Unit 1 Science and Scientists教材助读-【状元桥·优质课堂】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（人教版2019）

UNIT SCIENCEAND SCIENTISTS 教材助读1 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 〈l〉cholera/'kolara JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA,” 约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王” n.霍乱 Cholera used to be one of the most feared 霍乱曾经是世界上 〈2)used to do sth过 去常常做某事 diseases in the world,Duntil a British doctor, 最可怕的疾病之一，直 <3>severe/si'via(r)/ John Snow,showed how it could be overcome. 到英国医生约翰·斯诺 adj.极为恶劣的：十 分严重的：严厉的 This illness causes severe diarrhoea,dehydration, 展示了如何战胜它。这 severely adv.严重 and even death.In the early 19th century,when 地；严厉地 种疾病会导致严重的腹 (4>diarrhoea/,daia'ria an outbreak of cholera hit"Europe,millions of 泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19 .腹泻 people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John 世纪初，欧洲爆发霍乱， <5>dehydration/,di:hai dreifn/.脱水 Snow became frustrated2 because no one knew 数百万人因此丧生。作 (6>outbreak n.爆发； how to prevent or treat cholera.In time,he 为一名年轻的医生，约 突然发生 rose to become a famous doctor,and even attended 〈7)hitu.攻击；进攻： 翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因 袭击 to Queen Victoria when she gave birth (8>frustrated 为没有人知道如何预防 However,he never lost his desire to destroy /frA'streitid,/adj.懊 恼的；沮丧的；失意的 cholera once and for all s. 或治疗霍乱。后来，他 frustration n.挫折 ①until引导时间状语从句，其中how it could be 成为一名著名的医生， (9>in time最后：；迟早 overcome是包含在该从句中的宾语从句 甚至在维多利亚女王分 10>rise vi.[熟词生 义]变得更加成功（或 ②because引导原因状语从句，其中how to 娩时照顾她。然而，他 重要、强大等) prevent or treat cholera是“疑问词+不定式”结 从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱 11>attend to照料 (12>give birth (to) 构作宾语。 的愿望。 生孩子 In general doctors in those days had two 总的来说，当时的 (13>once and for all 最终地；彻底地 contradictorys theories to explain how cholera 医生对霍乱的传播方式 14)in general通常； spread.One theory was that bad air caused the 有两种相互矛盾的解 总的说来 disease.Another was that cholera was caused by 释。一种理论认为，恶 <15>contradictory /.kontra'diktari/adj. an infection from germs7 in food or water. 劣的空气导致了这种疾 相互矛盾的：对立的： Snow subscribed to s the second theory.It was 病。另一种（理论）认为 不一致的 be contradictory correct,but he still needed proof.Consequently, to 霍乱是由食物或水中的 与…相矛盾 5 when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 细菌感染引起的。斯诺 contradict u.与 矛盾：反驳 1854,Snow began to investigate.He discovered 赞同第二种理论。这种 <16>infection/in'fekfn/ that in two particular streets the cholera n.感染：传染 理论是正确的，但他仍 outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people 〈17>germ/d33m/n.微 然需要证据（来证实）。 生物：细菌：病菌 died in ten days.He was determined to 2 find <18>subscribe to同 因此，当1854年伦敦爆 out why. 意；赞同 发霍乱时，斯诺开始调 subscribe/sob'skraib/ ③how cholera spread是how引导的宾语从句。 i.认购（股份）：定期 ④that引导表语从句，在从句中不作成分。 查。他发现，在两条特 订购：定期交纳（会费） ⑤when引导时间状语从句。 定的街道上，霍乱爆发 19>proof/pruf/n.证 ⑥s0that“如此…以至于…”引导结果状语从句。 