Unit1 Life Choices Section Ⅲ Grammar(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第一册（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Grammar [对应学生用书P18] 不定式和­ed/­ing形容词 一、动词不定式 (一)动词不定式的时态和语态 动词不定式是动词一种非限定形式，在句中不能作谓语，通常前面带有小品词to，有时根据必要形式to也要省略。不定式表示动作或状态，与其逻辑主语构成主谓关系，即其动作的执行者是其逻辑上的主语。 不定式有一般式、进行式和完成式三种时态，且具有主动和被动之分，其否定形式是not to do。 　语态 时态　 主动 被动 一般式 (not)to do (not)to be done 完成式 (not)to have done (not)to have been done 进行式 (not)to be doing — 完成进行式 (not)to have been doing — 1．不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作一般没有时间先后顺序。 2．不定式的完成式表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前，强调动作的先后顺序。 3．不定式的进行式表示的动作一般与谓语动词同时进行。 You appear to have travelled quite a lot. 你似乎旅行过许多次。 It's nice to be sitting here with you. 和你一起坐在这儿真好。 I am very happy to be thus praised. 受到如此褒奖我非常高兴。 It is impossible for him to be appointed. 他不可能被任命。 They required us not to jump the line. 他们要求我们不要插队。 (二)动词不定式的用法 不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的功能，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语(主语)补充语。 1．作主语 动词不定式在句中作主语，相当于名词或代词，往往用形式主语it代替，将不定式置于句末，主要目的是平衡句子，避免头重脚轻不平衡现象。 To get a good grade needs great devotion. 获得高分需要全身心的投入。 It's difficult for us to finish the work in a week. 对我们来说，一周之内完成这项工作很困难。 2．作宾语 动词不定式在句中作宾语，也相当于名词或代词，也可用形式宾语it代替，但不能作介词宾语，如果其前有疑问词时，即“疑问词＋to do”结构可作介词的宾语。 Your father has at last decided to quit smoking. 你父亲终于决定戒烟了。 Talk with friends about where to shop. 与朋友讨论去哪购物。 I found it interesting to learn a foreign language. 我发现学习一门外语很有趣。 只接不定式不接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有afford(负担得起)，agree(同意)，arrange(安排)，ask(要求)，care(关心)，choose(选择)，decide(决定)，demand(要求)，determine(决心)，expect(期待)，help(帮助)，hesitate(犹豫)，hope(希望)，long(渴望)，manage(设法)，offer(主动提出)，plan(计划)，prepare(准备)，pretend(假装)，promise(答应)，refuse(拒绝)，want(想要)，wish(想做)等。 3．作表语 不定式作表语可以表示主语的具体内容、目的等，从时态角度分析，一般多指将来发生的事。 ...my target is to prepare myself for my degree in biology at university. ……我的目标是准备在大学获得生物学学位。 His dream is to be a lawyer. 他的梦想是成为一名律师。 My main purpose is to help him out. 我的主要目的是帮助他摆脱困境。 4．作定语 不定式作定语要放在被修饰词的后面，一般表示将来的动作；有时受一些词的限制，也表一般说明或修饰，没有时间的概念。 He is looking for a room to live in. 他在寻找一间居住的房子。 Working parents usually don't have enough time to stay with their children. 职业父母通常没有足够的时间同孩子在一起。 A gentle form of exercise will increase your ability to relax. 舒缓的运动锻炼会提高自我放松的能力。 5．作状语 不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的和结果等。 She burst into laughter to see his funny action. 看到他滑稽的动作，她大笑起来。 To make friends easily，you need to be very kind. 要想很容易地交朋友，你需要友善。 She returned only to find that no one was at home. 她回到家，结果发现家里一个人也没有。 The child is old enough to take care of himself. 这个孩子够大了，可以照顾自己。 6．作补足语 不定式可以作宾语补足语，有些动词后用不带to的不定式，有些动词后用带to的不定式，还有的带不带to都可以。句子由主动语态变为被动语态，宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。作主语补足语时，一般不可以省略to。 You are not allowed to smoke here. 这里不允许吸烟。 The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 医生告诫他不要吃太多的肉。 I saw him go into the room just now. 刚才我看到他走进了房间。 These pictures made me think of my childhood. 这些照片使我想起了我的童年。 He was made to say so. 他被迫这样说。 (1)能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有：ask(请求)，advise(建议)，tell(告诉)，force(强迫)，get(使)，allow(允许)，want(想)，wish(希望)，like(喜欢)，hate(讨厌)，prefer(宁可)，intend(打算)，expect(期望)，encourage(鼓励)，persuade(说服)，permit(允许)，request(请求)，order(命令)，warn(警告)，cause(导致)，consider(认为)，prove(证明)，think(认为)，know(知道)，feel(感觉)，suppose(猜想)，discover(发现)，find(发现)等，表示宾语或主语执行不定式的动作(具有“主动”的意义)，而且不定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后(具有“将来”的意义)。 (2)使役动词，感官动词能接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，常见的使役动词有make(使)，let(让)，have(强迫)等；感官动词有see(看到)，hear(听到)，watch(观察到)，observe(观察到)，notice(注意到)，feel(感觉)以及look at(看)，listen to(听)等。 7．与疑问词连用的不定式 不定式可以与疑问代词who，whom，what，which，whose及疑问副词when，where，how等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 I didn't know how to get back to the village. 我不知道怎样回到村子。 I haven't decided whether to go abroad. 我还没有决定是否出国。 [即学活用1]—翻译句子 ①和你坐在一起真好。 It's nice to sit here with you. ②不给他们任何东西显得太自私了。 It seemed selfish not to give anything to them. ③他拒绝参加我们的讨论。 He refused to join in our discussion. ④我觉得认识他是一件荣幸的事。 I feel it an honour to know him. ⑤这次活动的目的是培养团体精神。 The purpose of the activity is to develop the spirit of teamwork. ⑥为了赶上早班车，他起得很早。 He got up very early to catch the first bus. ⑦老师鼓励我们向困难挑战。 The teacher encouraged us to challenge difficulties. ⑧老师不允许我们在教室大声喧哗。 The teacher doesn't allow us to make noises in the classroom. 二、­ed/­ing形容词 1．动词­ed形式的形容词 以­ed结尾的形容词常用来修饰人，表示人的心理状况，意为“感到……的”。