第一部分 专题12 阅读理解（word教师用书）-【名师大课堂】2025年新高考英语艺术生总复习必备

专题十二　阅读理解 考点一　细节理解题 细节理解题主要考查考生对阅读材料中某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。题干常考查的六大信息有5个W，即When，Where，Who，What，Why，和1个H，即How。高考对英语篇章中事实细节的考查主要分为两种情况：一是直接细节类，其答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；二是隐含细节类，这类题虽然不能直接从原文中找到对应的词或短语，但考生可以根据文章的隐含意义，如原因、前提或结果等仔细推敲，得出正确答案。细节理解题的常见设问方式有： Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...? Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of.../relationship of...? Which of the following maps shows the right way to...? Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what...is like? According to the passage，who/what/which/when/where/why/how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often...? 常见的干扰项特点 细节理解题一般针对原文中某个细节、某句话或某部分的具体内容设置问题，但干扰项也包含文章中的某个细节。不过请考生一定要注意，干扰项中的细节不符合解答题目所需要的文章细节，也就是说，两种细节不匹配。这就要求考生答题时一定要仔细、认真核实，以免造成失误，留下遗憾。 干扰1　扩缩范围 有时原文中的核心词在题中作为选项时，其原文中的限定词被人为地去掉或替换，使选项貌似正确，从而对考生造成很大的干扰。 干扰2　主观臆断 有时考生在作出选择时，不是依据原文信息进行正确的理解和推断，而是主观想象或凭空推测，事实上文中并未涉及，也不能确定推断的合理性。这种情况在考生中非常普遍，尤其对一些理解能力偏低、词汇掌握不足的学生来说，应特别注意。 干扰3　张冠李戴 这种情况发生在两方面：一方面是考生身上，即考生错误地把发生在此者身上的事情理解为发生在彼者身上的事情，从而造成误选；另一方面是在题目的设置上，即试题中的某些选项中会故意混淆两者的信息，使考生在思路不清晰的情况下误判。 干扰4　无中生有 有时考生会感觉试题中的信息说得很有道理，从而作出选择。但细心的学生会发现，这种信息再正确，也不能从文中找到其对应的词句，也不能推断其合理性。其实这种信息只不过是无中生有，所以考生要头脑清醒，大胆舍弃。 常用的解题方法 方法1　题干定位法 所谓题干定位法，就是解题之前要先看题目，根据题中所提的信息确定关键词，然后带着问题快速地浏览原文，运用略读(skimming)的技巧方法迅速锁定与who，what，when，where等问题有关的细节关键词，确定题目考查范围，准确理解，作出选择。对于广告、演出信息、讲座安排等阅读题目，“题干定位法”会帮助考生得到事半功倍的效果。 　(2024·全国甲卷)Light Awash in Watercolor　 Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab.Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880­1990：Into the Light. 2．Which program will you join if you're interested in drawing pictures? A．Light Awash in Watercolor. B．Spineless Artists：Invertebrate Creativity. C．Wheel Throwing. D．Knitting and Pom­Pom Making. 【解析】　细节理解题。根据文章“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”部分中的“Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab.Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880—1990：Into the Light.(与哈佛艺术博物馆材料实验室的专家一起了解水彩颜料的材料和质量。在即将到来的‘1880—1990年美国水彩画：进入光’展览中，尝试一下艺术家们使用的一些绘画技巧。)”可知，如果对画画感兴趣，可以参加Light Awash in Watercolor。故选A项。 【答案】　D 方法2　“断章取义”法 带着问题，有针对性地扫读原文，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表达，围绕主旨深刻理解材料。当问到what，when，which，where等具体信息时，往往有according to the author/passage这样的限制语，回答时，一定要以文章所谈到的内容为依据，切忌凭自己的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。 　(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥)．First，he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other.Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals.He placed them in the tanks and waited.Little by little，these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.After a few weeks，John added the sludge. 5．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A．To feed the animals. B．To build an ecosystem. C．To protect the plants. D．To test the eco­machine. 【解析】　细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks，John added the sludge.(几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco­machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it！Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.(他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里为了测试生态机器。故选D。 【答案】　D 方法3　首尾定位法 解答排序题时，可最先找出第一个和最后一个事件，快速缩小选择范围，从而迅速选出答案。另外，也可以先不看四个选项，而是先把所给的事件排序，然后与备选项进行对照；若有相同排序的选项则基本可定为答案，之后再进行检查。 　On Thursday night，while Pina was babysitting her granddaughter，nephew and two nieces in her sister's apartment，she smelled smoke and realized the apartment building was on fire.When her 4­year­old granddaughter Garcia began saying，“We're going to die”，she knew she had to act.Pina，first sealed the door，and then told all four children to lie on the floor.After calling 911，she told the children to start singing and promised them all treats as soon as they reached safety. … 1．When Pina saw the fire，which is the right order of what she did according to Paragraph 2? ①told children to lie on the floor ②let children start singing ③sealed the door ④called 911 A．③①④② B．④③①② C．③④①② D．①③④② 【解析】　根据本段中的Pina，first sealed the door，and then told all four children to lie on the floor.After calling 911，she told the children to start singing...可知，皮纳首先封住门，接着让孩子们躺在地板上，之后报警，然后让孩子们开始唱歌。故选A项。 【答案】　A 方法4　查读分析法 在处理数字计算题时，首先通读题干明确题目要求，然后迅速找到与之相关的数字，对其进行分析、整合，并结合题干计算出正确答案。 　(2020·全国Ⅱ) Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens History，Culture & Landscape(景观)．Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history，5 acres of celebrated and award­winning gardens with parkland walk.Owned by the Hasell family since 1679，home to the International Marmalade Festival.Gifts and antiques，plant sales，museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom. Open：29 Mar—29 Oct，Sun to Thurs. Tearoom，Gardens&Gift Shop：10：30—17：00(16：00 in Oct)． House：11：15—16：00(15：00 in Oct) Town：Pooley Bridge & Penrith 21．