试题猜想01阅读理解常考易错10篇 - 2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期中考点大串讲（人教版2019）

猜想01阅读理解常考易错10篇 1.浙江省宁波市2022-2023学年高二下学期期末九校联考 For more than a century, Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) has been celebrated as an artist’s artist. For nearly as long, the banker’s son from Aix-en-Provence has been credited with laying the groundwork for the 20th-century avant-garde (前卫派思想). But the curators (负责人) of the largest Cézanne exhibition since 1997 decided that more could be learned about the great French post-impressionist simply by looking more closely at his paintings. Of the 80 oil paintings in this show, which will later travel to London’s Tate Modern, eight have been subjected to infrared X-ray and other imaging technologies to determine how he made each mark. The curators’ conclusion: What made Cézanne a pioneer and enduring inspiration is that in every landscape, still life, portrait, and figure painting, he was trying to communicate emotion with every brushstroke, building each image sensation by sensation. Unlike other artists, Cézanne seems “less concerned about what he is depicting than how he is building a picture,” said Kyle MacMillan in the Chicago Sun Times. In paintings such as Still Life With Apples (1893-94), “standard rules of perspective are overthrown and the objects look like they are about to slide off the table.” But the impact that Cézanne had is obvious in this show, which “goes to great lengths” to highlight which works were collected by fellow artists, said J. S. Marcus in The Wall Street Journal. Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, and Henri Matisse all owned Cézannes, and Jasper Johns has loaned the show one of Cézanne’s drawings of female bathers, a favorite subject of the earlier artist that is showcased in this exhibition’s final room. The figures in these works “often have an impassive (冷漠的) quality, leading many critics to wonder if he filled his celebrated apples with greater emotion than his human subjects.” But not that the show tells you how to interpret Cézannes. “It’s up to you to wind your own way. It’s what Cézanne did, after all.” 1．What can we learn about Cézanne? A．He painted about 80 oil paintings in his lifetime. B．He was the curator of the largest gallery in France. C．He was a great French post-impressionist in the 1800s. D．He was a pioneer in painting with modern technologies. 2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “overthrown” in paragraph 3? A．Abandoned. B．Established. C．Obeyed. D．Created. 3．What can be inferred about Cézanne’s works? A．The figures in his works are full of emotions. B．His works were loved by many fellow artists. C．The theme of his early works was related to religion. D．His works are being exhibited in Tate Modern in London. 4．What is this text mainly about? A．Works of Cézanne. B．The life story of Cézanne. C．An exhibition of Cézanne. D．Painting skills of Cézanne. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了19世纪伟大的法国后印象派画家Cézanne（塞尚）及其作品的特色。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For nearly as long, the banker’s son from Aix-en-Provence has been credited with laying the groundwork for the 20th-century avant-garde (前卫派思想). But the curators (负责人) of the largest Cézanne exhibition since 1997 decided that more could be learned about the great French post-impressionist simply by looking more closely at his paintings.(几乎同样长的时间里，这位来自普罗旺斯艾克斯的银行家之子一直被认为是20世纪前卫艺术的奠基人。但是，自1997年以来规模最大的Cézanne展览的策展人认为，只要更仔细地观察这位伟大的法国后印象派画家的画作，就可以了解更多关于他的东西)”可知，Cézanne是19世纪伟大的法国后印象派画家。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Unlike other artists, Cézanne seems “less concerned about what he is depicting than how he is building a picture,” said Kyle MacMillan in the Chicago Sun Times. (《芝加哥太阳报》的Kyle MacMillan说，与其他艺术家不同，Cézanne似乎“不太关心他在描绘什么，而更关心他是如何构建一幅画的”)”；划线词后文“the objects look like they are about to slide off the table(物体看起来就像要从桌子上滑下来一样)”可知，之前透视的标准规则被摒弃了，物体看起来就像要从桌子上滑下来一样。故划线词意思是“摒弃、抛弃”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, and Henri Matisse all owned Cézannes, and Jasper Johns has loaned the show one of Cézanne’s drawings of female bathers, a favorite subject of the earlier artist that is showcased in this exhibition’s final room.(Claude Monet、Pablo Picasso和Henri Matisse都拥有Cézanne的作品，Jasper Johns把Cézanne的一幅女性游泳者的画作借给了这次展览，这是这位早期艺术家最喜欢的主题，将在本次展览的最后一个展厅展出)”可推知，Cézanne的作品受到许多同行艺术家的喜爱。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Of the 80 oil paintings in this show, which will later travel to London’s Tate Modern, eight have been subjected to infrared X-ray and other imaging technologies to determine how he made each mark. The curators’ conclusion: What made Cézanne a pioneer and enduring inspiration is that in every landscape, still life, portrait, and figure painting, he was trying to communicate emotion with every brushstroke, building each image sensation by sensation.(这次展览展出的80幅油画将在伦敦泰特现代美术馆展出，其中有8幅油画经过红外x射线和其他成像技术的检测，以确定他是如何做出每一个标记的。策展人的结论是：Cézanne之所以能成为先驱和持久的灵感，是因为在每一幅风景画、静物画、肖像画和人物画中，他都试图用每一笔来传达情感，用每一种感觉来构建每一种图像感觉)”结合文章主要介绍了19世纪伟大的法国后印象派画家Cézanne及其作品的特色，可知，文章主要讲了Cézanne的作品。故选A。 2.福建师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 All human languages use vowels and consonants to express ideas. Most primates (灵长类) communicate almost using vowel-like calls, but non-human great apes, like chimpanzees, produce consonant-like sounds to varying degrees, This raises the question of where consonants came from, says Adriano Lameira at the University of Warwick. To find it out, he studied existing literature to see how common consonants are among the great apes. He found that orangutans (猩猩), which spend most of their time in the trees: produce a greater number and variety of consonant sounds than gorillas and chimpanzees living. on the ground. “Orangutans have rich sounds like kiss sounds, scrapes and clicks.” says Lameira. hey typically use these sounds while building nests or commencing with their young. Lameira thinks that living in the trees may explain that Great apes are experts at processing protected foods. Like nuts, which often requires tools. While living in trees however, orangutans must always use at least one arm to maintain stability. They have therefore developed more complex control of their lips, tongues and jaws, allowing them to use their mouths as a “fifth limb” orangutans can peel oranges just with lips, for example. This advanced motor skill enables orangutans make consonant-like sounds, argues Lameira. This could mean, that our early ancestors developed consonant sounds while hanging around in the trees, too. “ There’s a growing sense that our dependency on trees was much larger and deeper than we think,” says Lameira. The link between feeding and sounds doesn’t apply to smaller tree-living primates like monkeys, argues Lameira, because their size and tails make them more stable on branches and they eat differently “This is an interesting assumption worth testing,” says Chris Petkov at Newcastle University, though he questions some aspects. As humans aren’t tree living, there must be other reasons why consonants remain, which could be tested by characterising consonant-like sounds more systematically across species, he says. 1．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Why vowels and consonants are used B．What ideas the consonants express. C．How common the consonants are. D．Where the consonants came from 2．What fact can support Adriano Lamerica’s assumption about orangutans? A．They build nests with their young. B．They are skillful in employing tools C．They gain advanced motor skill of mouths D．They show stability in controlling arms. 3．What can we infer from Adriano Lameira’s findings? A．Monkeys differ from orangutans in eating habits. B．Our ancestors depended more on trees than believed. C．Consonant sounds were made by our earliest, ancestors. D．The link between feeding and sounds applies to monkeys 4．What is Chris Petkov’s attitude to Adriano Lameira’s assumption ? A．Confident B．