2025届高三英语一轮复习外刊改编语法填空题百日Day 15 & Day 16

原创外刊改编语法填空题打卡Day 15 We now know why we mess up when the stakes are high The prospect of a reward usually motivates us to perform better, but a particularly big one can have the opposite effect ——like losing at a penalty shoot-out. Now, researchers have identified a potential brain mechanism that may cause us to choke under pressure. In 2021, Adam Smoulder at Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, and his colleagues showed that non-human primates can also fail to carry out a task when it seemingly matters _____1______ (much). The researchers trained three rhesus monkeys to perform a difficult reaching task in return _____2______ a reward——sugary water——and found that they performed worst when the reward was most plentiful. To better understand why this happens, the same researchers trained a different group of rhesus monkeys to reach for a small moving target, which required fast and accurate movements, in exchange for different quantities of sugary water. They used microelectrodes to record the activity of neurons in the animals’ motor cortex, the brain region _____3______ plans and executes movements. The team found that individual cells in this region were sensitive to the size of the expected reward and “tuned” their responses accordingly – increasing their activity in anticipation of larger rewards and decreasing it _____4______ they expected smaller ones. When looking at the coordinated activity of the region’s cells, the researchers also found neural “signatures” for planned movements, with each of the monkeys’ upcoming reaches being associated with a distinct pattern of neural activity that corresponded to planning the execution of the movement. But when the monkeys expected a jackpot reward, the difference between the signatures for each planned reach movement decreased dramatically. The movement planning information that was encoded in the cell population broke down, making the patterns that _____5______ (associate) with each possible movement harder to distinguish from one another. This suggests that reward-related information interacts with the formation of motor command signals in the motor cortex, say the researchers. The anticipation of a reward therefore appears _____6______ (boost) our motor planning so that we execute the best possible movement to achieve this prize, but the expectation of a huge reward seems to interfere with this process, making _____7______ harder to select the best motor command. _____8______ (consequence), the movement may not be prepared, or executed, as well as it could be. Why this occurs, however, is unclear. “We’d really love to find out if it’s the dopamine —a neurotransmitter _____9______ (involve) in pleasurable rewards and motivation—system going haywire that throws the motor cortex off balance at the key moment,” says study author Aaron Batista at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The researchers expect that _____10______ similar neurological mechanism occurs in people. “Monkeys choke under pressure in ways similar to how humans do, and the cerebral cortices of monkeys and humans are similar,” says Batista. With further research, the results may point to ways that we could one day warn people if they may be about to underperform while stressed, he says. “It is tantalising to think that if we could eventually find some signature of (choking under pressure using) mobile imaging, we could inform people of whether or not they are likely to choke,” says Batista. We now know why we mess up when the stakes are high The prospect of a reward usually motivates us to perform better, but a particularly big one can have the opposite effect ——like losing at a penalty shoot-out. Now, researchers have identified a potential brain mechanism that may cause us to choke under pressure. In 2021, Adam Smoulder at Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, and his colleagues showed that non-human primates can also fail to carry out a task when it seemingly matters most (much). The researchers trained three rhesus monkeys to perform a difficult reaching task in return for a reward——sugary water——and found that they performed worst when the reward was most plentiful. To better understand why this happens, the same researchers trained a different group of rhesus monkeys to reach for a small moving target, which required