When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July? A．09：30—17：30. B．10：30—16：00. C．11：15—16：00. D．12：00—16：30. 【解析】　根据题干中的Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens可定位至文中介绍的第一个景点。根据Open部分中House的开放信息House：11：15—16：00(15：00 in Oct)．可知，3月到9月期间，House在周日到周四的开放时间为11：15—16：00。7月在这个时间段内，故选C项。 【答案】　C 方法5　词语复现法 细节理解题的词语复现指的是：正确答案选项中的单词或短语与原文中的单词或短语构成一种重复出现的关系，可分为：同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现或原词复现。同义词和反义词复现指选项中用与原文具有相同意义或相反意义的单词或短语来表达相同或相反意思的复现形式；同根词复现是指词根相同、意义相似的单词在选项中的复现形式；原词复现是指同一单词或短语在选项中和阅读材料中同时出现。运用复现策略解题时，首先要定位与问题相关的句子，然后观察和分析该句子前后的句子是否符合复现的情况。 　(2020·全国Ⅰ)As a result，she says，some of the injuries associated with running，such as runner's knee，are uncommon among race walkers.But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips，so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.In fact，anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper techniques，she says.It takes some practice. 29．What advantage does race walking have over running? A．It's more popular at the Olympics. B．It's less challenging physically. C．It's more effective in body building. D．It's less likely to cause knee injuries. 【解析】　根据本段第一句中的some of the injuries associated with running，such as runner's knee，are uncommon among race walkers可知，跑步时常见的膝盖受伤在竞走者中是很少见的。由此可知，这是竞走相对于跑步而言的一个优势。故选D项。 【答案】　D 考点二　推理判断题 阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和识别能力。解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。考生切记，推理判断(infer)题必须把握住的一个原则：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文章细节的直接陈述。 方法1　针对特定细节信息进行推理 此类试题要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文所提供的某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，根据文章中的关键信息进行推断就可以作出正确的判断。 　(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，”she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.”Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new. 5．What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A．The kids' parents distrusted her. B．Students had little time for her classes. C．Some kids disliked garden work. D．There was no space for school gardens. 【解析】　推理判断题。根据第二段的“she says.‘They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.’Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new.(她说。‘他们来找我们，认为蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆虫也很可怕。’虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。 【答案】　C 方法2　整合全文(段)信息进行推断 做推理判断题时，有时需要在弄懂全文或全段意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，提取出来加以推理判断，从而确定最佳答案。 　(2023·全国乙卷)One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake，Wisconsin，to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake.After we found a crazy­looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks，we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background.We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.However，we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.Once we found the place，it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still，looking back on the photos，they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. 5．What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author? A．Proper time management. B．Good shooting techniques. C．Adventurous spirit. D．Distinctive styles. 【解析】　推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Still，looking back on the photos，they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.(尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更好)”可推知，作者认为，风景摄影成功的关键是适当的时间管理。故选A。 【答案】　A 方法3　根据文章的结论推断作者或文中人物的态度及意图 作者或文中人物的态度、倾向是指其对自己或他人陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是中立，对叙述或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的结论中，或流露于修饰性的词语中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中总结全文的措辞，尤其是带有感情色彩的形容词。常见的表达态度的词语有： (1)表示积极态度的词：support(支持)，supportive(支持的)，approve(赞成)，approving(赞同的)，for(支持)，in favor of(支持)，optimistic(乐观的)，positive(积极的)，pleasant(愉快的)，humorous(幽默的)，confident(自信的)，impressive(令人钦佩的)，praise(赞扬)等。 (2)表示消极态度的词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的)，doubtful(怀疑的)，disappointed(失望的)，pessimistic(悲观的)，opposed(反对的)等。 (3)表示中立的词：objective(客观的)，factual(事实的)，neutral(中立的)，impartial(不偏不倚的)等。 有些文章的写作意图比较明确，如议论文、说明文，此类文体应关注主题句。而有些文章的写作意图需要考生去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文中，此类文章通常先叙述，然后发表看法。 　(2020·全国Ⅰ)Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running，research shows，while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.It does，however，have its own problem.(首段) 31．Which word best describes the author's attitude to race walking? A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative. 【解析】　通读首段可知，作者在本文中主要阐述了竞走的好处(Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running)及其存在的问题(It does，however，have its own problem.)，提及正反两方面，由此可推知，作者的态度是客观的。故选B项。 【答案】　B 方法4　结合文章关键信息和常识推测文章的来源或者推测阅读对象 此类题目要求考生具备一定的常识，这样才能把文章的内容与自己已经具备的常识结合起来作出准确的推断。比如考生要对报告、报纸、杂志、网络、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。 　