Cautious C．Opposed D．Puzzled 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究者发现大部分时间生活在树上的猩猩比生活在地面上的大猩猩和黑猩猩发出的辅音数量和种类都要多。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段的“This raises the question of where consonants came from(这就提出了辅音从何而来的问题)”和“he studied existing literature to see how common consonants are among the great apes(他研究了现存的文献，想看看类人猿的辅音有多普遍)”可知，Adriano Lameira是为了发现辅音从何而来，it指的是“辅音来自哪里”，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“While living in trees, however, orangutans must always use at least one arm to maintain stability. They have therefore developed more complex control of their lips, tongues and jaws, allowing them to use their mouths as a “fifth limb” orangutans can peel oranges just with lips, for example.(然而，当生活在树上时，猩猩必须至少使用一只手臂来保持稳定。因此，它们已经发展出对嘴唇、舌头和下颚的更复杂的控制，使它们能够把嘴作为“第五肢”来使用，例如，猩猩只用嘴唇就能剥橙子。)”和第四段的“This advanced motor skill enables orangutans make consonant-like sounds, argues Lameira.(拉米拉认为，这种先进的运动技能使猩猩能够发出类似辅音的声音。)”可知，支持Adriano Lameira关于猩猩的假设的是他们获得了高级的嘴巴运动技能，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“This could mean that our early ancestors developed consonant sounds while hanging around in the trees, too. “There’s a growing sense that our dependency on trees was much larger and deeper than we think,” says Lameira.(这可能意味着我们的早期祖先在树上闲逛时也学会了辅音。Lameira说：“人们越来越意识到，我们对树木的依赖比我们想象的要大得多，也要深得多。”)”可知，从这项发现可知，我们的祖先比人们想象的更依赖树木，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的““This is an interesting assumption worth testing,” says Chris Petkov at Newcastle University, though he questions some aspects. As humans aren’t tree-living, there must be other reasons why consonants remain, which could be tested by characterising consonant-like sounds more systematically across species, he says.(“这是一个值得检验的有趣假设，”Newcastle大学的Chris Petkov说，尽管他对某些方面提出了质疑。他说，由于人类不是在树上生活的，所以辅音保留下来一定有其他原因，这可以通过在不同物种之间更系统地描述类似辅音的声音来验证。)”可知，从Chris Petkov的评论可知，对Adriano Lameira的假设的态度是谨慎的，故选B。 3.浙江省宁波市镇海中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 My high school English teacher used to tell us stuff like, “Learning a foreign language can change you forever.” Despite being an obvious attempt to make. us passionate about her subject, it really is true that learning a new language can change your personality. Later, I moved from Italy to England. Here, I started speaking and writing 10 times more English than I had ever done before. The more I spoke, the more my teacher’s prophecy was fulfilled. I wasn’t only changing: my Italian-speaking self and my English-speaking self had become two very different individuals. Blogging is where the signs of this effect first showed. Every time I write something in Italian, my mother tongue, it leads me to profound thoughts. When I reread my old posts, I can imagine myself drinking delicious wine and lips chanting “I Dreamed a Dream” from Les Misérables (悲惨世界). Whenever I blog in English, on the other hand, it’s a different story. I feel like my mind is experiencing wild adventures or sliding down rainbows. This personality divide also started to show in different social situations. At Italian-speaking parties, I’m dressed in the normal black suit so I can mix up with other guests, careful not to make eye contact with strangers. Surprisingly, I don’t have this problem at English-speaking parties. It’s just that I feel more free, more funny whenever I speak English. Later, I came across an interesting article from the New Republic. Over the past several decades, scientists have studied whether speaking different languages makes us any different. All their findings seem to suggest that — indeed, bilingual or trilingual people’s personalities slightly differ depending on which language they are using. But it’s not the terms we know (or don’t know) that shape our personalities. Maybe we can have the whole Oxford Dictionary in our brain, but it isn’t until we pour all that into the ear of someone who’s willing to listen, react and respond, that language really has an impact on who we are. 1．What does the underlined word “prophecy” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Impact. B．Warning. C．Prediction. D．Requirement. 2．How does the author feel when blogging in Italian? A．The author feels it easy to access deep thoughts. B．The author feels a sense of wild adventure. C．The author feels trapped in old memories. D．The author feels a wave of profound sadness. 3．What can we learn from the article from the New Republic? A．The method of mastering various languages. B．The weaknesses of multilinguals’ personalities. C．The impact of different languages on personalities. D．Unique habits of bilingual or trilingual people. 4．What plays a decisive role in shaping our personalities when using languages? A．Successful conversations. B．A wide vocabulary. C．Knowledge of difficult terms. D．A talent for languages. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者通过自己的经历讲述了学习一门新语言确实可以改变一个人的个性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“My high school English teacher used to tell us stuff like, “Learning a foreign language can change you forever.”(我的高中英语老师曾经告诉我们，“学习一门外语可以永远改变你。”)”及划线词下文“I wasn’t only changing: my Italian-speaking self and my English-speaking self had become two very different individuals.(我不仅在改变：说意大利语的我和说英语的我变成了两个截然不同的个体)”可知，划线词所在句子The more I spoke, the more my teacher’s prophecy was fulfilled.的意思为“我说得越多，我老师的预言就越应验”。由此推知，划线词prophecy与prediction(预言之事)意思接近。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Blogging is where the signs of this effect first showed. Every time I write something in Italian, my mother tongue, it leads me to profound thoughts.(博客是这种影响最早显现的地方。每次我用我的母语意大利语写东西，它都会让我产生深刻的思考)”可知，当用意大利语写博客时，作者觉得很容易进入深刻的思想。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Later, I came across an interesting article from the New Republic. Over the past several decades, scientists have studied whether speaking different languages makes us any different. All their findings seem to suggest that — indeed, bilingual or trilingual people’s personalities slightly differ depending on which language they are using.(后来，我在《新共和》上看到一篇有趣的文章。在过去的几十年里，科学家们一直在研究说不同的语言是否会让我们有所不同。他们所有的研究结果似乎都表明，确实，双语或三语者的性格会因他们使用的语言而略有不同)”可知，我们可以从《新共和》的文章中了解到不同语言对个性的影响。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Maybe we can have the whole Oxford Dictionary in our brain, but it isn’t until we pour all that into the ear of someone who’s willing to listen, react and respond, that language really has an impact on who we are.(也许我们的大脑里有一整本牛津词典，但只有当我们把所有这些都倒进愿意倾听、做出反应和回应的人的耳朵里时，语言才会真正影响我们)”可推知，在使用语言时，成功的对话对塑造我们的个性起着决定性的作用。故选A。 4.湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 Endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say. As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids (杂交种). With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren’t better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science. The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears’ decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears’ ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears’ highly specialized diets. “Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming,” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced. “We’re having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. “The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, “pizzly” bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends.” 1．Why do polar bears move further south? A．To create hybrids. B．To expand territory. C．To relieve hunger. D．To contact grizzlies. 2．What makes “pizzly” bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents? A．Broader habitats. B．More food options. C．Climate preference. D．Improved breeding ability. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．A rare chance. B．A critical stage. C．A positive factor. D．A constant change. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Polar bears are changing diets for climate change. B．Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change. C．