专题03【5•1】阅读理解之说明文讲练测（5年高考真题8篇+1年江苏名校模拟20篇）-2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)

2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用) 专题03【5•1】阅读理解之说明文讲练测 （5年高考真题8篇+1年江苏名校模拟20篇）原卷版 目录 5年高考真题细目 1 满分作答解题妙招 2 5年高考真题演练8篇 5 1年江苏名校模拟20篇 12 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 ( 5 年 高考 真题考点细目 ) 2020-2024江苏高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 典型题 2024新课标I卷D 364+122 人与自然 引导公民参与生物多样性拍照片 35项目建议题 2023新课标I卷C 322+107 人与社会 倡导数字极简主义生活方式优点 32活动建议题 2023新课标I卷D 338+112 人与社会 介绍“群体智慧”效应含义和作用 35态度推断题 2022新课标I卷B 344+130 人与社会 介绍为解决食物零浪费采取措施 27项目建议题 2022新课标I卷C 299+131 人与社会 减少孤独改善老年人健康的项目 30短语猜测题 2022新课标I卷D 339+153 人与社会 饮食变化文化进化影响语音发展 34主旨大意题 2021新课标I卷C 301+127 人与自然 讲述发行联邦鸭票保护水禽基地 31标题概括题 2020新课标I卷D 321+131 人与社会 伙伴和饮食习惯影响食物摄入量 32主旨大意题 ( 说明 文 满分 作答解题 妙招 ) 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构 特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。两类文章，通常都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点，目的是帮助读者明白“为什么是这样”。 事物说明文一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、作对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响；事物说明文通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。 3. 设题特点 就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点 科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 其次，科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理以及最新科学技术进步，文中易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现词义猜测题，提问形式为：What does the underlined word/phrase…in paragraph…mean/refer to? 5.语篇模式 二、说明方法 1. 罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习： There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2. 举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3. 比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4. 定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5. 顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6. 分类法（classification） 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。 Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books… 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式比较固定，梳理文本结构有助于把握文章主旨。学生在阅读时，可以首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。如果句子成分复杂、有生词，学生不要退缩，抓住行文逻辑的标志词，分析句子结构，厘清主句和分句或非谓语动词之间的关系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，进行合理判断。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。因此，仔细辨析选项，对比选项间的差异，甄别选项与原文的异同，会对同学们选出正确答案大有帮助。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 5 年 高考 真题 演练 ) 真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！ 真题演练01 (2024新课标I卷) D篇 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 真题演练02 (2023新课标I卷) C篇 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 28. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. 真题演练03 (2023新课标I卷) D篇 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 真题演练04 (2022新课标I卷) B篇 Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 26. What does Curtin’s company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 27. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 真题演练05 (2022新课标I卷) C篇 The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 28. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. 真题演练06 (2022新课标I卷) D篇 Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 真题演练07 (2021新课标I卷) D篇 When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地). In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America? A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports. C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals. 29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934? A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away. C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting 真题演练08 (2020新课标I卷) D篇 According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin. For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I? 32. What is the recent study mainly about? A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership. C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior. 33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons. 34. Why did the researchers hire the actor? A. To see how she would affect the participants. B. To test if the participants could recognize her. C. To find out what she would do in the two tests. D. To study why she could keep her weight down. 35. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph? A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be. C How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food. 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！ ( 1年江苏 名校 模拟试题 ) 【模拟01】（24-25高三上·江苏盐城·开学考试）Our brains have an “auto- correct” feature that we use when re- interpreting ambiguous (含混不清的) sounds, according to new research. The study sheds light on how the brain uses information gathered after the discovering of an initial sound to aid speech comprehension. The findings point to new ways we use information and context to aid in speech comprehension. “What a person thinks they hear does not always match the actual signals that reach the ear,” explains lead author Laura Gwilliams. “This is because the brain re-evaluates the interpretation of a speech sound at the moment each following speech sound is heard in order to update interpretations as necessary,” Gwilliams says. It’s well known that the perception of a speech sound is determined by its surrounding context — in the form of words, sentences and other speech sounds. This plays out in everyday life — when we talk, the actual speech we produce is often ambiguous. For example, when a friend says she has a “dent (凹痕) ” in her car, you may hear “tent”. Although this kind of ambiguity happens regularly, we, as listeners, are hardly aware of it. “This is because the brain automatically resolves the ambiguity for us — it picks an interpretation and that’s what we perceive to hear, ” explains Gwilliams. “The way the brain does this is by using the surrounding context to narrow down the possibilities of what the speaker may mean.” In the study, the researchers sought to understand how the brain uses this following information to adjust our perception of what we initially heard. To do this, they conducted a series of experiments in which the subjects listened to isolated syllables and similarly sounding words. Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds. The brain makes commitments to its “best guess” of how to interpret the signal after about half a second. 1. What is the study mainly about? A. Why some people process information faster. B. How brains tell apart useful information. C. How brains understand unclear words. D. Why people make unclear sounds. 2. What does the author want to show by giving the example in Paragraph 3? A. People are likely to mistake a word for something familiar. B. People can understand others even if they mishear a word. C. People are more likely to mishear their friends. D. It is normal for people to make unclear sounds. 3. What do we know about the unclear words in the experiments? A. They stopped us thinking further. B. They led to misunderstanding. C. They were noticed instantly. D. They seemed to be useless. 4. What does the underlined part “the signal” in the last paragraph refer to? A. The following speech sound. B. The unclearly sounding word. C. The similarly sounding word. D. The isolated syllable. 【模拟02】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·开学考试）Artificial intelligence-powered medical treatment options are on the rise and have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, but a new study found that about almost half of participants would choose a human doctor rather than AI for diagnosis and treatment. “While many patients appear resistant to the use of AI, accuracy of information and a slight push from physicians may help increase acceptance,” Dr. Slepian mentioned the study’s other primary finding: that a human touch can help clinical practices use AI to their advantage and earn patients’ trust. “To ensure the benefits of AI are secured in clinical practice, future research on best methods of physician involvement and patient decision making is required.” In the study, participants were asked whether they would prefer to have an AI system or a physical doctor for diagnosis and treatment, and under what circumstances. Researchers conducted structured interviews with actual patients, testing their reactions to current and future AI technologies. Then they. polled 2,472 participants across diverse ethnic, racial and socioeconomic groups using a blinded, randomized survey. Overall, participants were almost evenly split, with more than 52% choosing human doctors as a preference versus approximately 47% choosing an AI diagnostic method. If study participants were informed their primary care physicians felt AI was superior, the acceptance of AI by study participants on re-questioning increased. This signaled the significance of the human physician in guiding a patient’s decision. Disease severity didn’t affect participants’ trust in AI. Compared to White participants, Black ones selected AI less often and Native Americans more often. Older participants were less likely to choose it, as were those who self-identified as politically conservative. These findings suggest differing groups will need specific attention as to informing them as to the value and usefulness of AI to enhance diagnoses. “I feel this study will guide many future studies and clinical translational decisions even now,” Dr. Slepian said. “The onus will be on physicians and others in health care to ensure that information in AI systems is accurate, and to continue to maintain and enhance the accuracy of AI systems as they will play an increasing role in the future of health care.” 1. What can be inferred from Dr. Slepian’s words in Paragraph 2? A. Most patients are still doubtful about AI medical treatment. B. Human physicians can do a lot to promote AI medical treatment. C. The unacceptance of AI is mainly due to the inaccuracy of information. D. The reality that patients choose human doctors limits the development of AI. 2. What’s the key factor in increasing participants’ preference for AI treatment? A. The gravity of the disease. B. The guidance of the physician. C. The superiority of AI system. D. The personal background of the participant. 3. What does the underlined word “onus” in the last paragraph mean? A. Responsibility. B. Attempt. C. Dependence. D. Focus. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Trust in AI: A Split among Patients. B. Bridging the Gap: Human Doctors and AI. C. An Important Study: The Future of AI Systems. D. Improving Diagnostic Accuracy: The Role of AI. 【模拟03】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·开学考试）Students’ social-emotional skills are positively correlated with their reading and math performance, according to a study by Branching Minds, an ed-tech company. It found that 60-70 percent of students who were identified as needing additional social-emotional support were also identified as needing additional academic support. To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4,000 K-8 students in the 2021-22 school year. The study’s findings are in line with previous research that shows social-emotional learning has a positive impact on students’ academic achievement, but there’s still a gap in understanding how those pieces of data about academic and social-emotional strengths should be integrated and used together to create intervention plans for students. The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic achievement, said Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. Therefore, “it would be beneficial for educators to think about more combined support plans for struggling students,” she added. For example, if a student is struggling with reading, but he is very social, “how can we build that into a support plan, and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to that strength that they have?” Perhaps the student could take on the role of teacher and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading comprehension, as well as social skills, Sutton said. In the study, it is recommended that results from academic, social-emotional, and behavioral screeners should be used when developing intervention plans for students. “It’s really important to look at students’ strengths and needs comprehensively,” Sutton said. To do that, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic, behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders-students, parents, and teachers-are part of the process of creating intervention plans. 1. How did the researchers carry out the study? A. By interviewing students. B. By carrying out experiments. C. By conducting data analysis. D. By referring to the previous data. 2. Why is the example mentioned in paragraph 5? A. To attach great importance to social skills. B. To narrow the gap of the previous research. C. To explain social skills can protect everyone. D. To advocate the integrated support strategies. 3. What matters when designing intervention strategies according to the passage? A. Cooperation. B. Assessment. C. Flexibility. D. Individuality. 4. What is the passage mainly about? A. The prospect of applying social emotional skills. B. The effects SEL skills have on academic performance. C. The methods to develop students’ SEL skills to the full. D. The useful intervention plans for academic performance. 【模拟04】（24-25高三上·江苏扬州·开学考试）Nearly two decades ago, Facebook exploded on college campuses as a site for students to stay in touch. Then came Twitter, where people posted about what they had for breakfast, and Instagram, where friends shared photos to keep up with one another. Today, the kinds of posts where people update friends and family about their lives have become harder to see over the years as the biggest sites have become increasingly “corporatized (企业化的) .” Instead of seeing messages and photos from friends and relatives about their holidays or fancy dinners, users of Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, Twitter and Snapchat now often view professionalized content from brands, influencers and others that pay for placement. The change has impacted large social networking companies and how people interact with one another digitally. As big social networks made connecting people with brands a much greater focus than connecting them with other people, some users have started seeking sites targeting communities and apps devoted to specific hobbies and issues. “Platforms as we knew them are over,” said Zizi Papacharissi, a communications professor at the University of Illinois Chicago. “They have outlived their usefulness.” The shift helps explain why some social networking companies are now exploring new fields of business. For users, this means that instead of spending all their time on one or a few big social networks, some are turning to smaller, more focused sites. These include Nextdoor, a social network for neighbors. “It’s not about choosing one network to rule them all—that is crazy Silicon Valley logic,” said Ethan Zuckerman, a professor of public policy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. “The future is that you’re a member of dozens of different communities because as human beings, that’s how we are. The idea that a new social media site might come along to be the one app for everyone appears unrealistic. People’s online identities will become increasingly fragmented (碎片化的) among multiple sites.” 1. What does the author say about the current major social networking sites? A. Their content is getting more and more lifestyle-focused. B. Their users’ interest in professional content is decreasing. C. They fail to provide adequate support for college communities D. They now rarely see updates about friends’ and family’s lives. 2. What is Zizi Papacharissi’ attitude towards traditional social media platforms? A. Positive. B. Negative. C. Neutral D. Indifferent. 3. What can we infer from the last paragraph about future social media usage? A. People will choose online apps more carefully. B. People will change their online identities at will. C. People will join numerous specialized communities. D. People will prefer to use traditional social platforms 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. The rise of the corporatized tech giants. B. The evolution of social media platforms. C. The history of social networking companies. D. The challenges faced by major platforms. 