(2020·浙江1月)I never knew anyone who'd grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs.Calloway，our librarian.She ran Jackson's Carnegie Library absolutely by herself.SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere.If she thought you were dressed improperly，she sent you straight back home to change your clothes.I was willing；I would do anything to read. ... My mother shared this__feeling of mine.Now，I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else.I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of “Little Red Riding Hood” with my brother's two daughters.She'd just look up at the right time，long enough to answer—in character—“The better to eat you with，my dear，”and go back to her place in the magazine article. 23．Where is the text probably from? A．A guidebook. B．An autobiography. C．A news report. D．A book review. 【解析】　通读全文可知，本文是作者在回忆自己童年时在图书馆阅读的经历，所以本文最可能出自一部自传。故选B项。 【答案】　B 考点三　词义猜测题 猜测词义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它要求考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。 考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。常见的设问方式有： What does the underlined word “...” refer to/mean? The underlined word “...” can be replaced by________． Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “...”？ What does the underlined word“it/them”in Paragraph...refer to? Which of the following words can take the place of the underlined word “...”？ 技巧1　通过定义来猜测词义 本技巧适用于所猜生词或短语后有句子(往往用定语从句或同位语从句)对其下定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号、括号中的内容对其加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可以推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词为：be，mean，be considered，to be，be called，define，represent，refer to，signify等。 　The schools are reluctant to take time off—even teachers with tickets for the England­Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. What does the underlined word“reluctant”probably mean? A．Kind. B．Unwilling. C．Free. D．Careless. 【解析】　根据破折号后的even teachers with tickets for the England­Argentina game had trouble getting the day off可知，甚至手中有英格兰与阿根廷对决比赛的球票的教师们也很难有放假时间。由此可以推断出前面的“reluctant”一词意为“不情愿的”。故选B项。 【答案】　B 技巧2　通过同位关系来猜测词义 构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也使用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号、括号或同位语。常用的信息词或表达有：or，similarly，also，that is to say，in other words，namely，or other，say等。 　(2020·天津)There's also the added__bonus__that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in.No loud engine noise，no smell of fuel，just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. 47．The expression“added bonus”refers to the fact that electric planes________． A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional one 【解析】　根据划线词后that引导的同位语从句electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in和后文中的No loud engine noise，no smell of fuel，just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机的航程更舒适，因为没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的味道，只有环保的宁静。由此可推知，added bonus应指电动飞机带来的“额外的好处”，即给乘客带来更舒适的飞行体验。故选C项。 【答案】　C 技巧3　通过转折或对比关系来猜测词义 如果一个句子或段落中有对两个事物或现象进行对比的描述，可以根据划线词的反义词猜测其词义。表示转折关系的词主要有but，however，otherwise，though等；表示对比关系的标志性词语有while，in contrast，unlike，on the other hand等。 　(2022·北京卷)As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding，researchers may mislead investors，journalists，the public and，worst of all，themselves about their work's potential.If researchers can't keep their promises，excitement might give way to doubt，disappointment and anger，Johnson warns.Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement.But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype，Johnson suggests，perhaps because “‘quantum' stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.”And that brings me back to Taylor，who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. 33．What does the underlined word “prone”in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant. 【解析】　词义猜测题。根据第三自然段But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype，Johnson suggests，perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn't be able to understand.”( 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为‘量子’代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”)可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为“‘量子’代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A.Open.开放的；易受损害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故选A。 【答案】　A 技巧4　通过因果关系来猜测词义 该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断划线词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个词或短语的意思，即由因推果；也可由表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个词或短语的意思，即由果推因。表示因果关系的词有because，since，so that，so/such...that...，therefore等。 　The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a__roof__over__their__heads． What does the underlined part in the text probably mean? A．A cap. B．A car. C．A home. D．A covering. 【解析】　猜测划线部分意思的关键在于对“so”一词的理解。根据前文中的信息可知，那些无家可归的人们可能没了工作，从而无法支付房租；利用因果关系可知，无法支付房租就会没有房子住，因此划线部分应是“房子；家”的意思。