“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming. D．“Pizzly”bears have replaced polar bears for global warming. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了由于气候变暖，濒危北极熊正在与灰熊一起繁殖，创造出“小灰熊”，杂交的“小灰熊”数量正在增加，这说明全球气候正在变得更糟糕。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards.(随着全球变暖和北极海冰变薄，饥饿的北极熊被迫向南迁徙，在那里它们遇到了活动范围向北扩展的灰熊。)”可知，北极熊向南迁移是为了缓解饥饿。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段““Usually, hybrids aren’t better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science.(Vanderbilt大学生物科学副教授Larisa DeSantis告诉Live Science：“通常情况下，杂交后代并不比它们的父母更适合它们的环境，但这些杂交后代能够寻找更广泛的食物来源。”)”可知，更多的食物选择让“小熊”比它们的父母更能适应自然环境。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs(尽管所有这些饥饿的北极熊都在试图寻找其他食物来源，比如海鸟蛋)”可知，饥饿的北极熊寻找食物来源，这对它们的生存至关重要，因此a tipping point的意思是“至关重要的阶段”，和A critical stage意思相近，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say.(科学家说，濒危的北极熊正在与灰熊繁殖，创造出小灰熊，这是由气候变化驱动的。)”和倒数第二段“This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.(这可能会导致栖息地准备好让杂交物种进入并接管，如果北极熊被取代，将导致生物多样性的丧失。)”可知，本文主要介绍了由于气候变暖，濒危北极熊正在与灰熊一起繁殖，创造出“小灰熊”，杂交的“小灰熊”数量正在增加，这说明全球气候正在变得更糟糕，因此主旨是C选项““Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming.(由于全球变暖，“小灰熊”的数量正在上升。)”。故选C。 5.江苏省镇江市八校2022-2023学年高二下学期期末 The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species remaining undocumented. Most are likely in the tropics, according to the new research. The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets: One, the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative, records every species found in extensively documented forest plots worldwide. The other, TREECHANGE, puts together sightings of individual species. Together they suggest there are approximately 64,100 recorded tree species on the planet — up from previous estimates of around 60,000. The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases. Most unknown species are likely to be defined as rare, found in limited numbers in small geographical areas, says the quantitative forest ecologist Jingjing Liang. The team’s result is “a rather conservative estimate,” Liang says, “because scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else.” “If we can focus the resources on those rain forests in the Amazon,” Liang adds, “then we would be able to estimate it with higher confidence.” Silman, a conservation biologist, who was not involved in the new study agrees that the study result is likely an underestimate. His and his colleagues’ local surveys suggest there are at least 3,000 and possibly more than 6,000 unknown tree species in the Amazon basin alone. Tree species often get grouped together based on appearance, he notes, so new genetic analysis techniques will likely lead to the discovery of even more biodiversity. Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many “species” already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says. Searching for the new species will inform not only conservation but the basic evolutionary science of how and why species diversify and die out, Silman says. “Just the fact that there are thousands of species of something as common as trees out there that are still left to be discovered,” he adds, “I find pretty inspirational.” 1．What is the finding of the new research? A．About nine thousand new tree species have been identified. B．Thousands of tree species remain unknown to science. C．Maintaining tree diversity has become a global challenge. D．Human activities have led to the reduced number of trees. 2．What can be learned about the research method? A．The researchers adopted quality method to analyze data. B．The researchers did extensive field study in out-of-the-way spots. C．Inferring from the existing dada is the main research method. D．Doing surveys and interviews is the main research method. 3．What does the underlined word “preponderance” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．majority B．evolution C．cultivation D．capability 4．According to Silman, one of the reasons for the underestimate of the tree species may be that ________. A．genetic analysis technique failed to produce accurate information B．trees of similar sizes in the Amazon basin are grouped together C．too many rare trees were made into dried samples before being documented D．the local peoples or the local cultures are not fully aware of the tree species. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要讲述了通过新的调查研究，得出的对全球的树木生物种类的数量估算，其中还包括一些未记录在案的树种；同时一些生物学家通过调查认为在亚马逊热带雨林里面，还有许多不知名的树种等待人们去发现，这也令这些生物学家们倍受鼓舞。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species remaining undocumented.(世界上的森林可能蕴藏着比以前认为的更多的秘密：一项新的全球树木生物多样性估计表明，大约有9200种树木未被记录在案)”可知，该项新研究指出成千上万的树种仍不为科学所知。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets. (这项新研究利用了数百名贡献者的努力，他们在两个巨大的数据集中对树木进行了分类)”和第三段“The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases. (根据数据库中已有的稀有物种的数量，研究人员得出了他们对另外9200个尚未记录的物种的估计)”可知，该研究的主要方法是从已有的数据中进行推断得出结论。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else. (比如亚马逊，在那里偏僻的地方可能有一些其他地方没有的不常见的树种)”可知，这里通过举例子说明划线词所在部分“scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon (科学家们对亚马逊等地大多数不常见的树木知之甚少)”中，在如亚马逊雨林这种地方有很多科学家们没见过、不了解的树种，所以他们对这里大多数不常见的树木都知之甚少，故划线词表示“大多数”，与“the majority of”同义。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many “species” already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says. (Sliman想知道有多少树种会在科学家描述它们之前灭绝。“已经有多少树种被亚马逊当地人所熟知，又有多少是被因殖民、疾病或同化而灭绝的民族或文化所知道的？有多少“物种”已经有干燥的样本放在橱柜里？”他说)。”可知，Sliman认为当地的民族或文化也不完全了解这些树种，所以这也是树种数量被低估的一个原因。故选D。 6.上海市上海中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末复习调研考试 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience. Opportunities for misinterpretation are everywhere. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as early forms of science and are full of potential. But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and battle between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. Two problems exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of current knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies repetition and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or contradiction by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 1．According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________. A．uncertainty and complexity B．misconception and falsehood C．logicality and objectivity D．systematicness and regularity 2．It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ________. A．strict inspection B．shared efforts C．individual wisdom D．persistent innovation 3．Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that ________. A．scientific claims will survive challenges B．discoveries today inspire future research C．efforts to make discoveries are justified D．scientific work calls for a critical mind 4．Which of the following would be the best title of the test? A．Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Discovery B．Collective Inspection in Scientific Discovery C．Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science D．Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学研究实际上充满了不确定性和复杂性，科学发现的主张应被视为科学的早期形式，需要经过可信度的验证才能变为成熟的科学发现，这一验证的过程需要集体的努力，并且伴随着相应的两个问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. (在科学如何进行的理想版本中，关于世界的事实等待着客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们使用科学的方法来开展工作。但在日常的科学实践中，科学发现往往遵循一条不明确而复杂的路线。)”可知，科学发现的过程实际上和理想版本不同，它的特点是具有不确定性和复杂性。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. (但是，要把一项科学发现的主张转变为一项成熟的发现，需要集体的审视和认可。这是一个验证可信度的过程，通过这个过程，此时此地研究者个人的“我”变成了社群中随时随地的“任何人”。)”可知，科学发现的主张需要经过集体的审视和认可才能被证实是可信的，变为成熟的发现。由此可知，验证可信度的过程需要集体的努力。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” (诺贝尔奖得主、生理学家Albert Azent-Gyorgyi曾将科学发现描述为“看到所有人都看到的，思考没有人想到的。”)”可知，Albert Azent-Gyorgyi认为科学发现意味着在了解所有人都知道的东西的基础上，拥有创新性的思考。由此可知，他应该会同意“科学工作需要有批判性思维”的观点。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章的第一段指出科学研究实际上充满了不确定性和复杂性；第二段指出鉴于上述特点，科学发现的主张需要经过可信度验证的过程才能变为成熟的科学发现；第三段介绍了验证可信度的常规过程，第四段说明了验证可信度过程中存在的两个问题；第五段引用哲学家Annette Baier的话对科学的可信度验证过程进行了总结。综上所述，文章主要是在介绍科学研究中可信度的验证过程，即科学发现的主张如何变为成熟的科学发现。