fast and accurate movements, in exchange for different quantities of sugary water. They used microelectrodes to record the activity of neurons in the animals’ motor cortex, the brain region which/that plans and executes movements. The team found that individual cells in this region were sensitive to the size of the expected reward and “tuned” their responses accordingly – increasing their activity in anticipation of larger rewards and decreasing it when they expected smaller ones. When looking at the coordinated activity of the region’s cells, the researchers also found neural “signatures” for planned movements, with each of the monkeys’ upcoming reaches being associated with a distinct pattern of neural activity that corresponded to planning the execution of the movement. But when the monkeys expected a jackpot reward, the difference between the signatures for each planned reach movement decreased dramatically. The movement planning information that was encoded in the cell population broke down, making the patterns that were associated (associate) with each possible movement harder to distinguish from one another. This suggests that reward-related information interacts with the formation of motor command signals in the motor cortex, say the researchers. The anticipation of a reward therefore appears to boost (boost) our motor planning so that we execute the best possible movement to achieve this prize, but the expectation of a huge reward seems to interfere with this process, making it harder to select the best motor command. Consequently (consequence), the movement may not be prepared, or executed, as well as it could be. Why this occurs, however, is unclear. “We’d really love to find out if it’s the dopamine —a neurotransmitter involved (involve) in pleasurable rewards and motivation—system going haywire that throws the motor cortex off balance at the key moment,” says study author Aaron Batista at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The researchers expect that a similar neurological mechanism occurs in people. “Monkeys choke under pressure in ways similar to how humans do, and the cerebral cortices of monkeys and humans are similar,” says Batista. With further research, the results may point to ways that we could one day warn people if they may be about to underperform while stressed, he says. “It is tantalising to think that if we could eventually find some signature of (choking under pressure using) mobile imaging, we could inform people of whether or not they are likely to choke,” says Batista. 我们为什么会在重要的时刻会失误？ 一般来说，期待奖励会激励我们表现得更好，但过大的奖励可能会产生相反的效果——比如在点球大战中失利。现在，研究人员已经发现了一种可能导致我们在压力下发挥失常的潜在脑机制。 2021年，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的亚当·斯莫尔德和他的同事们发现，非人类灵长类动物也可能在看似最重要的任务中失败。研究人员训练了三只恒河猴，让它们完成一项困难的伸手动作，以获得奖励——含糖水。结果发现，当奖励最多时，它们的表现最差。 为了更好地理解为什么会出现这种情况，同样的研究人员训练了另一组恒河猴去触碰一个小型移动目标，这需要快速准确的动作，并以不同量的含糖水作为奖励。他们使用微电极来监测动物运动皮层神经元的活动，这个脑区负责规划和执行动作。 研究团队发现，这个脑区的部分细胞对预期奖励的大小很敏感，并相应地地“调整”它们的反应——预期奖励越大，活动就越增加；预期奖励越小，活动就越减少。当观察到这个脑区细胞的协调活动时，研究人员还发现了计划动作的神经“特征”，每只猴子即将伸手的动作都对应着一种独特的神经活动模式，这对应于计划执行动作。 但是，当猴子期待获得头奖奖励时，计划不同伸手动作的神经活动模式之间的差异显著减少。神经细胞群中编码的动作计划信息被破坏了，导致与各种可能动作相关的模式更难以区分。研究人员指出，这表明与奖励相关的信息与大脑运动皮层中的运动指令信号的形成发生了相互作用。 因此，对奖励的期待似乎可以增强我们的动作规划，使我们执行最佳动作以获得奖励，但是，对巨大奖励的期望似乎会干扰这个过程，让我们难以选择最佳的动作命令。所以，这个动作可能没有准备好，或者没有执行好。 这种情况为什么会发生还不清楚。研究报告的作者之一、匹兹堡大学的亚伦·巴蒂斯塔表示：“我们非常想知道，是否是多巴胺系统（一种与愉悦奖励和动作有关的神经递质）失控了，导致在关键时刻运动皮层的平衡被打破了”。研究人员认为人类身上也有类似的神经机制。巴蒂斯塔表示：“猴子在压力下也会像人类一样发挥失常，猴子和人类的大脑皮层相似”。 他说，通过进一步的研究，这些结果可能会指出一些方法，让我们有朝一日能够在人们压力下可能表现不佳之前提醒他们。巴蒂斯塔说：“如果我们能够最终利用移动成像技术找到压力下失误的某种标志，那就太令人心动了。这样我们就能告诉人们他们是否有可能会失误”。 生词积累 prospect n. 展望；前景；希望；前途 mechanism n. 机制；机械装置；方法；机件 choke v. （因紧张等而）失败，失灵，失去作用；阻塞；哽噎 plentiful adj. 大量的；众多的；充足的；丰富的 execute v. 执行；实施；实行；处死 anticipation n. 预期；期望；预计；预料 coordinate v. 协调；使协调；使相配合 encode v. 把…译成电码（或密码）；把…编码；把…译成外语 interact v. 相互作用；交流；相互影响；沟通 interfere v. 干涉；干预；介入 tantalizing adj. 