专题20 微塑料污染研究- 2025年高考英语外刊时文阅读训练

高中英语外刊时文阅读训练 专题20 微塑料污染研究 Ⅰ.文章话题导入 Ⅱ.外刊原文阅读 Ш.阅读理解专项针对性练习 Ⅳ.话题高频词汇强化训练 Ⅴ.参考译文赏析 【话题·导语】 微塑料来自多个来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和较大物品的碎片。它们广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上存在危害。它们在食物和饮料中普遍存在，并已在人体内被检测到，有新的证据表明其具有负面影响。 【原文·外刊阅读】 Twenty years of microplastics pollution research （文章来源：Science） Twenty years after the first publication using the term microplastics, we review current understanding, refine definitions and consider future prospects. Microplastics arise from multiple sources including tires, textiles, cosmetics, paint and the fragmentation of larger items. They are widely distributed throughout the natural environment with evidence of harm at multiple levels of biological organization. They are pervasive in food and drink and have been detected throughout the human body, with emerging evidence of negative effects. Environmental contamination could double by 2040 and widescale harm has been predicted. Public concern is increasing and diverse measures to address microplastics pollution are being considered in international negotiations. Clear evidence on the efficacy of potential solutions is now needed to address the issue and to minimize the risks of unintended consequences. Reports of large items of plastic debris in the environment date back to the 1960s. In the 1970s sampling focused on marine plankton and neuston communities revealed the presence of small plastic fragments and fibers in net tows from locations in the North Sea, UK, Sargasso Sea Northwestern Atlantic and South Africa. The term microplastic was first used to describe microscopic fragments of plastic debris (~20μm in diameter) in a publication in 2004. This paper, described as marking the beginning of the field of microplastics research, demonstrated that small fragments of various common plastics including acrylic, polyamine (nylon), polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene, and polystyrene were present in coastal environments around the UK and that their abundance had increased significantly since the 1960s. Microplastics are now widely defined as solid plastic particles ≤5mm in size, composed of polymers together with functional additives as well as other intentionally and unintentionally added chemicals. While not following the SI convention of units, this size definition resulted from an early policy meeting hosted by NOAA in Tacoma, USA, which proposed this upper size bound, because of evidence that particles up to 5mm could readily be ingested by organisms and growing concerns they might present different risks to larger items that were already known to cause harm. The EU subsequently adopted this upper bound of 5mm in its Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In most studies the lower size bound is typically constrained by methodological limitations to the minimum size of particles it is possible to isolate and identify from complex environmental mixtures (see section Methodological advances). Below >1μm we move from micro to nano and while nano-sized plastic particles have almost certainly accumulated, they are currently too small to individually identify from environmental samples. Subcategories of microplastic linked to source have since been described, including the terms ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ microplastics, but this terminology has not been used consistently. This is especially so for particles and fibers generated by wear, with multiple publications considering these to be primary microplastics, the remainder considering them as secondary microplastics. To minimize potential ambiguity in new legislation we propose a universal scheme of definitions incorporating recently described sources and resulting in three categories of primary microplastics, which are manufactured ≤5mm, and three categories of secondary microplastic, which all originate from items that are >5mm at manufacture, either as a consequence of wear during use, or from fragmentation in waste management, or the environment. Other terms aligned with primary and secondary that have been used in policy contexts, including draft text for the UN Plastic Pollution Treaty, include “intentionally added microplastics” and microplastics that are “unintentionally” released or generated by degradation. 