Unit 1 Science and Scientists 单元重点知识梳理清单 -2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

重点单词梳理（12个） 1.frustrated　adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 (1)frustrate vt. 挫败；阻挠；使感到灰心 (2)frustration n. 挫折 (3)frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的 2.subscribe　vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) (1)subscribe to 　 同意；赞同；捐助；订阅(杂志或报纸) (2)subscriber n. 订阅者 3. suspect　vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 (1)suspect that... 怀疑…… (尤指坏事可能属实或发生) suspect sb.to be... 怀疑某人是…… suspect sb.of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事 （2）a murder suspect 杀人嫌疑犯 4. blame　vt.把……归咎于；责备；指责 n．责备；指责；过失 (1)blame sb.for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事责备某人 blame sth.on... 把某事归咎于…… be to blame (for sth.) (对某事)负有责任 (2)take the blame for 对……承担责任 put/lay/place the blame for sth.on... 把某事归咎于…… * 在be to blame (for sth.)短语中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义 5.link　n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 (1)There is a link between...and... ……与……之间有联系。 (2)link...to... 将……和……联系或连接起来 be linked to... 与……有联系/有关 6.decrease　n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 (1)on the decrease/increase 正在减少/增加 (2)decrease in... 在……方面减少 decrease to... 减少到…… decrease by... 减少了…… 7.transform　vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 (1)transform...into...　 使……转变成…… transform into... 转化成……；改造为…… be transformed from...into... 由……变成…… （2）transformation n. 变化，转变；改观 8.pour　vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)；涌出；(雨)倾盆而下 pour in/into 涌进 pour out 倒出，涌出 pour down (雨)倾盆而下 9.defend　vt.保卫；防守；辩解 (1)defend...from/against... 保护……免受……的伤害 defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫 (2)defence n. 防卫；保护；辩护 in defence of 保护；为……辩护 in one's defence 为某人辩护；站在某人一边 10.assistant　n．助理；助手　adj.助理的；副的 (1)an assistant to... ……的助手 (2)assist v. 帮助；协助 assist sb.in doing sth./to do sth. 帮助某人做某事 assist sb.in/with sth. 在某方面帮助某人 (3)assistance n. 帮助；协助；援助 with the assistance of... 在……的帮助下 come to one's assistance 来/去帮助某人 11.gifted　adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的　 (1)be gifted in/at...　 在……方面有天赋 (2)gift/talent n. 礼物；天赋 have a gift/talent for... 有……天赋 12.fault n．弱点；过错 be one's fault 是某人的过错 be at fault 有过错；有责任 find fault with 挑剔，挑……的毛病 重点短语梳理（5个） 1.break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 break away （from） 脱离/挣脱（……） break down 出故障；坏掉；失败；(身体等)垮掉；消除 break in 插话；破门而入 break into 破门而入;闯入 break up 打碎；结束；(关系等)破裂;解体；分手；放假 2.in charge of　主管；掌管；负责 (1)charge n． 收费；指控；指责；责任；主管；充电量 v． 收费；控告；指责；(给……)充电；使……承担责任 (2)in charge 掌管；负责 in the charge of 受……的管理；由……负责 take charge of 掌管；负责 (3)free of charge 免费= for free (4)charge sb.for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用 charge sb.with (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事= accuse sb of (doing) sth 3.come down　患(病)；染上(小病) come across　 (偶然)遇见，碰见；被理解 come about 发生(无被动形式) come out 出版；结果是；(花)开放 come up 走近；上来；被提及 come up with 提出 when it comes to... （to为介词） 当谈及…… 4.above all　最重要的是；尤其是 after all　 毕竟；终究 all in all 整体说来；总而言之 in all 全部；合计 at all (否定句)一点也不；(疑问句)到底；究竟 first of all 首先 5.thanks to　幸亏；由于 表示“由于”的其他常见表达：(3“to”+3“of”) due to (常作状语和表语，作状语时一般不放在句首) owing to (常作状语和表语) because of (常作状语) on account of (常作状语，位置可前可后) as a result of(常作状语，位置可前可后) 重点句式梳理（9个） 1.until引导时间状语从句 (教材P2) Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 (1)若主句的谓语动词是延续性的，那么这个主句需用肯定形式；若主句的谓语动词是非延续性的，则主句常用否定式，构成not...until...结构； (2)倒装结构：Not until＋时间状语(从句或短语)＋谓语助动词＋主语＋谓语动词； (3)强调结构：It is/was not until＋时间状语(从句或短语)＋that＋主句。 2．“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……” (教材P2)He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现霍乱在两条特定的街道上爆发得非常严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。 (1)so...that...句型的常见形式： (2)such...that...句型的常见形式： (3)当so/such及其后成分放在句首时，主句用部分倒装。 3．where引导定语从句 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived (那些死去的人曾经居住过的地方). 4．“It seemed that...”意为“好像……；似乎……” It seemed that (似乎) the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 5． “have sth.done”意为“（1）让/请人做某事； (2) 使某事被做； (3) 主语遭遇某种不幸之事” (教材P2)Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. 于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就不能用了。 (1)have sb.do sth. 让某人做某事 (2)have sb./sth.doing sth. 让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态 can't/couldn't have sb.doing sth. 不能容忍某人做某事 (3)have sth.to do 有某事要做 6.“not only...but also...”