非常严重，10天内就有 据；证明；检验 prove u.证明：证明是 Snow began by marking on a map the exact 500多人死亡。他决心 (20>consequently 找出原因。 adu.因此，所以 places D where all those who died had lived. 〈2l)investigate ut.调 There were multiple 2 deaths near the water 斯诺开始在地图上 查：研究 pump 25 in Broad Street especially house 〈22>particular adj.特 标出了所有死者曾经居 定的：特别的 numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some 住过的确切地点。布罗 <23>be determined to households 2)(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, 德街的水泵附近有多人 do sth决心做某事 and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no 〈24>multiple deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 死亡（尤其是16号、37 mAltipljadj.数量 Cambridge Street.They had been given free 号、38号和40号的房 多的；多种多样的 multiply v.繁殖：使 beer,and so had not drunk the water from the 子)。然而，一些家庭 相乘 pump.Snow suspected that the water pump (如布罗德街20号和21 〈25)water pump水泵 pump/pAmp/n.泵；抽 was to blame.What is more,in another 号，剑桥街8号和9号) 水机：打气筒 part of London,a woman and her daughter had 没有人死亡。这些人在 (26>household died of cholera after moving away from Broad haushould/n. 剑桥街7号的酒吧里工 Street.9 It seemed that the woman liked the 人：家庭：同住 所 water from the pump so much that she had it 作。他们有免费的啤酒 (套)房子的人 喝，所以没有饮用水泵 (27>suspect/so'spekt/ delivered to her house every day.As a result l.&.vi.怀疑；疑有； of 30 this evidence,John Snow was able to 里的水。斯诺怀疑水泵 不信任 announce 00that the pump water carried cholera (里的水)是罪魁祸首。 sAspekt:n.犯罪嫌 疑人；可疑对象 germs.Accordingly he had the handle 更重要的是，在伦敦的 (28>blame/bleim of the pump removed so that it could not be 另一个地方，一位妇女 t.把…归咎于；责 used.Through this intervention,the disease 怪；指责”.责备；指责 was stopped in its tracks. 和她的女儿从布罗德街 〈29)what is more更 ⑦where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places;who 搬走后死于霍乱。这位 重要的是：而且 〈30>as a result of由 引导定语从句，修饰all those。 妇女似乎非常喜欢（饮 于（后跟原因） ⑧that引导宾语从句。was to blame表示“负有责 用)水泵里的水，所以她 as a result结果（后 任”，不定式to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。 跟结果) 每天都让人把水送到她 〈3l>accordingly adv.因 ⑨It seemed that.…“看来…”，that引导表语从 家。根据这些证据，约 此：相应地 句：s0,that.引导结果状语从句，从句中包含 (32>handle."haendl/ 翰·斯诺能够宣布水泵 have sth done结构。 n.把手：拉手；柄t. ⑩that引导宾语从句。 里的水携带了霍乱病 处理：搬动；操纵（车 ①此句中使用了固定结构have sth done,意为 菌。因此，他让人把水 辆、动物、工具等) <33>intervention/,inta' “让/请人做某事；使某事/物被…”。s0that引 泵的把手拆掉，这样水 venfn/n.介入：出面； 导目的状语从句。 泵就不能用了。通过这 干涉 The truth was 1 that the water from the <34>infect/in fekt/ l.使感染：传染 Broad Street pump had been infected by 种干预，疾病停止扩散了。 事实上，布罗德街 ※infectious adj..传 waste.Moreover,Snow was later able to show a 染的 link 5 between other cases of cholera and the 上的水泵里的水已被废 〈35>link link n.联系； different water companies in London.Some 弃物污染了。此外，斯 纽带l.把…连接 起来：相关联 companies sold water from the River Thames 诺后来还发现了其他霍 〈36)raw/:adj.未 Bthat was polluted byawwaste.The people 乱病例与伦敦不同供水 煮的：生的；未经处理 who drank this water were much more likely 公司之间的联系。