【模拟05】（24-25高三上·江苏泰州·开学考试）The Big Dipper’s stars (北斗星) are a celestial landmark. Visible in the Northern Hemisphere’s night sky, the stars draw out a shape like a scoop with a handle. Beginner stargazers can easily pick it out. Now, scientists have been intrigued by three factors that can explain why certain groups of stars form such recognizable patterns. One is how bright the stars are. Another is how far apart they are. And the third has to do with how human eyes move. The Big Dipper is part of the constellation Ursa Major. That’s one of many star groupings that  people in the past selected for their shapes. Some shapes were said to depict animals, people or objects. Sophia David wondered why people selected these star groupings. She is a high school student at Friends’ Central School in Wynnewood, Penn. “Ancient people from various cultures connected similar groupings of stars independently of each other,” said David. That suggests that different people were perceiving the stars in the same way. So David teamed up with scientists at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She presented their work on March 18 at an online meeting of the American Physical Society. The researchers thought about how the eyes travel across this night sky. Human eyes tend to move in discrete (分离的) jumps, called saccades (Seh-KAADS). That’s when both eyes quickly shift from one point of interest to another. The team created a computer simulation based on the distribution of saccade lengths. They also included two basic details of the night sky as seen from Earth. The first was how far apart different stars appear from one another in the sky. The second was how bright various stars are. The technique could pick out single constellations. One constellation it picked out was the star grouping known as Dorado, the Dolphinfish. The researchers also used the technique to map the whole sky. It generated groups of stars. The scientists compared those groups to the 88 modern constellations. Those are groups of stars recognized by the International Astronomical Union. The two sets of star groups mostly matched. That confirmed the method worked to explain how the constellations came to be. 1. What are the scientists interested in? A. How the Big Dipper came to exist. B. What contributes to the pattern of groups of stars. C. How the Big Dipper influenced other groups of stars. D. Why certain groups of stars are attractive to human eyes. 2. What did Sophia David discover? A. Stars are really independent of each other. B. Ancient people were good at observing stars. C. Cultures hardly influence people’s way to perceive stars. D. Ancient people cooperated with each other in studying stars. 3. What did the researchers try to do? A. To discover new constellations in the night sky. B. To use technology to recognize constellations. C. To study the movement of human eyes. D. To count the number of constellations. 4. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. Dorado is the largest constellation in the sky. B. The researchers decided to improve their method. C. The scientists have found the way the constellations came to be. D. The International Astronomical Union should study modern constellations. 【模拟06】（24-25高三上·江苏泰州·开学考试）“It was found by my dad,” says archaeologist Andrew Birley. At the time, his father Robin Birley found two oily pieces of wood and picked them up and rubbed them between his fingers. And when he did that, the two pieces came apart — and he saw the writing: the everyday record of an ancient Roman soldier. The content of the wooden tablet included household matters and personal experiences. The first tablet was damaged because archaeologists at the time didn’t realize how delicate the ancient wooden artifacts (人工制品) were. But since then, more than 1,800 similar tablets have been found among other buried artifacts at Vindolanda, and they’re now recognized as some of the world’s greatest archaeological treasures. The British Museum in London is conducting a new analysis of the materials used to make the Vindolanda tablets, in the hope that by studying the mediums of the tablets they can complete their messages. Most of the tablets were written in Latin language, a very complex language. The tablets were usually found deep underground, where the earth and lack of oxygen prevented the wooden items from damaging. Unfortunately, the Vindolanda site is becoming unstable because of climate change, which causes it ultimately become drier and then wetter, and that means yet- undiscovered writing tablets are less likely to survive in the coming years. It is the most troubling barrier that scientists face in their work. They must act more quickly. “There were lot of soldiers who came from different backgrounds, and they had to be able to communicate with each other,” Andrew Birley says. “Archaeologists are discovering the tablets not in a centralized, administrative area, but all around the fort (城堡) and surrounding residences where ordinary Roman soldiers lived. They were taught to read and write — uncommon practice at the time. This is really beyond my expectations.” About half of the 300,000 Roman Army soldiers in Britain were citizens of Rome. The rest were auxiliary troops (后备军队) who had signed up to fight for the Romans for 25 years, with the promise of being granted citizenship at the end of their enlistment (兵役). The tablets show many auxiliary troops came from different places and were sent far from their homes. Regardless of where the troops originated, they wanted to change their life regardless of danger. 1. What do we know about the first tablet found at Vindolanda? A. Andrew Birley preserved it well. B. It was a diary of a Roman soldier. C. Andrew Birley found it by accident. D. It was the artwork of the Roman time. 2. What makes it difficult for scientists to study the tablets? A. The messages on the tablets were destroyed by the war. B. The Latin language is hard for scientists to understand. C. The materials used to make the tablets are nowhere to find. D. The natural condition of preserving the tablets has become worse. 3. What surprises Andrew Birley? A. The great number of Roman soldiers. B. The literacy skills of Roman soldiers. C. The different background s of Roman soldiers. D. The centralized administration of Roman soldiers. 4. Which word can best describe the auxiliary troops? A. Daring. B. United. C. Organized. D. Selfless. 【模拟07】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）While teenagers who are at risk of depression with risky behaviors — drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and cutting classes often alert parents and teachers that serious problems are brewing, a new study finds that there’s another group of adolescents who are in nearly as much danger of experiencing the same mental symptoms. These teens use tons of media, get insufficient sleep and have a sedentary (不爱活动的) lifestyle. Of course, that may sound like a description of every teenager on the planet. But the study warns that it is teenagers who engage in all three of these practices in the extreme that are truly in a dangerous position. Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been called the “invisible risk” group by the study’s authors. The study’s authors surveyed 15,395 students and analyzed nine risk behaviors, including excessive alcohol use, illegal drug use, heavy smoking and high media use. Their aim was to determine the relationship between these risk behaviors and mental health issues in teenagers. The group that scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors was most likely to show symptoms of depression; in all, nearly 15% of this group reported being depressed, compared with just 4% of the low-risk group. But the invisible group wasn’t far behind the high-risk set, with more than 13% of them exhibiting depression. The findings caught Carli off guard. “We didn’t expect that,” he says. “The high-risk group and low-risk group are obvious, but this third group was not only unexpected. It was so distinct and so larger — nearly one third of our sample — that it became a key finding of the study.” Carli says that one of the most significant things about his study is that it provides new early warning signs for parents, teachers and mental health-care providers. And early identifications, support and treatment for mental health issues, he says, are the best ways to keep them from turning into full-blown disorders. 1. Which teenager probably belongs to the “invisible group”? A. A teenager who drinks frequently. B. A teenager who exercises regularly. C. A teenager who skips school. D. A teenager who suffers from a lack of sleep. 2. What can we know about the new study? A. It was conducted by analyzing and comparing the previous data. B. It was intended to dig into the reasons for depression. C. It revealed an alarming rate of the invisible group suffering depression. D. Its findings were under expectation of the research team. 3. What is Carli’s attitude toward the findings? A. Conservative. B. Doubtful. C. Positive. D. Indifferent. 4. The author wrote this passage to ________. A. introduce a new therapy for teens’ mental disorder B. warn about the unobserved signals for teens’ mental problems C. share a novel psychological experiment with teens D. caution teens against developing unhealthy habits 【模拟08】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will own up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves. Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they acknowledge making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “Who dropped the ball?” instead of “Where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again. The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It originated in organizations where tiny errors can have catastrophic consequences： These are known as high reliability organizations (HROs) and include hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise concerns about that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes accountability because all contributions to the event occurring are identified and reviewed for possible change and improvement. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or liability but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exists when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers routinely investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or ‘a server goes down. There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved. The idea of the “just culture”, a framework developed in the 1990s by James Reason, a psychologist, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent (恶意的) will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that are commensurate with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely. 1. According to the research published in 2015, companies that ________ had better performance. A. blamed external factors B. owned up to mistakes C. conducted investigations D. admitted failures 2. According to the passage, the No Blame Culture ________. A. encourages the early disclosure of errors B. only exists in high reliability organizations C. enables people to shift the blame onto others D. prevents organizations to learn from errors 3. What is the major concern about embracing blamelessness according to the passage? A. Innocent people might take the blame by admitting their failure. B. Being blamed for mistakes can destroy trust in employees. C. The line between honest errors and the other sort is not clear. D. People won’t learn their lessons if they aren’t blamed for failures. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes B. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations C. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work D. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture 【模拟09】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）Now a company is launching a new robot on personal service machines. Rather than keeping you company at home, GITA (pronounced Jee-Tah) helps you go hands-free while you walk down the street, to the grocery store or to visit your neighbors. Like the name, which means “outing” in Italian, the robotic servant is for short trips out and about. Designed by the Piaggio Group, the smart device uses five cameras to see you, follow you around and carry up to 40 pounds of your belongings for four hours. It’s similar to those robotic suitcases that trail behind you at the airport, but with an entirely different outside. Picture a large container but on wheels. That’s what GITA looks like in the flagship orange color. Imagine having a hi-tech that can follow you around with your shopping inside. It’s round and strong yet relatively smart and convenient. The robotic helper is a joy to engage with, sort of like a dog. Operating GITA is simple. You just press one button to turn it on, one button for the cameras to scan your legs, and you’re off. It actually does pretty good job of following you and recognizing when you change directions. Its movement is oddly natural. When you speed up it falls behind a bit before trying to catch up, and when you stop, it stops — usually. GITA operates best on hard surfaces. However, it can’t go upstairs. It can roll on slight inclines (斜坡) and keep up with a walking person at speeds up to 6 miles per hour. A system of sounds and lights will let you know whether it is unpaired or needs a charge. And an app lets you share your robot with your “crew”, so it can follow them, too. With a speaker, your GITA can carry candy and play theme music as you take the kids trick-or-treating. A USA TODAY tech reporter gave GITA a test run in 2019. He said, “GITA certainly made quite an impression on passers-by as it rolled down New York’s busy Madison Avenue.” Yet having tech trail behind you takes some getting used to. You can’t help but look behind you to make sure it’s keeping up, somewhat like monitoring a pet. 1. For what purpose is the new robot designed? A. To instruct you where to go. B. To serve you as you walk around. C. To accompany you at home. D. To protect you when you’re traveling. 2. What does the new robot probably look like? A. It looks like a royal dog. B. It has flags and smart panels. C. It is round, orange and can roll of itself. D. It resembles cameras in appearance. 3. Which of the following is true about GITA? A. It can roll up a sharp slope at a high speed. B. It can only recognize and follow its owner. C. It can adjust its pace automatically. D. It can play tricks for children. 4. What can we learn about GITA from the last paragraph? A. People are heavily dependent on it. B. It is far from being put into use. C. It is easy to get lost and needs to be improved. D. Users have difficulty accustoming themselves to it at first. 【模拟10】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）Salad plants have already been grown in old shelters and tunnels. Urban farming is a regular topic of interest at places like the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, where leaders consider whether the world’s food system, blamed for causing both obesity and malnutrition, can be fixed. There are already plenty of urban farming projects around the world, particularly in the US, Japan and the Netherlands, from urban fish and plant farms to vertical farming. “It’s becoming an expanding industry,” said Richard Ballard, one of the founders of the farm Growing Underground. “There are several other businesses starting up in London in containers, and there are other vertical farms around the country now.” Growing Underground is not a standard farm. The rows of crops could be in almost any tunnel, but these plants are 100 feet below Clapham High Street and show that urban agriculture is, in some cases at least, not a fad. The underground farm has occupied a part of the Second World War air-raid shelters for nearly five years, and Ballard is planning to expand into the rest of the space later this year. Growing Underground supplies herb and salad mixes to grocery shops, supermarkets and restaurants. Being in London creates an advantage, Ballard says, as they can harvest and deliver in an hour. He adds other advantages. Being underground means temperatures never go below 15 ----surface greenhouses need to be heated. They can do more harvests: 60 crops a year, compared with about seven in a traditional farm. Electricity to power the lights is a major cost, but the company believes renewable energy will become cheaper. Similar British companies include the Jones Food Company in Lincolnshire, while in the US AeroFarms has several projects in New Jersey, and Edenworks in Brooklyn. 