故选C项。 【答案】　C 技巧5　通过文章中的举例来猜测词义 有时，作者为了使读者更好地理解文中的生词或短语，往往在这些词或短语后附加一些具体的例子，从而使读者更透彻地理解文章。所以，考生可依据词或短语后的例子猜测其含义。 　On the farm they mainly raise poultry，such as chickens，ducks and geese，for their eggs and meat. 【解析】　根据such as后面列举的一系列例子可以推断出，句中的poultry意为“家禽”。 技巧6　通过上下文语境来猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都与句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行符合逻辑的综合分析，并依此来推测词义，这是一种重要的阅读方法。 　(2022·浙江卷1月) Merebeth's pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust．It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana，Washington and Oregon，she says proudly.If she wants to visit a new place，she will simply find a pet with transport needs there.She travels in all weathers.She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming，heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas. 1．The word “wanderlust” in Paragraph 2 means a desire to________． A．make money B．try various jobs C．be close to nature D．travel to different places 【解析】　词义猜测题。根据第二段中 “ It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana，Washington and Oregon，she says proudly.If she wants to visit a new place，she will simply find a pet with transport needs there.She travels in all weathers.(她自豪地说，除了蒙大拿州、华盛顿州和俄勒冈州，她走遍了美国所有的州。如果她想去一个新 的地方，她只需要找到一个有交通需要的宠物。她风雨无阻地旅行)”，可知，划线词的意思是“渴望去不 同的地方旅行”。故选D。 【答案】　D 技巧7　通过代词所指代的内容猜测词义 代词所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中。找到指代的内容后，把它放在代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。 　(2020·浙江7月)Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes. That is by design. 25．What does the underlined word“That”in Paragraph 2refer to? A．Increased length of green lights. B．Shortened traffic signal cycle. C．Flexible timing of traffic signals. D．Smooth traffic flow on the road. 【解析】　That指代的应是前文中提到的事物，故根据第一段最后一句Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.可知，That指的是交通信号灯的时间可以灵活变动这件事，故选C项。 【答案】　C 技巧8　通过构词法猜测词义 在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以根据构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。 (1)根据前缀或后缀猜测词义。 如：前缀co­表示“共同；一起”；后缀­ise/­ize表示“使成为……；使……化”等。 　Do you have any strong opinion on co­educational or single­sex schools? 【解析】　根据词根educational(教育的)，再结合前缀co­(共同；一起)，可以猜出co­educational的意思是“男女同校的”。 【答案】　男女同校的 (2)根据复合词的各部分猜测词义。 　We live in a technological society where most goods are mass­produced by unskilled labor.Because of this，most craft (手艺) no longer exists. 【解析】　根据合成词中的mass(大量的)和produce(生产)可推测，mass­produced的意思是“大批量生产的；规模生产的”。 【答案】　大批量生产的；规模生产的 (3)根据单词相关词性的含义猜测变换词性后新词的含义。 　I had first known she was wrong.Her anxiety had clouded her judgment. 【解析】　cloud作名词时，意为“云”，在本句中作动词。分析语境可知，焦虑会影响一个人的判断，因此cloud在此表示“把……搞糊涂；模糊……”。 【答案】　把……搞糊涂；模糊…… 技巧9　通过生活经验和生活常识猜测词义 英语阅读理解选择的素材具有时代性、新颖性和生活性的特点，尤其强调选择一些与学生生活息息相关的素材。因此，生活经历或与日常生活有关的常识往往可以帮助考生更准确地猜测句中生词的含义。 　If you have a__juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a“soft­serve”creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A．A dessert. B．A drink. C．A container. D．A machine. 【解析】　根据画线词后的feed in，Out comes及they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine 以及常识可知，juicer是一种机器，意为“榨汁机”，故选D项。dessert意为“甜品”；drink意为“饮料”；container意为“容器”；machine意为“机器”。 【答案】　D 考点四　主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要考查考生对所读材料(或所读材料片段)中心思想或标题的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达了文章的中心思想，而其他句子均围绕主题句展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句处，但有时也位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)。主旨大意题的考查形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。常见的设问方式有： Which of the following can be the best title for the text? What is the...paragraph mainly about? What is the best title for the text? What is the text mainly about? What may be the best title for the text? What can be a suitable title for the text? 技巧1　速读文章，明确主题 速读文章，抓住文章主题句或关键词。考生应抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫主题词。 (1)主题句的特征 ①首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往体现文章主旨； ②作者有意识地反复陈述的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词或短语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词； ③段落中出现表转折的词或短语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该词或短语后的句子很可能是主题句。 (2)寻找主题句 ①主题句在段首 主题句在段首的文章结构是先点明主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析，用演绎法阐述观点。在议论文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种方式。 ②主题句在段中 当主题句被安排在段落中间时，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、论证或展开。 ③主题句在段尾 主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后得出结论，即段落的主题。 　(2020·全国Ⅰ)The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. 32．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．A new study of different plants. B．A big fall in crime rates. C．Employees from various workplaces. D．Benefits from green plants. 【解析】　根据第一段中的positive effects及所举的两个例子(绿化多的区域犯罪率低以及绿植多的办公区域员工的工作效率更高)可知，本段主要介绍的是绿色植物给人们带来的益处。故选D项。 【答案】　D 技巧2　瞻首顾尾，定位中心句 每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句成为该段主题句的概率往往最大。