挑逗性的；逗引性的； 原创外刊改编语法填空题打卡Day 16 The Nursing Workforce Needs More Men In less than two years, the US could face a shortage of up to 450,000 nurses. The health-care system won’t be able to fill this gap with half the potential workforce on the sidelines: More must be done to recruit men into nursing. Currently, nurses ______1______ (comprise) about 12% of men, up from less than 3% in 1970. Boosting their number would not only ease shortages, ______2______ offer a pathway to good jobs for a demographic that has been exiting the workforce in alarming numbers in recent years. Employment growth in some traditionally male sectors, such as manufacturing, has all but vanished. Yet men traditionally haven’t entered nursing because, much like teaching, it’s stigmatized as a female profession — the term “male nurse” is a case in point. Men in nursing tend to be career-switchers, and often include former members of the military, police officers and firefighters. ______3______ short, they are mainly civic-minded workers drawn to the six-figure salaries, career progression and flexible schedules, with the added bonus of not having to sit behind a desk. Recruiting more of them could have pronounced benefits. Ample research suggests that ______4______(diverse) in the health-care workforce improves care. Studies have shown that visits are longer and patients are more satisfied when they share the same race or ethnicity as their provider, which can have a cascade of positive ______5______(effect) including improved communication, deeper trust and stricter adherence to medical advice. Evidence that patients prefer same-gender providers is also starting to emerge. The needs among the patient population can’t be overstated. Native American, Black and Hispanic men experienced the biggest declines in life expectancy during the pandemic and remain among the least represented demographics in the nursing workforce. Male school nurses (and teachers) are also at the frontlines of a burgeoning teen mental-health crisis: Adolescent boys are both less likely to seek treatment and ______6______(likely) to die by suicide. The American Psychological Association has long identified the need for gender-specific care for teen boys, ______7______ might have a harder time ______8______(confide) in women. Although addressing the nursing shortage has strong bipartisan support, increasing male representation has been largely absent from discussions. That’s a mistake. To start, lawmakers should follow the tested model of encouraging women in STEM. Recent legislation, for example, directed the National Science Foundation to channel more of its K-12 funding to elementary and pre-K-age students to encourage STEM careers earlier in the pipeline. Some nursing schools engage middle- and high-schoolers in their communities to reduce stigma and highlight nursing as a viable career path; they should make every effort to include male faculty and nursing students as role models. Although it might prove politically unpalatable, targeting scholarship funding and loan-forgiveness programs to male nursing students would also make sense. Of course, men aren’t immune to the broader forces driving the nursing shortage. In particular, nursing schools are so resource-strapped that they turn thousands of qualified ______9______(apply) away each year. State and federal efforts to boost the number of nursing instructors, increase stipends (and forgive loans) for doctoral students, and broaden access to training facilities (in person or online) need ______10______ (accelerate). Yet a renewed focus on recruiting men can only help. Bringing men to parity in the field would add some 3.5 million nurses today. Hitting even a fraction of that figure would be a significant milestone and improve the lives of millions of Americans. It’s a long-term investment the industry can justify. The Nursing Workforce Needs More Men In less than two years, the US could face a shortage of up to 450,000 nurses. The health-care system won’t be able to fill this gap with half the potential workforce on the sidelines: More must be done to recruit men into nursing. Currently, nurses are comprised (comprise) about 12% of men, up from less than 3% in 1970. Boosting their number would not only ease shortages, but offer a pathway to good jobs for a demographic that has been exiting the workforce in alarming numbers in recent years. Employment growth in some traditionally male sectors, such as manufacturing, has all but vanished. Yet men traditionally haven’t entered nursing because, much like teaching, it’s stigmatized as a female profession — the term “male nurse” is a case in point. Men in nursing tend to be career-switchers, and often include former members of the military, police officers and firefighters. In short, they are mainly civic-minded workers drawn to the six-figure salaries, career progression and flexible