因此，C项“科学研究中可信度的演变”准确地概括了文章的主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 7.河南省商丘市商丘名校联考2022-2023学年高二下学期期末 Two years ago, enormous fires swept through some 46 million acres of forest in Russia, the country’s worst fire season on record. Now, researchers have a clearer sense of just how significant the 2021 boreal (北方的) forest fires were in terms of emissions. The study showed that for the past decade or so, boreal forests, especially forests in the uppermost reaches of Alaska, Canada, and Russia, have steadily become drier and hotter as heat waves and drought affected the environment. Fires in boreal forests are a normal part of the life cycle of trees that grow there. But climate change is throwing that cycle out of whack. Just in the past handful of years, forests in northern latitudes (纬度) reached a tipping point and started to produce far more emissions than usual. The researchers obtained the data for their study by tracking concentrations of emissions in the atmosphere using satellites, and then they put that information into a computer model to determine where, geographically, those emissions came from. They found that boreal forests, which typically produce about 10 percent of the globe’s annual wildfire emissions, accounted for 23 percent of the world’s wildfire emissions in 2021—more than twice as much as normal. While previous analyses have regarded 2021 as a particularly destructive year for boreal forests, the study is a valuable contribution to the field because it “offers meaningful insights about where fire emissions increased the most within boreal regions and provides potential explanations for why those emissions are increasing,” said Canadell, one author of the study. Canadell’s biggest worry is the study’s main conclusion: boreal forests have served an important and underappreciated role in reducing carbon emissions, but climate change threatens to release that stored carbon. “We need to be very careful with these systems in terms of their future evolution,” he said. 1．What does the underlined part “out of whack” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Out of date. B．Out of place. C．Out of order. D．Out of sight. 2．How did the scientists get necessary data? A．By using modern technology. B．By analyzing previous data. C．By turning to citizen scientists. D．By downloading them from the Internet. 3．What is the significance of the study? A．It worked out the solution to the emission problem. B．It found out the year 2021 was destructive for forests. C．It filled a gap in the study of the function of boreal forests. D．It pointed out the reason for increased emissions in boreal areas. 4．How does Canadell feel about the findings? A．Surprised. B．Concerned. C．Satisfied. D．Disappointed. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于2021年北方森林大火的研究。研究深入了解了北方哪些地区的森林大火导致碳排放量有所增多，并解释了可能导致碳排放量增多的原因。 【详解】1. 词句猜测题。根据画线词组上文的“Fires in boreal forests are a normal part of the life cycle of trees that grow there.( 北方针叶林的火灾是生长在那里的树木生命周期的正常组成部分。)”可知，大火是北方森林生命周期循环的一部分。下文“Just in the past handful of years, forests in northern latitudes (纬度) reached a tipping point and started to produce far more emissions than usual.(就在过去的几年里，北纬地区的森林达到了一个临界点，开始产生比平时多得多的排放量。)”指出在过去的几年里，北纬地区的森林所产生的碳排放量比以往多得多。且画线词组所在句子以But开头，表示转折，由此可知，气候变化使这个循环失常、混乱。由此可推断出，out of order与画线词组意思接近，表示“次序颠倒的，混乱的”。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The researchers obtained the data for their study by tracking concentrations of emissions in the atmosphere using satellites, and then they put that information into a computer model to determine where, geographically, those emissions came from.(研究人员通过利用卫星跟踪大气中的排放浓度，获得了用于研究的数据，然后他们将这些信息输入计算机模型，以确定这些排放从地理上来自哪里。)”可知，科学家在研究过程中使用了现代技术来统计必要的资料。故选A。 3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Canadell所说的话“offers meaningful insights about where fire emissions increased the most within boreal regions and provides potential explanations for why those emissions are increasing,(提供了关于北方地区火灾排放增加最多的地方的有意义的见解，并为这些排放增加的原因提供了潜在的解释)”可知，这项研究解释了这些地区碳排放量增加的潜在原因。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Canadell’s biggest worry is the study’s main conclusion(Canadell最担心的是这项研究的主要结论)”可知，Canadell对研究的结果是比较担心的。故选B。 8.浙江省宁波市2022-2023学年高二下学期期末九校联考 It isn’t just people who get road rage. Robins, a kind of small brown European bird, in the countryside become more aggressive when they hear the sound of traffic, according to a study. When a robin arrives uninvited on another bird’s territory, they adapt their songs to ward the rival away, and adopt visual displays including swaying from side to side and threateningly baring their red chest feathers, before closing in and even going on the attack. Previous studies had found that robins living in cities were more physically aggressive than their rural cousins. The latest research suggests that noise pollution could play a part. To explore the connection, scientists from UK and Turkey put a 3D-printed plastic model of a robin on another robin’s place at two locations: an urban park in Istanbul that was close to busy roads, and a quiet wooded area outside the city. The model intruder (闯入者) was also equipped with recordings of robin songs. Then, through a separate speaker nearby, they added traffic noise. “In normally quiet surroundings, we found that additional traffic noise leads to rural robins becoming more physically aggressive, for instance approaching the model bird more closely,” said Dr Çağlar Akçay, the study’s lead author. But when they played the extra traffic to the urban birds, they did not become any more aggressive-instead they responded by singing less, suggesting they had perhaps learned to “sit out” temporary increases in noise. Akçay and his team believed that the traffic noise was interfering with robins’ natural communication through song. “The high levels of noise that exist day and night in urban habitats, such as from traffic or construction equipment, may permanently interfere with the efficient transmission of acoustic (声音的) signals and this is likely to be the key reason why urban robins are typically more aggressive than rural birds,” he said. 1．What kind of bird are robins? A．Mild. B．Competitive. C．Cooperative. D．Graceful. 2．How did the scientists conduct the study? A．By analyzing previous research data. B．By citing the famous scientists’ words. C．By comparing robins’ different responses. D．By recording the model intruder’s behavior. 3．When exposed to extra traffic noise, how may urban robins react? A．Sing not as frequently as usual. B．Ward the rival away by singing more. C．Sway more violently from side to side. D．Approach the model bird more closely. 4．What is Akçay’s attitude to the future of robins? A．Unclear. B．Indifferent. C．Optimistic. D．Concerned. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现生活在城市的知更鸟比它们在农村的表亲更具攻击性，文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及发现。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“When a robin arrives uninvited on another bird’s territory, they adapt their songs to ward the rival away, and adopt visual displays including swaying from side to side and threateningly baring their red chest feathers, before closing in and even going on the attack.(当一只知更鸟不请自来地来到另一只鸟的领地时，它们会调整自己的歌声来赶走对手，并采取视觉表现，包括左右摇摆，威胁地露出红色的胸毛，然后再靠近，甚至发动攻击)”可知，知更鸟是好胜的鸟。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段““In normally quiet surroundings, we found that additional traffic noise leads to rural robins becoming more physically aggressive, for instance approaching the model bird more closely,” said Dr Çağlar Akçay, the study’s lead author. But when they played the extra traffic to the urban birds, they did not become any more aggressive-instead they responded by singing less, suggesting they had perhaps learned to “sit out” temporary increases in noise. (该研究的主要作者Çağlar Akçay博士说：“在通常安静的环境中，我们发现额外的交通噪音会导致农村知更鸟变得更具攻击性，例如更接近模型鸟。但是，当它们给城市里的鸟儿播放额外的交通噪音时，它们并没有变得更有攻击性——相反，它们的反应是更少地鸣叫，这表明它们可能已经学会了“不听”暂时增加的噪音)”可知，科学家们通过比较知更鸟的不同反应进行这项研究。