转移。
I don’t think he is right, is he? 我认为他不对,是吗?
He thinks I can come, doesn’t he? 他认为我能来,是不是?
1.1.7. 如果宾语从句中含有否定意义的副词或形容词。如:hardly,never,seldom,no,few,little等,其反意疑问句要用肯定形式。如:
We find that he seldom goes to visit his mother, does he?
我们发现他不常看望他的妈妈,是吗?
1.1.8. that引导的宾语从句变成被动语态时,只变主句,不变从句。实际上,我们经常把It is said that ...(据说……);It is known that ...(众所周知……);It is reported that ...(据报告……)等当作固定句式来运用。如:It is said that he is from Canada. 据说他来自加拿大。
if/whether引导的宾语从句
当从句部分是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时,常用if或whether引导宾语从句,if/whether意为"是否"。说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在see,ask,say,learn,tell,wonder,doubt,find out,be uncertain /doubtful / be not known 等后,二者通常可以互换。口语中多用if代替whether。在非正式的写作中,可以使用if 或 whether 两个词来表达不定性,两者都算标准。
I wonder if/whether he is a driver. 我想知道他是不是个司机。
Alice wants to know if/whether she has passed the exam. 爱丽丝想知道她是否考试及格了。
【拓展】
一般情况下,if和whether可互换,在口语中多用if, 而在以下几种情况下,只能用whether。
1. 与 or 连用分别引导两个从句时,或强调两方面的选择, 特别是句中有or not时用whether,不用if。
I don’t know whether or not they will come. 我不知道他们是否会来。
Let me know whether you can come or not.
2. 在动词不定式之前只能用whether。
He dosen’t know whether to go or not. 他不知道是否会去。
Please tell us whether to go there or stay here. 请告诉我们是去那里还是待在这里。
Whether to go or stay is still a question.
3. 在介词之后只能用whether引导宾语从句,而If则不能。
It depends on whether I have enough time. 那取决于我是否有足够的时间。
Success depends on whether we make enough effort.
4. 宾语从句置于句首表示强调时,用whether,不用if。
Whether this is true, I can’t say. Whether he is single, I don’t know.
5. 在某些动词(如discuss,decide)之后,只能用whether,而不用if引导宾语从句。
We discussed whether we should close the shop. (虚拟语气)
6. 在引导否定概念宾语从句时,只能用if,而不用whether。
He asked me if I hadn’t finished my work.
注意:doubt否定句用that引导。因为don’t doubt 意为相信,不怀疑,if是否表示疑虑。
模块三
U3 重点语法知识清单
连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句语法知识精讲
连接代词以及连接副词引导
结构公式:
a. 连接代词:who/whom/ whose/which/what +陈述语序的句子
I don’t know who [whom] you are talking about.
b.连接副词:where/why/when/how/how many等一切特殊疑问词+陈述语序的句子
I don’t know why you are late.
宾语从句连词总结
连词
说明
例句
that
1. 宾语从句用连词that, that没有意义仅起连接作用。that 可以省略。
I have serious reason to believe that the planet is the asteroid(小行星) known as B-612.
who, whom, what, which
2. 连接代词who, whom, what, which,在宾语从句中做主要成分。
I gave up what might have been a magnificent career as a painter.
how, when, where
3. 连接副词 how, when, where在宾语从句中作次要成分。
I don’t know where he is.
if或whether
if或whether在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作“是否”讲。从句中有 or not 结构时,要用 whether。
I do not know if (whether) he will come.
模块四
U4 重点语法知识清单
时间状语从句语法知识精讲
1. 引导时间状语从句的连词
从属连词
用法
例句
While
"与……同时,在……期间",从句常用延续性动词或表示状态的词
Don’t talk loud while(as)others are working.
别人工作时,请勿大声说话。
When
"当……时",表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生,从句的动词可用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词
It was raining when we arrived.
我们到达时,天正下着雨。
when you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
当你再读一遍这首诗,你就会更清楚它的含义。
As
"正当,一边……一边,随着",表示两个动作同时发生或某事发生时,另一个动作发生了
As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.
随着时间的推移,他的理论被证明是正确的。
Till/Until
用于肯定句时,表示"直到……为止",主句必须为延续性动词;not...until/till表示"直到……才",主句常用短暂性动词
We shall wait until/till he comes back.
我们将一直等到他回来。
I didn’t leave until/till she finished her homework.
直到她完成作业我才离开。
Since
"自……以来",主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时
I have heard lot of good things about you since I come back from abroad. 自从我从国外回来,我已经听许多好的事情。
Before
在……以前
He must finish all the work before he goes home.
回家之前他必须完成所有的工作。
After
在……之后
Let’s play football after school. 放学后我们打篮球吧。
2. when,while,as引导时间状语从句的区别
when,while,as显然都可以引导时间状语从句,但用法区别非常大。
① when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用;而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。
② when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生;while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
a. 从句动作在主句动作前发生,只用 when。
When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest. (finished先发生)
当他完成作业后,他休息了一会儿。
b. 从句动作和主句动作同时发生,且从句动作为延续性动词时,when,while,as都可使用。
①When / While / As we were dancing, a stranger came in. (dance为延续性动词)
当我们跳舞时,一位陌生人走了进来。
②When / While / As she was making a phonecall, I was writing a letter. (make为延续性动词)
当她在打电话时,我正在写信。
c. 当主句、从句动作同时进行,从句动作的时间概念淡化,而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用 as。这时,as常表示"随着……" "一边……,一边……"之意。
As the time went on, the weather got worse. 随着时间的过去,天气变得更糟糕了。
d. 在将来时的从句中,常用when,且从句要用一般时代替将来时。
You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.
在我读完这本书后,你可以借阅。
③ when用于表示"一……就……"的句型中(指过去的事情)。
sb. had hardly(=scarcely)done sth. when. . . =Hardly / Scarcely had sb. done sth. when...
I had hardly / scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.
=Hardly / Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.
我刚一闭上眼,就有人在敲门了。
I had hardly / scarcely entered my room when the telephone rang.
=Hardly / Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang.
我刚一走进房门,电话就响了。
3. 比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句:I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
(在肯定句中可用before代替。例如:Let’s get in the wheat before the sun sets.)
否定句:She didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn’t manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做。
区别:
(1)until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。
(2)until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首。
—Until when are you staying?
—Until next Monday.
注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
(3)Not until...在句首,主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热为何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到工作,才认识到我已蹉跎了许多岁月。
(4)It is not until... that...
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
(5)表示"一……就……"的结构
hardly/scarcely... when/before, no sooner... than 和as soon as都可以表示"一……就……"的意思。
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家,就下起雨来了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意:如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构。
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
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