Unit 2 Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading-【金版教程】2025-2026学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第二册创新导学案word（译林版2020）

新教材·英语　选择性必修·第二册[译林版] Section Ⅰ　Welcome to the unit & Reading The Olympic Games 奥运会 Every four years, thousands of highly trained and talented athletes gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, ready to test their abilities against each other in the hope of being recognized as the best of the best. 每四年，成千上万名训练有素和具有天赋的运动员聚集在一起，本着友谊、团结和公平竞争的精神，准备互相较量，测试他们的能力，希望被认为是最好的。 This is the Olympics—an extraordinary sporting event that was first celebrated about 3，000 years ago. 这就是奥运会——一项非凡的体育赛事，大约在3，000年前首次被庆祝。 词句自测 ①solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力 Subheading 1: History_of_the_Olympic_Games 副标题1：奥运会历史 The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BCE. 古代奥运会开始于公元前776年。 During the early Games, only Greek men were allowed to participate. 在早期奥运会上，只有希腊男子被允许参加。 They competed in such events as boxing, running and the long jump. 他们参加了拳击、跑步和跳远等项目的比赛。 The ancient Olympic Games were held at Olympia in Greece every four years for almost 12 centuries, until they eventually died out around the year 393. 在将近12个世纪的时间里，古代奥运会每四年在希腊的奥林匹亚举行一次，直到公元393年左右销声匿迹。 词句自测 ②BCE abbr. 公元前 ③participate vi. 参加，参与 ④compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 More than 1，500 years later, however, the Games rose again. 然而，1，500多年后，奥运会再次兴起。 The modern Olympics were first held in 1896, in Athens. 现代奥运会于1896年在雅典首次举行。 It was a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin, who brought the Olympics back to life. 是法国人皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦使奥运会重现生机。 His dream was that the Olympics would help people of different racial origins and from different cultures live side by side in peace. 他的梦想是奥运会能够帮助不同种族、不同文化背景的人们和平共处。 For over a century, people from diverse backgrounds have made joint efforts to help realize Coubertin's dream. 一个多世纪以来，来自不同背景的人们为实现顾拜旦的梦想而共同努力。 词句自测 ⑤racial adj. 种族的；种族间的 ⑥diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的 ⑦joint adj. 联合的，共同的　n. 关节；接合处 ⑧It was ... who/that 的强调句型；对主语进行强调。 Subheading 2: Well－known_Olympians 副标题2：著名的奥运选手 Motivated by the Olympic motto “Faster, Higher, Stronger”， many well­known athletes, both male and female, have devoted themselves to achieving sporting excellence and pushing the boundaries of human achievement. 在奥林匹克格言“更快、更高、更强”的激励下，许多著名的男女运动员致力于实现体育卓越，推动人类成就的极限。 One such Olympian was the boxer Cassius Clay. 拳击手卡修斯·克莱就是这样一位奥运选手。 He came to public attention during the 1960 Rome Olympics, when he won the light heavyweight gold medal for the USA, demonstrating great talent and personality in the process. 他在1960年罗马奥运会上引起了公众的注意，当时他为美国赢得了轻重量级拳击金牌，在这个过程中他展示了伟大的才华和个性。 词句自测 ⑨motivate vt. 激励，激发；成为……的动机，是……的原因 ⑩motto n. 格言，座右铭 ⑪boundary n. 边界，分界线 ⑫demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示　vi. 游行示威 ⑬when 引导时间状语从句，现在分词demonstrating作伴随状语。 Afterwards, this young man proceeded to become the world heavyweight champion in 1964, and later changed his name to the one we all know—Muhammad Ali. 后来，这个年轻人在1964年赢得了世界重量级拳击冠军，后来改为我们熟知的名字——穆罕默德·阿里。 He returned to the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games to light the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony. 他重返1996年亚特兰大奥运会，并在开幕式上点燃了奥运圣火。 By the time he died in 2016, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time. 到2016年去世时，阿里已经被认为是有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。 词句自测 ⑭afterwards adv. 以后，后来 ⑮proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事(或进行)；行进，前往 ⑯flame n. 火焰，火舌 ⑰by the time引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。 Another sportsperson that should be applauded is Jessica Ennis­Hill. 另一个值得称赞的运动员是杰西卡·恩尼斯—希尔。 Her story is a remarkable example of how hard work and devotion can lead to sporting excellence. 她的故事是一个很好的例子，说明了努力工作和奉献可以使运动员取得优异成绩。 A former track and field athlete from the UK, she won an Olympic gold medal in her home country in 2012. 她曾是英国田径运动员，2012年在自己的祖国获得了奥运会金牌。 As if that were not enough, she returned to the Olympics and won a silver medal in 2016, just two years after giving birth to her first child. 似乎这还不够，2016年，在生下第一个孩子仅两年后，她便重返奥运会，并获得一枚银牌。 In an interview she revealed that the secret of her consistent good performance was the training that she never missed. 在一次采访中，她透露，她一直表现良好的秘诀是她从未错过训练。 词句自测 ⑱applaud vt.& vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 ⑲track_and_field 田径运动 ⑳consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的 as if 引导状语从句。 Subheading 3: China_and_the_Olympics 副标题3：中国和奥运会 The 2008 Beijing Olympics called on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity with the slogan “One World, One Dream”. 2008年北京奥运会以“同一个世界，同一个梦想”为口号，呼吁全世界加入奥林匹克精神，为人类建设一个更美好的未来。 In addition to hosting the Olympics for the first time, China also ranked first in the medal table. 除了第一次举办奥运会，中国还在奖牌榜上排名第一。 This success is truly remarkable if you consider that just 24 years before, at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Xu Haifeng won our country's first­ever gold medal. 如果你想想24年前，1984年洛杉矶奥运会上，许海峰为中国赢得了首枚金牌，你就会觉得这是一项了不起的成就。 词句自测 call_on_sb_to_do_sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事 humanity n. (统称)人，人类；人性；人道，仁慈 rank vi.& vt. 属于某等级，把……分等级；排列，使排成行　n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔 Since then the upward trend for Chinese sport has been unstoppable. 