一些 的；原始的 to 3 get cholera than those who drank pure raw material原材料 公司出售泰晤士河的 〈37>be likely to do sth or boiled water. 水，这些水被未经处理 有可能做某事 ②that引导表语从句 <38>pure/pjoa (r) Bthat引导定语从句，修饰先行词water。 的废物污染了。喝这种 aj.干净的：纯的： who引导定语从句，修饰先行词the people。 水的人比喝纯净水或白 纯粹的 pure water纯净水 ⑤who引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。 开水的人更易得霍乱。 39>tireless adj.不 Through Snow's tireless 9)efforts,water 通过斯诺的不懈努 知疲倦的 companies began to sell clean water,and the 力，供水公司开始销售 (40>substantial/sab threat of cholera around the world saw 清洁水，世界各地的霍 sten1/adj.大量的： 价值巨大的：重大的 substantial decrease.However,cholera is 乱威胁大幅减少。然 (41>decrease/di:kri:s/ 而，霍乱仍然是一个问 n.减少：降低：减少 still a problem.Each year,millions of people 题。每年，世界各地有 量/d'kris/t.&.vi. around the world get cholera and many die from 数百万人感染霍乱，许 (使大小、数量等)减 it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent 少；减小：降低 多人因此死亡。幸运的 (42>thanks to幸亏；由于 cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow. 是，多亏了约翰·斯诺 (43)statistic/sta'tistik/ Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics 43, 的努力，我们现在知道 n.[pl.]统计数字；统 了如何预防霍乱。此 计资料：统计学 Snow transformed the way scientists study 外，通过使用地图（标 <44>transform/traensfom/ diseases.For this reason,Snow is considered the .使改观：使改变形 注)和统计数据，斯诺改 father of modern epidemiology 态i.改变；转变 变了科学家研究疾病的 (45>epidemiology/.epr ⑥“疑问词十不定式”结构作know的宾语。 方式。因此，斯诺被认为 di:miol3dsi/n.流行病学 ⑦此处为省略引导词that/in which的定语从句。 是“现代流行病学之父”。 教材助读2 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 <1>aerospace/eorauspers THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE 中国航天之父 .航空航天工业 Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater 也许再没有哪一位 (2>have an impact on impact on 2 China's aerospace science than Qian 科学家比钱学森对中国 对…有影响 Xuesen.DDescribed by the authors of the Story 3>patriotic/pertrintik/ 航天科学的影响更大 of Qian Xuesen as a man with "great scientific adj.爱国的 thought and scientific spirit"who was patriotic 了。《钱学森的故事》一 patriot n.爱国者 and served his homeland with effort,achievement, 书作者称钱学森为一位 (4)devotion n.奉献， and devotion Qian was an extremely well- 具有“伟大科学思想和 献身：忠诚：热爱 respected 5 man. 科学精神”的爱国主义 <5>well-respected ①过去分词短语described by…作状语，在此状语 者，他以自己的努力、成 adj.受人尊敬的 中包含who引导的定语从句who was patriotic. 就和奉献为祖国服务， 〈6>attend school上学 devotion.。同时介词短语with“great scientific”作 (7>mechanical 是一位非常受人尊敬 定语，修饰aman。 'm3 kaenikl/ad.机械 的人。 的：发动机的：机器的 2Born in Hangzhou in 1911,Qian attended 钱学森1911年出生 mechanic/ma'kaenik/ schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical 于杭州，在北京上学，之 机械师：机械修理工 〈8>switch...to…把… Engineering.However,after the Songhu Battle 后进入上海交通大学学 转换到… broke out in 1932,Qian made the decision to 习铁路机械工程。然 <9>aviation/,eivi'erfn/ switch his major tos aviation3 because he 而，在1932年淞沪会战 n.航空制造业：航空； realised that China needed its own powerful air 爆发后，钱学森决定转 飞行 force to protect and defend the country. 