有时也可修饰look/expression(表情)，smile，tears，voice等词。在句中作表语、定语、状语及宾语补足语。常见的此类形容词有excited，moved，interested，surprised，shocked，disappointed，amused，confused，astonished，frightened，encouraged，terrified，puzzled，satisfied，touched，bored，embarrassed，pleased等。 (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·B)Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. 有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，以至于他们把种子带回家，开始了他们自己的菜园。 He looked puzzled so I repeated the question. 他好像没听懂，于是我把问题又重复了一遍。 He had a pleased smile on his face. 他脸上露出了满意的微笑。 He told me the news in a very excited voice. 他告诉了我这个消息，声音很激动。 2．动词­ing形式的形容词 以­ing结尾的形容词，通常表示主语主动发生的动作，说明主语具有的性质，通常被译为“使人……的；令人……的”。在句中作表语，定语及宾语补足语。常见的此类形容词有exciting，moving，interesting，surprising，shocking，disappointing，amusing，confusing，encouraging，inviting，missing，pressing，promising，puzzling，astonishing，refreshing，striking等。 I get touched by inspiring stories and gain happiness from exciting news. 我感动于鼓舞人心的故事，愉悦于激动人心的消息。 It is not surprising that PE is the kid's favourite subject! 体育是孩子们最喜爱的科目是不令人吃惊的。 Their school lives are now more attractive and interesting. 他们的学校生活现在更具吸引力，更有趣。 The basketball match against Yucai School was close and exciting. 与育才中学进行的篮球赛比分接近，令人兴奋。 [即学活用2]—单句语法填空 ①The problem that he put forward was confusing(confuse). ②She felt satisfied(satisfy) with her performance on the high­and­low bars. ③Hearing the news，he looked disappointed(disappoint). ④The top of the mountain is covered(cover) with snow all through the year. ⑤At the sight of the moving scene，all the people present were moved．(move) ⑥They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.(frighten) [对应学生用书P21] Ⅰ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 1．Would you like to have(have)a cup of coffee? 2．It is rude to stare(stare)at a foreign visitor. 3．We were asked to work(work)in the countryside. 4．No one told her what to do(do)next. 5．Is it necessary to tell(tell)his father everything? Ⅱ.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空 1．She was disappointed(disappoint)at his refusal. 2．The audience were very excited(excite)by the show. 3．That child shows a surprising(surprise)understanding of adult behaviour. 4．It was the most worrying(worry)day that he had ever spent. 5．The frightened(frighten)horse began to run. 6．The latest big idea is to make women more interested(interest)in sport. 7．She was moved(move)when her neighbour remembered her in his will. 8．My doctor says she is pleased(please)with my progress. 9．The walk takes you past a lot of interesting(interest)buildings. 10．There's something deeply satisfying(satisfy)about eating vegetables that you have grown yourself. [对应知能达标训练P4] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·B)Though some are initially scared (scare)of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new. 2．There is no doubt that the event will attract more visitors to enjoy visiting(visit) this wonderful city. 3．He gave me full directions to enable me to find(find) his house. 4．(2023·全国乙卷·B)To make (make)some of my landscape shots，I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10­minute time frame. 5．When we got a call saying(say) she was short­listed，we thought it was a joke. 6．Please do not hesitate to ask(ask) me if you have questions or require more information. 7．Parents should actively urge their children to take(take)advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams. 8．To learn(learn) more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. 9．You can spend a lot of time taking(take) pictures around the great lake. 10．Only you can fully realize which aspects of a college will make you happy and satisfied(satisfy). Ⅱ.用所给动词的非谓语形式填空 Mr.White is a kind­hearted man 1.living(live) in a stone cottage 2.located(locate) on the edge of the woods.He enjoys 3.helping(help) the people in trouble. One day when he was walking along the river，he heard someone 4.calling(call) for help.Without hesitation，he hurried over to see what was happening，only 5.to find(find) a boy 6.struggling(struggle) in the water.The boy couldn't avoid 7.being swept(sweep) away by a great wave.Immediately，he jumped into the river to save the 8.drowning(drown) boy.9.Having searched(search) for the boy for about twenty minutes，he found him in the end and then pulled him out of water to the bank.Without his timely help，the boy couldn't have escaped 10.being killed(kill) in the water.What a brave and kind man! 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$