【原创·阅读理解】 1.What are microplastics defined as? A. Plastic particles larger than 5mm. B. Solid plastic particles ≤5mm in size. C. Only fragments from larger plastic items. D. Only synthetic polymers. 2.What was the first use of the term "microplastics"? A. In the 1960s to describe plastic debris. B. In a publication in 2004. C. During an EU policy meeting. D. In environmental legislation. 3.What are the two categories of microplastics based on their sources? A. Natural and synthetic. B. Primary and secondary. C. Degradable and non-degradable. D. Visible and invisible. 4.What is one of the potential risks mentioned regarding microplastics? A. They may enhance food quality. B. They are beneficial for marine life. C. They can cause negative effects on human health. D. They have no environmental impact. 5.What is the significance of the proposed universal scheme of definitions for microplastics? A. To standardize sizes of plastic waste. B. To eliminate plastic usage worldwide. C. To minimize ambiguity in new legislation. D. To promote public awareness of plastic pollution. 【高频词汇训练】 1．While (avoid) flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot wherever possible. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．When some one is bitten by a poisonous snake, first aid is   (definite) necessary. (所给词的适当形式填空) 3．Bioengineering is an (emerge) branch of learning. (所给词的适当形式填空) 4．Here, merchants from China and many other places met (negotiate) trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. (所给词的适当形式填空) 5．Later, man began to settle in the places the food and water were abundant. (用适当的词填空) 6． (addition), we select our teachers for their engaging personalities. (所给词的适当形式填空) 7．Locavore is a great app for those searching for local, in season, (organ) foods in your area. (所给词的适当形式填空) 8．They gazed in a mixture of envy and (admire) the beauty of the statue. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．I love my senior secondary school. It’s much (big) than my junior secondary school. (所给词的适当形式填空) 10．The past years have witnessed the sharp decrease in the number of whales. (consequent), experts are trying to save whales. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【参考译文】 微塑料污染研究 在首次使用微塑料一词发表二十年后，我们回顾了当前的理解，完善了定义，并考虑了未来的前景。微塑料来自多个来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和较大物品的碎片。它们广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上存在危害。它们在食物和饮料中普遍存在，并已在人体内被检测到，有新的证据表明其具有负面影响。到2040年，环境污染可能会翻一番，预计会造成大规模的危害。公众的关注日益增加，国际谈判中正在考虑采取各种措施来解决微塑料污染问题。现在需要明确证据证明潜在解决方案的有效性，以解决这一问题并尽量减少意外后果的风险。 关于环境中存在大型塑料碎片的报道可以追溯到20世纪60年代。20世纪70年代，对海洋浮游生物和纽斯顿群落的采样显示，在北海、英国、马尾藻海、西北大西洋和南非的拖网中存在小塑料碎片和纤维。2004年的一篇出版物首次使用“微塑料”一词来描述塑料碎片的微观碎片（直径约20μm）。这篇论文标志着微塑料研究领域的开始，证明了各种常见塑料的小碎片，包括丙烯酸、聚胺（尼龙）、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯，存在于英国周围的沿海环境中，自20世纪60年代以来，它们的丰度显著增加。 微塑料现在被广泛定义为尺寸≤5mm的固体塑料颗粒，由聚合物、功能添加剂以及其他有意和无意添加的化学物质组成。虽然不遵循SI单位惯例，但这一尺寸定义是由美国国家海洋和大气管理局在美国塔科马主办的一次早期政策会议提出的，该会议提出了这一尺寸上限，因为有证据表明，5毫米以下的颗粒很容易被生物体摄入，人们越来越担心它们可能对已知会造成伤害的较大物品构成不同的风险。欧盟随后在其海洋战略框架指令（MSFD）中采用了5mm的上限。在大多数研究中，较低的粒径界限通常受到方法学限制，即从复杂的环境混合物中分离和鉴定出的颗粒的最小粒径（见“方法学进展”一节）。在>1μm以下，我们从微米级转向纳米级，虽然纳米级塑料颗粒几乎肯定已经积累，但它们目前太小，无法从环境样本中单独识别。 此后，人们描述了与来源相关的微塑料的子类别，包括“初级”和“次级”微塑料，但这一术语的使用并不一致。对于磨损产生的颗粒和纤维尤其如此，许多出版物认为这些是主要的微塑料，其余的则认为它们是次要的微塑料。为了尽量减少新立法中的潜在歧义，我们提出了一个通用的定义方案，其中纳入了最近描述的来源，并产生了三类初级微塑料，其制造直径≤5mm，以及三类次级微塑料，它们都来自制造时直径>5mm的物品，要么是由于使用过程中的磨损，要么是废物管理中的碎片化，要么是环境造成的。在政策背景下使用的与主要和次要术语一致的其他术语，包括《联合国塑料污染条约》草案文本，包括“故意添加的微塑料”和“无意”释放或降解产生的微塑料。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 高中英语外刊时文阅读训练 专题20 微塑料污染研究 Ⅰ.文章话题导入 Ⅱ.外刊原文阅读 Ш.阅读理解专项针对性练习 Ⅳ.话题高频词汇强化训练 Ⅴ.参考译文赏析 【话题·导语】 微塑料来自多个来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和较大物品的碎片。它们广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上存在危害。它们在食物和饮料中普遍存在，并已在人体内被检测到，有新的证据表明其具有负面影响。 