意为“不但……而且……”　 (教材P8)He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了来自祖国的对待英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，而且负责中国的太空和导弹计划。 (1)“not only...but also...”连接两个并列成分，如两个主语、宾语、状语等； (2)“not only...but also...”连接两个分句，且“not only...”位于句首时，该句要部分倒装； (3)“not only...but also...”连接两个词作主语时，要根据but also后的名词决定谓语动词的单复数形式，即遵循“就近一致”原则。 He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also (不仅发展中国的火箭科学而且) its space and missile programme. 7. 过去分词(短语)作定语 Under Qian's leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles，followed by (随后) the first generation of Long March rockets. 8. make＋宾语＋宾补 (教材P8)However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 然而，使他成为如此杰出和有创造力的科学家的(原因)可能是他对其他事物的强烈兴趣，如音乐和绘画。 make＋名词/代词＋ However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist (使他成为如此杰出和有创造力的科学家) was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 9. 状语从句的省略 Besides being brilliant, he was brave，though sometimes careless (虽然有时粗心) in what he said or did. 重点语法——表语从句 一、表语从句的概念 在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句，常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。 ◆The trouble is that we haven't found enough proofs to prove him to be guilty. 麻烦的是我们还没有找到足够的证据来证明他有罪。 ◆The question is whether your parents will subscribe to your plan to travel to Tibet this summer holiday. 问题是你的父母是否同意你今年暑假去西藏旅行的计划。 ◆What puzzled me was which book I should choose. 使我困惑不解的是我应该选哪本书。 [即时演练1]——用适当的连接词填空 (1)He failed the exam again.The reason was that he was too careless. (2)As is well-known to all, the Spring Festival is when the family are reunited and celebrate the New Year. (3)I'd like to start my own business—that's what I'd do if I had the money. 二、表语从句的引导词 引导词 用法 例句 从 属 连 词 that、 whether (不能用if) that在从句中不作成分，that没有实际意义，不可省略； whether意为“是否” My belief is that I will succeed by working hard.我的信念是通过努力我会成功。 The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.雨季最令人愉快的事情是完全没有灰尘。 The problem is whether we can find them there.问题是我们能否在那里找到他们。 because 说明主语所表示的事件发生的原因，意为“因为” He has heart disease. That is because he has been smoking too much.他有心脏病。那是因为他抽烟太多。 as if/though 从句表示的情况发生的可能性较小时常用虚拟语气 It seems as if he didn’t know the answer. 他好像不知道答案。 连 接 代 词 who(ever)、 whom(ever)、whose、what(ever)、 which(ever)等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等 You can be whoever you want to be.你可以成为你想做的任何人。 Tom is no longer what he used to be.汤姆不再是过去的那个他了。 连 接 副 词 when、where、 why、how等 在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因、方式等 This is where I don't agree with you.这就是我不同意你的地方。 The question is how we can get in touch with him.问题是我们怎样才能和他联系。 That is why I got wet through.所以我才被淋湿了。 (一)从属连词that、whether、because、as if/though引导的表语从句 1．that引导的表语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，没有任何意义，但不可省略。 ◆The trouble is that she doesn't know how to adapt to the new school. 麻烦的是她不知道如何适应新学校。 ◆My advice is that we should get there by train. 我的建议是我们应乘火车到那儿。 2．whether引导的表语从句，意为“是否”。 ◆The question is whether you can do the work well. 问题是你能否做好这项工作。 ◆The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们能否帮助我们。 if不能引导表语从句。 3．because引导的表语从句，说明主语所表示的事件发生的原因，意为“因为”。 ◆That's because you don't know how to handle this kind of crisis. 那是因为你不知道如何应对这类危机。 ◆She didn't pass the exam.That's because she didn't go over her lessons. 她没有通过考试，那是因为她没有复习她的功课。 4． as if/though引导的表语从句，从句表示的情况发生的可能性比较小时，常用虚拟语气。 ◆Look at the sky! It looks as if it is going to rain. 看看天空！ 看来天要下雨了。 ◆The house was in such a mess—it looked as though a bomb had dropped on it. 屋子一片狼藉，就好像有炸弹落在这里过。 *as if/as though引导的表语从句如果是事实，就用陈述语气； 如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气 (用一般过去时表示现在，过去进行时表示现在进行，过去完成时表示过去，could/would/might＋动词原形表示将来)。 Tom likes to talk big as if he were an important person. 汤姆喜欢说大话，好像他是一个重要人物似的。 Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if it's going to rain. 乌云正在聚集。看起来好像要下雨了。(与事实相符) [即时演练2]——用适当的连接词填空 (1) (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The good news is that it's simple to learn and can be worth the effort. (2)The chance is that one smoker in four will die from cancer. (3)The question is whether they will support the plan. (4) (2020·浙江卷1月)The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want. (5)The boss scolded him.That's because he came late. (二)连接代词who (ever)、whom (ever)、whose、what (ever)、which (ever)引导的表语从句 该类连接词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 ◆ (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Motivation is what you need most to do a good job. 