将首段的中心句与各段第一句串联在一起，常常可以得出文章的中心思想。 此外，文章的逻辑结构也有助于定位中心句。常见的结构有按时间顺序组织的结构或“分述——总说”结构。按时间先后顺序说明某一件事或某一理论的发展过程的文章，主题句通常在首段或末段；采用“分述——总说”结构的文章，前几段分述，末段总结，这类文章主题句常在末段。 　(2020·全国Ⅱ)Some parents will buy any high­tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with math­related skills. … The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child­parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. … The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. 27．What is the text mainly about? A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study. C．A woman psychologist. D．A teaching program. 【解析】　本文主要围绕一项研究展开说明，具体介绍了它的研究对象、研究方法及研究发现，最后还提到其研究结论被发表在一本学术刊物上。故选B项。 【答案】　B 技巧3　确定概括范围，关注题目特点 主旨大意题的答案设置分为两类。一类是文章有一个明确的主题句，正确选项往往是它的同义转述句。做这类题时，首先要找出文章的主题句，这样就明确了文章要讲什么，再通读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，因而主题句在文章中出现的位置也不固定。另一类是文章中没有可概括全文的中心句，主题句隐含在全文当中。阅读这样的文章时，考生应根据文章的细节来分析、概括，从而推导出文章的主旨大意。 　Two four­kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city，one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south.The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide，providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. 　　In the upper part of the tunnel，two air conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel，practically at its highest point.There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals.They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers.The wall is made up of four main elements，which include a waterproof covering and，on the inside of the tunnel，a concrete lining.Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The construction of two lanes. B．The function of a road. C．The solution to cars' pollution. D．The design of two tunnels. 【解析】　本段没有主题句，考生需要对文章进行整体概括。考生应多注意文章中反复出现的中心词the tunnel，再结合文章的内容，可以推断出本文主要讲述的是隧道的设计。故选D项。 【答案】　D A (2024·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)“I am not crazy，”says Dr.William Farber，shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.”If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh.He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic”medicine­combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture，chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber，a graduate of Colorado State University，started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle­relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture，an ancient Chinese practice，and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So，after studying the techniques for a couple of years，he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack，Tindale says，she was prepared to put him to sleep，but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse，Nappy，“moves more easily and rides more comfortably”after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right：Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，”he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That's my job.” 【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。 1．What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him? A．He's odd. B．He's strict. C．He's brave. D．He's rude. A　细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive，it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点戒备的姿态，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) ”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。 2．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian. C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners. C　细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture，an ancient Chinese practice，and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So，after studying the techniques for a couple of years，he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。 3．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians' work. C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine. D　主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack，Tindale says，she was prepared to put him to sleep，but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse，Nappy，‘moves more easily and rides more comfortably’ after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，‘行动更容易，乘车更舒服’。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 4．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber's point. B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. A　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time，and if the past is any indication，he may be right：Since 1982，membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的：自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 B (2024·新课标全国Ⅰ卷)Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”．The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine__through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties.With paper，there is a literal laying on of hands，along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”．