内容正文:
专题七 定语从句
考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句
1.关系代词及其用法
关系
代词
用法
who
用于指人,在从句中作主语或宾语
whom
用于指人,在从句中作宾语,可用who代替;若从句中的介词提到关系代词前,只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语,不可用who代替
which
用于指物,在从句中作主语或宾语
that
既可指人又可指物,指人时通常可与who,whom互换,指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
whose
表示所属关系,既可指人又可指物,在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which;指人时相当于of whom
as
引导限制性定语从句,作关系代词,既可指人又可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句,意为“正如;像”
2.关系代词的用法区别
关系
代词
that和
which
的用
法区
别
只用
that的
情况
先行词是all,few,little,much,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时
先行词被the only,the very,the same,all等修饰时
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
先行词既有人又有物时
只用
which
的情况
引导非限制性定语从句时
关系代词指物,且前
有介词时
关系
代词
as和
which
的用
法区
别
as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句前、中、后,as常译为“正如……,正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see,know,expect,say,mention,report等
which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时,只能置于主句后,常译为“这一点,这件事”等,which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系
She and her family bicycle to work,which helps them keep fit.
她和她的家人骑自行车上班,这有助于他们保持健康。
The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
在日常生活中我们遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感来源。
My eldest son,whose work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地,他现在在纽约。
We'll reach the sales targets in a month which/ that we set at the beginning of the year.
我们将在一个月内达到年初所定的销售目标。
The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
正如报道的那样,烟民的数量仅在一年内就已经下降了17%。
名师点津
(1)whom,which,that在从句中作宾语时可省略;但介词提前时不能省略,也不能用that;
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时,常用于下列句式:such+名词+as(像……一样的,像……之类的),the same+名词+as(和……同样的)。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系
副词
用法
when
指时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于“表时间的介词(in,at,on,during等)+which”
where
指地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于“表地点的介词(in,at,on,under等)+which”
why
指原因,在从句中作原因状语,相当于“for+which”
The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生们应该参与社团活动,在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday? 你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗?
名师点津
当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,也要用关系副词where引导。
Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。
考点三 “介词+关系代词” 结构引导的定语从句
1.“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句。其中关系代词只能用which和whom,且不能省略。
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。
2.“the+名词+of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。这类定语从句一般为非限制性定语从句,且该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。
The newlybuilt café,the walls of which (=whose walls) are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,especially after hard work.这家新建成的咖啡馆的墙被刷成了浅绿色,对我们来说,这真是一个安静的地方,特别是在辛苦工作后。
3.“表示全部或部分的词语+of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有:不定代词(all,both,none,some,most等);数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数、several等);the+形容词的比较级/最高级。
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of which has been proved.
科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论,这些理论尚未得到证实。
Many young people,most of whom were welleducated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想,他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。
4.“介词+which+名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的类似结构:
during which time 在此期间
at which time 在这时
at which point 在这一时刻
for which reason 由于这个原因
in which case 在这一情况下
He may win the competition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.