【原文·外刊阅读】 Twenty years of microplastics pollution research （文章来源：Science） Twenty years after the first publication using the term microplastics, we review current understanding, refine definitions and consider future prospects. Microplastics arise from multiple sources including tires, textiles, cosmetics, paint and the fragmentation of larger items. They are widely distributed throughout the natural environment with evidence of harm at multiple levels of biological organization. They are pervasive in food and drink and have been detected throughout the human body, with emerging evidence of negative effects. Environmental contamination could double by 2040 and widescale harm has been predicted. Public concern is increasing and diverse measures to address microplastics pollution are being considered in international negotiations. Clear evidence on the efficacy of potential solutions is now needed to address the issue and to minimize the risks of unintended consequences. Reports of large items of plastic debris in the environment date back to the 1960s. In the 1970s sampling focused on marine plankton and neuston communities revealed the presence of small plastic fragments and fibers in net tows from locations in the North Sea, UK, Sargasso Sea Northwestern Atlantic and South Africa. The term microplastic was first used to describe microscopic fragments of plastic debris (~20μm in diameter) in a publication in 2004. This paper, described as marking the beginning of the field of microplastics research, demonstrated that small fragments of various common plastics including acrylic, polyamine (nylon), polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene, and polystyrene were present in coastal environments around the UK and that their abundance had increased significantly since the 1960s. Microplastics are now widely defined as solid plastic particles ≤5mm in size, composed of polymers together with functional additives as well as other intentionally and unintentionally added chemicals. While not following the SI convention of units, this size definition resulted from an early policy meeting hosted by NOAA in Tacoma, USA, which proposed this upper size bound, because of evidence that particles up to 5mm could readily be ingested by organisms and growing concerns they might present different risks to larger items that were already known to cause harm. The EU subsequently adopted this upper bound of 5mm in its Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In most studies the lower size bound is typically constrained by methodological limitations to the minimum size of particles it is possible to isolate and identify from complex environmental mixtures (see section Methodological advances). Below >1μm we move from micro to nano and while nano-sized plastic particles have almost certainly accumulated, they are currently too small to individually identify from environmental samples. Subcategories of microplastic linked to source have since been described, including the terms ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ microplastics, but this terminology has not been used consistently. This is especially so for particles and fibers generated by wear, with multiple publications considering these to be primary microplastics, the remainder considering them as secondary microplastics. To minimize potential ambiguity in new legislation we propose a universal scheme of definitions incorporating recently described sources and resulting in three categories of primary microplastics, which are manufactured ≤5mm, and three categories of secondary microplastic, which all originate from items that are >5mm at manufacture, either as a consequence of wear during use, or from fragmentation in waste management, or the environment. Other terms aligned with primary and secondary that have been used in policy contexts, including draft text for the UN Plastic Pollution Treaty, include “intentionally added microplastics” and microplastics that are “unintentionally” released or generated by degradation. 【原创·阅读理解】 1.What are microplastics defined as? A. Plastic particles larger than 5mm. B. Solid plastic particles ≤5mm in size. C. Only fragments from larger plastic items. D. Only synthetic polymers. 【答案】 B 【解析】 微塑料被广泛定义为直径小于或等于5mm的固体塑料颗粒，包含各种聚合物及其添加剂。 2.What was the first use of the term "microplastics"? A. In the 1960s to describe plastic debris. B. In a publication in 2004. C. During an EU policy meeting. D. In environmental legislation. 【答案】 B 【解析】 2004年首次使用“微塑料”一词，标志着微塑料研究领域的开始。 3.What are the two categories of microplastics based on their sources? A. Natural and synthetic. B. Primary and secondary. C. Degradable and non-degradable. D. Visible and invisible. 【答案】 B 【解析】 微塑料根据来源分为“初级微塑料”和“次级微塑料”。 