According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories，they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print.However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words. 【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 5．What does the underlined Phrase “shine through”in paragraph 2 mean? A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain. C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice. D　词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 6．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand. C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media. A　推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called ‘shallowing hypothesis (假说)’．According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为‘shallowing hypothesis’的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 7．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare. C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text. A　细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 8．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print.However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 C (2024·山西省临汾市高三二模)Pullman is a superb writer and Seagull is a brilliant communicator.They had a debate after Seagull posted a question on his social media platform：“When you were trying to create an environment for learning，what were your best pieces of classical music to listen to？”He received hundreds of suggestions—and one negative reply，from Pullman：“That's not what classical music is for.Treat it with respect.” That did it！Everyone—professional musicians，students，teachers—weighed into the argument，and the majority supported Seagull and were criticizing Pullman. It's easy to see why people are annoyed.We all want classical music to be as accessible as possible，especially to the young.If some of them are using Bach or Schubert as a tool to help them study，what's the problem? They may also develop an attachment to classical music. So is Pullman ridiculous and supercilious by objecting to classical music being used as background music? At first sight，his idea seems stuffy and extreme.By suggesting that classical music should be “treated with respect”and not used as background music，Pullman seems to be closing classical music of to millions of people. It's worth pointing out，however，that he isn't the first to express concerns about classical music being devalued by becoming too commonplace in today's technologically shaped world.In Benjamin Britten's 1964 speech，the composer expressed exactly the same worries as Pullman.Britten suggested，“The true musical experience demands some preparation，some effort，a journey to a special place，saving up for a ticket，some homework perhaps”．In short，it demands as much effort from listeners as from composers and performers. I don't agree with such an extreme viewpoint，but I do think it touches on a reality.You will never fully grasp the beauty of classical music if you half­hear it only in the background.That doesn't necessarily matter.Music can be enjoyed on many levels.What Pullman and Britten are really saying is that，in a drive for “accessibility”，we shouldn't deny the emotional and intellectual complexity underpinning (构成) much classical music. 【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。文章主要讨论了古典音乐的应用场景和价值，以及对于将古典音乐用作背景音乐的不同观点。 9．What did Seagull's posting result in? A．Great admiration for Seagull. B．Public criticism of classical music. C．A discussion about learning environments. D．An argument over the role of classical music. D　细节理解题。根据第一段“Pullman is a superb writer and Seagull is a brilliant communicator.They had a debate after Seagull posted a question on his social media platform：‘When you were trying to create an environment for learning，what were your best pieces of classical music to listen to？’He received hundreds of suggestions—and one negative reply，from Pullman：‘That's not what classical music is for.Treat it with respect.’(普尔曼是一位杰出的作家，而Seagull是一位才华横溢的沟通者。Seagull在他的社交媒体平台上发布了一个问题后，他们进行了一场辩论：‘当你试图创造一个学习环境时，你听过的最好的古典音乐是什么？’他收到了数百条建议，但也有普尔曼的一条负面回复：‘那不是古典音乐的用途。请尊重它。’)”以及第二段“That did it！Everyone—professional musicians，students，teachers—weighed into the argument，and the majority supported Seagull and were criticizing Pullman.(这引起了轰动！所有人，包括专业音乐家、学生、老师，都参与了这场争论，大多数人支持Seagull并批评普尔曼)”可知，Seagull发帖的结果是引起了关于古典音乐作用的争论。故选D项。 10．What does the underlined word “supercilious” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Self­important. B．Open­minded. C．Impatient. D．Considerate. A　词句猜测题。根据前文“ridiculous and”可知，supercilious和ridiculous (荒谬的)并列，为贬义词，以及后文“At first sight，his idea seems stuffy and extreme.By suggesting that classical music should be ‘treated with respect’ and not used as background music，Pullman seems to be closing classical music of to millions of people.(乍一看，他的想法似乎很古板且极端。普尔曼建议应该‘尊重’古典音乐，而不是将其用作背景音乐，这似乎让数百万人无法接触古典音乐)”可知，普尔曼认为需要尊重古典音乐，所以推知普尔曼认为将古典音乐作为背景音乐是荒谬和傲慢的，supercilious为“傲慢”之意，和A项“妄自尊大的”意思相近。