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“But when they played the extra traffic to the urban birds, they did not become any more aggressive-instead they responded by singing less, suggesting they had perhaps learned to “sit out” temporary increases in noise.(但是，当它们给城市里的鸟儿播放额外的交通噪音时，它们并没有变得更有攻击性——相反，它们的反应是更少地鸣叫，这表明它们可能已经学会了“不听”暂时增加的噪音)”可知，当暴露在额外的交通噪音中，城市知更鸟唱歌不像平时那么频繁。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““The high levels of noise that exist day and night in urban habitats, such as from traffic or construction equipment, may permanently interfere with the efficient transmission of acoustic (声音的) signals and this is likely to be the key reason why urban robins are typically more aggressive than rural birds,” he said.(他说：“城市栖息地日夜存在的高水平噪音，比如来自交通或建筑设备的噪音，可能会永久干扰声音信号的有效传输，这可能是城市知更鸟通常比农村鸟类更具攻击性的关键原因。”)”可推知，Akçay对知更鸟的未来感到担忧。故选D。 9.上海市师范大学附属外国语中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generation, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community differs from the family , many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavaior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrator are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 1．What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A．Sympathetic B．Disapproving C．Supportive D．Neutral 2．The underline word “passage” in paragraph 2 means _______. A．change B．choice C．text D．extension 3．According to the author, what role should college play? A．To develop a shared identity among students B．B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior C．To provide a safe world without tension for students D．To foster students’ intellectual and personal development 4．Which one is the best title for the passage? A．Adolescent Autonomy VS Adult Interference B．Social Behavioral Cultivation for College Life C．College Should Be a HomeAway From Home D．Why College Is Not Home 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍的是大学生自主性和成人身份认同的相关情况。最近二十年来的大学生比以往任何时候依赖于家庭，对自己应付的社会责任感下降，所以大学应该意识到培养学生自我发展和自我规范的重要性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.(大学时期应该是自主能力和成人身份发展的重要时期。然而，现在他们正在成为青春期的延伸期，在这段时间里，许多学生没有承担成人的责任。)”可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的“家”，故判断出作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility(从家庭的庇护到自主和成年人的责任)”可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故判断出划线词的意思是“改变”的意思。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.(严格的辩论和提问可以促进智力的增长和灵活性。)”和最后一段的“Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.(每个关于社区价值观、社会气候和行为的大学讨论都应该包括认识到学生自主和自我调节的发展重要性，认识到安全和自我发现之间的必要张力。)”可知，大学应该扮演培养学生的智力和个人发展的角色。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.(大学并没有宣扬大学是一个从家庭庇护到自主和成人责任的通道，而是屈服于这样一种观念:大学应该提供和家庭一样的环境。)”和第三段的“To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.(为了为提高自主性和责任感做准备，大学需要成为一个探索和实验的时间。)”可知，本文主要讲的是最近二十年来的大学生比以往任何时候依赖于家庭，对自己应付的社会责任感下降，所以大学应该意识到培养学生自我发展和自我规范的重要性，也就是本文主要讲的是不应该让大学生觉得大学是家，并说明了原因，因此D选项“Why College Is Not Home(为什么大学不是家)”可作为最好的题目，故选D。 10.浙江省温州新力量联盟2022-2023学年高二下学期期末 My mother always told me, “You should explore your own country before stepping out into the world.” However, it seems like a tough mission to travel all across its expansive surfaces. But luckily for me, Via Rail Canada offered youths between the ages of 18 and 25 the chance to ride the train across Canada for the month of July. The ticket was a bargain $150. My best friends Trevor, Joel and Jeremy and I immediately jumped at the opportunity and secured four tickets on the great Canadian railroad. For a group of 20-year-olds, this was like the first flight of young birds from the nest. When we approached the train station in the morning, our 22-day adventure from Sudbury to Vancouver was to begin. Eyes baggy from lack of sleep, we jumped on board as if it was the train to Hogwarts in Harry Potter. Although the thought of three full days on those tracks covering close to 3, 000 kilometres crushed our spirits a little, what happened next caught us by surprise. The three days on board turned into a summer camp on rails. At night, we would climb up the glass-domed train car, which gave us a scenic view of the starry night sky, untouched by the harmful light pollution. Before we knew it, the warm sun rays beating down on our faces woke us up for another day on the rails. To my surprise, a sea of golden grain fields dominated the landscape we were in the Canadian Prairies. Another day slipped away and we set up for another night in the dome (圆顶状物). And this time we were greeted by night sky painted by a fantastic thunderstorm. Lightning was striking at an incredible rate. The spectacular and memorable light show left everyone in the glass bubble in complete disbelief. Arriving in the Rocky Mountains was one of the most surreal experiences of my life. Before the train adventure, if I could have skipped the travel and arrived at the destination, I would have. That is no longer true. I’ve learned that the journey can be more enjoyable than the destination. 1．What has made the author’s train adventure across Canada a reality? A．The encouragement given by his mother. B．The discount ticket offered by Via Rail Canada. C．The appeal of the scenic views in the country. D．His great courage to challenge a tough mission. 2．What can we infer about the young people from Paragraph 2? A．They left their parents for the first time in their life. B．They never thought of having a train adventure. C．They were hooked by the magic story of Harry Potter. D．They were excited about the coming train journey. 3．What does “the glass bubble” in the fourth paragraph refer to? A．The glass-domed train car. B．The sightseeing tour. C．A state of excitement. D．A summer camp on the train. 4．What did the author learn from the train adventure across Canada? A．The destination is what matters. B．Adventurous journey attracts young people. C．Enjoying a journey counts a lot. D．The traveling experience is not real to him. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要记叙了作者和朋友乘坐火车穿越加拿大的经历，描述了他们在路途中的所见所闻和感受。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, it seems like a tough mission to travel all across its expansive surfaces. But luckily for me, Via Rail Canada offered youths between the ages of 18 and 25 the chance to ride the train across Canada for the month of July. The ticket was a bargain $150.(然而，穿越它广阔的表面似乎是一项艰巨的任务。但对我来说幸运的是，Via Rail Canada为18至25岁的年轻人提供了在7月份乘坐火车穿越加拿大的机会。票价便宜到150美元。)”可知，是加拿大Via铁路公司提供的折扣票让作者穿越加拿大的火车冒险变成了现实。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“For a group of 20-year-olds, this was like the first flight of young birds from the nest. When we approached the train station in the morning, our 22-day adventure from Sudbury to Vancouver was to begin. Eyes baggy from lack of sleep, we jumped on board as if it was the train to Hogwarts in Harry Potter.(对于一群20多岁的年轻人来说，这就像是雏鸟第一次从巢里飞出来。当我们早上到达火车站时，我们从Sudbury到Vancouver的22天冒险就要开始了。由于睡眠不足，我们的眼睛都肿了起来，我们跳上了火车，就好像是《哈利波特》里开往霍格沃茨的火车。)”可推知，年轻人对即将到来的火车旅行很兴奋。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三段中“At night, we would climb up the glass-domed train car, which gave us a scenic view of the starry night sky, untouched by the harmful light pollution.(晚上，我们会爬上玻璃圆顶车厢，在那里我们可以看到满天星斗的夜空，没有受到有害的光污染。)”以及划线短语上文And this time we were greeted by night sky painted by a fantastic thunderstorm. Lightning was striking at an incredible rate. The spectacular and memorable light show left everyone可知，这次迎接我们的是描绘着梦幻般的雷雨的夜空。闪电以令人难以置信的速度袭来。壮观而难忘的光影秀让“the glass bubble”里的每个人都难以置信。由此可知，“the glass bubble”指的是玻璃穹顶的火车车厢。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve learned that the journey can be more enjoyable than the destination.(我明白了旅途比目的地更令人愉快。)”可推知，作者从穿越加拿大的火车冒险中学到了享受一段旅程很重要。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 猜想01阅读理解常考易错10篇 1.