1. What can we learn about urban farming? A. Different farming methods are used. B. Local governments pay efforts to develop it. C. It leads to a healthier lifestyle. D. It is rarely discussed at the WEF. 2. Which of the following best explains “a fad” underlined in Paragraph 3? A. A plan that has great potential. B. A tradition that appeals to a lot of people. C. An approach that can solve a serious problem. D. A fashion that’s popular for a short time. 3. Which of the following is true about the underground farm? A. Its major products are herbs and salads. B. It produces more kinds of foods than a traditional farm. C. It is more productive than a traditional farm. D. It uses less energy than a greenhouse. 4. What is the theme of the text? A. Traditional farming will be replaced soon. B. Growing Underground attracts more people. C. Current food system causes health problems. D. Urban farming is still thought costly and time-consuming. 【模拟11】（23-24高二下·江苏镇江·期末）What makes a person extra repulsive to a mosquito? It might be the scent of coconut. That was one of the findings of a small study published Wednesday in the journal iScience, which looked at whether different scented soaps made people more or less attractive to mosquitoes. “It’s a simple question with a very complex answer,” said the lead study author, Clement Vinauger, an assistant professor of biochemistry at Virginia Tech. “What really matters is how the chemicals in the soap combine with the chemicals of the individual person.” Everyone has the same chemicals, just in different ratios, some more attractive to mosquitoes than others, said Ali Afify, an assistant professor of biology at Drexel University in Philadelphia, who wasn’t involved with the new study. “Everything you use on your skin can make you more or less attractive to mosquitoes,” Afify added. To see which chemicals could tip the scales in either direction, four volunteers were each asked to wash with four different brands of soap. In each instance, the volunteer washed one forearm and left the other untouched and then wore nylon sleeves on both arms for one hour. They repeated the process with the three other soaps. After the hour was up, the researchers removed the odor- soaked sleeves. They placed each sleeve in a cup and put the cups in a mesh cage full of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The scent in the cup that attracted the most mosquitoes was deemed most attractive. In the end, the team identified four chemicals that were associated with being slightly more attractive to mosquitoes and three that appeared to repel them, but the results were generally weak and variable for all chemical scents tested except one: coconut. “Mosquitoes don’t like coconut-scented products, so our safest bet is to use them,” Vinauger said. “Because odors are complex, a single scent or compound isn’t likely to be merely responsible for how attractive a person is to mosquitoes. Some may play a bigger role, but there won’t be just one that explains attraction,” said Christopher Potter, an associate professor of neuroscience at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Maryland who studies mosquito olfaction. 1. What is the main factor that determines how attractive a person is to mosquitoes? A. The type of soap they frequently use. B. The amount of carbon dioxide they send out. C. The chemical produced by bacteria on their body. D. The combination of chemicals in their body scent. 2. What is the main purpose of Para 4? A. To explain the working principle. B. To present the actions of the volunteers. C. To introduce the process of the study. D. To make a comparison between different soaps. 3. What have the researchers found about coconut- scented products? A. They can keep mosquitoes away. B. They have no effect on mosquitoes. C. They are more variable than other chemicals. D. They are slightly more attractive to mosquitoes. 4. What is Christopher Potter’s attitude towards the findings published in the journal iScience? A. Supportive B. Objective C. Pessimistic D. Unclear 【模拟12】（23-24高二下·江苏镇江·期末）Imagine you’re out for an evening walk in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because its popularity is bound to reflect on the quality of food and service. But is this true? In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, so they may have picked their evening eatery on a whim (一时兴起). Following passers- by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well- informed decision and blindly followed their example. This could have resulted in a snow- balling effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant in question, creating a false impression of approval. Therefore, following the example of others could have led to a suboptimal (次优的) dinner choice in an overcrowded restaurant. Blindly copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. Average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort—after all, there’s “safety in numbers”—while helping to maintain a favorable fame. Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision; it is therefore an easy option. Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of irrational or simply stupid behaviors. As a result, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including negative influences on consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above. It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure (诱惑) of herd behavior. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviors as opposed to blindly following them. 1. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed? A. By giving example. B. By presenting fact. C. By analyzing the cause and effect. D. By making comparison. 2. What is one reason why people tend to follow the crowd? A. It leads to average judgments. B. It brings a sense of security. C. It challenges a favorable reputation. D. It allows for better decision- making. 3. What does the underlined “information cascades” mean in Para 5? A. Adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation. B. Critical evaluation of underlying reasons for choices. C. Average judgments formed by large groups of people. D. Independent collection of individual opinions and judgements. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. Following the herd can greatly benefit us in various aspects. B. It is no easy task for people to resist the lure of herd behavior. C. It is necessary to think critically rather than follow the herd blindly. D. The busiest restaurant is not necessarily the best one in tourist areas. 【模拟13】（2025·江苏南通·一模）A modern problem of the outdoor lifestyle is how to keep your devices powered. Battery packs are one option, but they have limited use and can be rather heavy. The team at Aurea Technologies has come to the rescue with the Shine Turbine, a lightweight wind-powered turbine (涡轮机) that offers renewable energy to outdoor enthusiasts who need to re charge electronic devices. Last year, the Shine Turbine launched a campaign that was fully funded in a matter of hours, highlighting the level of interest in this innovative product. Designed in Nova Scotia, Canada, the turbine weighs in at just three pounds and is about the size of a water bottle for easy pack-and-go accessibility. While out backpacking or working remotely, the Shine Turbine takes just a few minutes to set up. There are no loose pieces to worry about losing while you f old out the high-efficiency blades and place the turbine on the retractable stand (可伸缩支架). Everything you need is stored inside the container. This clean energy option also has battery storage, so you can charge your devices as the wind blows. Then you can take it with you for more charging later. It can also be pre - charged before you head out using a standard wall outlet. “Wind is the second-largest producer of clean energy in the world, yet most people don’t have direct access to it. As a team of outdoor enthusiasts with backgrounds in science and engineering, we set out to create a wind power product that gives users the freedom to produce their own clean energy day or night, rain, cloud, or shine,” said Cat Adalay, CEO and founder of Aurea Technologies. The portable design makes it convenient to use for day trip s to the beach or mountains, camping trips or as an emergency backup. “To live sustainably (可持续地), we need to rethink the ways in which we create and use energy,” added Adalay. “The simplicity of our design, two-minute setup, and ability to rapidly generate and store power, does just that. It’s a game-changer in allowing people to access wind energy in the wind.” 1. What can we learn about the Shine Turbine from the text? A. It is intelligent and works efficiently. B. It is user- friendly but expensive to buy. C. It is sustainable and convenient to carry. D. It is cost- effective but breaks down easily. 2. What kind of people might need the Shine Turbine most according to the text? A. Emergency rescuers. B. Sea surfboarders. C. Rock- climbing lovers. D. Geological explorers. 3. Why do the researchers create the Shine Turbine? A. Their product obtains financial support. B. They want to gain direct access to wind. C. They attempt to prevent global warming. D. Their desired life promotes green rethink. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Wind: the world’s second clean energy. B. Aurea Technologies: innovative pioneers C. The Shine Turbine: a green power product D. Outdoor lovers: environment campaigners 【模拟14】（2025·江苏南通·一模）The estimated number of monarch butterflies migrating (迁徙) to Mexico for winter has reached its second - lowest level ever for the 2023 to 2024 overwintering season. The estimate, based on the size of the butterflies’ hibernating forest area, has dropped by about 59% from the previous year, according to officials. Experts are pointing to extensive heat and drought as well as climate change for the major decline. Now monarch butterflies face three primary threats, including habitat loss for their breeding and overwintering; the use of pesticides, which can be toxic (有毒的) to the butterflies or can kill their food source, milkweed; and climate change, which can shift their migratory patterns. By the 2022 to 2023 overwintering season, World Wildlife Fund reported a 22% drop in the amount of overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. According to WWF, monarch butterflies once covered about 45 acres of forested land in Mexico during their 1996 to 1997 overwintering season. Last year, they covered 5.5 acres. With the 59% decline, the 2023 overwintering season saw the butterflies covering just 2.2 acres, The Associated Press reported. The lowest coverage ever recorded was 1.65 acres from 2013 to 2014. The largest amount of butterflies observed for the current overwintering season were around the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. “This is not the first time we’ve observed changes in the locations of the largest monarch colonies,” Jorge Rickards, general director of WWF Mexico, said in a statement. “It’s telling us that we need to strengthen conservation and restoration measures not only in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, but also outside of it.” According to the Center for Biological Diversity, monarch butterflies have declined by 85% in the past 20 years. The eastern monarch butterflies migrate from Canada and the U. S. to Mexico for overwintering. Western monarchs, which overwinter in California, have declined 99% in the past two decades. In 2020, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service noted that these butterflies do warrant protections under the Endangered Species Act, but there were higher-priority species to consider for listing. Biologist Ryan Drum, who works with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, told The Associated Press that the latest count would be considered this year when officials consider whether to list migratory monarch butterflies as threatened or even endangered. 1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A. More butterflies are migrating to Mexico. B. The number of butterflies is getting larger. C. The size of forest area is decreasing faster. D. Monarch butterflies are facing survival crisis. 2. How does the author show us the gravity of the problem concerning monarch butterflies? A. By listing concrete numbers. B. By describing typical scenes. C. By interviewing some scientists. D. By making reasonable predictions. 3. What does Jorge Rickards suggest people do? A. Increase the number of the butterfly reserves. B. Observe the changing number of the butterflies. C. Take more actions to protect the butterflies. D. Distinguish eastern butterflies from western ones. 4. What does the underlined word “warrant” mean in the last paragraph? A. Resist. B. Need. C. Support. D. Provide. 【模拟15】（2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）We explore large-scale training of generative models on video data. Specifically, we train text-conditional diffusion models jointly on videos and images of variable durations, resolutions and aspect ratios. We leverage a transformer architecture that operates on spacetime patches of video and image latent codes. Our largest model, Sora, is capable of generating a minute of high fidelity video. Our results suggest that scaling video generation models is a promising path towards building general purpose simulators of the physical world. We train a network that reduces the dimensionality of visual data. This network takes raw video as input and outputs a latest representation that is compressed both temporally and spatially. Sora is trained on and subsequently generates videos within this compressed latent space. We also train a corresponding decoder model that maps generated latents back to pixel space. All of the results above and in our landing page show text-to-video samples. But Sora can also be prompted with other inputs, such as pre-existing images or video. This capability enables Sora to perform a wide range of image and video editing tasks—creating perfectly looping video, animating static images, extending videos forwards or backwards in time, etc. Sora is also capable of generating images. We do this by arranging patches of Gaussian noise in a spatial grid with a temporal extent of one frame. The model can generate images of variable sizes—up to 2048*2048 resolution. We find that video models exhibit a number of interesting emergent capabilities when trained at scale. These capabilities enable Sora to simulate some aspects of people, animals and environments from the physical world. These properties emerge without any explicit inductive biases for 3D, objects, etc.—they are purely phenomena of scale. We believe the capabilities Sora has today demonstrate that continued scaling of video models is a promising path towards the development of capable simulators of the physical and digital world, and the objects, animals and people that live within them. 1. What is the meaning of the underlined words in the text? A. The original raw video data. B. A compressed version of the video data. C. The process of reducing video quality. D. The spatial and temporal dimensions of a video. 2. What is the main content of Paragraph 3? A. Sora's ability to generate high-resolution images. B. The process of training Sora on compressed latent space. C. Sora's various applications in image and video editing. D. The emergence of interesting capabilities in video models. 