学航空专业，因为他意 10)air force空军 ②Born in Hangzhou in 19911是过去分词短语作 识到中国需要强大的空 <11>defend/dr'fend/ 状语。 军来保护和保卫自己。 t.保卫；防守；辩解 ③此处because引导原因状语从句，其中that引 钱学森于1935年赴 〈12)pursue graduate 导宾语从句，宾语从句中不定式to protect…作目 美攻读研究生。在20世 studies攻读研究生 的状语 (13>over the course Qian went to the United States in 1935 4to 纪30年代和40年代，钱 of在……期间 pursue his graduate studies.Over the course 学森成为美国喷气式飞 〈14>a pioneer in…方 of the 1930s and 1940s,Qian became a pioneer 机和火箭技术的先驱。 面的带头人/先驱先锋 in American jet and rocket technology.As a 20世纪30年代，作为加 15)jetd3et/n.喷气 graduate assistant at the California Institute of 州理工学院的研究生助 式飞机 Technology during the 1930s,Qian helped conduct 理，钱学森协助参与了 〈16>assistant asistant/ 火箭推进领域的重要研 n.助理，助手adj.副 important research into rocket propulsion,and 究。并且在20世纪40 的，助理的 in the 1940s,he and several other people founded 年代，他和其他几个人 (17>conduct research the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,5 now one of 建立了喷气推进实验 into.on从事…的 NASA's leading space-exploration centres. 室，现在这个实验室是美 研究 ④此处不定式作目的状语。 国国家航空航天局重要的 (18>propulsion ⑤此处是同位语，对Jet Propulsion Laboratory进 太空探索中心之一。 /pro'pAl.∫anfn.推进； 行解释说明。 在美国的最后几 推动力 After overcoming some difficulties during 年，钱学森克服了一些 〈19)leading adj.最 his final few years in the US,Qian returned to 困难后，于1955年回到 重要的；一流的 China in 1955.He received a hero's welcome from 中国。他受到了来自祖 〈20)in charge of主 his homeland and was put in charge of 26not 国的对待英雄般的欢 管；掌管 only developing China's rocket science but also 迎。他不仅负责发展中 in the charge of由… its space and missile programme.At that time, 国的火箭科学，还负责 负责：由…掌管 (21>missile/misail China was poor and its rocket science was 太空和导弹计划。当 时，中国经济条件不好， n.导弹 undeveloped No institute or university in 火箭技术也不发达。中 〈22>undeveloped China offered rocket science as a major,and 国没有任何学院或大学 adj.不发达的：未开 there were no talents or experts in this field in 开设火箭科学专业，也 发的 China.Nevertheless,Qian did not let that discourage 没有这方面的人才或专 <23>discourage sb from him from taking 2 on the challenge 2.When 家。尽管如此，钱学森 doing sth阻碍某人 asked "Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?", 并没有因此而放弃接受 做某事 his reply was a determined "Why not?We 挑战。当被问及“我们 <24)take on决定做； Chinese are able to make the same things that 中国人可能造出导弹 承担（责任） other people make..” 吗？”他的回答是坚定 take on the challenge 接受挑战 ⑥not only…but also…连接两个并列成分作介词 的：“为什么不能呢？我 们中国人能造出和别人 <25>leadership li:dofip/ of的宾语。not only…but also…不仅…而 (造的)一样的东西。” .领导；领导地位：领 且… ⑦此处可视为状语从句的省略形式。 在钱学森的领导 导才能 下，中国研发了“东风” under one's leadership Under Qian's leadership 25,China developed 导弹，随后是第一代“长 在某人的领导下 the Dongfeng missiles,8 followed by the first 征”火箭。1970年，中国 (26)launch.发射 generation of Long March rockets.In 1970, (导弹、火箭等)；发起 成功地用“长征”火箭发 China successfully launched 2 its first man-made 射了第一颗人造卫星 launch its first man- satellite,Dong Fang Hong I,from a Long made satellite发射 “东方红一号”。“神舟” March rocket.Because much of the technology 第一颗人造卫星 飞船运载火箭背后的许 〈27)trace/,treis/t.