浙江省宁波市2022-2023学年高二下学期期末九校联考 For more than a century, Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) has been celebrated as an artist’s artist. For nearly as long, the banker’s son from Aix-en-Provence has been credited with laying the groundwork for the 20th-century avant-garde (前卫派思想). But the curators (负责人) of the largest Cézanne exhibition since 1997 decided that more could be learned about the great French post-impressionist simply by looking more closely at his paintings. Of the 80 oil paintings in this show, which will later travel to London’s Tate Modern, eight have been subjected to infrared X-ray and other imaging technologies to determine how he made each mark. The curators’ conclusion: What made Cézanne a pioneer and enduring inspiration is that in every landscape, still life, portrait, and figure painting, he was trying to communicate emotion with every brushstroke, building each image sensation by sensation. Unlike other artists, Cézanne seems “less concerned about what he is depicting than how he is building a picture,” said Kyle MacMillan in the Chicago Sun Times. In paintings such as Still Life With Apples (1893-94), “standard rules of perspective are overthrown and the objects look like they are about to slide off the table.” But the impact that Cézanne had is obvious in this show, which “goes to great lengths” to highlight which works were collected by fellow artists, said J. S. Marcus in The Wall Street Journal. Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, and Henri Matisse all owned Cézannes, and Jasper Johns has loaned the show one of Cézanne’s drawings of female bathers, a favorite subject of the earlier artist that is showcased in this exhibition’s final room. The figures in these works “often have an impassive (冷漠的) quality, leading many critics to wonder if he filled his celebrated apples with greater emotion than his human subjects.” But not that the show tells you how to interpret Cézannes. “It’s up to you to wind your own way. It’s what Cézanne did, after all.” 1．What can we learn about Cézanne? A．He painted about 80 oil paintings in his lifetime. B．He was the curator of the largest gallery in France. C．He was a great French post-impressionist in the 1800s. D．He was a pioneer in painting with modern technologies. 2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “overthrown” in paragraph 3? A．Abandoned. B．Established. C．Obeyed. D．Created. 3．What can be inferred about Cézanne’s works? A．The figures in his works are full of emotions. B．His works were loved by many fellow artists. C．The theme of his early works was related to religion. D．His works are being exhibited in Tate Modern in London. 4．What is this text mainly about? A．Works of Cézanne. B．The life story of Cézanne. C．An exhibition of Cézanne. D．Painting skills of Cézanne. 2.福建师范大学附属中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 All human languages use vowels and consonants to express ideas. Most primates (灵长类) communicate almost using vowel-like calls, but non-human great apes, like chimpanzees, produce consonant-like sounds to varying degrees, This raises the question of where consonants came from, says Adriano Lameira at the University of Warwick. To find it out, he studied existing literature to see how common consonants are among the great apes. He found that orangutans (猩猩), which spend most of their time in the trees: produce a greater number and variety of consonant sounds than gorillas and chimpanzees living. on the ground. “Orangutans have rich sounds like kiss sounds, scrapes and clicks.” says Lameira. hey typically use these sounds while building nests or commencing with their young. Lameira thinks that living in the trees may explain that Great apes are experts at processing protected foods. Like nuts, which often requires tools. While living in trees however, orangutans must always use at least one arm to maintain stability. They have therefore developed more complex control of their lips, tongues and jaws, allowing them to use their mouths as a “fifth limb” orangutans can peel oranges just with lips, for example. This advanced motor skill enables orangutans make consonant-like sounds, argues Lameira. This could mean, that our early ancestors developed consonant sounds while hanging around in the trees, too. “ There’s a growing sense that our dependency on trees was much larger and deeper than we think,” says Lameira. The link between feeding and sounds doesn’t apply to smaller tree-living primates like monkeys, argues Lameira, because their size and tails make them more stable on branches and they eat differently “This is an interesting assumption worth testing,” says Chris Petkov at Newcastle University, though he questions some aspects. As humans aren’t tree living, there must be other reasons why consonants remain, which could be tested by characterising consonant-like sounds more systematically across species, he says. 1．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Why vowels and consonants are used B．What ideas the consonants express. C．How common the consonants are. D．Where the consonants came from 2．What fact can support Adriano Lamerica’s assumption about orangutans? A．They build nests with their young. B．They are skillful in employing tools C．They gain advanced motor skill of mouths D．They show stability in controlling arms. 3．What can we infer from Adriano Lameira’s findings? A．Monkeys differ from orangutans in eating habits. B．Our ancestors depended more on trees than believed. C．Consonant sounds were made by our earliest, ancestors. D．The link between feeding and sounds applies to monkeys 4．What is Chris Petkov’s attitude to Adriano Lameira’s assumption ? A．Confident B．Cautious C．Opposed D．Puzzled 3.浙江省宁波市镇海中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 My high school English teacher used to tell us stuff like, “Learning a foreign language can change you forever.” Despite being an obvious attempt to make. us passionate about her subject, it really is true that learning a new language can change your personality. Later, I moved from Italy to England. Here, I started speaking and writing 10 times more English than I had ever done before. The more I spoke, the more my teacher’s prophecy was fulfilled. I wasn’t only changing: my Italian-speaking self and my English-speaking self had become two very different individuals. Blogging is where the signs of this effect first showed. Every time I write something in Italian, my mother tongue, it leads me to profound thoughts. When I reread my old posts, I can imagine myself drinking delicious wine and lips chanting “I Dreamed a Dream” from Les Misérables (悲惨世界). Whenever I blog in English, on the other hand, it’s a different story. I feel like my mind is experiencing wild adventures or sliding down rainbows. This personality divide also started to show in different social situations. At Italian-speaking parties, I’m dressed in the normal black suit so I can mix up with other guests, careful not to make eye contact with strangers. Surprisingly, I don’t have this problem at English-speaking parties. It’s just that I feel more free, more funny whenever I speak English. Later, I came across an interesting article from the New Republic. Over the past several decades, scientists have studied whether speaking different languages makes us any different. All their findings seem to suggest that — indeed, bilingual or trilingual people’s personalities slightly differ depending on which language they are using. But it’s not the terms we know (or don’t know) that shape our personalities. Maybe we can have the whole Oxford Dictionary in our brain, but it isn’t until we pour all that into the ear of someone who’s willing to listen, react and respond, that language really has an impact on who we are. 1．What does the underlined word “prophecy” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Impact. B．Warning. C．Prediction. D．Requirement. 2．How does the author feel when blogging in Italian? A．The author feels it easy to access deep thoughts. B．The author feels a sense of wild adventure. C．The author feels trapped in old memories. D．The author feels a wave of profound sadness. 3．