3. Which of the following best describes the overall goal of the research described in the passage? A. To create realistic images and videos using only text prompts. B. To develop a general-purpose simulator capable of simulating various aspects of the physical world. C. To train a network that can compress video data without losing quality. D. To explore the potential of transformer architectures in video and image generation tasks. 4. What is the author's attitude towards the future development of Sora? A. Skeptical. B. Optimistic. C. Neutral. D. Uncertain. 【模拟16】（23-24高三上·江苏南京·阶段练习）As artificial-intelligence products steadily improve at pretending to be human — an AI produced voice that books restaurant reservations by phone, for example, or a chat robot that answers consumers’ questions online people will increasingly be put in the worrying situation of not knowing whether they are talking to a machine. But the truth may make such products less effective: recent research finds a trade-off between transparency (透明度) and cooperation in human-computer interactions. The study used a simple game in which paired players make a series of decisions to cooperate with or betray their partner. In the long run, it pays for both to keep cooperating. The researchers used an Al product, when pretending as a person, which was better than people are at getting human partners to cooperate. But previous work suggested people tend to disbelieve machines, so the scientists wondered what would happen if the robot revealed itself as such. The team hoped people playing with a known robot would recognize its ability to cooperate and would eventually overcome their disbelief. “Sadly, we failed at this goal,” says Talal Rahwan, a computer scientist at New York University in Abu Dhabi and a senior author on the paper, published last November in Nature Machine Intelligence. “No matter what the robot did, people just stuck to their prejudice.” A robot playing openly as a robot was less likely to get cooperation than another human, even though its strategy was clearly more beneficial to both players. In an additional experiment, players were told, “data suggest that people are better off if they treat the robot as if it were a human.” It had no effect. Virginia Dignum, who leads the Social and Ethical Artificial Intelligence group at Umea University in Sweden and was not involved in the study, praises the researchers for exploring the transparency effectiveness trade-off, but she would like to see it tested in a different setup. Talal’s team said that in the public field, people should be asked for agreement to be deceived (欺骗) about a robot’s identity. It cannot be on an interaction-by-interaction basis, or else the “deception” obviously will not work. But overall permission for deception still raises ethical quandaries (困境). Dignum says humans should have the option to know after they have interacted with a robot — but if she is calling customer service with a simple question, she adds, “I just want to get my answer.” 1. The underlined word “trade-off” is closest in meaning to . A. distinguishing B. balancing C. switching D. combining 2. According to the passage, what attitude do people generally take towards robots? A. Positive. B. Casual. C. Uncertain. D. Distrustful. 3. What can be inferred about the research findings from the third paragraph? A. They fail to support the team’s assumption. B. They are different from the previous findings. C. They will draw people’s attention to robots’ problems. D. They can explain why people treat a robot like a human. 4. According to the passage, what is Virginia Dignum most likely to agree with? A. Tall Rahwan’s research findings can’t apply to the real-world situations. B. Overall permission for interacting with a robot does more harm than good. C. People needn’t be told that they are interacting with a robot on all occasions. D. The relationship between transparency and effectiveness has been fully explored. 【模拟17】（24-25高三上·江苏宿迁·阶段练习）Elephants are the largest land mammals on Earth, and understanding them better could lead to big scientific breakthroughs in science. Both delicate and sturdy, elephant trunks (象鼻) can grasp a single leaf but can also carry nearly 600 pounds. Scientists think that they are an incredible inspiration for the next generation of bio- inspired robots. By conducting a high- resolution motion capture analysis of elephants’ trunks, researchers found elephants have a set of simple movements that they can integrate freely to handle objects of various shapes and sizes. For example, elephants use suction (吸力) to pick up lightweight objects. However, to pick up heavier things, they use suction to secure the position of the objects and trunk wrapping to hold and lift things. “It’s not the whole trunk that is lengthening or shortening — it’s different parts, depending on what the elephant is doing,” said Milinkovitch, professor of the physics of biology at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Researchers also performed CT scans and MRIs on the trunk of a dead elephant. They used high- resolution cameras to create a 3D model of a trunk, allowing them to better understand the structure of an elephant’s muscle groups, skin and connective tissues. The study data will be used to help design an innovative “soft” robotic arm. “The data is exceptional, but now the effort is to translate this biological data into some engineering specifications,” Milinkovitch said. “We need to extract some simplifying principles that can make the robot’s behavior simple enough to be effective and adaptable to changes.” The project is also fueling advancements in material science, as researchers have developed a new material similar to the useful properties of elephant skin and can be 3D printed for robotic prototypes (原型). The new materials may be commercialized for a wide range of uses. 1. What does the underlined word “sturdy” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Broad. B. Strong. C. Rough. D. Sensitive. 2. How does an elephant handle different objects? A. By sucking them with all the strength. B. By stretching its trunk based on things’ sizes. C. By securing the position of these objects at first. D. By combining suction with trunk movements flexibly. 3. Why do researchers translate the biological data? A. To test the safety of the robotic arm. B. To improve the behavior of the robot. C. To upgrade the appearance of the robot. D. To study the structure of muscle tissues. 4. Which is the text mainly about? A. Elephant Trunks: The Inspiration for Soft Robotics B. Elephant Trunks: The Theory of Movement in Robotics C. “Soft” Robotic Arms: An Innovation in 3D- printed Robots D. “Soft” Robotic Arms: A Major Breakthrough in Material Science 【模拟18】（23-24高三下·江苏·阶段练习）What strategy do you use to make tough life decisions like whether to end a relationship, quit your job, or go back to school? Maybe you weigh the advantages and disadvantages. Maybe you go with your sixth sense. Or maybe, if you’re like most people, you simply do nothing. After all, we have a tendency to prefer the status quo (现状), and focus more on the potential losses involved with change rather than the potential benefits. But here’s a simpler strategy: When you’re indecisive about a big life decision, choose the path of change. That’s the takeaway of research recently published by Steven Levitt, an economist at the University of Chicago. For the study, Levitt asked people who were facing tough decisions to flip (抛) a digital coin on the website FreakonomicsExperiments.com. The coin tosses were randomized, with one side representing change, the other status quo. The study asked more than 20,000 participants to make whichever decision the coin toss directed, and then report back on how things played out after two and six months. Of course, not everyone followed through. The two-month survey found that participants chose change less frequently than they had initially predicted they would. After six months, however, this tendency toward inaction disappeared. But most surprising were the results on well-being. At both the two and six-month marks, most people who chose change reported feeling happier, better off, and that they had made the correct decision. The study had some limitations. One is that its participants weren’t selected randomly. Another limitation is that participants whose decision didn’t play out well might have been less likely to report back on their status after two and six months. Still the study does suggest that people who are on the edge of a tough decision are probably better off going with change. Levitt isn’t suggesting you flip a coin to make all decisions. But coin-flipping does seem to have some benefits. Levitt notes that some people might prefer giving in to their fate to randomness in order to avoid regret. But you can also use randomness a bit more sensibly. When facing a tough decision, you could flip a coin and, upon seeing the outcome, notice whether you feel relief or fright. If you feel relieved, that’s probably the path you should choose. 1. What is most people’s priority when making hard choices? A. Valuing potential benefits. B. Calculating potential losses. C. Making a change to the status quo. D. Following inner voice of one’s mind. 2. What are the findings of the two surveys? A. More participants remained inactive after six months. B. Making changes brought most participants happiness. C. Participants’ action agreed with their initial prediction. D. All participants gave immediate feedback on their status. 3. What is a limitation of the study? A. The insufficiency of study statistics. B. The insensible outcome of the analysis. C. The incorrect method of flipping a coin. D. The randomness of picking study subjects. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Coin flips are beneficial to making hard choices. B. A study offers a strategy for making hard decisions. C. When facing a hard decision, choose the status quo. D. A study justifies making hard choices with randomness. 【模拟19】（2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测）The male western tanager (唐纳雀) looks like a little flame, while females are less showy, a dusty yellow. In the spring, they prepare to move thousands of miles to the Mountain West of Central America, flying through grasslands, deserts, and occasionally, suburban yards. To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. “In discussing climate change, we often focus on warming,” says Scott Loss, a co-author of the study. “But the length and timing of seasons — like when winter ends and spring begins — are some of the most dramatic effects of climate change.” Loss and his colleagues used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2021 to calculate the average start of spring green-up along the typical migration routes of 150 North American bird species, then compared that timing with the current green-up. They found that spring is indeed beginning earlier along birds’ migration routes. “By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” “Part of it is knowing which species are vulnerable to various threats,” Loss says. “This adds to the knowledge about vulnerability of a wide range of bird species.” And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” 1. What may pose a direct threat to western tanagers’ survival? A. Global warming. B. The duration of changing seasons. C. Loss of habitats due to human activities. D. Decreased access to foods during migration. 2. What is unique about the new study on birds like western tanagers? A. It covers a wider geographic range. B. It reveals the decline in bird populations. C. It centers on the adaptation of bird species. D. It ensures the existence of a timing mismatch. 3. What does Loss suggest we do to safeguard migratory birds? A. Lessen the effects of climate change. B. Preserve ecosystems for bird species. C. Address emissions and habitat loss. D. Expand researches on threats to birds. 4. Where is the text most likely from? A. A scientific journal. B. A bird-watching guidebook. C. A website about climate change. D. A magazine about wildlife conservation. 【模拟20】（2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）We go through life assuming we’re in charge of our own minds — until temptation (诱惑) strikes. Few things better illustrate how little control we really have. You can know exactly what you should do (decline the second slice of cake or the third cocktail), but that hardly seems to matter when the urge arises. More self-discipline is rarely the answer, though. Instead, if you can understand what’s going on inside your head when temptation comes, you’ll be far better placed to make a healthier choice. Sometimes, you need to push yourself, the idea behind which, in psychology, is to make the better choice the easier choice. (School pupils eat more healthily, it’s been shown, when the salads are within easier reach than the chips.) So, instead of relying on willpower, stop keeping ice creams in your freezer! Use StayFocused or similar apps to block distracting websites. Change your environment, and temptation will be a non-issue. For every person, behind every bad habit, there's a reasonable desire: some people eat or drink too much because they're lonely, or smoke to get a break from a busy schedule. Once you’ve uncovered this underlying need, find a different way to meet it: call a friend; take a coffee break instead of a cigarette break. There’s nothing wrong with the need — only with the way you’re currently meeting it. It’s a strange truth that we’ll break all sorts of promises to ourselves — yet most of us would never fail to show up at a prearranged meeting with a friend. Involve others in your temptation-resistance efforts, whether it's asking someone to check in weekly to see if you’re sticking to your plan, or never going shopping alone if you’re subject to impulse purchases. Best of all, launch a joint plan, in which two of you decide to give up a bad habit. That turns a challenge into a fun game. 1. What does “that” mean in paragraph 1? A. Temptation. B. Self-awareness. C. Choice. D. Self-motivation. 2. Which should be a good choice if you feel worn out from a packed timetable? A. Exercise strong willpower over it. B. Keep ice creams within easy reach. C. Use StayFocused to refresh yourself. D. Chat with a friend over a cup of coffee. 3. What does the author suggest you do according to paragraph 4? A. Seek partners’ support. B. Leave challenges behind. C. Keep your promises. D. Say no to playing games. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. What causes temptation. B. How to keep temptation at bay. C. Why urges set in. D. How to keep life under control. 33 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025届高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用) 专题03【5•1】阅读理解之说明文讲练测 （5年高考真题8篇+1年江苏名校模拟20篇）解析版 目录 5年高考真题细目 1 满分作答解题妙招 1 5年高考真题演练8篇 3 1年江苏名校模拟20篇 11 技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，洞悉高考命题规律，提供高效提分干货 ( 5 年 高考 真题考点细目 ) 2020-2024江苏高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 典型题 2024新课标I卷D 364+122 人与自然 引导公民参与生物多样性拍照片 35项目建议题 2023新课标I卷C 322+107 人与社会 倡导数字极简主义生活方式优点 32活动建议题 2023新课标I卷D 338+112 人与社会 介绍“群体智慧”效应含义和作用 35态度推断题 2022新课标I卷B 344+130 人与社会 介绍为解决食物零浪费采取措施 27项目建议题 2022新课标I卷C 299+131 人与社会 减少孤独改善老年人健康的项目 30短语猜测题 2022新课标I卷D 339+153 人与社会 饮食变化文化进化影响语音发展 34主旨大意题 2021新课标I卷C 301+127 人与自然 讲述发行联邦鸭票保护水禽基地 31标题概括题 2020新课标I卷D 321+131 人与社会 伙伴和饮食习惯影响食物摄入量 32主旨大意题 ( 说明 文 满分 作答解题 妙招 ) 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构 特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。两类文章，通常都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点，目的是帮助读者明白“为什么是这样”。 事物说明文一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、作对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响；事物说明文通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。 3. 