追 behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced 2 多技术也都可以追溯到 back to Qian's research,Qian earned the name of 钱学森的研究，因此钱 溯；追踪；查出 n,痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 “the father of China's aerospace”, 学森赢得了“中国航天 trace back to追溯到 ⑧过去分词短语作定语，修饰missiles。 之父”的称号。 <28>knowledgeable Qian read a lot and was extremely 钱学森博览群书， adj.知识渊博的；有 knowledgeable,especially in the area of 知识渊博，尤其是在前 见识的 frontier science research 2.However,what 沿科学研究领域。然 〈29>in the area of 而，使他成为如此杰出 might have made him such an outstanding 3 and frontier science research 和富有创造力的科学家 creative scientist was probably his strong interest 的原因，可能是他对其 在前沿科学研究领域 in other things,such as music and drawing.His 他事物都抱有的浓厚兴 (30>outstanding /aot staendin/ad.优秀的： deep appreciation for art often gave him 趣，如音乐和绘画。他对 杰出的：明显的 inspiration in his scientific research. 艺术的深刻见解常常给他 的科学研究带来灵感。 <31>deep appreciation ⑨what引导主语从句，what在从句中作主语 2009年10月31 for非常了解… On 31 October 2009,the whole country was 日，钱学森去世，举国上 32)sadden vt..使悲 saddened s by Qian's death,and people honoured 下悲痛不已，人们用不 伤（常用于被动语态） and remembered him in different ways. 同的方式纪念他 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 (1>come down患（病）： A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT 一个思想纯粹的世界 染上（小病） Stephen Hawking was one of the most 斯蒂芬·霍金是物 famous and gifted scientists in physics.Most 理学界最著名和最有天 (2>abstract/'aebstraekt/ people are familiar with images of him in his 赋的科学家之一。大多 ad.抽象的；理性的 wheelchair,unable to move and Dusing a computer to 数人都对他坐在轮椅上 m.(文献等的)摘要 talk.2Since he came down with a disease which 无法移动，只能用电脑 /eb'straekt/vt.提取， caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles. 说话的画面很熟悉。自 抽取，分离：写（书等 his world became one of abstract"thought. 从患了一种使他失去大 ①现在分词短语与unable to move并列作定语， 部分肌肉功能的疾病 的)摘要 修饰images of him。 后，他的世界就变成了 〈3)steady/tedi/adj.稳 ②本句是主从复合句。since he came…是since 一个抽象的思想世界。 定的：平稳的：稳步的 引导的时间状语从句，在此从句中又包含which 霍金第一次出名是 steadily ad.稳定地； 引导的定语从句，修饰a disease。 在1964年，当时他还是 稳固地 Hawking first achieved fame when he was 剑桥大学物理系的研究 still healthy enough to walk,as a graduate 生，身体还足够健康能 <4>concept/'kpnsept student in physics at Cambridge University in 走路。一般来说，关于 n.概念：观念 1964.In general,there were two main theories 宇宙的起源有两种主要 <5>question and answer on the origin of the universe.The first was the 的理论。第一个是宇宙 period问答环节 steady state theory,3 which holds that the 恒稳态理论，该理论认 (6>maths n.[熟词生 universe has no beginning or end.The other was 为宇宙没有起点和终 the big bang theory,which holds that the 点。另一个理论是大爆 义]运算；计算 universe began at a single point in time and 炸宇宙论，该理论认为 〈7)correct vt.改正 space.The biggest champion of the steady state 宇宙始于时间和空间的 <8>astronomer concept was Fred Hoyle,⑤a professor a则 某个单点。剑桥大学教 /s'stronama(r)/u.天 Cambridge.During the question and answer 授雷德·霍伊尔是宇宙 文学家 period s after one of Hoyle's lectures,Hawking 恒稳态理论的最大支持 stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a 者。