从那以后，中国体育的上升趋势势不可挡。 At the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Liu Xiang became the first Asian to win the gold medal in the men's 110­metre hurdles, while at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, the Chinese women's volleyball team won a hard­fought victory in the final. 在2004年雅典奥运会上，刘翔成为第一个获得男子110米栏金牌的亚洲人，而在2016年里约奥运会上，中国女排在决赛中赢得了来之不易的胜利。 The year 2022 will be another historic moment for China, as Beijing won the election to host the Winter Olympics. 2022年将是中国的又一个历史性时刻，因为北京赢得了冬季奥运会的主办权。 词句自测 trend n. 趋势，趋向 hurdle n. 跨栏赛；栏架；障碍 election n. 选举，推选；当选 to win 动词不定式短语作the first Asian的后置定语，后面while引导状语从句。 The Olympic Games bring joy and excitement to people across the world. 奥运会给全世界人民带来了欢乐和激情。 As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.” 正如顾拜旦所相信的那样，“每一代人都在庆祝奥运会的到来，庆祝生活的喜悦，庆祝对未来的信念，庆祝雄心壮志和攀登高峰的意志。” 词句自测 advent n. (重要事件、人物等的)到来，出现 faith n. 信心；宗教信仰 ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志 ascend vi.& vt. 上升，升高，登高 as 引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”。 1 participate vi. 参加，参与(教材P16) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①Last spring, I was lucky enough to be chosen to participate in a cultural exchange program. 去年春天，我非常幸运地被选中参加了一个文化交流项目。 ②We are pleased that Susan has chosen to participate with us in building great software to serve our communities. 我们非常高兴苏珊选择和我们一起开发伟大的软件来为社区服务。 ③40 of the course participants are offered employment with the company. 参加课程学习的人中有40名得到了在该公司工作的机会。 (1)单句语法填空 ①I participated ________ the Secondary School Program in Harvard last summer. ②It was my active ________ (participate) that helped me make friends in the new environment. ③The Olympics are an international sporting event with thousands of ________ (participate)． 答案：①in　②participation　③participants (2)单句表达 学生除了在学校学习，也应该参加更多的课外活动。 Besides studying at school, students ________________________ more out­of­school activities. 答案：should participate in 2 compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争(教材P16) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 ①During the singing contest, Mary competed with Helen for first prize. 在歌唱比赛中，玛丽与海伦争夺一等奖。 ②Several companies are competing for the contract. 为得到那项合同，几家公司正在竞争。 ③The best and the brightest pupils competed to demonstrate their intellectual prowess. 最出色、最聪明的学生们竞相展示他们的才智。 ④There is now intense competition between schools to attract students. 现在学校之间为了招揽生源展开了激烈竞争。 ⑤Many competitors compete in the game for the gold medal every year. 每年都有很多选手参加这个比赛角逐金牌。 (1)单句语法填空 ①The bank isn't performing as well as some of its ________ (compete)． ②Nobody can entirely keep away from this ________ (compete) world. ③We are in competition ________ four other companies for the contract. 答案：①competitors　②competitive　③with (2)单句表达 作为最小的比赛者，我必须和另外20名顶尖的学生在写作比赛中竞争以获得年度写作奖。 As the youngest ________， I had to ____________ the writing contest ____________ 20 other top students for the annual writing award. 答案：competitor; compete in; with/against 3 It was a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin, who brought the Olympics back to life. (教材P16) 是一位叫皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦的法国人使奥运会重现生机。 剖析 It was ... who ... 是强调句型，对主语a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin进行强调。 归纳 拓展 (1)It is/was ... who/that ... 是强调句型的基本结构，用来强调句子中的除谓语和定语之外的成分。被强调的部分指人时用who或that均可；指事物或状况时用that。 (2)强调句型的一般疑问句形式：Is/Was it ... that/who ... (3)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词＋was/is it＋that ... (4)该句型不能强调谓语动词，强调谓语动词要用助动词do/does/did，表示“的确，确实”；强调祈使句的谓语动词时意为“务必，一定”。 (5)It is ... that/who ... 强调句子的主语时，that或who之后的谓语动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。 ①It was in the park that I met the foreigner. 我是在公园里遇到了这个外国人。 ②It was what he said that made me angry. 是他说的话让我气愤。 ③Is it your brother who works in that company? 是你哥哥在那家公司工作吗？ ④What was it that made you change your mind? 是什么使你改变了主意？ ⑤I do hope you'll stay for lunch. 我真的希望你留下来吃午饭。 ⑥It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds. 是玛丽和汤姆经常做好事。 ⑦It is I that have been admitted by a key university. 是我被重点大学录取了。 名师点津　判断句子是否为强调句型的方法：去掉it is与that/who后，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。 It's there that the accidents often happen. 是在那里经常发生事故。(强调句型) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语正被接受为一门国际语言，这是一个事实。(主语从句) (1)单句语法填空 ①It was Mr Black ________ helped me out of trouble. ②It was only after he had read the papers ________ Mr Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete. 答案：①who/that　②that (2)单句表达 是王老师教你们英语吗？ __________________ teaches you English? 答案：Is it Mr Wang who 4 diverse adj.多种多样的，不同的(教材P16) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 ①The engineers are changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. 工程师们正在改变植物的实际组成，以便让它们发挥不同的，甚至是不寻常的功能。 ②The word is now used in a sense diverse from the original meaning. 在某种意义上说，此词现在的含义与最初的含义完全不同。 ③He has made them realize that beauty can have a diversity of forms. 他使人们认识到了美可以有多种不同的形式。 (1)单句语法填空 ①Two of our greatest strengths are ________ (diverse) and community. ②His character is diverse ________ his old brother's. 答案：①diversity　②from (2)单句表达 这座新的博物馆是个很棒的地方，你可以在那里看到种类繁多的现代艺术作品。 The new museum is a wonderful place in which you can see ____________________________． 答案：a diversity of contemporary works of art 5 motivate vt. 