Welcome Unit Discovering Useful Structures 句子成分和句子结构 课件-2024-2025学年高一英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

句子（ sentence ）是表达思想的基本单位，只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想。句子由单词组成，但组成时必须遵循一定的规则，这就是语法。违反了这些规则，语言就不正确，也就不能正确地表达思想，因此毎句话都牵涉到语法。就书面语而言，每句话第一个字母必须大写，句末必须有句号，如果是问句，末尾应加问号 句子成分 句子 零件 图纸 + +句子结构 壹 英语句子成分 句子的成分 句子总的说来由两部分构成，即主语（ subject 与谓语（ predicate )。 句子成分 主要成分 次要成分 主语、谓语 表语、宾语、定语、状语、 补足语(宾语补足语和主语补足语)、 同位语等 1.主语 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich） 5.名词词组 6.不定式短语 7.动名词（动名词短语） 8.主语从句等表示。 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。 1.主语 名词做主语 The earth looks like a huge water-covered globe． 代词做主语 Nobody knows what will occur in the future． You are wanted on the phone,Mr. Jackson． 1.主语 数词做主语 Three plus five equals eight．三加五等于八。 The first that he supplied for me was a Spanish novel． 动名词做主语 Looking up all these words in the dictionary took him a lot of time． Typing was her full-time job．打字是她的专职工作。 1.主语 不定式做主语 It is necessary to master English in international trade today． 在今天的国际贸易中,精通英语是必要的。 To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work． 把理想变为现实需要辛勤的劳动。 1.主语 词组或复合结构做主语 A knowledge of English will help him in learning German． Success or failure depends on the support of the masses. His absence from school made his teacher very angry. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. How to learn English well is an important question． 1.主语 名词化的形容词或分词作主语(the+adj.代表一类人） In some countries the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业者通常日子艰难。 Generally , the young are thirsty for knowledge． 一般说来,年轻人渴求知识。 1.主语 从句作主语（主语从句） What we should do next remains unknown． 我们下一步该干什么还不知道。 It was obvious that they had no desire for peace． 显然他们没有渴望和平的愿望。 1.主语 1. To obey the law is everyone's duty. 2.Eating too many sweets ruins your teeth. 3.Why he did it was very clear. 4.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is often acceptable.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) 5.The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistakes as well. .(2018·全国卷Ⅲ) 找出下列句子的主语 2.谓语 1、简单谓语：由一个动词构成。及物动词或者不及物动词 He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. The sun rises in the east． 短语动词作谓语 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen．水是由氢气和氧气组成。 The plane took off at ten o'clock in the morning．飞机上午10点起飞 谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。 2.谓语 2、复合谓语： (1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成； (2)由连系动词加表语构成。 情态动词 + 动词原形作谓语 We should give him a chance to turn over a new leaf． One can not learn a language well unless one works hard． Modern science and technology can help us understand nature well． 2.谓语 连系动词+表语作谓语 Mr Chen is my English teacher. He never remained satisfied with his success． 他从不满足于自己的成绩。 助动词+动词作谓语 He doesn’t like English. He have been to Beijing. He has caught a bad cold. 2.谓语 be+adj.+不定式作谓语 They are not likely to accept the terms． 他们不大可能接受这个条件。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long． 对不起,让你久等了。 He is always willing to help the disabled people． 他总是乐于帮助残疾人。 2.谓语 练习：划出下列句子的谓语 My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. 3.宾语 She covered her face with her hands. We haven’t seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We have known what they are doing. 7. We should care more about our friends. 名词 代词 动名词 数词 to do 句子 介词+名词 宾语：表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。 位置：一般放在动词/动词短语之后；介词之后 3.宾语 练习：划出下列句子的宾语 1.. He said "Good morning." 