动机是你做好工作最需要的东西。 ◆The problem is who is really fit for the hard job. 问题是谁真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。 [即时演练3]——用适当的连接词填空 (1)This is what my teacher has taught me—to always be truthful and I am. (2)The problem is who can take the place of Jim. (3)What I want to know is whose words are helpful. (三)连接副词when、where、why、how引导的表语从句 连接副词when、where、why、how引导表语从句时，除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中往往作状语(时间、地点、原因、方式)。 ◆The last time we had great fun was when we were visiting the Water Park. 我们上一次参观水上公园的时候玩得很开心。 ◆Sara was caught in a traffic jam this morning.That is why she was late for school. 萨拉今天早上遇到了交通堵塞，那就是她上课迟到的原因。 [即时演练4]——用适当的连接词填空 (1)By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived. (2)The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. (3)Go and get your coat.It's where you left it. 三、注意事项 1. that与what的区别 that引导表语从句时，是连词，在从句中不作成分；what是连接代词，引导表语从句时，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 That was what she did this morning on her way to school. 那就是她今天早晨在去学校的路上做过的事。 My opinion is that we should communicate with parents frequently. 我的意见是我们应该经常和父母沟通。 2. because与why的区别 because引导表语从句时强调原因，常构成that's because...句式，意为“那是因为……”； why引导表语从句时强调结果，常构成that's why...句式，意为“那是……的原因”。 ◆I didn't phone her, and that's because I got angry with her. 我没有给她打电话，那是因为我生她的气了。 (强调没打电话的原因) ◆I didn't phone her, and that's why she got angry with me. 我没有给她打电话，那就是她生我气的原因。 (强调生气这一结果) [点睛]　名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，而不用because。 固定句式：the reason why …… is that ……（why引导定语从句；that引导表语从句） ◆The reason why the injection needs repeating every year is that the virus changes. 每年需要重新注射的原因是该病毒会变化。 3．在表语从句中，主句中的主语为order、request、advice、suggestion、proposal、idea等表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等意义的名词时，表语从句要使用虚拟语气，即谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略，表示虚拟语气。 ◆My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 [即时演练5]——单句语法填空 (1)I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.This is why I had a few days off. (2)He was late today.This is because he got up late. (3)The reason why we didn't go was that we were not informed of the information. (4)My proposal is that you(should) arrange (arrange) for your assistant to deal with this matter. Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The question is whether I should go to the cinema with him, or go shopping with her. 2．He was injured by a car this morning.This is why he was absent from school. 3．What the doctors really doubt is whether the old man will defeat the serious illness. 4．The question is how we can get in touch with him. 5．His suggestion is that another meeting(should) be held (hold) to discuss the problem. 6．The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person. 7．The reason why he was fired was that he was suspected of stealing the computer of his company. 8．The question discussed at the meeting was whether it was worth trying. 9．Everything in my childhood crowded into my mind as if/though it had just happened. 10．His advice to his grandma is that she should make (make) good use of her spare time. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1．那就是为什么我认为沿长江旅行会是一个更好的选择。 That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice. 2．事实是他非常有资格担任报纸上刊登的职位。 The fact is that he is quite qualified for the position advertised in the newspaper. 3．似乎世界末日到了。 It seems as if the world were at an end. 4．我非常高兴。这是因为我在上周日举行的演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。 I am wild with joy.This is because I have won the first prize in the speech competition held last Sunday. 5．我的建议是我们应该为了保护环境过低碳生活。 My suggestion is that we (should) live a low-carbon life to protect the environment. 6．问题仍然是父母是否能够给他们的孩子树立好的榜样。 It remains a question whether parents can set a good example to their children. Ⅲ.语段填空 The fact is 1.that Wendy was a famous writer，but no one knew 2.where she came from and the question remained 3.whether she was born in 1961.4.What they did know was 5.that she was loved by poor people because she always helped 6.whoever was in need of money.Despite this，some people thought she was chasing fame.Why they were so narrow-minded was 7.what Wendy couldn't understand, but it seemed as if she didn't care.The most important was 8.that she just wanted to do 9.what(ever) she thought was right.She thought that was 10.where the meaning of life lay. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$