激励，激发；成为……的动机，是……的原因(教材P16) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①The teacher can motivate her pupils to work hard. 那位老师能激励她的学生努力学习。 ②They are motivated by a need to achieve. 对成功的渴望激励着他们。 ③A highly motivated child can learn almost anything. 一个高积极性的孩子几乎可以学会任何事情。 ④Repeated success leads to increased motivation! 不断成功使动力增加！ (1)单句语法填空 ①Soon, I became one of the top students in my class, which greatly increased my confidence and got me ________ (motivate)． ②After every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated ________ (keep) progressing. ③Given parental ________ (motivate), we are optimistic about the ability of people to change. 答案：①motivated　②to keep　③motivation (2)单句表达 ①每当我在学习上有了进步，他们就会给我买我最喜欢的书，这让我有了学习的动力。 Whenever I made progress in my studies, they bought me my favorite books, which ________________________． ②普遍认为，成功催人奋进。 It is generally accepted that ______________________________． 答案：①made me motivated to learn　②people are motivated by success 6 One such Olympian was the boxer Cassius Clay. (教材P16) 拳击手卡修斯·克莱就是这样一位奥运选手。 剖析 “数词或不定代词(no/some/any ...)＋such＋名词”结构。 归纳 拓展 (1)such作形容词，意为“那样的，这样的，如此的”。当它与数词或不定代词one, no, all, some, any, few等连用时，常置于这些词之后。 (2)such ... as ... “像……这样的……”，as在句中引导定语从句。 (3) ＋that ... 意为“如此……以至于” (4)such作代词位于句首时，句子须倒装，谓语动词的单复数由其后的名词决定。 ①I have never been to all such places of interest. 我从未去过那样的景点。 ②Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. 信不信由你，没有什么标准英语。 ③He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。 ④My younger brother is such a diligent student that he never gives up easily. 我弟弟是一个勤奋的学生，他从不轻易放弃。 ⑤Such is our monitor, who always helps others. 我们的班长就是这样一个人，他总是帮助别人。 (1)单句语法填空 ①It's said that in Brazil meals can stretch for hours—there's no such thing ________ rushing a meal. ②She is such a good teacher ________ we all like her. 答案：①as　②that (2)单句表达 但是记住这一点很有用：所有这些变化都来自科技。 But it is useful to bear in mind that ________________ come from the technology. 答案：all such changes 7 demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示　vi. 游行示威(教材P17) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①The girl began to demonstrate her new­found confidence. 这个女孩开始表现出她刚刚获得的自信。 ②Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing. 我来向你说明一下我们面临的一些困难。 ③30，000 angry farmers demonstrated against possible cuts in subsidies. 3万名愤怒的农场主示威抗议可能对农产品补贴进行的削减。 ④Wait a moment, let me give you a demonstration. 且慢，先让我做一下示范。 ⑤Hundreds of supporters held a demonstration outside the gate. 数百名支持者在门外举行示威。 (1)单句语法填空 ①Thousands of farmers from across Europe have held a huge ________ (demonstrate) in the centre of Brussels. ②In London, British protesters demonstrated earlier this year ________ their government's cost­cutting measures. 答案：①demonstration　②against (2)单句表达 在各个城市，已经有大量的群众举行示威游行要求变革。 In the cities, vast crowds have been ______________________________________． 答案：demonstrating in favour/support of change 8 proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事(或进行)；行进，前往(教材P17) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①We're not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale. 我们不确定是否还要继续减价促销。 ②He outlined his plans and then proceeded to explain them in more details. 他简单介绍了他的计划，接着又进行了较详细的解释。 ③Sobs were heard to proceed from a neighboring house. 哭声是从隔壁一栋房子里传出来的。 (1)单句语法填空 ①I proceeded ________ the mailbox, put the letter in, and came home. ②Does he then proceed ________ (make) a plan with you? ③The government was determined to proceed ________ the election. 答案：①to　②to make　③with (2)单句表达 她先说不饿，接着却要了一份大餐。 Having said she wasn't hungry, she then ______________________________． 答案：proceeded to order a big meal 9 By the time he died in 2016, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time. (教材P17) 到2016年去世时，阿里已经被认为是有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。 剖析 by the time “到……为止”，此处相当于连词，引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时，表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成”，即“过去的过去”。 归纳拓展 (1)by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来时，主句常用将来完成时，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成”。 (2)如果主句动作不强调已经完成，只是说明某个时候的状况，主句有be的系表形式或者是像know, find, believe等表示认知的持续性动词时，则往往用一般时态，不用完成时态，应根据实际需要选用适当的时态，此时by the time相当于when。 ①By the time she left college, she had been an excellent student. 到她大学毕业的时候，她已经是一个优秀的学生了。 ②By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. 到明年毕业时，我就在这里待了五年了。 ③He was out of breath by the time he reached the top. 登上顶端时，他气喘吁吁。 ④By the time you get there, the meeting will be over. 等你到那里的时候，会议就该结束了。 (1)单句语法填空 ①By the time I get home, they ________ (leave)． ②By the time he went abroad, he ________ (be) fourteen. 答案：①will have left　②was (2)单句表达 当救火车到达的时候，火已经被居民们扑灭了。 By the time the fire engine arrived, the fire ____________________ by the inhabitants. 答案：had been put out 10 applaud vt.& vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌(教材P17) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①We applaud your plan; you can go ahead with it. 我们赞同你的计划；你要为此努力。 ②They applauded him for his courage and determined to learn from him. 他们因他的勇气而称赞他，并决心向他学习。 ③She got a round of applause when she finished. 她结束的时候获得一阵掌声。 (1)单句语法填空 ①The president ________ (applaud) for his strong support of the bill. ②This speech was greeted by much laughter and ________ (applaud)． 答案：①was applauded　②applause (2)单句表达 她获得第一个胜利，一个得到公众欢呼的胜利。 