故选A项。 11．Why is the Benjamin Britten's 1964 speech mentioned? A．To show his affection for classical music. B．To introduce young people to classical music. C．To demonstrate classical music is demanding. D．To support Pullman's idea over classical music. D　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It's worth pointing out，however，that he isn't the first to express concerns about classical music being devalued by becoming too commonplace in today's technologically shaped world.In Benjamin Britten's 1964 speech，the composer expressed exactly the same worries as Pullman.Britten suggested，‘The true musical experience demands some preparation，some effort，a journey to a special place，saving up for a ticket，some homework perhaps’．In short，it demands as much effort from listeners as from composers and performers.(然而，值得一提的是，他并不是第一个对古典音乐因在今天这个科技塑造的世界中变得过于普通而被贬值表示担忧的人。在1964年的演讲中，作曲家本杰明·布里顿表达了与普尔曼完全相同的担忧。布里顿说：‘真正的音乐体验需要一些准备，一些努力，前往一个特殊的地方，攒钱买门票，也许还要做一些功课。’简而言之，它要求听众和作曲家以及表演者付出同样多的努力)”可知，作者提到了本杰明·布里顿1964年的演讲，是为了支持普尔曼对古典音乐的看法。故选D项。 12．Which word best describes the author's attitude to Pullman's idea? A．Favorable. B．Doubtful. C．Objective. D．Uninterested. C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“I don't agree with such an extreme viewpoint，but I do think it touches on a reality.You will never fully grasp the beauty of classical music if you half­hear it only in the background.That doesn't necessarily matter.Music can be enjoyed on many levels.What Pullman and Britten are really saying is that，in a drive for ‘accessibility’，we shouldn't deny the emotional and intellectual complexity underpinning (构成) much classical music.(我不同意这种极端的观点，但我认为它触及了一个现实。如果你只是在背景中半听，你将永远无法完全领略古典音乐的美。不过这也不一定重要。音乐可以在很多层面上被欣赏。普尔曼和布里顿真正想说的是，在追求‘可访问性’的过程中，我们不应该否认许多古典音乐所构成的情感和智力上的复杂性)”可知，作者既不同意普尔曼极端的观点，但是也不认为将古典音乐作为背景音乐是合适的，因为你将永远无法完全领略古典音乐的美，所以他的态度是客观的。故选C项。 D (2024·安徽省高三模拟预测)Developing new materials requires significant time and labor，but some chemists are now hopeful that AI could one day shoulder much of this burden.In a new study in the Journal of the American Chemical Society，a team used a popular AI model，ChatGPT，to perform one particularly time­consuming task：searching scientific literature.With that data，they built a second tool，a new model to predict experimental results. Reports from previous studies offer a vast amount of information that chemists need，but finding and analyzing the most relevant details can be laborious.For example，those interested in designing highly porous，crystalline (晶体) metal­organic frameworks (MOFs)—which have potential applications in areas such as clean energy—must sort through hundreds of scientific papers describing a variety of experimental conditions.Researchers have previously attempted to let AI take over this task；however，the language processing models they used required significant technical expertise ，and applying them to new topics meant changing the program.Omar Yaghi and colleagues wanted to see if the next generation of language models，which includes ChatGPT，could offer a more accessible，flexible way to extract information. To analyze text from scientific papers，the team gave ChatGPT prompts (提示符) it through three processes intended to identify and summarize the experimental information the papers contained.The researchers carefully constructed these prompts to minimize the model's tendency to make up responses，and to ensure the best responses possible. When tested on 228 papers describing MOF syntheses (合成)，this system drew more than 26，000 factors relevant for making roughly 800 of these mixtures.With these data，the team trained a separate AI model to predict the crystalline state of MOFs based on these conditions.And finally，to make the data more user­friendly，they built a chatbot to answer questions about it.The team notes that，unlike previous AI­based efforts，this one does not require expertise in coding.What's more，scientists can shift its focus simply by adjusting the narrative language in the prompts.This new system，which they call the “ChatGPT Chemistry Assistant，”could also be useful in other fields of chemistry. 【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。本文主要讲述了开发新材料需要大量的时间和劳动力，但一个化学家研究团队促使一种人工智能模型ChatGPT用来执行搜索科学文献的任务。有了这些数据，他们建立了第二个工具，一个预测实验结果的模型，被他们称为“ChatGPT化学助手”。 13．What does the research team hope the new model to do? A．Search and classify scientific literature. B．Analyze data and predict laboratory findings. C．Prevent the model from making up responses. D．Generate a faster language processing system. B　细节理解题。根据第一段“In a new study in the Journal of the American Chemical Society，a team used a popular AI model，ChatGPT，to perform one particularly time­consuming task：searching scientific literature.With that data，they built a second tool，a new model to predict experimental results.