在霍伊尔的一次讲 astronomy/astrpnomi/ mistake in his maths.6Once the maths6>was 座结束后的问答环节 n.天文学 corrected it showed that the big bang theory-and 中，霍金站了起来，指出 astronaut n.宇航员 not the steady state theory-was true. Hawking's 霍伊尔在计算中犯了一 <9>telescope/teliskaup/ own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by 个错误。一旦该计算问 n.望远镜 astronomers with telescopes.A star was born. 题得到修正，它就证明 ③which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the <10>besides/bI'saidz 大爆炸宇宙论才是正确 steady state theory. 的，而不是宇宙恒稳态 prep.除…之外（还） ④which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the 理论。霍金自己对大爆 adu.而且；此外 big bang theory。 炸宇宙论的研究很快就 <11>brilliant /briliant/ ⑤a professor at Cambridge作Fred Hoyle的同位语。 被天文学家用望远镜证 a.聪颖的；绝妙的； ⑥此处once引导时间状语从句，主句中that引导 实了。一颗星星诞生了。 宾语从句。 明亮的 那么，是什么让史 So,what made Stephen Hawking a genius? 蒂芬·霍金成为一个天 brilliance n.才华；光辉 Besides being brilliant,he was brave,though 才的呢？除了聪明以 <12>be willing to do sometimes careless in what he said or did.He was 外，他还很勇敢，虽然有 sth愿意做某事 willing to say 28 what others were afraid to 时说话或做事很粗心。 (13>furthermore say,and to dream of what others were afraid 他愿意说别人不敢说的 to dream about.Furthermore,he was quite /faòamo:(r)/adu.此 话，想别人不敢想的东 determined.This had helped him as a scientist, 西。此外，他很坚定。 外：再者 and had helped him even more in his fight against 这对他作为一名科学家 14>above all最重要 his disease.Above all,Hawking was willing 很有帮助，而且对他与 的是：尤其是 to admit his faults5.This odd combination of 疾病作斗争的帮助更 characteristics had made him one of the greatest 15)fault/flt/n.弱 大。最重要的是，霍金愿 thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 点：过错 意承认自己的错误。这 ⑦句中though后省略了he was。.what引导宾语 些特征的奇怪组合使他 find fault with挑剔； 从句，作介词in的宾语。 成为20世纪和21世纪 批评：抱怨 ⑧此处what引导宾语从句。 最伟大的思想家之一。 ⑨what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。 UNIT BRIDGING CULTURES 教材助读3 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 1>build a bridge架 “WELCOME,XIE LEI!” “欢迎，谢蕾！” 起桥梁 BUSINESS STUDENT BUILDING BRIDGES 商科学生架起沟通桥梁 bridge n.桥梁：纽带 Six months ago,19-year-old Xie Lei said 六个月前，19岁的 〈2>say goodbye to goodbye to her family and friends and boarded 向…告别 谢蕾告别家人和朋友， a plane for London.DIt was the first time that 〈3)board a plane登 登上飞往伦敦的飞机。 she had left China."I was very excited but also 上飞机 quite nervous.I didn't know 2what to expect," 这是她第一次离开中 (4>recall/rI'ko:l/ut. Xie Lei recalled. 国。“我很兴奋，但也很 &vi.记起：回想起 DThis/It is/was the first/...+time+that...+ 紧张。我不知道会发生 〈5>qualification /kwplifr'keifn/n.(通 have/had done.这是某人第一/…次做… 什么，”谢蕾回忆道。 过考试或学习课程取 ②what to expect是“疑问词十不定式”结构，作 谢蕾正在中国一所 得的)资格：学历 know的宾语。 大学攻读商科学位，并 qualify/'kwplifal/ot. Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification 来到我校进行为期一年 &.i.（使)具备资格： at a university in China and has come to our 的交换生项目。“我选 (使)合格 university on a year-long exchange programme."I 6