She won her first victory, a victory that ____________________________． 答案：was applauded by the public 11 consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的(教材P17) 归纳拓展 ①His action is always consistent with his words. 他始终言行一致。 ②The two countries are consistent in fighting against pollution. 这两个国家在与污染作斗争上是一致的。 ③She has played with great consistency all season. 她整个赛季表现相当稳定。 (1)单句语法填空 ①The results are entirely consistent ________ our earlier research. ②We must be consistent in ________ (apply) the rules. 答案：①with　②applying (2)单句表达 这条消息与报纸上所说的是一致的。 The information ________________ what is said in the newspaper. 答案：is consistent with 12 As if that were not enough, she returned to the Olympics and won a silver medal in 2016, just two years after giving birth to her first child. (教材P17) 似乎这还不够，2016年，在生下第一个孩子两年后，她重返奥运会，并获得一枚银牌。 剖析 as if意为“好像，仿佛”，等于as though。 as if/though引导方式状语从句时，若从句为(可能)符合事实的情况，用陈述语气。 归纳拓展 as if/though引导方式状语从句时，若从句不符合事实或与事实相反，用虚拟语气： (1)表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去时(be动词用were)。 (2)表示与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)。 (3)表示与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用would/could/might do。 ①It looks as if it might snow. 看来好像要下雪了。 ②She speaks English as if/though she were a native of New York. 她讲英语好像她是一位地道的纽约人。 ③The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone. 那女孩倾听着，好像已经变成了石头似的。 名师点津　(1)as if/though还可以引导表语从句，常放在be, look, seem，sound, smell, feel等系动词之后。 (2)as if/though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语、形容词或介词短语。 (1)单句语法填空 ①He stared at me as if ________ (see) me for the first time. ②She opened her mouth as if she ________ (say) something. ③Mary's description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I ________ (be) there. 答案：①seeing　②would say　③had been (2)单句表达 他们看起来好像在找什么东西。 ____________________ they're looking for something. 答案：It looks as if/though 13 call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事(教材P17) 归纳拓展 ①At the end of last year, the school started a project that called on teachers to collect broken pieces of pottery from the countryside. 去年年底，学校启动了一个项目，请老师们从农村收集破碎的陶器碎片。 ②I called on you yesterday, but unfortunately you were out. 昨日来访，适值外出，甚憾。 ③He refused to call off the game simply because of the rain. 他拒绝仅仅因为下雨而取消比赛。 ④Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls for a clear road map and timetable. 长江经济带建设是一项系统工程，需要有明确的路线图和时间表。 名师点津　与“打电话”有关的短语 ①ring up 给……打电话 ②ring/call back 回复电话 ③ring off 挂断电话 ④give sb a ring/call 给某人打电话 ⑤hang/hold on 不挂断电话 (1)用call的相关短语填空 ①Success in school ____________ much hard work. ②They ____________ people and the government to take measures to fight against light pollution. ③The sound of happy laughter ____________ memories of his childhood. 答案：①calls for　②call on/upon　③called up (2)单句表达 因为家里有急事，所以我们不得不取消本周末在我们家举行的聚会。 We had to ________________ at our house this weekend because of a family emergency. 答案：call off the party 14 rank vi.& vt. 属于某等级，把……分等级；排列，使排成行　n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔(教材P17) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①The scenery in this area ranks among the best in my country. 这个地区的风景在我国名列前茅。 ②You'd think the carefree days of childhood would rank as most people's happiest. 你可能还一直觉得无忧无虑的童年时代是大多数人最快乐的光阴。 ③At the height of her career she ranked second in the world. 在她事业的顶峰时期，她排名世界第二位。 ④Through hard work, he eventually managed to become a student of the first rank. 通过努力，最终他成功成为最优秀的学生。 (1)单句语法填空 ①Lang Lang is ranked ________ a first­class pianist. ②Chinese calligraphy, like Chinese painting, ranks ________ the most important of traditional Chinese fine arts. 答案：①as　②among (2)句式升级(用非谓语动词改写句子) Shandong Province produced 50 million pounds of apples this year and ranked second in China. →Shandong Province produced 50 million pounds of apples this year, ______________________． 答案：ranking second in China 15 election n. 选举，推选；当选(教材P17) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 ①During his election campaign he promised to put the economy back on its feet. 在竞选活动期间他承诺要重振经济。 ②If you are an alien, you may not vote in this election. 如果你是外国人，你就不能在这次选举中投票。 ③Let's see who behaves well, then elect him as our class monitor. 大家看谁表现好就选谁当班长。 ④Increasing numbers of people elect to work at home nowadays. 现在越来越多的人选择在家上班。 名师点津　elect后表示职务的名词前通常不加冠词。 (1)单句语法填空 ①The young man has won the ________ (elect) by a narrow majority. ②And to satisfy his curiosity he had elected ________ (go) there in person. 答案：①election　②to go (2)单句表达 在这次班级选举中他被选为班长。 He ________________ monitor after ______________________． 答案：is elected as/to be; the class election 16 faith n. 信心；宗教信仰(教材P17) 归纳 拓展 ①I think the faith that everyone has shown in him has touched him. 我想每个人对他的信任感动了他。 ②If you lose faith in your own ability, nobody can really help you. 如果你对你自己的能力失去了信心，那么没有人能真正帮助你。 ③Dogs are friends of man not only because they are lovely but also because they are faithful to their master. 狗是人类的朋友，不仅因为它们可爱，而且因为它们忠实于主人。 ④He thinks the rules his mother has made are good for him, so he faithfully obeys them. 他认为他母亲制定的规则对他有益，所以他如实地遵守这些规则。 (1)单句语法填空 ①I have been a ________ (faith) reader of your newspaper for many years. ②Unless you admit your mistake to him yourself, he will lose faith ________ you completely. ③His translation manages to be faithful ________ the spirit of the original. 