设题特点 就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点 科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 其次，科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理以及最新科学技术进步，文中易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现词义猜测题，提问形式为：What does the underlined word/phrase…in paragraph…mean/refer to? 5.语篇模式 二、说明方法 1. 罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习： There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2. 举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3. 比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4. 定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5. 顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6. 分类法（classification） 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。 Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books… 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式比较固定，梳理文本结构有助于把握文章主旨。学生在阅读时，可以首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。如果句子成分复杂、有生词，学生不要退缩，抓住行文逻辑的标志词，分析句子结构，厘清主句和分句或非谓语动词之间的关系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，进行合理判断。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。因此，仔细辨析选项，对比选项间的差异，甄别选项与原文的异同，会对同学们选出正确答案大有帮助。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 5 年 高考 真题 演练 ) 真题专区：练真题，明方向；练技巧，提能力；练速度，提分数！ 真题演练01 (2024新课标I卷) D篇 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 真题演练02 (2023新课标I卷) C篇 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 28. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. 【答案】28. B 29. A30. C 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。 29.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 30.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。 31.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。 真题演练03 (2023新课标I卷) D篇 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 32.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 真题演练04 (2022新课标I卷) B篇 Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 26. What does Curtin’s company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 27. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 【答案】24. B25. B26. D27. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。 24. B。推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。 25. B。细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。 26. D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。 27. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。 真题演练05 (2022新课标I卷) C篇 The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 28. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. 【答案】28 D29. B30. C31. A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。 28. D。推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。 29. B。推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。 30. C。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。 31. A。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩•刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。 真题演练06 (2022新课标I卷) D篇 Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 【答案】32. D33. C34. A35. C 【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。 32. D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。 33. C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。 34. A。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A。 35. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。 真题演练07 (2021新课标I卷) D篇 When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地). In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America? A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports. C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals. 29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934? A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away. C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting 【答案】28-31 ACDA 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了由于栖息地减少，美国水禽骤减，因此联邦发行鸭票，狩猎者只有购买鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护水禽。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of waterfowl were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.(数百万只水禽被市场猎人和一些野心勃勃的运动员杀死。数百万英亩的湿地被抽干，以养活和安置不断增加的人口，大大减少了水禽的栖息地)”可知，数百万英亩的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，导致水禽的栖息地减少，水禽数量下降。故选A。 29. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.(美洲原住民明智地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。不幸的是，仅仅几十年的探险家和定居者就decimate这些资源的大部分)”可知，前后句形成转折，前一句陈述美洲原住民保护这些宝贵的自然资源，所以后句表示探险家和定居者破坏了这些自然资源，推测划线单词表示“破坏”，与destroy同义。故选C。 30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.(自1934年以来，已有超过5亿美元投入该基金，用于购买500多万英亩的栖息地)”可知，自1934年通过法案，政府获得超过5亿美元，已经筹集了很多资金，以购买水禽栖息地。故选D。 31.主旨大意题。根据第二段“Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. (根据该法案，所有16岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭章)”以及第三段“Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.(难怪联邦鸭票计划被称为有史以来最成功的保护计划之一)”可知，本文主要讲述了联邦鸭票的故事，所以“联邦鸭票的故事”可以作为文章标题。故选A。 真题演练08 (2020新课标I卷) D篇 According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin. For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I? 32. What is the recent study mainly about? A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership. C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior. 33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons. 34. Why did the researchers hire the actor? A. To see how she would affect the participants. B. To test if the participants could recognize her. C. To find out what she would do in the two tests. D. To study why she could keep her weight down. 35. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph? A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be. C How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food. 【答案】32. D 33. D 34. A 35. C 【导读】这是一篇说明文。根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。 32. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。 33. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。 34. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。 35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。 模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练速度，补漏洞，强信心！ ( 1年江苏 名校 模拟试题 ) 【模拟01】（24-25高三上·江苏盐城·开学考试）Our brains have an “auto- correct” feature that we use when re- interpreting ambiguous (含混不清的) sounds, according to new research. The study sheds light on how the brain uses information gathered after the discovering of an initial sound to aid speech comprehension. The findings point to new ways we use information and context to aid in speech comprehension. “What a person thinks they hear does not always match the actual signals that reach the ear,” explains lead author Laura Gwilliams. “This is because the brain re-evaluates the interpretation of a speech sound at the moment each following speech sound is heard in order to update interpretations as necessary,” Gwilliams says. It’s well known that the perception of a speech sound is determined by its surrounding context — in the form of words, sentences and other speech sounds. This plays out in everyday life — when we talk, the actual speech we produce is often ambiguous. For example, when a friend says she has a “dent (凹痕) ” in her car, you may hear “tent”. Although this kind of ambiguity happens regularly, we, as listeners, are hardly aware of it. “This is because the brain automatically resolves the ambiguity for us — it picks an interpretation and that’s what we perceive to hear, ” explains Gwilliams. “The way the brain does this is by using the surrounding context to narrow down the possibilities of what the speaker may mean.” In the study, the researchers sought to understand how the brain uses this following information to adjust our perception of what we initially heard. To do this, they conducted a series of experiments in which the subjects listened to isolated syllables and similarly sounding words. Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds. The brain makes commitments to its “best guess” of how to interpret the signal after about half a second. 1. What is the study mainly about? A. Why some people process information faster. B. How brains tell apart useful information. C. How brains understand unclear words. D. Why people make unclear sounds. 2. What does the author want to show by giving the example in Paragraph 3? A. People are likely to mistake a word for something familiar. B. People can understand others even if they mishear a word. C. People are more likely to mishear their friends. D. It is normal for people to make unclear sounds. 3. What do we know about the unclear words in the experiments? A. They stopped us thinking further. B. They led to misunderstanding. C. They were noticed instantly. D. They seemed to be useless. 4. What does the underlined part “the signal” in the last paragraph refer to? A. The following speech sound. B. The unclearly sounding word. C. The similarly sounding word. D. The isolated syllable. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了根据一项新研究，我们的大脑在重新解释模棱两可的声音时会使用一种“自动纠正”功能。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Our brains have an “auto- correct” feature that we use when re- interpreting ambiguous (含混不清的) sounds, according to new research. The study sheds light on how the brain uses information gathered after the discovering of an initial sound to aid speech comprehension.(新研究表明，我们的大脑具有一种“自动纠正”功能，该功能在我们重新解释含混不清的声音时会发挥作用。该研究揭示了大脑如何利用在发现初始声音后收集到的信息来帮助理解语言)”可知，这项研究的主要内容是大脑如何理解不清晰的词语。故选C项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s well known that the perception of a speech sound is determined by its surrounding context—in the form of words, sentences and other speech sounds. This plays out in everyday life—when we talk, the actual speech we produce is often ambiguous. For example, when a friend says she has a “dent (凹痕) ” in her car, you may hear “tent”. Although this kind of ambiguity happens regularly, we, as listeners, are hardly aware of it. “This is because the brain automatically resolves the ambiguity for us— it picks an interpretation and that’s what we perceive to hear, ” explains Gwilliams. “The way the brain does this is by using the surrounding context to narrow down the possibilities of what the speaker may mean.”(众所周知，对语音的感知是由其周围的语境决定的，这些语境以单词、句子和其他语音的形式存在。这在我们的日常生活中随处可见——当我们说话时，我们实际说出的内容往往很模糊。例如，当朋友说她车上有“凹痕”时，你可能会听到“帐篷”。尽管这种模糊性经常发生，但我们作为听众几乎不会意识到这一点。“这是因为大脑会自动为我们解决这种模糊性——它会选择一种解释，而这就是我们感知到的内容，”格威廉姆斯解释道。“大脑这样做的方式是利用周围的语境来缩小说话者可能表达的意思范围。”)”可推知，作者想通过第三段的例子说明即使听错了一个词，人们也能听懂别人说的话。故选B项。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds. The brain makes commitments to its “best guess” of how to interpret the signal after about half a second.(他们的研究结果产生了三个主要发现：大脑的初级听觉皮层在声音出现50毫秒后就对语音的歧义程度很敏感。大脑在解释接下来的声音时“重播”之前的声音，暗示随着单词的展开重新评估。大脑会在半秒后做出“最佳猜测”来解释信号)”可知，实验中不清楚的单词很快就被注意到了。故选C项。 4. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Their results produced three primary findings: The brain’s primary auditory cortex (听觉皮层) is sensitive to how ambiguous a speech sound is at just 50 milliseconds after the sound’s appearance. The brain “replays” previous speech sounds while interpreting the following ones, suggesting re-evaluation as the rest of the word unfolds.(他们的研究结果产生了三个主要发现：大脑的初级听觉皮层在声音出现50毫秒后就对语音的歧义程度很敏感。大脑在解释接下来的声音时“重播”之前的声音，暗示随着单词的展开重新评估)”可知，他们的研究结果产生了三个主要发现：大脑的初级听觉皮层在声音出现50毫秒后就对语音的模糊程度很敏感。大脑在解释接下来的声音时“重播”之前的声音，暗示随着单词的展开重新评估。大脑会在半秒后做出“最佳猜测”来解释发音不清楚的单词。故划线词意思“发音不清楚的单词”。故选B项。 【模拟02】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·开学考试）Artificial intelligence-powered medical treatment options are on the rise and have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, but a new study found that about almost half of participants would choose a human doctor rather than AI for diagnosis and treatment. “While many patients appear resistant to the use of AI, accuracy of information and a slight push from physicians may help increase acceptance,” Dr. Slepian mentioned the study’s other primary finding: that a human touch can help clinical practices use AI to their advantage and earn patients’ trust. “To ensure the benefits of AI are secured in clinical practice, future research on best methods of physician involvement and patient decision making is required.” In the study, participants were asked whether they would prefer to have an AI system or a physical doctor for diagnosis and treatment, and under what circumstances. Researchers conducted structured interviews with actual patients, testing their reactions to current and future AI technologies. Then they. polled 2,472 participants across diverse ethnic, racial and socioeconomic groups using a blinded, randomized survey. Overall, participants were almost evenly split, with more than 52% choosing human doctors as a preference versus approximately 47% choosing an AI diagnostic method. If study participants were informed their primary care physicians felt AI was superior, the acceptance of AI by study participants on re-questioning increased. This signaled the significance of the human physician in guiding a patient’s decision. Disease severity didn’t affect participants’ trust in AI. Compared to White participants, Black ones selected AI less often and Native Americans more often. Older participants were less likely to choose it, as were those who self-identified as politically conservative. These findings suggest differing groups will need specific attention as to informing them as to the value and usefulness of AI to enhance diagnoses. “I feel this study will guide many future studies and clinical translational decisions even now,” Dr. Slepian said. “The onus will be on physicians and others in health care to ensure that information in AI systems is accurate, and to continue to maintain and enhance the accuracy of AI systems as they will play an increasing role in the future of health care.” 1. What can be inferred from Dr. Slepian’s words in Paragraph 2? A. Most patients are still doubtful about AI medical treatment. B. Human physicians can do a lot to promote AI medical treatment. C. The unacceptance of AI is mainly due to the inaccuracy of information. D. The reality that patients choose human doctors limits the development of AI. 2. What’s the key factor in increasing participants’ preference for AI treatment? A. The gravity of the disease. B. The guidance of the physician. C. The superiority of AI system. D. The personal background of the participant. 3. What does the underlined word “onus” in the last paragraph mean? A. Responsibility. B. Attempt. C. Dependence. D. Focus. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Trust in AI: A Split among Patients. B. Bridging the Gap: Human Doctors and AI. C. An Important Study: The Future of AI Systems. D. Improving Diagnostic Accuracy: The Role of AI. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了患者对AI医疗的信任问题，并指出患者在选择AI和人类医生时存在分歧。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段 “While many patients appear resistant to the use of AI”（虽然许多患者似乎对使用人工智能有抵触情绪）可知，大多数患者仍对人工智能医疗持怀疑态度。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“If study participants were informed their primary care physicians felt AI was superior, the acceptance of AI by study participants on re-questioning increased. This signaled the significance of the human physician in guiding a patient’s decision.”（如果研究参与者被告知他们的初级保健医生认为人工智能更优越，那么研究参与者对人工智能的接受度就会增加。这标志着人类医生在指导病人做出决定方面的重要性。）可知，医生的指导是增加参与者对AI治疗偏好的关键因素。故选B。 3. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“to continue to maintain and enhance the accuracy of AI systems as they will play an increasing role in the future of health care.”（并继续保持和提高人工智能系统的准确性，因为它们将在未来的医疗保健中发挥越来越大的作用。）可知，保持和提高人工智能系统的准确性的医生和其他医疗保健人员，所以医生和其他医疗保健人员有责任确保人工智能系统中的信息准确。所以划线词的意思是“责任”。故选A项。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence-powered medical treatment options are on the rise and have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, but a new study found that about almost half of participants would choose a human doctor rather than AI for diagnosis and treatment.”（人工智能驱动的医疗选择正在增加，并有可能提高诊断的准确性，但一项新的研究发现，大约一半的参与者会选择人类医生而不是人工智能进行诊断和治疗。）可知，文章主要介绍了患者对AI医疗的信任问题，并指出患者在选择AI和人类医生时存在分歧。所以短文的标题为“人工智能的信任：病人的分歧”。故选A项。 