(在《美国化学学会杂志》(Journal of the American Chemical Society)上的一项新研究中，一个团队使用了一种流行的人工智能模型ChatGPT来执行一项特别耗时的任务：搜索科学文献。有了这些数据，他们建立了第二个工具，一个预测实验结果的新模型)”可知，研究小组希望这个新模型能分析数据并预测实验室结果。故选B项。 14．Why are the MOFs mentioned in the text? A．To suggest their potential applications in clean energy. B．To illustrate the laborious analysis of scientific papers. C．To confirm they are of importance in chemistryindustry. D．To stress the testing system is extraordinarily complicated.　 B　推理判断题。根据第二段“For example，those interested in designing highly porous，crystalline (晶体) metal­organic frameworks (MOFs)—which have potential applications in areas such as clean energy—must sort through hundreds of scientific papers describing a variety of experimental conditions.Researchers have previously attempted to let AI take over this task；however，the language processing models they used required significant technical expertise，and applying them to new topics meant changing the program.(例如，那些对设计高度多孔结晶金属有机框架(MOFs)感兴趣的人——这种框架在清洁能源等领域有潜在的应用——必须对描述各种实验条件的数百篇科学论文进行分类。研究人员此前曾试图让人工智能接管这项任务；然而，他们使用的语言处理模型需要大量的技术专长，将它们应用于新主题意味着要改变程序)”可知，文中提到MOFs是为了说明对科学论文的费力分析。故选B项。 15．What can best describe the chatbot involved in the last paragraph? A．Secure. B．Virtual. C．Practical. D．Specialized. C　推理判断题。根据最后一段“When tested on 228 papers describing MOF syntheses (合成)，this system drew more than 26，000 factors relevant for making roughly 800 of these mixtures.With these data，the team trained a separate AI model to predict the crystalline state of MOFs based on these conditions.And finally，to make the data more user­friendly，they built a chatbot to answer questions about it.The team notes that，unlike previous AI­based efforts，this one does not require expertise in coding.What's more，scientists can shift its focus simply by adjusting the narrative language in the prompts.(当对228篇描述MOF合成的论文进行测试时，该系统得出了超过26000个与制造大约800种这种混合物相关的因素。有了这些数据，研究小组训练了一个单独的人工智能模型，根据这些条件预测MOFs的结晶状态。最后，为了让数据更方便用户使用，他们建立了一个聊天机器人来回答有关数据的问题。该团队指出，与以往基于人工智能的努力不同，这一项目不需要编码方面的专业知识)”可知，聊天机器人能回答有关数据的问题，所以是实用的。故选C项。 16．What is the best title for the text? A．Making the MOFs be more useful B．Doing further analysis for scientific papers C．Improving the language processing models D．Turning ChatGPT into a “chemistry assistant” D　主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a new study in the Journal of the American Chemical Society，a team used a popular AI model，ChatGPT，to perform one particularly time­consuming task：searching scientific literature.With that data，they built a second tool，a new model to predict experimental results.(在《美国化学学会杂志》(Journal of the American Chemical Society)上的一项新研究中，一个团队使用了一种流行的人工智能模型ChatGPT来执行一项特别耗时的任务：搜索科学文献。有了这些数据，他们建立了第二个工具，一个预测实验结果的新模型)”以及最后一段“What's more，scientists can shift its focus simply by adjusting the narrative language in the prompts.This new system，which they call the ‘ChatGPT Chemistry Assistant，’could also be useful in other fields of chemistry.(更重要的是，科学家们可以简单地通过调整提示中的叙述语言来转移它的焦点。这个被他们称为‘ChatGPT化学助手’的新系统在其他化学领域也很有用)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了一个化学家研究团队促使一种人工智能模型ChatGPT用来执行搜索科学文献的任务，所以D项“Turning ChatGPT into a ‘chemistry assistant’(把ChatGPT变成‘化学助手’)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 句、段结构关键词或短语 抓住文章中提示段落模式或句际关系的关键词或短语，可以帮助考生快速划分语义群，并掌握文章大意，准确定位并获取有用信息，从而提高答题正确率。 段落模 式或句 际关系 关键词或短语 运用说明 列举型 in addition to，also，and，too，plus，again，besides，moreover，furthermore，first，second，next，in the same way，similarly等 给出文章或段落的主题或某一观点后，对细节进行罗列。 时间型 before，after，afterward，after that，first，next，then，once，until now，earlier，later，previously，shortly，at last，finally等 按事件发生的先后顺序来陈述事实。 分类型 kinds，classes，groups，varieties，sorts，types，be divided into等 在探讨事物或观点时，给出较大一级的类别之后，再用小类别对主题进行逐一说明。 例证型 for example，for instance，take...for example等 通过举例子的方法来说明或支持文章的主题或观点。 程序型 first，second，third，to begin with，after that，afterward，later，next，then，finally等 按照事物发展的步骤来组织细节，以说明事物发展的进程。 因果型 原因 because，because of，as a result of，since，be caused by，due to，for，as等 前面给出原因，后面用信息词或短语引出其造成的结果；或前面给出结果，后面用信息词或短语引出对其原因的分析。 结果 as a result，as a consequence，consequently，for this reason，so，therefore，lead to，thus，hence，cause，accordingly，so that等 对比、 对照型 对比 like，likeness，alike，same，common，each，just as，either...or...，not only...but also...，both，both...and...，too，similarly，also，likewise，in the same way等 对比是指出事物的相似之处，而对照是讨论两个事物的不同点。对比和对照可以分开使用，但更多的时候是在一起使用，以展示事物的相同点和不同点。 对照 but，however，yet，while，whereas，than，more...than，instead，instead of，differ from，difference，on the other hand，some...others...，at one time...now...，unlike，in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary等 空间型 on the left，on the right，on the top of，above，below，in front of，behind，near，on the other side，in the center等 按空间顺序描写某地点、某人或某物的空间位置，或描写人或物的活动情况。 顺承/ 并列型 and，then，after that，furthermore，also，when(this happens)等 包括顺承关系或并列关系，信息词或短语的后句是对前句的承接或补充。 转折/ 让步型 but，however，nevertheless，whereas，although，though，while，yet等 表示前后两句意思相反或表让步。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$