What can we learn from the article from the New Republic? A．The method of mastering various languages. B．The weaknesses of multilinguals’ personalities. C．The impact of different languages on personalities. D．Unique habits of bilingual or trilingual people. 4．What plays a decisive role in shaping our personalities when using languages? A．Successful conversations. B．A wide vocabulary. C．Knowledge of difficult terms. D．A talent for languages. 4.湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 Endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say. As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids (杂交种). With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren’t better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science. The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears’ decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears’ ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears’ highly specialized diets. “Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming,” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced. “We’re having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. “The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, “pizzly” bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends.” 1．Why do polar bears move further south? A．To create hybrids. B．To expand territory. C．To relieve hunger. D．To contact grizzlies. 2．What makes “pizzly” bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents? A．Broader habitats. B．More food options. C．Climate preference. D．Improved breeding ability. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．A rare chance. B．A critical stage. C．A positive factor. D．A constant change. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Polar bears are changing diets for climate change. B．Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change. C．“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming. D．“Pizzly”bears have replaced polar bears for global warming. 5.江苏省镇江市八校2022-2023学年高二下学期期末 The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species remaining undocumented. Most are likely in the tropics, according to the new research. The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets: One, the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative, records every species found in extensively documented forest plots worldwide. The other, TREECHANGE, puts together sightings of individual species. Together they suggest there are approximately 64,100 recorded tree species on the planet — up from previous estimates of around 60,000. The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases. Most unknown species are likely to be defined as rare, found in limited numbers in small geographical areas, says the quantitative forest ecologist Jingjing Liang. The team’s result is “a rather conservative estimate,” Liang says, “because scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else.” “If we can focus the resources on those rain forests in the Amazon,” Liang adds, “then we would be able to estimate it with higher confidence.” Silman, a conservation biologist, who was not involved in the new study agrees that the study result is likely an underestimate. His and his colleagues’ local surveys suggest there are at least 3,000 and possibly more than 6,000 unknown tree species in the Amazon basin alone. Tree species often get grouped together based on appearance, he notes, so new genetic analysis techniques will likely lead to the discovery of even more biodiversity. Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many “species” already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says. Searching for the new species will inform not only conservation but the basic evolutionary science of how and why species diversify and die out, Silman says. “Just the fact that there are thousands of species of something as common as trees out there that are still left to be discovered,” he adds, “I find pretty inspirational.” 1．What is the finding of the new research? A．About nine thousand new tree species have been identified. B．Thousands of tree species remain unknown to science. C．Maintaining tree diversity has become a global challenge. D．Human activities have led to the reduced number of trees. 2．What can be learned about the research method? A．The researchers adopted quality method to analyze data. B．The researchers did extensive field study in out-of-the-way spots. C．Inferring from the existing dada is the main research method. D．Doing surveys and interviews is the main research method. 3．What does the underlined word “preponderance” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．majority B．evolution C．cultivation D．capability 4．According to Silman, one of the reasons for the underestimate of the tree species may be that ________. A．genetic analysis technique failed to produce accurate information B．trees of similar sizes in the Amazon basin are grouped together C．too many rare trees were made into dried samples before being documented D．the local peoples or the local cultures are not fully aware of the tree species. 6.上海市上海中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期末复习调研考试 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience. Opportunities for misinterpretation are everywhere. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as early forms of science and are full of potential. But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and battle between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. Two problems exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of current knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies repetition and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or contradiction by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 1．According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________. A．uncertainty and complexity B．misconception and falsehood C．logicality and objectivity D．systematicness and regularity 2．It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ________. A．strict inspection B．shared efforts C．individual wisdom D．persistent innovation 3．Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that ________. A．scientific claims will survive challenges B．discoveries today inspire future research C．efforts to make discoveries are justified D．scientific work calls for a critical mind 4．Which of the following would be the best title of the test? A．Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Discovery B．Collective Inspection in Scientific Discovery C．Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science D．Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science 7.河南省商丘市商丘名校联考2022-2023学年高二下学期期末 Two years ago, enormous fires swept through some 46 million acres of forest in Russia, the country’s worst fire season on record. Now, researchers have a clearer sense of just how significant the 2021 boreal (北方的) forest fires were in terms of emissions. The study showed that for the past decade or so, boreal forests, especially forests in the uppermost reaches of Alaska, Canada, and Russia, have steadily become drier and hotter as heat waves and drought affected the environment. Fires in boreal forests are a normal part of the life cycle of trees that grow there. But climate change is throwing that cycle out of whack. Just in the past handful of years, forests in northern latitudes (纬度) reached a tipping point and started to produce far more emissions than usual. The researchers obtained the data for their study by tracking concentrations of emissions in the atmosphere using satellites, and then they put that information into a computer model to determine where, geographically, those emissions came from. They found that boreal forests, which typically produce about 10 percent of the globe’s annual wildfire emissions, accounted for 23 percent of the world’s wildfire emissions in 2021—more than twice as much as normal. While previous analyses have regarded 2021 as a particularly destructive year for boreal forests, the study is a valuable contribution to the field because it “offers meaningful insights about where fire emissions increased the most within boreal regions and provides potential explanations for why those emissions are increasing,” said Canadell, one author of the study. Canadell’s biggest worry is the study’s main conclusion: boreal forests have served an important and underappreciated role in reducing carbon emissions, but climate change threatens to release that stored carbon. “We need to be very careful with these systems in terms of their future evolution,” he said. 1．