【模拟03】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·开学考试）Students’ social-emotional skills are positively correlated with their reading and math performance, according to a study by Branching Minds, an ed-tech company. It found that 60-70 percent of students who were identified as needing additional social-emotional support were also identified as needing additional academic support. To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4,000 K-8 students in the 2021-22 school year. The study’s findings are in line with previous research that shows social-emotional learning has a positive impact on students’ academic achievement, but there’s still a gap in understanding how those pieces of data about academic and social-emotional strengths should be integrated and used together to create intervention plans for students. The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic achievement, said Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. Therefore, “it would be beneficial for educators to think about more combined support plans for struggling students,” she added. For example, if a student is struggling with reading, but he is very social, “how can we build that into a support plan, and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to that strength that they have?” Perhaps the student could take on the role of teacher and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading comprehension, as well as social skills, Sutton said. In the study, it is recommended that results from academic, social-emotional, and behavioral screeners should be used when developing intervention plans for students. “It’s really important to look at students’ strengths and needs comprehensively,” Sutton said. To do that, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic, behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders-students, parents, and teachers-are part of the process of creating intervention plans. 1. How did the researchers carry out the study? A. By interviewing students. B. By carrying out experiments. C. By conducting data analysis. D. By referring to the previous data. 2. Why is the example mentioned in paragraph 5? A. To attach great importance to social skills. B. To narrow the gap of the previous research. C. To explain social skills can protect everyone. D. To advocate the integrated support strategies. 3. What matters when designing intervention strategies according to the passage? A. Cooperation. B. Assessment. C. Flexibility. D. Individuality. 4. What is the passage mainly about? A. The prospect of applying social emotional skills. B. The effects SEL skills have on academic performance. C. The methods to develop students’ SEL skills to the full. D. The useful intervention plans for academic performance. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，学生的社会情感能力与他们在学业上的表现是正相关的，教育人士或可利用这一点对学生给予支持。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4,000 K-8 students in the 2021-22 school year.（为了了解社会情感学习（SEL）与学业成绩之间的联系，该研究分析了2021-22学年涵盖幼儿园到八年级共近4000名学生的社会情感技能、阅读和数学成绩的筛查评估情况。）”可知，该项研究主要是通过进行数据分析来完成的。故选C项。 2. 推理判断题。先分析第五段所给例子“For example, if a student is struggling with reading, but he is very social（例如，如果一个学生阅读比较吃力，但他是社交达人）”及研究机构的负责人Sutton给出的建议“Perhaps the student could take on the role of teacher and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading comprehension, as well as social skills（也许这名学生可以扮演老师的角色，向其他同学阐述说明，从而帮助他们练习阅读理解和社交技能）”可知，这显然是承接上文末尾的“Therefore, “it would be beneficial for educators to think about more combined support plans for struggling students,” she added.（因此，她补充道：“教育工作者为陷入困境的学生想出更多的综合支持计划，这将是十分有益的。”）”即通过例子来倡导、鼓励教育人士结合社会情感和学业两方面为学生提供一些帮助和支持。故选D项。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“To do that, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic, behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders-students, parents, and teachers-are part of the process of creating intervention plans.（为此，学区和学校领导应确保他们的学术、行为和社会情感支持团队协同工作，并确保所有利益相关者——学生、家长和教师——都参与到制定干预计划的过程中。）”可知，在设计干预策略的过程中，最重要的就是各方的协调与合作，共同努力。故选A项。 4. 主旨大意题。总览全文可知，文章从一项研究结果引入，指出学生的社会情感能力对其学业表现的正向影响，B选项“社会情感学习能力对于学术表现的影响”符合文章的主要内容。故选B项。 【模拟04】（24-25高三上·江苏扬州·开学考试）Nearly two decades ago, Facebook exploded on college campuses as a site for students to stay in touch. Then came Twitter, where people posted about what they had for breakfast, and Instagram, where friends shared photos to keep up with one another. Today, the kinds of posts where people update friends and family about their lives have become harder to see over the years as the biggest sites have become increasingly “corporatized (企业化的) .” Instead of seeing messages and photos from friends and relatives about their holidays or fancy dinners, users of Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, Twitter and Snapchat now often view professionalized content from brands, influencers and others that pay for placement. The change has impacted large social networking companies and how people interact with one another digitally. As big social networks made connecting people with brands a much greater focus than connecting them with other people, some users have started seeking sites targeting communities and apps devoted to specific hobbies and issues. “Platforms as we knew them are over,” said Zizi Papacharissi, a communications professor at the University of Illinois Chicago. “They have outlived their usefulness.” The shift helps explain why some social networking companies are now exploring new fields of business. For users, this means that instead of spending all their time on one or a few big social networks, some are turning to smaller, more focused sites. These include Nextdoor, a social network for neighbors. “It’s not about choosing one network to rule them all—that is crazy Silicon Valley logic,” said Ethan Zuckerman, a professor of public policy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. “The future is that you’re a member of dozens of different communities because as human beings, that’s how we are. The idea that a new social media site might come along to be the one app for everyone appears unrealistic. People’s online identities will become increasingly fragmented (碎片化的) among multiple sites.” 1. What does the author say about the current major social networking sites? A. Their content is getting more and more lifestyle-focused. B. Their users’ interest in professional content is decreasing. C. They fail to provide adequate support for college communities D. They now rarely see updates about friends’ and family’s lives. 2. What is Zizi Papacharissi’ attitude towards traditional social media platforms? A. Positive. B. Negative. C. Neutral D. Indifferent. 3. What can we infer from the last paragraph about future social media usage? A. People will choose online apps more carefully. B. People will change their online identities at will. C. People will join numerous specialized communities. D. People will prefer to use traditional social platforms 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. The rise of the corporatized tech giants. B. The evolution of social media platforms. C. The history of social networking companies. D. The challenges faced by major platforms. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了随着主流社交网站日益企业化，用户看到的更多是品牌和网红的内容，而非亲朋好友的生活分享。这一变化影响了社交网络公司的业务和人们的互动方式，一些用户开始转向针对特定社区、爱好和问题的小众网站，社交网络的未来是多元化和碎片化的。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead of seeing messages and photos from friends and relatives about their holidays or fancy dinners, users of Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, Twitter and Snapchat now often view professionalized content from brands, influencers and others that pay for placement. (如今，Instagram、脸书、抖音、推特和Snapchat的用户常常看到来自品牌方、网红及其他付费投放者的专业内容，而不是来自亲朋好友的关于他们度假或丰盛晚餐的消息和照片。)”可知，当前主要的社交网络网站上很少看到关于朋友和家人生活的更新。故选D项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“‘Platforms as we knew them are over,’ said Zizi Papacharissi, a communications professor at the University of Illinois Chicago. ‘They have outlived their usefulness.’ (‘我们所熟知的平台已经结束了，’芝加哥伊利诺伊大学传播学教授Zizi Papacharissi说。‘它们已经失去了效用。’)”可知，Zizi Papacharissi认为传统的社交平台已经过时且失去了其作用，所以态度是消极的，故选B项。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The future is that you’re a member of dozens of different communities because as human beings, that’s how we are. (未来是你成为几十个不同社区的成员，因为作为人类，我们就是这样的。)”可知，未来人们将会加入众多专门的社区，故选C项。 4. 主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了社交媒体平台从早期的以分享个人生活为主到如今的企业化，以及这种变化导致用户行为的改变和社交平台的业务调整，体现了社交媒体平台的发展演变，B项“The evolution of social media platforms. (社交媒体平台的发展演变)”最能概括全文，故选B项。 【模拟05】（24-25高三上·江苏泰州·开学考试）The Big Dipper’s stars (北斗星) are a celestial landmark. Visible in the Northern Hemisphere’s night sky, the stars draw out a shape like a scoop with a handle. Beginner stargazers can easily pick it out. Now, scientists have been intrigued by three factors that can explain why certain groups of stars form such recognizable patterns. One is how bright the stars are. Another is how far apart they are. And the third has to do with how human eyes move. The Big Dipper is part of the constellation Ursa Major. That’s one of many star groupings that  people in the past selected for their shapes. Some shapes were said to depict animals, people or objects. Sophia David wondered why people selected these star groupings. She is a high school student at Friends’ Central School in Wynnewood, Penn. “Ancient people from various cultures connected similar groupings of stars independently of each other,” said David. That suggests that different people were perceiving the stars in the same way. So David teamed up with scientists at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She presented their work on March 18 at an online meeting of the American Physical Society. The researchers thought about how the eyes travel across this night sky. Human eyes tend to move in discrete (分离的) jumps, called saccades (Seh-KAADS). That’s when both eyes quickly shift from one point of interest to another. The team created a computer simulation based on the distribution of saccade lengths. They also included two basic details of the night sky as seen from Earth. The first was how far apart different stars appear from one another in the sky. The second was how bright various stars are. The technique could pick out single constellations. One constellation it picked out was the star grouping known as Dorado, the Dolphinfish. The researchers also used the technique to map the whole sky. It generated groups of stars. The scientists compared those groups to the 88 modern constellations. Those are groups of stars recognized by the International Astronomical Union. The two sets of star groups mostly matched. That confirmed the method worked to explain how the constellations came to be. 1. What are the scientists interested in? A. How the Big Dipper came to exist. B. What contributes to the pattern of groups of stars. C. How the Big Dipper influenced other groups of stars. D. Why certain groups of stars are attractive to human eyes. 2. What did Sophia David discover? A. Stars are really independent of each other. B. Ancient people were good at observing stars. C. Cultures hardly influence people’s way to perceive stars. D. Ancient people cooperated with each other in studying stars. 3. What did the researchers try to do? A. To discover new constellations in the night sky. B. To use technology to recognize constellations. C. To study the movement of human eyes. D. To count the number of constellations. 4. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. Dorado is the largest constellation in the sky. B. The researchers decided to improve their method. C. The scientists have found the way the constellations came to be. D. The International Astronomical Union should study modern constellations. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家对于星座的研究，指出不同的人以相同的方式感知星星，以及科学家们已经发现了星座形成的方式。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, scientists have been intrigued by three factors that can explain why certain groups of stars form such recognizable patterns.(现在，科学家们对三个因素很感兴趣，这些因素可以解释为什么某些恒星群会形成这样可识别的模式)”可知，科学家们对于是什么促成了恒星群的模式感兴趣。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段““Ancient people from various cultures connected similar groupings of stars independently of each other,” said David. That suggests that different people were perceiving the stars in the same way. (大卫说：“来自不同文化背景的古人彼此独立地将相似的星群联系在一起。”这表明不同的人以相同的方式感知星星)”可知，索菲亚·大卫发现文化几乎不会影响人们感知星星的方式。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The team created a computer simulation based on the distribution of saccade lengths. They also included two basic details of the night sky as seen from Earth. The first was how far apart different stars appear from one another in the sky. The second was how bright various stars are.(该团队根据眼眺长度的分布创建了一个计算机模拟。它们还包括从地球上看到的夜空的两个基本细节。第一个是不同的恒星在天空中彼此之间的距离。第二个是不同的星星有多亮)”可知，研究人员试图利用技术来识别星座。故选B。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The technique could pick out single constellations. One constellation it picked out was the star grouping known as Dorado, the Dolphinfish. The researchers also used the technique to map the whole sky. It generated groups of stars. The scientists compared those groups to the 88 modern constellations. Those are groups of stars recognized by the International Astronomical Union. The two sets of star groups mostly matched. That confirmed the method worked to explain how the constellations came to be.(这项技术可以挑出单个星座。它挑选出的一个星座是被称为多拉多的恒星群，即海豚。研究人员还使用该技术绘制了整个天空。它产生了一群恒星。科学家们将这些星座与88个现代星座进行了比较。这些是国际天文学联合会认可的恒星群。这两组星群基本匹配。这证实了该方法能够解释星座的形成过程)”可知，科学家们已经发现了星座形成的方式。故选C。 【模拟06】（24-25高三上·江苏泰州·开学考试）“It was found by my dad,” says archaeologist Andrew Birley. At the time, his father Robin Birley found two oily pieces of wood and picked them up and rubbed them between his fingers. And when he did that, the two pieces came apart — and he saw the writing: the everyday record of an ancient Roman soldier. The content of the wooden tablet included household matters and personal experiences. The first tablet was damaged because archaeologists at the time didn’t realize how delicate the ancient wooden artifacts (人工制品) were. But since then, more than 1,800 similar tablets have been found among other buried artifacts at Vindolanda, and they’re now recognized as some of the world’s greatest archaeological treasures. The British Museum in London is conducting a new analysis of the materials used to make the Vindolanda tablets, in the hope that by studying the mediums of the tablets they can complete their messages. Most of the tablets were written in Latin language, a very complex language. The tablets were usually found deep underground, where the earth and lack of oxygen prevented the wooden items from damaging. Unfortunately, the Vindolanda site is becoming unstable because of climate change, which causes it ultimately become drier and then wetter, and that means yet- undiscovered writing tablets are less likely to survive in the coming years. It is the most troubling barrier that scientists face in their work. They must act more quickly. “There were lot of soldiers who came from different backgrounds, and they had to be able to communicate with each other,” Andrew Birley says. “Archaeologists are discovering the tablets not in a centralized, administrative area, but all around the fort (城堡) and surrounding residences where ordinary Roman soldiers lived. They were taught to read and write — uncommon practice at the time. This is really beyond my expectations.” About half of the 300,000 Roman Army soldiers in Britain were citizens of Rome. The rest were auxiliary troops (后备军队) who had signed up to fight for the Romans for 25 years, with the promise of being granted citizenship at the end of their enlistment (兵役). The tablets show many auxiliary troops came from different places and were sent far from their homes. Regardless of where the troops originated, they wanted to change their life regardless of danger. 1. What do we know about the first tablet found at Vindolanda? A. Andrew Birley preserved it well. B. It was a diary of a Roman soldier. C. Andrew Birley found it by accident. D. It was the artwork of the Roman time. 2. What makes it difficult for scientists to study the tablets? A. The messages on the tablets were destroyed by the war. B. The Latin language is hard for scientists to understand. C. The materials used to make the tablets are nowhere to find. D. The natural condition of preserving the tablets has become worse. 