2. I want to have a cup of tea. 3. He admits that he was mistaken. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 3.宾语 练习：划出下列句子的宾语 6.Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. 7.The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 8. I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. 4.定语 形容词作定语 He bought everything necessary for the experiment． 他购买了实验所需的一切。 You have a pair of beautiful and charming eyes． 你有一双美丽迷人的眼睛。 His words moved everyone present．他的话感动了每位在场的人。 Any mountain , high or low, can be given spirits by God． 山不在高,有仙则灵。 定语用来修饰名词和代词。 常由形容词,名词,名词所有格,代词,数词,序数词,to do形式,分词和句子来充当。 名词作定语 weather report(天气预报) customs officer(海关人员) production plan(生产计划) heart trouble(心脏病) coffee cup(咖啡杯) mountain village(山村) 4.定语 4.定语 名词所有格作定语 We are not thrown into space because of the earth's gravity． 由于地球的引力,我们不会被抛人太空。 How many dynasties are there in China's history? 中国历史上有多少个朝代? 4.定语 代词作定语 I wish to propose a toast to our friendship． 我提议为我们的友谊干杯。 All passengers are required to show their tickets． 所有乘客都必须出示车票 数词作定语 The two parties have combined to form a government． 两党已经联合起来组成政府。 China is a developing country,belonging to the third world． 中国是一个发展中国家,属于第三世界。 4.定语 4.定语 不定式作后置定语 Here are a few questions for you to answer． 这是你要回答的几个问题。 She has the ability to keep calm in an emergency． 她有处变不惊的本事。 He gave me no chance to reply to the question． 他没有给我回答他问题的机会。 4.定语 分词(短语)作定语 He is a promising young man．他是一个有前途的年轻人。 Tell the children playing there not to make any noise. The lost time can never be found again. 时光一去不复返。 she likes reading novels written by Mark Twain． 她喜爱读马克·吐温的小说。 4.定语 动名词作定语 Our reading room is bright and large． 我们的阅览室宽敞明亮。 Their working conditions are improving． 他们的工作条件正在改善。 Many passengers are waiting in the waiting room． 许多旅客都在候车室等候。 介词短语作定语 The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother． 怀抱婴儿的那位妇女是他妈。 A professor from Qinghua University will give a lecture on the use of solar energy. 清华大学的一位教授将就太阳能的利用作一场讲演。 The Anti-Japanese War ended in the victory of China． 抗日战争以中国的胜利而结束。 4.定语 4.定语 副词作定语 The people in the rooms above are very noisy． 楼上房间里住的人非常吵人。 The hot pot restaurant there is run by a local peasant． 那儿的那家火锅餐馆是一位当地农民开的。 4.定语 从句作定语 The train which has just left is for Shanghai． 刚刚出站的那列火车是开往上海的。 That is the reason why I am against your advice． 那就是我反对你的建议的原因。 4.定语 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。 复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后； 不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰 的成分后； 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 4.定语 练习：划出下列句子的定语 1.The boy needs a ball pen. 2.There is nothing to do today. 3.The pen bought by her is made in China. 4.The boy you will know is Tom. 5. The beautiful girl is her daughter. 6. The building being repaired is our library. 5.状语 用来修饰动词,形容词等,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。 副词作状语 I love the country , especially in spring． 我喜欢这乡村,尤其是在春天。 He quickly became accustomed to the local food． 他很快就习惯了当地的食物。 5.状语 介词短语作状语 To my surprise , she drank up the whole bottle of wine． The old man stood there, with a pipe in his mouth. 老人站在那儿,嘴里叼着烟斗。 5.状语 分词短语作状语 Compared to many people , she was indeed very fortunate． 和许多人比起来她确实是很幸运的。 They entered the classroom , talking and laughing． 他们说着、笑着走进教室。 Not having heard from him , he decided to write to him again． 没有收到他的来信,他决定再给他写一封。 5.状语 不定式短语作状语 To learn English well, we must have a good method． 为了学好英语,我们必须有一个好的方法。 I’m glad to have made rapid progress in English． 我很高兴在英语方面进步很快。 5.状语 从句作状语 As long as there is life , there is hope． 