schedules, with the added bonus of not having to sit behind a desk. Recruiting more of them could have pronounced benefits. Ample research suggests that diversity (diverse) in the health-care workforce improves care. Studies have shown that visits are longer and patients are more satisfied when they share the same race or ethnicity as their provider, which can have a cascade of positive effects (effect) including improved communication, deeper trust and stricter adherence to medical advice. Evidence that patients prefer same-gender providers is also starting to emerge. The needs among the patient population can’t be overstated. Native American, Black and Hispanic men experienced the biggest declines in life expectancy during the pandemic and remain among the least represented demographics in the nursing workforce. Male school nurses (and teachers) are also at the frontlines of a burgeoning teen mental-health crisis: Adolescent boys are both less likely to seek treatment and more likely (likely) to die by suicide. The American Psychological Association has long identified the need for gender-specific care for teen boys, who might have a harder time confiding (confide) in women. Although addressing the nursing shortage has strong bipartisan support, increasing male representation has been largely absent from discussions. That’s a mistake. To start, lawmakers should follow the tested model of encouraging women in STEM. Recent legislation, for example, directed the National Science Foundation to channel more of its K-12 funding to elementary and pre-K-age students to encourage STEM careers earlier in the pipeline. Some nursing schools engage middle- and high-schoolers in their communities to reduce stigma and highlight nursing as a viable career path; they should make every effort to include male faculty and nursing students as role models. Although it might prove politically unpalatable, targeting scholarship funding and loan-forgiveness programs to male nursing students would also make sense. Of course, men aren’t immune to the broader forces driving the nursing shortage. In particular, nursing schools are so resource-strapped that they turn thousands of qualified applicants (apply) away each year. State and federal efforts to boost the number of nursing instructors, increase stipends (and forgive loans) for doctoral students, and broaden access to training facilities (in person or online) need to be acceleated/accelerating (accelerate). Yet a renewed focus on recruiting men can only help. Bringing men to parity in the field would add some 3.5 million nurses today. Hitting even a fraction of that figure would be a significant milestone and improve the lives of millions of Americans. It’s a long-term investment the industry can justify. 护理人员需要更多的男性 不到两年后，美国或将缺少高达45万名护士。如果有一半的潜在劳动力被排除在外，那么医疗保健系统将无法填补这个空缺：因此，必须加大力度吸引男性从事护理工作。 男性护士目前占总数的12%，而1970年时只有不到3%。增加男性护士的比例不仅能缓解护理人员的短缺，还能为近年来大量退出劳动力市场的人群提供一条通向好工作的途径。在一些传统的男性主导的行业，比如制造业，就业增长几乎消失了。 然而，传统上男性并不愿意从事护理工作，因为这个行业像教师一样被贴上了女性职业的标签——在这一点上“男护士”这个词就是个例子。从事护理工作的男性往往是转行者，他们中有不少是前军人、警察和消防员。简而言之：他们是有社会责任感的员工，被高达六位数的薪水、职业发展和灵活的工作时间所吸引，而且还有一个额外的好处，就是不用坐在办公桌后面。 患者群体的需求不容忽视。在疫情期间，美国原住民、黑人和西班牙裔男性的预期寿命下降最多，并且在护理工作中，这些族裔的男性也是最缺乏代表性的人群。男性校医和教师也处于一个日益严重的青少年心理健康危机的前沿：青少年男孩不仅很少寻求治疗，而且更有可能自杀。美国心理协会早就认识到了为青少年男孩提供针对性别的护理的必要性，因为他们可能更难向女性倾诉心事。 尽管解决护理人员短缺问题得到了两党的强烈支持，但增加该行业中男性的比例却很少被提及。这是错误的。首先，立法者应该借鉴鼓励女性从事STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)的经验。例如，最近的一项立法指示美国国家科学基金会将更多的K-12资金用于小学和学前教育阶段的学生，以鼓励他们尽早选择STEM职业。 一些护理学校在社区中吸引初高中学生，以消除对护理的偏见，并突出护理是一条有前途的职业道路；他们应该尽最大努力让男性教师和护理学生成为榜样。虽然这在政治上可能不太受欢迎，但是针对男性护理专业学生提供奖学金和贷款减免项目也是合理的。 当然，男性也无法摆脱导致护理人员短缺的更广泛的影响因素。尤其是护理学校的资源非常匮乏，每年都要拒绝数千名有资格的申请者。州和联邦政府需要加快推进增加护理指导教师的数量，提高博士生的津贴(并减免贷款)，扩大培训设施(现场或在线)的获取渠道。 然而，重新关注招募男性只会对该行业有所裨益。使男性在该行业获得平等地位，如今将使其增加约350万名护士。即使实现其中一小部分，也将是一个重要的里程碑，改善数百万美国人的生活。这是一项行业可以合理解释的长期投资。 生词积累 on the sidelines 事情就在眼前上演；在场外；作为旁观者 recruit v. 吸收（新成员）；征募（新兵）；动员…（提供帮助） comprise v. 组成；构成；包括；包含 vanish v. 销声匿迹；(突然)消失；隐没；完全消失 stigmatize v. 使感到羞耻；侮蔑 civic-minded adj. 有公德心的；热心公益的；有市民意识的 pronounced adj. 显著的；很明显的；表达明确的 ethnicity n. 民族性；种族渊源；种族特点 overstate v. 夸大；夸张；言过其实 burgeon v. 激增；迅速发展 suicide n. 自杀；自杀性行为；自毁；自取灭亡的行为 confide v. （向某人）吐露（秘密、隐私等） elementary adj. 初级的；基础的；基本的；简单的 pipeline n. 渠道；(地下)管道；传递途径；酝酿中 stigma n. 耻辱；羞耻；（花的）柱头 unpalatable adj. 令人不快的；难以接受的；难吃的；不可口的 immune adj. 有免疫力；不受影响；受保护；免除 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$