3. What surprises Andrew Birley? A. The great number of Roman soldiers. B. The literacy skills of Roman soldiers. C. The different background s of Roman soldiers. D. The centralized administration of Roman soldiers. 4. Which word can best describe the auxiliary troops? A. Daring. B. United. C. Organized. D. Selfless. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述考古学家在温多兰达发现了1800多块纪录古罗马军队士兵生活的碑文，它们现在被公认为世界上最伟大的考古宝藏之一。 1. 细节理解题。由文章第一段“And when he did that, the two pieces came apart — and he saw the writing: the everyday record of an ancient Roman soldier. The content of the wooden tablet included household matters and personal experiences.(当他这样做的时候，这两部分就分开了——他看到了文字：一位古罗马士兵的日常记录。碑文的内容包括家庭事务和个人经历。)”可知，在温多兰达发现的第一块有文字的碑文是一名罗马士兵的日记。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。由文章第三段“Unfortunately, the Vindolanda site is becoming unstable because of climate change, which causes it ultimately become drier and then wetter, and that means yet- undiscovered writing tablets are less likely to survive in the coming years. It is the most troubling barrier that scientists face in their work. They must act more quickly.(不幸的是，由于气候变化，文多兰达遗址正变得不稳定，这导致它最终变得更干燥，然后更潮湿，这意味着尚未被发现的碑文在未来几年不太可能存活下来。这是科学家在工作中面临的最令人不安的障碍。他们必须更快地采取行动。)”可知，保存碑文的自然条件变得更糟，这使得科学家很难研究碑文。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。由第四段“They were taught to read and write — uncommon practice at the time. This is really beyond my expectations.(他们被教导阅读和写作——这在当时是不常见的做法。这真的超出了我的预期。)”可知，罗马士兵的识字能力让Andrew Birley大吃一惊。故选B项。 4. 推理判断题。由文章最后一段“The rest were auxiliary troops (后备军队) who had signed up to fight for the Romans for 25 years, with the promise of being granted citizenship at the end of their enlistment (兵役). The tablets show many auxiliary troops came from different places and were sent far from their homes. Regardless of where the troops originated, they wanted to change their life regardless of danger.(其余的是后备军队，他们已报名为罗马人作战25年，并承诺在入伍结束后获得公民身份。碑文显示，许多辅助部队来自不同的地方，被派往远离家乡的地方。无论部队从哪里出发，他们都想不顾危险改变自己的生活。)”可推断，后备军队很勇敢。故选A项。 【模拟07】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）While teenagers who are at risk of depression with risky behaviors — drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and cutting classes often alert parents and teachers that serious problems are brewing, a new study finds that there’s another group of adolescents who are in nearly as much danger of experiencing the same mental symptoms. These teens use tons of media, get insufficient sleep and have a sedentary (不爱活动的) lifestyle. Of course, that may sound like a description of every teenager on the planet. But the study warns that it is teenagers who engage in all three of these practices in the extreme that are truly in a dangerous position. Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been called the “invisible risk” group by the study’s authors. The study’s authors surveyed 15,395 students and analyzed nine risk behaviors, including excessive alcohol use, illegal drug use, heavy smoking and high media use. Their aim was to determine the relationship between these risk behaviors and mental health issues in teenagers. The group that scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors was most likely to show symptoms of depression; in all, nearly 15% of this group reported being depressed, compared with just 4% of the low-risk group. But the invisible group wasn’t far behind the high-risk set, with more than 13% of them exhibiting depression. The findings caught Carli off guard. “We didn’t expect that,” he says. “The high-risk group and low-risk group are obvious, but this third group was not only unexpected. It was so distinct and so larger — nearly one third of our sample — that it became a key finding of the study.” Carli says that one of the most significant things about his study is that it provides new early warning signs for parents, teachers and mental health-care providers. And early identifications, support and treatment for mental health issues, he says, are the best ways to keep them from turning into full-blown disorders. 1. Which teenager probably belongs to the “invisible group”? A. A teenager who drinks frequently. B. A teenager who exercises regularly. C. A teenager who skips school. D. A teenager who suffers from a lack of sleep. 2. What can we know about the new study? A. It was conducted by analyzing and comparing the previous data. B. It was intended to dig into the reasons for depression. C. It revealed an alarming rate of the invisible group suffering depression. D. Its findings were under expectation of the research team. 3. What is Carli’s attitude toward the findings? A. Conservative. B. Doubtful. C. Positive. D. Indifferent. 4. The author wrote this passage to ________. A. introduce a new therapy for teens’ mental disorder B. warn about the unobserved signals for teens’ mental problems C. share a novel psychological experiment with teens D. caution teens against developing unhealthy habits 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现，研究发现除了传统上被认为具有高风险的青少年（如酗酒、吸烟、逃学等）外，还存在另一类几乎同样处于危险中的青少年群体，即那些过度使用媒体、睡眠不足且生活方式不爱活动的青少年。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“These teens use tons of media, get insufficient sleep and have a sedentary (不爱活动的) lifestyle. Of course, that may sound like a description of every teenager on the planet. But the study warns that it is teenagers who engage in all three of these practices in the extreme that are truly in a dangerous position. Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been called the “invisible risk” group by the study’s authors.(这些青少年使用大量的媒体，睡眠不足，久坐不动。当然，这可能听起来像是对地球上每一个青少年的描述。但该研究警告说，那些极端地从事这三种行为的青少年才是真正处于危险境地的人。因为他们的行为通常不会被视为危险信号，这些年轻人被该研究的作者称为“隐形风险”群体。)”可知，“隐形风险”组是指那些过度使用媒体、睡眠不足且生活方式不爱活动的青少年。故乡D。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The group that scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors was most likely to show symptoms of depression; in all, nearly 15% of this group reported being depressed, compared with just 4% of the low-risk group. But the invisible group wasn’t far behind the high-risk set, with more than 13% of them exhibiting depression.(在所有九种危险行为中得分较高的那一组最有可能出现抑郁症状;总的来说，这一组中有近15%的人患有抑郁症，而低风险组中只有4%的人患有抑郁症。但隐形人群的情况并不比高危人群差多少，其中超过13%的人表现出抑郁。)”可知，研究揭示了“隐形风险”组青少年患抑郁症的惊人比例，即超过13%的该组青少年表现出抑郁症状，这与高风险组的比例相近。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The findings caught Carli off guard. “We didn’t expect that,” he says. “The high-risk group and low-risk group are obvious, but this third group was not only unexpected. It was so distinct and so larger--nearly one third of our sample—that it became a key finding of the study.”(这些发现让Carli措手不及。“我们没有预料到这一点，”他说。“高风险组和低风险组是显而易见的，但第三组不仅出乎意料。它是如此独特，如此之大——几乎占我们样本的三分之一——这成为了这项研究的一个关键发现。”)”可知，Carli对研究结果感到意外，没有预料到会有这样的发现，因此他对研究结果的态度是怀疑的。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Carli says that one of the most significant things about his study is that it provides new early warning signs for parents, teachers and mental health-care providers. And early identifications, support and treatment for mental health issues, he says, are the best ways to keep them from turning into full-blown disorders.(Carli说，他的研究最重要的一点是，它为父母、老师和精神卫生保健提供者提供了新的早期预警信号。他说，对心理健康问题的早期识别、支持和治疗是防止它们演变成全面失调的最好方法。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了除了传统的高风险行为外，还存在一类“隐形风险”的青少年，他们的行为通常不被视为危险信号，但实际上他们同样处于心理健康问题的危险之中。文章通过这项研究的结果，旨在提醒人们注意这些未被注意到的信号，因此作者写这篇文章的目的是为了警告人们关注青少年的心理健康问题中这些不易被察觉的方面。故选B。 【模拟08】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will own up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves. Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they acknowledge making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “Who dropped the ball?” instead of “Where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again. The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible. It originated in organizations where tiny errors can have catastrophic consequences： These are known as high reliability organizations (HROs) and include hospitals, submarines and airlines. Because errors can be so disastrous in these organizations, it’s dangerous to operate in an environment where employees don’t feel able to report errors that have been made or raise concerns about that deficiencies may turn into future errors. The No Blame Culture maximizes accountability because all contributions to the event occurring are identified and reviewed for possible change and improvement. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or liability but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. The proud record of the airline industry in reducing accidents partly reflects no-blame processes for investigating crashes and close calls. The motive to learn from errors also exists when the risks are lower. That is why software engineers and developers routinely investigate what went wrong if a website crashes or ‘a server goes down. There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved. The idea of the “just culture”, a framework developed in the 1990s by James Reason, a psychologist, addresses the concern that the incompetent and the malevolent (恶意的) will be let off the hook. The line that Britain’s aviation regulator draws between honest errors and the other sort is a good starting-point It promises a culture in which people “are not punished for actions or decisions taken by them that are commensurate with their experience and training”. That narrows room for blame but does not remove it entirely. 1. According to the research published in 2015, companies that ________ had better performance. A. blamed external factors B. owned up to mistakes C. conducted investigations D. admitted failures 2. According to the passage, the No Blame Culture ________. A. encourages the early disclosure of errors B. only exists in high reliability organizations C. enables people to shift the blame onto others D. prevents organizations to learn from errors 3. What is the major concern about embracing blamelessness according to the passage? A. Innocent people might take the blame by admitting their failure. B. Being blamed for mistakes can destroy trust in employees. C. The line between honest errors and the other sort is not clear. D. People won’t learn their lessons if they aren’t blamed for failures. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes B. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations C. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work D. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了“指责文化”和“无指责文化”在组织和机构中的影响和作用。指出了指责的自然性和危害性，解释了它在高风险组织（如医院、潜艇和航空公司）中的起源和重要性。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves.(2015年发表的研究表明，那些经理将失败归咎于外部因素的公司表现不如那些自己承担责任的公司。)”可知，表现更好的公司是那些能够自己承认错误的公司。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The No Blame Culture was introduced to make sure errors and deficiencies (缺陷) were highlighted by employees as early as possible.(无指责文化被引入是为了确保员工能尽早地指出错误和缺陷。)”可知，无指责文化鼓励员工尽早指出错误和缺陷。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“There is an obvious worry about embracing blamelessness. What if the website keeps crashing and the same person is at fault? Sometimes, after all, blame is deserved.(如果网站一直崩溃，而且是同一个人犯的错怎么办？毕竟，有时候指责是应得的。)”可知，对于在错误不断发生且责任明确时，如果不进行指责，人们是否会从中吸取教训的担忧。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讨论了无指责文化（No Blame Culture）的引入、目的、优点以及存在的担忧，强调了在工作环境中停止指责游戏的重要性。文章从多个角度分析了无指责文化的好处，并指出了传统指责文化可能带来的问题，如破坏团队氛围、影响问题解决等。选项C“Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work(为什么我们应该停止工作中的指责游戏)”直接对应了文章的主题，即提倡在工作环境中停止指责游戏，转而采用无指责文化来解决问题。故选C。 【模拟09】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）Now a company is launching a new robot on personal service machines. Rather than keeping you company at home, GITA (pronounced Jee-Tah) helps you go hands-free while you walk down the street, to the grocery store or to visit your neighbors. Like the name, which means “outing” in Italian, the robotic servant is for short trips out and about. Designed by the Piaggio Group, the smart device uses five cameras to see you, follow you around and carry up to 40 pounds of your belongings for four hours. It’s similar to those robotic suitcases that trail behind you at the airport, but with an entirely different outside. Picture a large container but on wheels. That’s what GITA looks like in the flagship orange color. Imagine having a hi-tech that can follow you around with your shopping inside. It’s round and strong yet relatively smart and convenient. The robotic helper is a joy to engage with, sort of like a dog. Operating GITA is simple. You just press one button to turn it on, one button for the cameras to scan your legs, and you’re off. It actually does pretty good job of following you and recognizing when you change directions. Its movement is oddly natural. When you speed up it falls behind a bit before trying to catch up, and when you stop, it stops — usually. GITA operates best on hard surfaces. However, it can’t go upstairs. It can roll on slight inclines (斜坡) and keep up with a walking person at speeds up to 6 miles per hour. A system of sounds and lights will let you know whether it is unpaired or needs a charge. And an app lets you share your robot with your “crew”, so it can follow them, too. With a speaker, your GITA can carry candy and play theme music as you take the kids trick-or-treating. A USA TODAY tech reporter gave GITA a test run in 2019. He said, “GITA certainly made quite an impression on passers-by as it rolled down New York’s busy Madison Avenue.” Yet having tech trail behind you takes some getting used to. You can’t help but look behind you to make sure it’s keeping up, somewhat like monitoring a pet. 1. For what purpose is the new robot designed? A. To instruct you where to go. B. To serve you as you walk around. C. To accompany you at home. D. To protect you when you’re traveling. 2. What does the new robot probably look like? A. It looks like a royal dog. B. It has flags and smart panels. C. It is round, orange and can roll of itself. D. It resembles cameras in appearance. 3. Which of the following is true about GITA? A. It can roll up a sharp slope at a high speed. B. It can only recognize and follow its owner. C. It can adjust its pace automatically. D. It can play tricks for children. 4. What can we learn about GITA from the last paragraph? A. People are heavily dependent on it. B. It is far from being put into use. C. It is easy to get lost and needs to be improved. D. Users have difficulty accustoming themselves to it at first. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一款名为GITA的新型机器人，包括其外观、使用方法和特点等信息，它的功能是在用户行走时跟随着并在四小时内携带重达40磅的物品。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Rather than keeping you company at home, GITA (pronounced Jee-Tah) helps you go hands-free while you walk down the street, to the grocery store or to visit your neighbors. (GITA(发音为Jee-Tah)不是在家里陪伴你，而是在你走在街上、去杂货店或拜访你的邻居时，帮助你解放双手。)”可知，这款新型机器人被设计出来的目的是在你走动时为你服务。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Picture a large container but on wheels. That’s what GITA looks like in the flagship orange color. Imagine having a hi-tech that can follow you around with your shopping inside. It’s round and strong yet relatively smart and convenient. (想象一个有轮子的大容器。这就是GITA旗舰橙的样子。想象一下，有一种高科技产品可以在你购物的时候跟着你到处走。它又圆又结实，但相对来说又聪明又方便。)”可知，这款新型机器人可能是圆形的、橙色的，可以自己滚动。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“When you speed up it falls behind a bit before trying to catch up, and when you stop, it stops — usually. (当你加速时，它在试图赶上之前会落后一点，当你停下来时，它也会停下来——通常是这样。)”可知，这款新型机器人GITA可以自动调整速度，跟随使用者的步伐。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yet having tech trail behind you takes some getting used to. You can’t help but look behind you to make sure it’s keeping up, somewhat like monitoring a pet. (然而，你需要一些时间来适应身后的技术跟踪。你忍不住回头看看，以确保它跟上你的步伐，有点像监视宠物。)”可推知，用户一开始很难习惯身后跟着这款新型机器人GITA。故选D项。 