只要有生命,就有希望。 No matter what you say , I won’t change my mind． Better take your umbrella in case it rains． 最好带把伞,以防下雨。 5.状语 I left the village five years ago. The best fish swim near the bottom. I arrived late because of the traffic jam. We’ll send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only bone. 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 目的状语 结果状语 5.状语 6.If he goes, so will I. 7.Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 8.The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. 条件状语 让步状语 伴随状语 5.状语 练习：划出下列句子的状语 He did his homework carefully. She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper. 6.宾语补足语 英语有些及物动词（vt）,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有一个其他的句子成分来补充说明宾语的意义,状态等。 “宾语+宾补”构成复合宾语 宾补常常由名词,形容词,介词短语,非谓语动词来充当 6.宾语补足语 They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advice you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in. n. adj. 介词短语 to do 现在分词doing 过去分词done 6.宾语补足语 练习：划出下列句子的补语。 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 2) We made him our monitor. 3) His father told him not to play in the street. 4) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. 5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. 6) Keep the children quiet, please. 7) He painted the wall white. 7.表语 表语：位于系动词之后,构成系表结构,说明主语的特质,特征,状态等。 注：系动词又叫连系动词,本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语。 7.表语 常见的系动词： “状态”类：be “变化”类：get / become / turn / grow / go “感官”类：taste / smell / look / sound / feel “持续”类：stay / keep / remain 其他：（似乎）seem / appear （证明是）prove / turn out to be 7.表语 Everything here is expensive. My father is a professor. Who’s that? It’s me. Three times five is fifteen. The story of my life may be of help to others. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. adj. n. pron. 介词短语 to do 句子 数词 7.表语 练习：找出下列句子的表语,并说出表语的构成成分。 1. The trouble is that they are short of money. 2. Our well has gone dry. 3. His face turned red. 4.The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US. 5.My suggestion is that we should start at once. 8.同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时, 一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语, 都是指同一批“学生”) We all are students. (all是we的同位语, 都指同样的“我们”) 8.同位语 练习：划出下列句子的状语 We Chinese people are brave and hard­working. We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American. The news that our team has won the match is true. 壹 英语句子结构 句子从说话目的上分： 1.陈述句(Statement) 2.疑问句 ------- 3．祈使句——： Don’t be late again.再不要迟到了。(命令) ——陈述一个事实，或是表明一个看法等： Beijing is the capital of China.(事实) She may be right. (看法) She isn’t a teacher . 提出问题： 1)一般疑问句 2）特殊疑问句 3）选择疑问句 4）反意疑问句 提出命令、请求等 4．感叹句——： What a nice view from this window! How silly you are! Take a seat, please.请坐。(请求) Take care！保重！(叮嘱) 表示赞美、惊异等情绪 这窗子外面景色多美！ 你真傻！ 句子从结构上分 简单句(Simple Sentences) 复合句 （主从复合句）(Complex Sentences) 1）定语从句 2）状语从句 3) 名词性从句： (1)主语从句 (2) 宾语从句 (3)表语从句 (4)同位语从句 并列句(Compound Sentences) 简单句——句子成分都由单词或短语担任，且只有一个主谓结构： We love our great motherland.我们热爱我们的祖国。 并列句——句子成分都由单词或短语担任，但有两个或更多互不依 从的主谓结构： Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.(谚)蜂蜜好喝，但蜜蜂蛰人。 Don't swear, for I dislike swearting. 别骂人，因为我讨厌骂人。 互不依从的主谓结构可称为分句，分句可由并列连词连起来， 也可用逗号隔开： Hurry up, it's getting late.赶快，时间不早了。 复合句——有一个或更多成分由从句担任： Do you see what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？ Come again when you're free. 有空再来。 The girl who is standing there is my sister. (宾语由从句担任) (状语由从句担任) (定语由从句担任) 简单句 【简单句的六种基本句型】 主谓 主谓宾 主谓双宾语（ 间宾 直宾） 主谓复合宾语（宾+ 宾补） 主系表 There be 句型一：主语 + 不及物动词（主谓） 1. The wind is blowing．