内容正文:
第一章 代词
代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。
1. 人称代词
人称代词有主格和宾格之分, 主格在句中作主语(如She), 宾格在句中作宾语(如him)。She loves him.
主格
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
it的用法:重点
(1)指环境情况、时间、天气、距离。It is so noisy here
(2)代替前文提到过的事物、前文的指示代词(that, this)。
This is my new pen. I bought it yesterday.
(3)指动物、性别不详的婴儿、猜测不确定的人。
What a beautiful baby! Is it a boy?
(4)作形式主语、形式宾语。
It’s no use talking to him. I think it hard to win the game.
It not easy to learn a foreign language well.
(5)构成强调结构。
It is you that she loves, not me.
2. 物主代词
形容词性物主词
my,our,your,his,her,its,their
作定语
名词性物主代词
mine,ours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs
作主语、宾语或表语
(1)形容词性的物主代词:主要用来修饰名词,表示一种所属关系。在语法填空中要根据文章前后所提供的信息判断词语之间的关系。如果所给的语境需要表达一种所属关系,要根据情况使用对应的形容词性的物主代词。
Eg: It is said that a shorttempered man in the Song Dynasty(1960-1279) was very anxious to help ____ rice crop grow up quickly.
(2)名词性的物主代词:名词性的物主代词多数会在句子中充当表语或者宾语。
Eg: I have already got Tom's proposal. Where is ____(you)?
3.指示代词(this, that, these, those)
指示代词
用法
this/these
指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物;this可指下文将要谈到的人或物
that/those
指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物;that可指上文提到过的人或物
such
指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数
so
代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是“如此,这样”。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点
4. 反身代词可作动词或介词(by, for等)的宾语; 或者作主语或宾语的同位语,起加强语气的作用, 译作“亲自, 本人”。常考的词组有:
accustom oneself to n. / doing sth习惯于… adapt (oneself) to 适应
addict oneself to …沉溺于…; amuse oneself by doing / with sth. 以…自娱
apply oneself to … 专心于…,致力于…
absent oneself from 缺席;置身于…之外
此外bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave,teach,heal
也经常接反身代词做宾语。
5.疑问代词
表示“谁(who),谁 (whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些 (which)”等词叫疑问代词。
Who is here just now? Which one do you like, this one or that one?
6. 关系代词(从句中):
关系代词是一种引导从句起连接主句和从句的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。
This is the students whose name is Wang Hua.
I know what he is coming to get.
I know whom he is looking for.
7. 不定代词:
1.another,the other,other,others 的区别
(1)another “又一;再一;另一”,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”。
This coat is too dark.Please show me another.
(2)the other表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”,是特指,常用于one...the other...。
He has two books—one is a textbook,and the other is a novel.
(3)other作定语,表示“另外的,其他的”。
We study Chinese,maths,English and other lessons.
(4)others作代词,泛指“其他人”或“其他物”,相当于“other+复数名词”。
Some are singing and dancing,some are drawing,others are climbing the hill.
2.代词it,one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those的区别
代词
指代
例句
it
指代前面提到的同一个人或物
I can’t find my bike.I don’t know where I have put it.我找不到我的自行车,我不知道我放在哪儿了。(it指代my bike)
one
a/an+单数名词
We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose one based on your own interests.我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营,您可以根据自己的兴趣选择一种。(one代替“a summer camp”)
ones
指代上文同类的复数名词
Mr.Zhang gave me many valuable presents,ones that I had never seen.张先生给了我很多珍贵的礼物,这些(礼物)是我从来没见过的。(ones代替“presents”)
the one
the+单数名词
The book on the desk is better than the one under the desk.桌上的那本书比桌下的那本书要好。(the one代替“the book”,此处也可以使用that)
the ones
/those
the+复数名词
The books on the desk are better than the ones/those under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的那些书好。(the ones/those代替“the books”)
that
the+单数名词或不可数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)
Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories.几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。(that代替“the joy”)
I think the weather in Hangzhou is much better than that in Beijing.我觉得杭州的天气比北京的强多了。(that 代替the weather)
3.no one,nobody,none,nothing的区别
(1)no one,nobody表示“没有人;谁也不”,只指人,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。常用来问答who引导的问句。
Eg: Charles was alone at home,with no one looking after him.
(2)none“没人;没有任何东西”,既可指人,也可指物,表示三个或三个以上的人或物。none后可接of短语,常用来回答how many/much引导的问句。
Eg: —How many of you have seen the film? —None (of us).
(3)nothing意为“没有东西”,只指物。一般回答what提问的句子。
Eg: Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.
4.all,both,either,any,neither的区别
(1)all指所有的人或物,表示“(三者或三者以上)全部;都”。
They all agreed to the plan.
(2)both表示“两者都”。
You are both too young.
(3)either表示“(两者中)任何一个”。
Either of the two stories is very interesting.
(4)any表示“(三者或三者以上)任何一个”,也可表示不可数名词。
I’m sorry I can’t lend you any (money).
(5)neither表示“(两者)都不”。
Because Henry and Mark had to work,neither of them came yesterday.
典型例题
1.If you’re buying a today’s paper from the stand,could you get for me?
2.—Which of those ties do you like best?
— .They are all too expensive and don’t go well with my new suit.
3. All of them complained about the stone but not tried to remove .
4. A few hours earlier,I’d been at home in Hong Kong,with (it) choking smog.
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