4.What is one of the potential risks mentioned regarding microplastics? A. They may enhance food quality. B. They are beneficial for marine life. C. They can cause negative effects on human health. D. They have no environmental impact. 【答案】 C 【解析】 文章提到，微塑料在食物和饮料中被发现，可能对人类健康产生负面影响。 5.What is the significance of the proposed universal scheme of definitions for microplastics? A. To standardize sizes of plastic waste. B. To eliminate plastic usage worldwide. C. To minimize ambiguity in new legislation. D. To promote public awareness of plastic pollution. 【答案】 C 【解析】 提议的通用定义方案旨在减少新立法中的模糊性，确保政策的一致性和明确性。 【高频词汇训练】 1．While (avoid) flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot wherever possible. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】avoiding 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然避免乘坐飞机并不总是可行的，但我们可以通过乘坐当地的公共交通工具，甚至在可能的情况下步行来帮助改善环境。空处作主语，表示一般性的行为，使用动名词形式，故填avoiding。 2．When some one is bitten by a poisonous snake, first aid is   (definite) necessary. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】definitely 【详解】考查副词。句意：当有人被毒蛇咬伤时，急救肯定是必要的。此处要用副词修饰形容词 necessary，definite 的副词是 definitely，故填 definitely 。 3．Bioengineering is an (emerge) branch of learning. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】emerging 【详解】考查形容词。句意：生物工程是一门新兴的学科。修饰名词branch应用形容词emerging，故填emerging。 4．Here, merchants from China and many other places met (negotiate) trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】to negotiate 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在这里，来自中国和许多其他地方的商人聚集在一起谈判贸易协议，这也使人们对彼此的文化有了更多的了解。本句谓语为met，此处为非谓语动词，应用negotiate“谈判”的不定式，作目的状语。故填to negotiate。 5．Later, man began to settle in the places the food and water were abundant. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：后来，人类开始在食物和水充足的地方定居下来 。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是the places，从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导限制性定语从句，故填where。 6． (addition), we select our teachers for their engaging personalities. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】Additionally 【详解】考查副词。句意：此外，我们选择我们的老师，因为他们的迷人的个性。此处修饰整个句子，需用副词additionally，作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Additionally。 7．Locavore is a great app for those searching for local, in season, (organ) foods in your area. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】organic 【详解】考查形容词。句意：Locavore是一个很棒的应用程序，适合那些在你所在地区寻找本地、当季、有机食品的人。空处修饰名词foods，需要用形容词形式作定语，organic是形容词，符合题意。故填organic。 8．They gazed in a mixture of envy and (admire) the beauty of the statue. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】admiration 【详解】考查名词。句意：他们既羡慕又钦佩地凝视着那尊美丽的雕像。分析句子结构可知，此处为名词做宾语，admire的名词为admiration，且为不可数名词。故填admiration。 9．I love my senior secondary school. It’s much (big) than my junior secondary school. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】bigger 【详解】考查形容词比较级。句意：我爱我的高中。它比我的初中大得多。根据介词than可知，用形容词的比较级形式。根据句意，故填bigger。 10．The past years have witnessed the sharp decrease in the number of whales. (consequent), experts are trying to save whales. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】Consequently 【详解】考查副词。句意：过去几年见证了鲸鱼数量的急剧减少。因此，专家们正在努力拯救鲸鱼。分析句子，此处需要一个副词作状语，consequent 是形容词，其副词形式是 consequently。句首字母大写，故填 Consequently。 【参考译文】 微塑料污染研究 在首次使用微塑料一词发表二十年后，我们回顾了当前的理解，完善了定义，并考虑了未来的前景。微塑料来自多个来源，包括轮胎、纺织品、化妆品、油漆和较大物品的碎片。它们广泛分布在整个自然环境中，有证据表明在生物组织的多个层面上存在危害。它们在食物和饮料中普遍存在，并已在人体内被检测到，有新的证据表明其具有负面影响。到2040年，环境污染可能会翻一番，预计会造成大规模的危害。公众的关注日益增加，国际谈判中正在考虑采取各种措施来解决微塑料污染问题。现在需要明确证据证明潜在解决方案的有效性，以解决这一问题并尽量减少意外后果的风险。 关于环境中存在大型塑料碎片的报道可以追溯到20世纪60年代。20世纪70年代，对海洋浮游生物和纽斯顿群落的采样显示，在北海、英国、马尾藻海、西北大西洋和南非的拖网中存在小塑料碎片和纤维。2004年的一篇出版物首次使用“微塑料”一词来描述塑料碎片的微观碎片（直径约20μm）。这篇论文标志着微塑料研究领域的开始，证明了各种常见塑料的小碎片，包括丙烯酸、聚胺（尼龙）、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯，存在于英国周围的沿海环境中，自20世纪60年代以来，它们的丰度显著增加。 微塑料现在被广泛定义为尺寸≤5mm的固体塑料颗粒，由聚合物、功能添加剂以及其他有意和无意添加的化学物质组成。虽然不遵循SI单位惯例，但这一尺寸定义是由美国国家海洋和大气管理局在美国塔科马主办的一次早期政策会议提出的，该会议提出了这一尺寸上限，因为有证据表明，5毫米以下的颗粒很容易被生物体摄入，人们越来越担心它们可能对已知会造成伤害的较大物品构成不同的风险。欧盟随后在其海洋战略框架指令（MSFD）中采用了5mm的上限。在大多数研究中，较低的粒径界限通常受到方法学限制，即从复杂的环境混合物中分离和鉴定出的颗粒的最小粒径（见“方法学进展”一节）。在>1μm以下，我们从微米级转向纳米级，虽然纳米级塑料颗粒几乎肯定已经积累，但它们目前太小，无法从环境样本中单独识别。 此后，人们描述了与来源相关的微塑料的子类别，包括“初级”和“次级”微塑料，但这一术语的使用并不一致。对于磨损产生的颗粒和纤维尤其如此，许多出版物认为这些是主要的微塑料，其余的则认为它们是次要的微塑料。为了尽量减少新立法中的潜在歧义，我们提出了一个通用的定义方案，其中纳入了最近描述的来源，并产生了三类初级微塑料，其制造直径≤5mm，以及三类次级微塑料，它们都来自制造时直径>5mm的物品，要么是由于使用过程中的磨损，要么是废物管理中的碎片化，要么是环境造成的。在政策背景下使用的与主要和次要术语一致的其他术语，包括《联合国塑料污染条约》草案文本，包括“故意添加的微塑料”和“无意”释放或降解产生的微塑料。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$