答案：①faithful　②in　③to (2)单句表达 虽然面临许多困难，然而我们对胜利仍充满信心。 There are a lot of difficulties in front of us, yet we still ____________________． 答案：have faith in victory 17 ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志(教材P17) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①She was a very well educated girl with a lively mind, a girl with ambition. 她是一个非常有教养、头脑活跃、有抱负的女孩。 ②The language is almost intoxicating, an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. 这本书的语言几乎是令人陶醉的，一位上了年纪的作家回顾了一个雄心勃勃却又极其简单的时代。 ③You ambitiously push him to be important. You seem to be more motivated than him. 你雄心勃勃地想推他成为重要的人，你似乎比他还用心。 (1)单句语法填空 ①He played the role of an ________ (ambition) lawyer in his latest movie. ②Originally, I ________ (ambitious) thought I'd make it a site to collect all of these tips together. ③Firstly, ________ (ambitious) plays an essential role because it serves as a driving force for people to achieve success. 答案：①ambitious　②ambitiously　③ambition (2)单句表达 一个没有抱负的人，就像一艘失去舵的船。 A man ____________ is like a ship that has lost its pilot rudder. 答案：without ambition Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子 1．These results ________ (证明) convincingly that our campaign is working. 答案：demonstrate 2．The ________ (团结) among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock. 答案：solidarity 3．He should be ________ (赞许) for his remarkable progress. 答案：applauded 4．The result of the ________ (选举) is to be announced tomorrow. 答案：election 5．The judge was praised for his courage and ________ (人道)． 答案：humanity 6．Scientists continue to push back the b________ of human knowledge. 答案：boundaries 7．The university is r________ number one in the country for engineering. 答案：ranked 8．Even though we have lost two games, we still want to p________ with this competition. 答案：proceed 9．The book provides a lot of valuable information on recent t________． 答案：trends 10．The two pictures are similar, although not i________． 答案：identical Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．She pronounced the little girl the winner of the ________ (compete)． 答案：competition 2．It's not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives, but what we do ________ (consistent)． 答案：consistently 3．I have been a ________ (faith) fan of the basketball team for many years. 答案：faithful 4．There is a need for greater ________ (diverse) and choice in education. 答案：diversity 5．The moment the scientist appeared, the students greeted him with thunderous ________ (applaud)． 答案：applause 6．Such poets as Shakespeare ________ (be) always popular, among readers. 答案：are 7．Only one third of workers said their supervisors knew what motivated them ________ (do) their best work. 答案：to do 8．Nowadays over half the population of this country participates ________ sports. 答案：in 9．He has always been ________ (ambition) and fiercely competitive. 答案：ambitious 10．China was the first country ________ (land) a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. 答案：to land Ⅲ.单句表达 1．肯尼亚人民呼吁政府出台一项新法律来保护农民的利益。 People in Kenya are ______________________________ a new law to protect the interests of farmers. 答案：calling on the government to bring in 2．李华英语说得很流利，好像英语是他的母语。 Li Hua speaks English so fluently, ____________________ his mother language. 答案：as if English were 3．运动员们在中场休息时受到教练激励，下半场打得更加起劲了。(动词­ed 形式短语作状语) ______________________________ at half­time, the players played more energetically in the second half. 答案：Motivated by their coach 4．吸引世界各地的运动员来参加奥运会的是奥运精神。(强调句型) ____________________ that attracts athletes from all over the world to participate in the Olympics. 答案：It is the Olympic spirit 5．我的意见是立即执行这个计划。(表语从句) My idea is ______________________________ immediately. 答案：that this plan should be carried out 课后课时作业(一) Ⅰ　完形填空 Recently, I have begun to do rides with a group of guys who ride professionally. The first day, I finished the ride with great 1 ， though I tried hard to keep up with one guy for most the ways. To my 2 ， I did a little better the second time. I decided to work harder to improve. Yesterday, I focused so much on my ride that I 3 the short route I usually take; 4 ，I stayed on the long route. I had never used this route, so I wasn't really sure about which 5 I should take. Thankfully, a group of four riders 6 ， and I just followed them. A few minutes later, one of the guys got a flat 7 ， and, with the help of the others, he had it changed in about a minute. After we started riding again, I noticed something 8 . The guy at the front would ride 9 for a couple of minutes, then he would move over to the side, 10 his way to the end of the line, and the guy behind him would move into the lead position. The process would 11 every few minutes. It was a lot easier than riding alone to catch up with the first rider. This time I had a great time and I think it is the fastest I've ever 12 . This made me realize how important teamwork is, and the 13 of having a great team. There's no need to worry about your falling behind others. The entire team 14 ， and so do you. You get your time to shine, and so does everyone else. You cannot get anywhere—or even make any worthwhile improvement—without a 15 . Who else will stop and help you to change your flat tire? 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过一次和别人一起组队骑行的亲身经历，认识到了团队合作的重要性。 1．A.caution B．envy C．ease D．difficulty 答案：D　根据下文“I did a little better the second time”可知，第二次作者表现得好了一些，可见作者第一次骑完全程是比较费劲的。