他可能会赢得这场比赛,如果这样的话他就可能进入国家队。
名师点津
“复合介词短语+which”结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。
1.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu,__who__ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,”add an international character to StratforduponAvon,William Shakespeare's hometown.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖,中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词,先行词为“Tang Xianzu”,在非限制性定语从句中担当主语,表示人,用关系代词who引导。故填who。
2.(2024·北京卷)Tinniswood,__who__ doesn't smoke and rarely drinks,credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.“If you eat too much or do too much of anything,you're going to suffer eventually,”he said.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:Tinniswood不吸烟,也很少喝酒,他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Tinniswood,先行词指人,关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。
3.(2024·浙江1月卷)Of course,shops are not charities—they price goods in the way __that/which__ will make them the most money.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:当然,商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语,且先行词为way,所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。
4.(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place __which/that__ welcomes the fastpaced development of modern life,with 21stcentury architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:但是,除了古建筑,北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方,21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词,先行词为“a place”,在定语从句中担当主语,所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
5.(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America,__where__ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,”her fable begins,borrowing some familiar words from many ageold fables.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:“从前,在美国的中心地带有一个小镇,那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活,”她的寓言是这样开头的,借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town,在非限定性定语从句作地点状语,所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
6.(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100—kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,__who__lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
解析:句意为:男子曹盛康,八岁时在车祸中失明,在1100公里的旅途中,穿越了三个省份的40个县市。根据句式结构,可以判断出空格所缺词引导非限制性定语从句。先行词为人,关系词在从句中作主语。故填who。
7.(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species __that__ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
解析:句意为:大熊猫国家公园旨在为生活在大熊猫区的所有物种提高更强力的保护并显著提高该地区生态系统的健康。根据句子结构可判断出空格所缺词引导限制性定语从句,先行词为the species,关系词在从句中作主语,且先行词前有all修饰。故填that。
8.(2024·湖南省永州市高三三模)The highest tier (层) has more than 1,100 levels,winding from the foot of the mountain to the top,creating a magnificent landscape __which__that__ resembles a staircase to the clouds.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:最高的一层有1 100多层,从山脚蜿蜒到山顶,创造了一个宏伟的景观,就像是通往云端的楼梯。此处引导定语从句,先行词为a magnificent landscape,指物,定语从句中缺少主语,故应用which/that引导,故填which/that。
9.(2024·湖南省高三仿真模拟)Sitting in Quanzhou city,__where__ the ancient Maritime Silk Road started,Dehua white porcelain has sold like hotcakes at home and abroad since the Song Dynasty (9601279).
解析:考查定语从句。句意:坐落在古代海上丝绸之路起源地泉州,德化白瓷自宋朝(960-1279)起就在国内外畅销。此处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Quanzhou city,在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
10.(2024·九师联盟五月仿真模拟)The show invited four famous scholars,namely Kang Zhen,Meng Man,Li Bo and Yang Yu,as guest celebrities,sharing lesserknown knowledge about the historic moments __that/which__ have been part of Yellow River's cultures.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:节目邀请了四位著名学者,即康震、蒙曼、郦波和杨雨作为嘉宾名人,分享了黄河文化中鲜为人知的历史时刻。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词moments,关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,因此应使用关系代词that或which引导。故填that/which。
11.(2024·河北省“五个一”名校联盟高三联考)It is a time __when__ students are busy examining poets and learning about different types of poetry.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:这是学生们忙于研究诗人和学习不同类型诗歌的时候。定语从句修饰先行词time,关系词在从句作时间状语,故用when。故填when。
12.(2024·河南、山西省5月大联考)The rare Guizhou snubnosed monkey,__who/which__ exclusively lives in the area of Mount Fanjingshan,a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,is under toplevel protection in China.
解析:考查定语从句。句意:稀有的贵州仰鼻猴只生活在被联合国教科文组织列为世界自然遗产的梵净山地区,是中国的顶级保护动物,被国际自然保护联盟列为“极度濒危”物种。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词monkey,且从句中缺少主语。故填who/which。
13.But children in those countries have usually been in a nursery,__where__ they have been learning through play.
解析:句意:但那些国家的孩子通常都在托儿所,在那里他们通过玩耍来学习。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a nursery,关系词在从句中作地点状语,所以要用关系副词where引导。
14.Awkward chat is gaining its place among young people __who/that__ have been living under a lot of pressure.
解析:设空处引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词young people,关系词在从句中充当主语,所以要用关系代词who或that。
15.Unlike in the West,__where__ everyone has their own plate of food,in China the dishes are placed on the table and shared by all people.
解析:两个逗号之间是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the West。关系词在从句中作地点状语,所以要用关系副词where引导。
16.I used my phone to call a taxi to meet my Chinese friend,Zhang Ming,__who__ guided me around Beijing.
解析:句意:我用手机叫了一辆出租车去见我的中国朋友张明,他带我游览了北京。逗号后是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Zhang Ming,关系词在定语从句中充当主语,所以要用关系代词who引导。
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