2024-2025学年新高一初升高英语衔接句子结构+定语从句课件

新高一衔接 ——定语从句 句子成分 PART ONE 英语的基本成分有七种：主语(Subject) 、谓语(Predicate) 、表语(Predicative) 、宾语(Object) 、定语(Attribute) 、同位语(Appositive) 和状语(Adverbial) 。英语句子成分中，做主语就用主格，如“I”；做宾语用宾格，如“me”；做定语用所有格，如“my”。 1.主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式等充当。 He likes watching TV. Walking after a meal is a very good habit. 2.谓语 We study for the people. Thousands of trees are planted every year. I can speak a little English. 3.表语 表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be)之后，说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态。一般由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等充当。 Money isn't everything. We soon became best friends. 4.宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能做宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式等。 We like English. Remember to tell him to come. 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink.=He gave some ink to me. 5.补语 补语是用来补充说明宾语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词及不定式等充当。 We make him our monitor. When he arrived， he found all the people gone. 含有补语的句子在变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor. The girl was thought rather clever. 6.定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语等。形容词、代词、数词、名词等做定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student. 但副词、动词不定式、介词短语等做定语时，则通常放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine. Look at the pictures below. The problem solved yesterday was very important. 7.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分，叫作状语。用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词做状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London. I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. He sat there，reading a magazine. They stopped to have a good look at the scenery. 基本句型 PART TWO 英语句子的常见的基本结构有以下八种： 句型1：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) (SV) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词.就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词有： work， sing， swim， fish， jump， arrive， come， die， disappear， cry， happen等。 The accident happened. Spring is coming. 句型2：Subject(主语) +Link.V(系动词) +Predicative(表语) (SVP) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的身份、特点等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1) 表示状态。这样的词有：be， look， seem， smell， taste，sound， keep等。 This kind of food tastes delicious. He looked worried just now. (2) 表示变化。这类系动词有：become， tum， get， grow，go等。 Spring comes.It is getting warmer and warmer. The tree has grown much taller than before. His face turned red. 句型3：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语)(SVO) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词，所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。 He took his hag and left.(名词) LiLei always helps me when I have difficult es.(代词) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式) She likes watching TV.(动名词) 1dontknowwhatI should do next.(从句) 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 句型4：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Indirect object(间接宾语) +Direct oh ject(直接宾语) (SV OO) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作的对象，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词充当。 引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy， pass， lend， give，tell， teach， show， bring， send等。 Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. Sandy gave the dog some food. 句型5：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语) +Complement(补语) (SVOC) (1)此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上-个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 (2)宾语补足语：位于宾语之后，是对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 (3)宾语补足语的主要作用是补充、说明宾语的特点身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。充当补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： You should keep the room clean and tidy.(形容词) They painted the door green.(形容词) His father to d him not to play in the street.(不定式) 句型6：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Adverbial(状语) (SVA) Li Ming works very hard. 句型7：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语) +Adverbial(状语) (SVO A) We like the film very much. 句型8：引导词there引导的句子 There is a park near our school. 定语从句（一） PART THREE 定语从句的概念及作用：定语从句起到定语的作用，用来修饰名词或代词。所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。 The number of people who lost homes in the earthquake reached 300,000. 限制性定语从句 定语从句的分类 非限制性定语从句 句型6：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Adverbial(状语) (SVA) Li Ming works very hard. 句型7：Subject(主语) +Verb(动词) +Object(宾语) +Adverbial(状语) (SVO A) We like the film very much. 句型8：引导词there引导的句子 There is a park near our school. ★1. 修饰物时，关系代词只能用that的情况： ①先行词既有人又有物 They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. ②先行词被the only, the very, just the, the last及序数词修饰 It is the only film that I like. This is the very book that I'm looking for. What is the first American film that you have seen? ③先行词被最高级修饰 This is the most interesting novel that I’ve ever read. ④先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, a little, few, a few, 等修饰 I have read all the books that you gave me. ⑤先行词本身是不定代词all, any, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything, everything等。 All that he said was true. Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? ⑥主句的主语是疑问代词who和which时，关系代词用that Who is the girl that helped the man out of trouble? ⑦先行词为表语，关系代词为表语时，关系代词用that He is no longer the little boy that he used to be. ⑧先行词为the way时，定语从句的引导方式有三种，in which, that, 不填 I don’t like the way you speak. 2. 指人时在下列情况下多用或须用 who ①关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who. Do you know the man who spoke just now? ②先行词为all, one, ones, everyone, anyone, nobody, 或all指人时，多用who。 All who heard the news were excited. Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished. ③先行词为those和people时多用who。 Those who want to go please sign their names here. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly. ④在非限制性定语从句中作主语须用who，作宾语须用whom。 Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard. Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term. ⑤在被分割的定语从句中须用who. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. ⑥在以there be开头的句子中多用who. There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster. ★3. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。 Those who are against the plan please sign your names here. Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished. I who am your friend will try my best to help you. Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is not the only one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday. ★ 4. 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 定语从句（二） PART FOUR 一、“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句 1. “介词 + 关系代词” 引导定语从句时, 关系代词只能用which 指物或用whom指人, 即: 介词 + which / whom, 并且which 或 whom 不能省。 The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone. He is the person to whom you can turn for help. 2. 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that / which (指物) , that / whom / who (指人), 此时可以把这些关系单词省略。 The gentleman (whom/ who/ that ) you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief. This is the pen ( which / that) I wrote the letter with. 关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。 1. when 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示时间的名词时如：time, day, week, year, month, etc.用when在定语从句中充当时间状语，也可用“介词in /on/by/ during + which ”来代替when，还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: (1) Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? (2) Do you still remember the days that/ which we spent in Qingdao? （作宾语） (3) There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 2. where 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示地点的名词时如：place, school, factory, room, etc.用where在定语从句中充当地点状语，也可用“介词in/at 等+which”来代替where, 还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: (1) This is the lab where/ in which he did the experiment. （作状语） (2) This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语） 注意：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, circumstances, stage, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。但并非所有的情况都如此。 Until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time. 3. why 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示原因的名词时，用why在定语从句中充当原因状语，也可用“介词for which”来代替why. 当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如： I don’t know the reason why /for which he was fired. (作状语) Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语） 4. 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是way表示“方式”、“方法”时，用that/in which/×在定语从句中充当方式状语。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。 比较： (1) I don’t understand the way in which/ that / × they worked out the problem. (2) The way that /in which /×he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. (3) The way that/ which / × he explained to us was very simple. 定语从句（三） PART FIVE 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只对其做一些附加说明，如果去掉主句的意义 仍然完整，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开，不能用that引导 引导词 关系代词: who, whom, whose, which 关系副词：when, where 例: I have two brothers, who are both students. I have lost the bike, which I like very much. Lucy, whom you met at the party, was my elder sister. Charles Dickens, whose works are word-famous, led a simple life. I will see the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from America. ※限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 一、先行词内容有所不同 大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。 A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 此句是有which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的一句话。 二、关系词的使用情况有所不同 1. 所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that, why不可。 ※限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 2. 关系代词替代情况不同 　 关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom, 但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。 He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot. (×) A young man had a new girl friend, who he wanted to impress. (×) This is the girl whom/who I met in the street. (√) A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress. (√) 3. 关系代词省略情况不同： 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。 例 1. This is the book (which/that )he lost yesterday. 例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. $$