风在刮。(不及物动词后面什么也没有跟)。 2. You go first and I will follow behind．你先走我随后跟着。(不及物动词后面跟了副词) 3. It was raining heavily last night．昨晚雨下得很大。不及物动词后面跟了副词和时间状语。 4. She can swim like a fish．她能像鱼一样游。不及物动词后面跟了介词短语 5. The sun rises in the east．太阳从东方升起。不及物动词后面跟了介词短语 6. He went to see her off at the airport．他去机场为她送行。不及物动词后面跟了不定式短语和地点状语 7. She came to visit relatives and friends．她来走亲访友。不及物动词后面跟了不定式短语 8. We often go boating on Sundays．我们经常星期天去划船。不及物动词后面跟了动名词。 9. They came running all the way．他们一路跑着过来。不及物动词后面跟了分词 10. The wedding party lasted two hours．婚宴持续了两个小时。不及物动词后面跟了名词短语做时间状语 句型二:主语 + 及物动词 +宾语（主谓宾） 1．I admire him for his success in business．我佩服他事业有成。 2．Please express yourself in your own words．请用你自己的话表述自己。 4．He dreamed a terrible dream last night．昨晚他做了一个恶梦。 5．I enjoy meeting different kinds of people． 6．We should never pretend to know what we don't know. 知之为知之,不知为不知。 7．He explained how to use the computer in detail． 8．I wonder what I can do ． 9．He didn’t realize that he had made a mistake． 句型三:主语 +双宾动词 + 间宾 + 直宾 主语 + 双宾动词 + 间宾 + 直宾 =主语 + 双宾动词 + 直宾 + to + 间宾 (常用此结构的动词有bring, give, hand, lend, owe, offer, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write等) 1) He lent me his computer . 2) They offered Jack the job. 3) She showed her students the technique. 4）He told me a funny story. → He lent his computer to me. →They offered the job to jack. →She showed the technique to her students. →He told a funny story to me. 主语+双宾动词+间宾+直宾 =主语+双宾动词+直宾+for+间宾 (常用此结构的动词有buy, build, paint, choose, cook, cut, do, fetch, get, keep, draw, make制作,order定购, prepare, save节省, sing等) 1) Please fetch me some chalk． 2) Shall I order you a taxi? 3) Please choose me a new tie． 4) He drew me a picture． →Please fetch some chalk for me. →Shall I order a taxi for you? →P1ease choose a new tie for me． →He drew a picture for me． 主语+双宾动词+to+间宾+直宾 =主语+双宾动词+直宾+to+间宾 (常用此结构的动词有announce宣布/explain解释/introduce介绍/mention提及/express表示/report报告/present提交等) 1) He explained to me the matter. →He explained the matter to me. 2) I’ll introduced to you the book.→I’ll introduced the book to you. 3) He expressed to me his thanks. →He expressed his thanks to me. 他向我表示感谢。 此外还有一些特殊的用法，如ask问/put提出/play捉弄等 He asked me a question．→He asked a question of me． 他问了我一个问题。 2) I put him a question．→I put a question to him． 我向他提出一个问题。 3) He has played me a trick．→He has played a trick on me． 他捉弄了我。 句型四:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 1．I found him a famous engineer． 我发现他是位著名的工程师。 2．You can find the light still on in the distance． 在远处你可看到那盏灯还在亮着。 3．She watched the kids playing in the yard． 5．We wanted the work finished before National Day． 6．The doctor advised me to give up smoking． 7．He found Australia to be an interesting place． 8．The police observed a thief enter the bank． 9．I found the old man in good health．我发现老人身体很好。 句型五:主语 + 系动词 + 表语 1. Mr．Black is a professor from Cambridge University． 2．Einstein was one of the most famous scientists in the world． 3．The boy is very honest and modest．。 4．The Whites have been away on holiday．。 5．The young man is very promising．这位年轻人前途无量。 6．The mountain is covered with snow all the year round．这座山终年被积雪覆盖。 7．His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 8．These mobile phones are in great demand．这些手机供不应求。 9．His plan is to go abroad for further study．他的计划是出国深造。 10．His hope is to be a great lawyer． 11．The problem is that he can't attend the conference． 12．That is why we decided to put the match off. 13．The problem is how to achieve our aim． 谢谢聆听 $$