What does the underlined part “out of whack” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Out of date. B．Out of place. C．Out of order. D．Out of sight. 2．How did the scientists get necessary data? A．By using modern technology. B．By analyzing previous data. C．By turning to citizen scientists. D．By downloading them from the Internet. 3．What is the significance of the study? A．It worked out the solution to the emission problem. B．It found out the year 2021 was destructive for forests. C．It filled a gap in the study of the function of boreal forests. D．It pointed out the reason for increased emissions in boreal areas. 4．How does Canadell feel about the findings? A．Surprised. B．Concerned. C．Satisfied. D．Disappointed. 8.浙江省宁波市2022-2023学年高二下学期期末九校联考 It isn’t just people who get road rage. Robins, a kind of small brown European bird, in the countryside become more aggressive when they hear the sound of traffic, according to a study. When a robin arrives uninvited on another bird’s territory, they adapt their songs to ward the rival away, and adopt visual displays including swaying from side to side and threateningly baring their red chest feathers, before closing in and even going on the attack. Previous studies had found that robins living in cities were more physically aggressive than their rural cousins. The latest research suggests that noise pollution could play a part. To explore the connection, scientists from UK and Turkey put a 3D-printed plastic model of a robin on another robin’s place at two locations: an urban park in Istanbul that was close to busy roads, and a quiet wooded area outside the city. The model intruder (闯入者) was also equipped with recordings of robin songs. Then, through a separate speaker nearby, they added traffic noise. “In normally quiet surroundings, we found that additional traffic noise leads to rural robins becoming more physically aggressive, for instance approaching the model bird more closely,” said Dr Çağlar Akçay, the study’s lead author. But when they played the extra traffic to the urban birds, they did not become any more aggressive-instead they responded by singing less, suggesting they had perhaps learned to “sit out” temporary increases in noise. Akçay and his team believed that the traffic noise was interfering with robins’ natural communication through song. “The high levels of noise that exist day and night in urban habitats, such as from traffic or construction equipment, may permanently interfere with the efficient transmission of acoustic (声音的) signals and this is likely to be the key reason why urban robins are typically more aggressive than rural birds,” he said. 1．What kind of bird are robins? A．Mild. B．Competitive. C．Cooperative. D．Graceful. 2．How did the scientists conduct the study? A．By analyzing previous research data. B．By citing the famous scientists’ words. C．By comparing robins’ different responses. D．By recording the model intruder’s behavior. 3．When exposed to extra traffic noise, how may urban robins react? A．Sing not as frequently as usual. B．Ward the rival away by singing more. C．Sway more violently from side to side. D．Approach the model bird more closely. 4．What is Akçay’s attitude to the future of robins? A．Unclear. B．Indifferent. C．Optimistic. D．Concerned. 9.上海市师范大学附属外国语中学2022-2023学年高二下学期期末考试 The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generation, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community differs from the family , many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavaior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrator are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery. 1．What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students? A．Sympathetic B．Disapproving C．Supportive D．Neutral 2．The underline word “passage” in paragraph 2 means _______. A．change B．choice C．text D．extension 3．According to the author, what role should college play? A．To develop a shared identity among students B．B．To define and regulate students’ social behavior C．To provide a safe world without tension for students D．To foster students’ intellectual and personal development 4．Which one is the best title for the passage? A．Adolescent Autonomy VS Adult Interference B．Social Behavioral Cultivation for College Life C．College Should Be a HomeAway From Home D．Why College Is Not Home 10.浙江省温州新力量联盟2022-2023学年高二下学期期末 My mother always told me, “You should explore your own country before stepping out into the world.” However, it seems like a tough mission to travel all across its expansive surfaces. But luckily for me, Via Rail Canada offered youths between the ages of 18 and 25 the chance to ride the train across Canada for the month of July. The ticket was a bargain $150. My best friends Trevor, Joel and Jeremy and I immediately jumped at the opportunity and secured four tickets on the great Canadian railroad. For a group of 20-year-olds, this was like the first flight of young birds from the nest. When we approached the train station in the morning, our 22-day adventure from Sudbury to Vancouver was to begin. Eyes baggy from lack of sleep, we jumped on board as if it was the train to Hogwarts in Harry Potter. Although the thought of three full days on those tracks covering close to 3, 000 kilometres crushed our spirits a little, what happened next caught us by surprise. The three days on board turned into a summer camp on rails. At night, we would climb up the glass-domed train car, which gave us a scenic view of the starry night sky, untouched by the harmful light pollution. Before we knew it, the warm sun rays beating down on our faces woke us up for another day on the rails. To my surprise, a sea of golden grain fields dominated the landscape we were in the Canadian Prairies. Another day slipped away and we set up for another night in the dome (圆顶状物). And this time we were greeted by night sky painted by a fantastic thunderstorm. Lightning was striking at an incredible rate. The spectacular and memorable light show left everyone in the glass bubble in complete disbelief. Arriving in the Rocky Mountains was one of the most surreal experiences of my life. Before the train adventure, if I could have skipped the travel and arrived at the destination, I would have. That is no longer true. I’ve learned that the journey can be more enjoyable than the destination. 1．What has made the author’s train adventure across Canada a reality? A．The encouragement given by his mother. B．The discount ticket offered by Via Rail Canada. C．The appeal of the scenic views in the country. D．His great courage to challenge a tough mission. 2．What can we infer about the young people from Paragraph 2? A．They left their parents for the first time in their life. B．They never thought of having a train adventure. C．They were hooked by the magic story of Harry Potter. D．They were excited about the coming train journey. 3．What does “the glass bubble” in the fourth paragraph refer to? A．The glass-domed train car. B．The sightseeing tour. C．A state of excitement. D．A summer camp on the train. 4．What did the author learn from the train adventure across Canada? A．The destination is what matters. B．Adventurous journey attracts young people. C．Enjoying a journey counts a lot. D．The traveling experience is not real to him. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$