【模拟10】（24-25高三上·江苏南京·开学考试）Salad plants have already been grown in old shelters and tunnels. Urban farming is a regular topic of interest at places like the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, where leaders consider whether the world’s food system, blamed for causing both obesity and malnutrition, can be fixed. There are already plenty of urban farming projects around the world, particularly in the US, Japan and the Netherlands, from urban fish and plant farms to vertical farming. “It’s becoming an expanding industry,” said Richard Ballard, one of the founders of the farm Growing Underground. “There are several other businesses starting up in London in containers, and there are other vertical farms around the country now.” Growing Underground is not a standard farm. The rows of crops could be in almost any tunnel, but these plants are 100 feet below Clapham High Street and show that urban agriculture is, in some cases at least, not a fad. The underground farm has occupied a part of the Second World War air-raid shelters for nearly five years, and Ballard is planning to expand into the rest of the space later this year. Growing Underground supplies herb and salad mixes to grocery shops, supermarkets and restaurants. Being in London creates an advantage, Ballard says, as they can harvest and deliver in an hour. He adds other advantages. Being underground means temperatures never go below 15 ----surface greenhouses need to be heated. They can do more harvests: 60 crops a year, compared with about seven in a traditional farm. Electricity to power the lights is a major cost, but the company believes renewable energy will become cheaper. Similar British companies include the Jones Food Company in Lincolnshire, while in the US AeroFarms has several projects in New Jersey, and Edenworks in Brooklyn. 1. What can we learn about urban farming? A. Different farming methods are used. B. Local governments pay efforts to develop it. C. It leads to a healthier lifestyle. D. It is rarely discussed at the WEF. 2. Which of the following best explains “a fad” underlined in Paragraph 3? A. A plan that has great potential. B. A tradition that appeals to a lot of people. C. An approach that can solve a serious problem. D. A fashion that’s popular for a short time. 3. Which of the following is true about the underground farm? A. Its major products are herbs and salads. B. It produces more kinds of foods than a traditional farm. C. It is more productive than a traditional farm. D. It uses less energy than a greenhouse. 4. What is the theme of the text? A. Traditional farming will be replaced soon. B. Growing Underground attracts more people. C. Current food system causes health problems. D. Urban farming is still thought costly and time-consuming. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了如今城市农业的发展情况，其中“地下种植”农场的创始人表示这正在成为一个不断扩张的行业。此外，文章还介绍了“地下种植”农场的一些特点和优势。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“There are already plenty of urban farming projects around the world, particularly in the US, Japan and the Netherlands, from urban fish and plant farms to vertical farming.(世界各地已经有大量的城市农业项目，特别是在美国、日本和荷兰，从城市鱼类和植物农场到垂直农业)”可知，在城市农业中采用了不同的方法。故选A项。 2. 词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“The underground farm has occupied a part of the Second World War air-raid shelters for nearly five years, and Ballard is planning to expand into the rest of the space later this year.(这个“地下农场”在二战期间曾作为防空洞使用近5年，巴拉德计划在今年晚些时候将其扩展到其他地方)”可知，在克拉彭高街开展农业有历史由来，说明不是一种短时间内流行的时尚。画线词与D选项“一种短时间内流行的时尚”意思最接近。故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“They can do more harvests: 60 crops a year, compared with about seven in a traditional farm.(他们可以收获更多的作物：一年60次，而传统农场一年只有7次)”可知，地下农场比传统的农场更多产。故选C项。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段““It’s becoming an expanding industry,” said Richard Ballard, one of the founders of the farm Growing Underground. “There are several other businesses starting up in London in containers, and there are other vertical farms around the country now.”(“地下种植”农场的创始人之一Richard Ballard说：“这正在成为一个不断扩张的行业。”“伦敦还有其他几家集装箱企业正在起步，现在全国各地也有其他垂直农场。”)”结合文章主要介绍了如今城市农业的发展情况，其中“地下种植”农场的创始人表示这正在成为一个不断扩张的行业。文章还介绍了“地下种植”农场的一些特点和优势。可知，本文的主题是地下种植吸引了更多的人。故选B项。 【模拟11】（23-24高二下·江苏镇江·期末）What makes a person extra repulsive to a mosquito? It might be the scent of coconut. That was one of the findings of a small study published Wednesday in the journal iScience, which looked at whether different scented soaps made people more or less attractive to mosquitoes. “It’s a simple question with a very complex answer,” said the lead study author, Clement Vinauger, an assistant professor of biochemistry at Virginia Tech. “What really matters is how the chemicals in the soap combine with the chemicals of the individual person.” Everyone has the same chemicals, just in different ratios, some more attractive to mosquitoes than others, said Ali Afify, an assistant professor of biology at Drexel University in Philadelphia, who wasn’t involved with the new study. “Everything you use on your skin can make you more or less attractive to mosquitoes,” Afify added. To see which chemicals could tip the scales in either direction, four volunteers were each asked to wash with four different brands of soap. In each instance, the volunteer washed one forearm and left the other untouched and then wore nylon sleeves on both arms for one hour. They repeated the process with the three other soaps. After the hour was up, the researchers removed the odor- soaked sleeves. They placed each sleeve in a cup and put the cups in a mesh cage full of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The scent in the cup that attracted the most mosquitoes was deemed most attractive. In the end, the team identified four chemicals that were associated with being slightly more attractive to mosquitoes and three that appeared to repel them, but the results were generally weak and variable for all chemical scents tested except one: coconut. “Mosquitoes don’t like coconut-scented products, so our safest bet is to use them,” Vinauger said. “Because odors are complex, a single scent or compound isn’t likely to be merely responsible for how attractive a person is to mosquitoes. Some may play a bigger role, but there won’t be just one that explains attraction,” said Christopher Potter, an associate professor of neuroscience at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Maryland who studies mosquito olfaction. 1. What is the main factor that determines how attractive a person is to mosquitoes? A. The type of soap they frequently use. B. The amount of carbon dioxide they send out. C. The chemical produced by bacteria on their body. D. The combination of chemicals in their body scent. 2. What is the main purpose of Para 4? A. To explain the working principle. B. To present the actions of the volunteers. C. To introduce the process of the study. D. To make a comparison between different soaps. 3. What have the researchers found about coconut- scented products? A. They can keep mosquitoes away. B. They have no effect on mosquitoes. C. They are more variable than other chemicals. D. They are slightly more attractive to mosquitoes. 4. What is Christopher Potter’s attitude towards the findings published in the journal iScience? A. Supportive B. Objective C. Pessimistic D. Unclear 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述的是一项关于不同气味肥皂对蚊子吸引力影响的小型研究的结果。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“What really matters is how the chemicals in the soap combine with the chemicals of the individual person.(真正重要的是肥皂中的化学物质如何与个人体内的化学物质结合。)”可知，决定一个人对蚊子有多大吸引力的主要因素是他们身上化学物质的混合气味。故选D。 2. 推理判断题。根据第四段“To see which chemicals could tip the scales in either direction, four volunteers were each asked to wash with four different brands of soap. In each instance, the volunteer washed one forearm and left the other untouched and then wore nylon sleeves on both arms for one hour. They repeated the process with the three other soaps. After the hour was up, the researchers removed the odor- soaked sleeves. They placed each sleeve in a cup and put the cups in a mesh cage full of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.(为了研究哪种化学物质能使天平朝哪个方向倾斜，四名志愿者分别被要求用四种不同品牌的肥皂洗脸。在每一次实验中，志愿者清洗一只前臂，另一只不动，然后在两只手臂上套上尼龙袖子一个小时。他们用另外三种肥皂重复了这个过程。一小时后，研究人员将气味浸透的袖子取下。他们把每个袖子放在一个杯子里，然后把杯子放在一个装满埃及伊蚊的网笼里。)”可知，第四段主要讲的是研究的过程，因此本段主要目的是介绍研究的过程。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Mosquitoes don’t like coconut-scented products, so our safest bet is to use them(蚊子不喜欢椰子味的产品，所以我们最安全的办法就是使用它们)”可知，研究人员发现椰子香味的产品可以赶走蚊子。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Because odors are complex, a single scent or compound isn’t likely to be merely responsible for how attractive a person is to mosquitoes. Some may play a bigger role, but there won’t be just one that explains attraction(因为气味是复杂的，单一的气味或化合物不太可能仅仅决定一个人对蚊子的吸引力。有些可能会发挥更大的作用，但不会只有一种解释了吸引力)”可知，Christopher Potter对发表在iScience杂志上的研究结果持客观态度。故选B。 【模拟12】（23-24高二下·江苏镇江·期末）Imagine you’re out for an evening walk in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because its popularity is bound to reflect on the quality of food and service. But is this true? In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, so they may have picked their evening eatery on a whim (一时兴起). Following passers- by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well- informed decision and blindly followed their example. This could have resulted in a snow- balling effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant in question, creating a false impression of approval. Therefore, following the example of others could have led to a suboptimal (次优的) dinner choice in an overcrowded restaurant. Blindly copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals. Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. Average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort—after all, there’s “safety in numbers”—while helping to maintain a favorable fame. Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision; it is therefore an easy option. Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of irrational or simply stupid behaviors. As a result, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including negative influences on consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above. It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure (诱惑) of herd behavior. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinion, and questioning others’ behaviors as opposed to blindly following them. 1. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed? A. By giving example. B. By presenting fact. C. By analyzing the cause and effect. D. By making comparison. 2. What is one reason why people tend to follow the crowd? A. It leads to average judgments. B. It brings a sense of security. C. It challenges a favorable reputation. D. It allows for better decision- making. 3. What does the underlined “information cascades” mean in Para 5? A. Adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation. B. Critical evaluation of underlying reasons for choices. C. Average judgments formed by large groups of people. D. Independent collection of individual opinions and judgements. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. Following the herd can greatly benefit us in various aspects. B. It is no easy task for people to resist the lure of herd behavior. C. It is necessary to think critically rather than follow the herd blindly. D. The busiest restaurant is not necessarily the best one in tourist areas. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是从众行为的危险性和难以抗拒性，以及提出了一些可能的解决方法。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段“In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, so they may have picked their evening eatery on a whim (一时兴起). Following passers- by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well- informed decision and blindly followed their example.(在旅游区，早到的食客对于选择哪家餐馆没有任何有意义的线索，所以他们可能是一时兴起才选择晚上的餐馆。跟随的路人可能误解了他们选择餐馆的决定，并盲目地进行效仿。)”可知，第二段是通过举例展开的，故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort—after all, there’s “safety in numbers”—while helping to maintain a favorable fame.(此外，随大流似乎提供了保护和舒适——毕竟，“人多安全”——同时有助于保持良好的声誉。)”可知，人们容易随大流的原因之一是它带来了安全感。故选B。 3. 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons(人们在没有批判性地评估潜在原因的情况下接受他人的信仰或复制他人的选择)”可知，information cascades的意思是“人们不经过批判性思考就接受他人的观点或选择”，即Adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Blindly copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals.(盲目地模仿别人的想法或选择，或者只是随大流，通常被称为“从众行为”。这在人类和许多其他动物中是经常发生的。)”，倒数第二段“Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers.(从众行为虽然很常见，也很容易解释，但却有很大的危险。)”和最后一段“It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure (诱惑) of herd behavior.(似乎没有快速和简单的方法来抵制从众行为的诱惑。)”可知，本文主要讲的是从众行为的危险性和难以抗拒性，以及提出了一些可能的解决方法，因此本文的主旨是B选项“It is no easy task for people to resist the lure of herd behavior.(对人们来说，抵制从众行为的诱惑并非易事。)”。故选B。 【模拟13】（2025·江苏南通·一模）A modern problem of the outdoor lifestyle is how to keep your devices powered. Battery packs are one option, but they have limited use and can be rather heavy. The team at Aurea Technologies has come to the rescue with the Shine Turbine, a lightweight wind-powered turbine (涡轮机) that offers renewable energy to outdoor enthusiasts who need to re charge electronic devices. Last year, the Shine Turbine launched a campaign that was fully funded in a matter of hours, highlighting the level of interest in this innovative product. Designed in Nova Scotia, Canada, the turbine weighs in at just three pounds and is about the size of a water bottle for easy pack-and-go accessibility. While out backpacking or working remotely, the Shine Turbine takes just a few minutes to set up. There are no loose pieces to worry about losing while you f old out the high-efficiency blades and place the turbine on the retractable stand (可伸缩支架). Everything you need is stored inside the container. This clean energy option also has battery storage, so you can charge your devices as the wind blows. Then you can take it with you for more charging later. It can also be pre - charged before you head out using a standard wall outlet. “Wind is the second-largest producer of clean energy in the world, yet most people don’t have direct access to it. As a team of outdoor enthusiasts with backgrounds in science and engineering, we set out to create a wind power product that gives users the freedom to produce their own clean energy day or night, rain, cloud, or shine,” said Cat Adalay, CEO and founder of Aurea Technologies. The portable design makes it convenient to use for day trip s to the beach or mountains, camping trips or as an emergency backup. “To live sustainably (可持续地), we need to rethink the ways in which we create and use energy,” added Adalay. “The simplicity of our design, two-minute setup, and ability to rapidly generate and store power, does just that. It’s a game-changer in allowing people to access wind energy in the wind.” 1. What can we learn about the Shine Turbine from the text? A. It is intelligent and works efficiently. B. It is user- friendly but expensive to buy. C. It is sustainable and convenient to carry. D. It is cost- effective but breaks down easily. 2. What kind of people might need the Shine Turbine most according to the text? A. Emergency rescuers. B. Sea surfboarders. C. Rock- climbing lovers. D. Geological explorers. 3. Why do the researchers create the Shine Turbine? A. Their product obtains financial support. B. They want to gain direct access to wind. C. They attempt to prevent global warming. D. Their desired life promotes green rethink. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Wind: the world’s second clean energy. B. Aurea Technologies: innovative pioneers C. The Shine Turbine: a green power product D. Outdoor lovers: environment campaigners 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种Shine涡轮机，具有可持续以及方便携带的特点。文章介绍了其应用场所以及发明背后的理念。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Designed in Nova Scotia, Canada, the turbine weighs in at just three pounds and is about the size of a water bottle for easy pack-and-go accessibility.(在加拿大新斯科舍省设计，涡轮机重量只有3磅，大约是一个水瓶的大小，便于打包和携带)”和第三段“This clean energy option also has battery storage, so you can charge your devices as the wind blows.(这种清洁能源也有电池存储功能，所以你可以在刮风的时候给你的设备充电)”可知，Shine涡轮机是可持续的，方便携带。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The po$$