故选D。 2．A.annoyance B．delight C．admiration D．surprise 答案：B　根据下文“did a little better”可知，作者因为自己进步的表现而感到开心。故选B。 3．A.adjusted B．found C．missed D．measured 答案：C　此处指由于作者骑车太专注，所以错过了通常走的那条短路线。故选C。 4．A.instead B．therefore C．otherwise D．still 答案：A　根据句意可知，上下文构成转折关系，故选A。 5．A.route B．direction C．side D．queue 答案：B　take a direction意为“抉择方向”。故选B。 6．A.cut in B．got through C．turned up D．ran out 答案：C　根据下文“I just followed them”可知，有人来了，于是作者跟着他们走。故选C。 7．A.battery B．stomach C．shoes D．tire 答案：D　根据下文“help you to change your flat tire”可知，此处是指车胎没气了。flat tire “车胎没气”。故选D。 8．A.illegal B．reliable C．unusual D．absurd 答案：C　根据下文内容可知，作者注意到骑行团队的一些不寻常的事情。故选C。 9．A.quickly B．slowly C．immediately D．hesitantly 答案：A　根据下文可知，那些骑车的人交替领骑，一个人迅速地骑到前面，过了一会又到了最后，再由另外一个人领骑。故选A。 10．A.giving B．making C．losing D．keeping 答案：B　make one's way意为“前往，行进”。故选B。 11．A.change B．respond C．repeat D．adapt 答案：C　根据上文的描述可知，那些骑车的人交替领骑，一个人迅速地骑到前面，过了一会又到了最后，再由另外一个人领骑，这些动作是重复的。故选C。 12．A.gone B．walked C．conducted D．flown 答案：A　根据上文可知，这种交换位置的骑法能激励其他队友赶上速度快的车手，这比一个人骑车更加轻松， 所以这是我骑车速度最快的一次。故选A。 13．A.pleasure B．profit C．intention D．value 答案：D　根据上文“how important teamwork is”可知，作者提升了对团队合作的重视程度，此处指作者意识到有一个优秀团队的价值。故选D。 14．A.conflicts B．improves C．approves D．increases 答案：B　此处表示团队与个人都在提高，与下文的“make any worthwhile improvement”相互照应。故选B。 15．A.leader B．practice C．team D．ride 答案：C　根据上文“and the 13 of having a great team”可知，此处指的是“团队”。故选C。 Ⅱ　阅读 My First Marathon (马拉松) A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead. I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first PE class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was “not athletic”． The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills! The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself. Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces (鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted! At mile 3, I passed a sign: “GO FOR IT, RUNNERS！” By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again. By mile 21, I was starving! As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 am or questioned my expenses on running. I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels (世俗标签), I can now call myself a “marathon winner”. 篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者在马拉松比赛前脚踝受伤，但他仍忍痛坚持跑完全程。作者通过自身的经历启迪人们：要做自己，并坚持不断前进，不要受限于世俗标签，就会取得成功。 1．A month before the marathon, the author ________． A．was well trained B．felt scared C．made up his mind to run D．lost hope 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，马拉松比赛前一个月，作者脚踝受伤但决心继续参加比赛。故选C。 2．Why did the author mention the PE class in his 7th year? A．To acknowledge the support of his teacher. B．To amuse the readers with a funny story. C．To show he was not talented in sports. D．To share a precious memory. 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ‘not athletic’．”可知，作者不擅长体育。由此可推知，作者提到这段经历是为了证明自己没有运动天赋。故选C。 3．How was the author's first marathon? A．He made it. B．He quit halfway. C．He got the first prize. D．He walked to the end. 答案：A　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段内容可知，作者坚持完成了马拉松比赛并获得了一枚奖章，即他成功了。故选A。 4．What does the story mainly tell us? A．A man owes his success to his family support. B．A winner is one with a great effort of will. C．Failure is the mother of success. D．One is never too old to learn. 答案：B　主旨大意题。作者通过叙述他坚持带伤跑完马拉松并在比赛中获得了奖章的故事来启迪人们：不要受限于世俗标签，坚持下去一定会取得成功。故选B。 1．inform v. 通知；告知 2．approach v. 靠近，接近 out of breath 喘不过气来，上气不接下气 Ⅲ　语法填空 Language is sometimes written as a code so that people can communicate secrets. During 1 Second World War, the German Navy (海军) used a code to send messages. The British broke the code and 2 (learn) about many German plans. The Japanese also used a code to talk to 3 (they) ships at sea. It was called the Purple Code. Although the Americans soon broke this code, the Japanese didn't know it 4 (break). In 1942, the Americans began to use their own code to send 5 (secret). A few Navajo (纳瓦霍人) Indians made this code 6 (base) on their language, which only some American Indians spoke. The code described a few things the American army did. Only they could understand this code, so they went with the army as it fought against the Japanese. These Navajo soldiers promised 7 (keep) this code a secret, even though this could cause their 8 (die). The Japanese never broke the code because they knew nothing 9 the Navajo language. And the code, 10 connected two languages, helped win the war in the Pacific. 1．________　2．________　3．________　4．________ 　5．________ 6．________　7．________　8．________　9．________　10．________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了二战时期不同国家使用的一些语言密码。 1．the　考查冠词。此处特指第二次世界大战，应用定冠词the。故填the。 2．learned/learnt　考查动词的时态。根据前文“During 1 Second World War”可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填learned/learnt。 3．their　考查代词。修饰名词ships应用形容词性物主代词。故填their。 4．had been broken　考查动词的时态和语态。根据前文“Although the Americans soon broke this code, the Japanese didn't know it”可知，美国人破解了密码，但日本人不知道密码已经被破解了。break动作发生在“didn't know”之前，设空处应用过去完成时；且根据语境可知，此处应用被动语态，故填 had been broken。 5．secrets　考查名词。根据语境可知，美国人用密码传递秘密，秘密不只一个，应用名词复数。故填secrets。 6．based　考查非谓语动词。此处指一些纳瓦霍印第安人以他们的语言为基础创造了密码。(be) based on意为“以……为基础”。故填based。 7．to keep　考查非谓语动词。promise to do sth 意为“承诺做某事”，应用动词不定式作宾语。故填to keep。 8．deaths　考查词性转换。设空处作动词cause的宾语，且被形容词性物主代词their修饰，应用名词复数。故填deaths。 9．about　考查介词。根据语境可知，他们对纳瓦霍印第安人的语言一无所知。know nothing about ... 意为“对……一无所知”。故填about。 10．which　考查定语从句的引导词。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the code, 在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。 Ⅳ　应用文写作 2022冬奥会在北京举行，奥运精神和热爱运动的精神也一直在中国传递。假如你是李华，请写一封信给你的笔友John，谈谈有关运动的话题。内容包括： 1．多运动对人们的好处； 2．举例说明你是怎么运动的。 注意：1.写作词数应为80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear John， There is no doubt that doing more exercise is helpful for us.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Yours， Li Hua [精彩范文] Dear John， There is no doubt that doing more exercise is helpful for us. As students, we can make ourselves more active and smarter by doing exercise in our daily life. Personally, I think highly of jogging because it's good for health. Take myself for example: I often jog in the playground for half an hour. Each time I finish it, I feel my body has been strengthened. It's beneficial for us to do more exercise. I hope that everyone do some sports in their spare time rather than just stay at home or bury themselves in their study. Would you like to share with me something about sports? Looking forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua 课后课时作业(二) 阅读 A All over the world people enjoy sports. Sports help to keep people healthy, happy and help them to live longer. Sports change with the season. People play different games in winter and summer. Games and sports often grow out of people's work and everyday activities. The Arabs use horses or camels in much of their everyday life; they use them in their sports, too. Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere go in for them. Football, for example, has spread around the world. Swimming is popular in all countries near the sea or in those with many rivers. Some sports or games go back to thousands of years, like running or jumping. Chinese boxing, for example, has a very long history. But basketball and volleyball are rather new. Neither one is a hundred years old yet. People are inventing new sports or games all the time. People from different countries may not be able to understand each other but after a game they often become good friends. Sports help to train a person's character. One learns to fight hard but fight fair, to win without pride and to lose with grace. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了运动的相关知识，不同运动的起源，以及运动给人们带来的好处。 1．The writer didn't tell us in this passage that ________． A．basketball was invented in America B．sports change with the season C．games and sports often grow out of people's work and everyday activities D．football is played all over the world 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段首句和第三段首句以及第四段第二句可知，B、C、D三项均有提及，而A项(篮球是在美国发明的)，文章并没有提及。故选A。 2．According to this passage, we know that ________． A．people began to play about one hundred years ago B．about 100 years ago people ran or jumped when they played C．basketball has a longer history than volleyball D．not all the games have a long history 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Some sports or games go back to thousands of years ... But basketball and volleyball are rather new.”可知，不是所有的运动都有悠久的历史。故选D。 3．People all over the world enjoy sports because ________． A．sports are interesting B．sports help to keep people healthy, happy and to live longer C．sports help to train one's character D．all of the above 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句、第四段首句以及最后一段第二句可知，D项符合语境。故选D。 1．spread v. 传播；散布 2．grace n. 体面 go back to 追溯到；回到 B Working out can help teenagers boost their grades, a new study suggests. Adolescents who routinely engaged in moderate to vigorous exercise showed long­term improvements in their academic performance, the British Journal of Sports Medicine study reported. “Our study suggests that the effect of physical activity may be quite large，” John Reilly, a professor at the University of Strathclyde said. The researchers looked at a sample of about 5，000 children who were involved in a long­term study that tracks children born in the UK between 1991 and 1992. When children reached 11 years old, their daily physical activity levels were measured using an accelerometer (加速器) for three to seven days. The device, similar to a pedometer (计步器) tracking the number of steps taken, recorded the average time children exercised, which was 29 minutes a day for boys and 18 for girls. “The actual levels of daily physical activity at age 11 were quite low，” Mr Reilly noted. The children had their academic performance tested at ages 11 and 13 with compulsory national tests for students, and also at age 15 or 16 with the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam. The tests assessed the children's abilities in English, math and science subjects. The results showed that the more children participated in moderate to vigorous physical activity, the higher their test scores were at age 11 in all three subjects. For girls, science scores were most strongly linked to exercise. When children were tested again at age 13, their academic scores were still linked to how much they had exercised when they were 11 years old. By the time the youngsters took the GCSE exam, each 17­minute­per­day increase in physical activity for the boys was linked to an improvement in their scores. Every additional 12­minute increase a day in exercise for the girls was also linked to an increased score, especially in the science category. The researchers have called for more studies to look at the possible academic benefits that could be derived if students exercised the recommended 60 minutes or more a day. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了锻炼能帮助提高青少年学习成绩的研究结果。 4．What's the study about? A．The influence of exercise on students' scores. B．The secrets of students' ranking high in class. C．The causes of students' participating in sports. D．The ways of improving students' physical conditions. 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Working out can help teenagers boost their grades, a new study suggests.”可知，这项研究是关于锻炼对青少年学习成绩的影响。故选A。 5．What is the function of the device used in the study? A．To record how long students exercise. B．To record the walking speed of students. C．To record how many steps students walk. D．To record the number of calories students consume. 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“The device, ... recorded the average time children exercised”可知，这个设备的作用是记录孩子们的运动时长。故选A。 6．What do the study's results show? A．Students at age 11 do more exercise than at other ages. B．Boys at age 13 get more benefits by doing more exercise. C．Girls' science scores are more closely related to exercise. D．More and more students do exercise to improve their scores. 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“For girls, science scores were most strongly linked to exercise.”可知，研究显示女孩子的科学成绩跟运动关系更加密切。故选C。 7．Where does the text most probably appear? A．In a storybook. B．In a fashion magazine. C．In an exercise guide. D．In a research report. 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Working out can help teenagers boost their grades, a new study suggests.(一项新的研究表明，锻炼可以帮助青少年提高成绩。)”并结合后文的研究成果可推知，本文是一篇研究报告。故选D。 1．boost v. 推动，推进 2.vigorous adj. 剧烈的 3．track v. 跟踪，追踪 4．compulsory adj. 规定的，义务的 1．work out 锻炼 2．be involved in 卷入，涉及 C My son Leon's passion for surfing began at the age of 13. Before and after school each day, he put on his wet suit, picked up his equipment, swam out beyond the surf line and waited to be challenged by his friends. One afternoon, the lifeguard reported over the phone to my husband Wilson that Leon's eye was badly injured by his board. Wilson rushed him to the emergency room, where he received 26 stitches (缝线) from the comer of his eye to the bridge of his nose. I was on an airplane flying home from a meeting while Leon's eye was being stitched. Wilson drove directly to the airport after they left the doctor's office. He greeted me at the gate and told me Leon was waiting in the car. “Leon？” I questioned. I remember thinking the waves must have been bad that day.“He's been in an accident, but he's going to be fine，” said my husband. A traveling working mother's worst nightmare had come true. I ran to the car so fast that the heel of my shoe broke off. I swung open the door, to see that my youngest son had a patch over his eye and was leaning toward me crying, “Oh, Ma, I'm so glad you're home.” I cried in his arms, telling him how awful I felt about not being there when the lifeguard called.“It's OK, Mom，” he comforted me.“You don't know how to surf anyway.” “What？” I asked, confused by his logic.“I'll be fine. The doctor says I can go back in the water in 8 days，” said my son. I wanted to tell him he wasn't allowed to go near water again until he was 35, but instead I bit my tongue and hoped he would forget about surfing. For the next 7 days he kept pressing me to let him surf again. One day after I had repeated “No” to him for the 100th time, he beat me at my own game.“Mom, you taught us never to give up what we love，” he said. And I gave in. Back then Leon was just a boy with a passion for surfing. Now he is a man with a responsibility. He ranks among the top 25 professional surfers in the world. Passionate people stick to what they love and never give up. 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者的儿子Leon(里昂)非常喜欢冲浪，在一次受伤后，作者决定不让儿子再去冲浪，但儿子对冲浪充满了激情和热爱，最终作者被儿子说服了，儿子后来成了冲浪高手。 8．How did the author feel when she knew Leon was at the airport? A．Delighted. B．Angry. C．Excited. D．Surprised. 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“‘Leon？’ I questioned. I remember thinking the waves must have been bad that day.”可推知，作者在听到丈夫说儿子在车里等着时，感到很惊讶。故选D。 9．What did Leon do after being injured? A．He still held onto his dream firmly. B．He decided to follow his mom's advice. C．He felt like the accident was a nightmare. D．He felt disappointed for being unable to surf for long. 答案：A　细节理解题。根据第六段中的“For the next 7 days he kept pressing ... I gave in.”可知，儿子一直在坚持要去冲浪，最后，作者被儿子说服了。由此可知，儿子受伤后依然坚持自己的梦想。故选A。 10．Which of the following words can best describe Leon? A．Brave and creative. B．Optimistic and reliable. C．Responsible and humorous. D．Enthusiastic and determined. 答案：D　推理判断题。根据第六段可知，Leon受伤后依然坚持自己的梦想；再根据最后一段作者对儿子的评价可推知，Leon是一个意志坚定、充满激情的人。故选D。 11．What does the author mainly want to tell us through the passage? A．Hard work will always pay off. B．It's dangerous for beginners to surf. C．We should stick to our passions whatever happens. D．Parents can't care about children's safety too much. 答案：C　推理判断题。作者开始讲述了儿子因为冲浪而受伤，但儿子不顾作者的反对依然坚持要冲浪，由此可推知，作者想要告诉我们不管发生什么事，我们都应该坚持自己的爱好。故选C。 1．passion n. 热爱，爱好 2．patch n. 眼罩 3．awful adj. 可怕的 4．comfort v. 安慰 1．come true 愿望实现 2．give in 屈服 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$